FORTT 2%
SC/ENVCR
ERR very Few in ecosystem
The main source of energy in an ecosystem,
is the Sun. The transfer of energy to fiving
organisms begins from the Sun.
2. Solar energy is used by green plants to carry
out photosynthesis,
3. When primary consumers eat plants, the
chemical energy in plants is transferred to
them and then to secondary consumers and
lastly to the tertiary consumers
‘A consumer isthe organism
that eats other organism.
Primary consumer is
forganism thal eats the
producer like grasshopper
feals paddy. A primary
‘consumer ts called herbivore
eZ
‘A producers is green plants
that procuce its own food
through photosynthesis
animals and
ees se
‘Sapropnytism 1s relationship
whereby an organism gets food
from death organism Examples
of saprophytes are mosses and
‘mushvoom
Bhagtonn
i
Decomposer
Decomposers are organisms
that decompose dead
CHAPTER 2! ECOSYSTEVT
Food Chain
U
1. In an ecosystem, living organisms are
classified into two groups which are
producers and consumers.
\ food chain is the feeding relationship
between living organisms in a habitat, 4
2. Allliving organisms interact with each other
in a food chain.
Secondary consumers are
mnivores and carnivores
at eat the primary
consumers, For example, a |
bd eats a grasshopper and. |
|
. Tertiary consumers are
carnivores that eat the
secondary consumers. The
Sie of tertiary consumers is
bigger compared to secondary
‘plants into Giaper en j
simpler materials or
utrients. This interaction
known as sapropnytism.
+ Food chain MATTIE !
Food Web 7
CERT ND
A tuod web is a combination of a few food -
chains. Pyramid number
The pyramid number shows the population
1. Energy is also transferred from one organism to of each level in a food chain. The biggest
another organism just as in a food chain. level is the lowest level which is the
producer (plants). Energy 1s lost from one
2. Half of the energy is lost because organisms use emer e Devailom
it to carry out life processes such as respiration
and also to move.
3. Other than that, energy is also lost in the form (a.
of heat and chemical energy.
Seconaary
OI . “EST
age N
1» owner of a cotn field killed all the
snakes because they were dangerous.
Montns later, he found that the number
of crops decreased
Producer Prenary Secondary ervey
Pisses © | Food web in com held
sa! Formative Practice 2.1 \suannsnnssncesemtssssnssnsscusnusana
1. State the difference between a producer and @ consumer,
2. Diagram 2.3 shows a food web, daa
(a) Name the secondary consumer in the food web on the right. J
(©) Bui three food chains using the organisms inthe food web,
{), W the number of sparraws decreased, what would happen oe a
* fo the population of caterpilars? go 5 FEY serien crt nan ecosystem nea eons iy
2 This cycle is called the nutrient cycle
which is the cycle of non organic chemical
elements including mineral sources in the
carbon dioxfde.
1. In an ecosystem, energy is transferred
from one organism to another, This
transfer happens in a newwork of food
which eventually leads to the nutrients
Water cycle
The role of living things in the water cycle
4, Plans nec water or photosynthesis, Roota of pons abaoré wala fom
‘Thinning of the ozone layer.
Waste disposal + Pollution of waler, smell and ground,
+ Flash floods due to blocked drainage
syiems.
Agriculture + Water pollution due to use of pesticides.
wx! Formative Practice 2.4 esses
A mongrove wes redeemed to ba mode i an itl
ther Ste one poalive and nogatve afc caure by is
1
Name three types of symbiosis interaction
Slate one suitable example for each interaction.
Compete fo get partner is an example of
competition among the species. Justify
Pak Harun’s vegetable garden was altacked by
2 type of caterpillar that eats his plants. Pak
Harun would tke to use pesticides. Do you
‘agree? Provide reasons for your answer.
A factory has released water of high
temperature into the nearby river. State the
effects on the plankton population in the river
Table 2.6
Activity [effects
Habitat destruction
+ Flora and fauna extinction.
+ Soil erosion,
Greenhouse effect
Environmental pollution,
+ Acid rain
+ Greenhouse effect
agriculture.
project
We often hear of big cities like Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru
‘and Penang being hit by flash floods in the newspapers.
State the cause of these tragedies and sleps thal can be
taken to solve the problem
Agricultural activities need to be increased from time to time
to increase food supply in order to sustain human population
that continues to rise. State the steps that can be taken 10
/3
‘ensure the agriculture 1s sustainable,
SERED
+ Soil loses nutrients due to non-sustainabie
Role of Human in Maintaining a
Balanced Nature
The inesease of human population
causes the need of food, clothing and
shelter to rise, To fulfill these needs, more
forests are invaded for the purpose of
+ building housing ar
+ getting logs as the basic material to
construct buildings.
+ building road ne«works,
+ opening agricultural areas to increase
food supply.
Many human activities bring negative
effects to the ecosystem
Ba
* Law enforcement by ethoriies
by imposing summons nc
impricrment
+ Awareness campaigns tough
tmags media and scone
acverinement boas
+ Formal education trough subjects
Ike Ces in sehen
+ Conducting periodic activios the
the Proea Reuse, Reduce,
Recycle, Retise snd Repurpose)
+ Research and development such
2s the appeston of bologieal
Control tha sulable to Be cared
out it agiclral areas.
+ Use biological contol n
aiute
”,
+ GEIB sy
. ol
Sustainable Argriculture
Sustainable agriculture 1s food
production, plant or animal
products which use agricultural
techniques that protects the
‘environment, public health, society
and the wellare of animals. This
form of agriculture produces
healthy food without polluting the
‘environment
