Laterally Restrained Beam

Laterally Restrained Beams
© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

1
IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
Prof. Hardy Cross
• “….the structural elements are very

faithful. They would do what you
expect them to do …..But then you
have to asses whether they would be
able to do that. “

2
Conditions to Qualify as a Laterally
Restrained Beam
• It should not laterally buckle

• None of its elements should buckle until a
desired limit state is achieved
• Limit state of serviceability must be satisfied
• Member should behave in accordance with the
expected performance of the system

3
Laterally Stability of Beams

4
5
Local Buckling
In IS:800 (1984) the local buckling
is avoided by specifying b/t limits.
Hence we don’t consider local
buckling explicitly
However in IS:800(2000??) limit
state design, the local buckling
would be the first aspect as far as
the beam design is concerned
How do we consider? By using
section classification

6
K=0.425
K=4.0
8 times Stronger!
Mr.Stiffened
Mr.Unstiffened

7
Vent
Local buckling
Vent
Full Section Capacity Full section capacity

eroded by local Buckling

8
Unsitffened Elements
9
Sitffened Elements
10
Definition of Yield and Plastic Moment Capacities

11
MP
MP
My
SEMI-COMPACT
PLASTIC
MP
MP
My
COMPACT SLENDER

12
MP MP
MP

13
Section Classification
as per BS:5950 Part-5
No Slender sections
are rolled
Share of plastic
sections is large
Section
classification
prevents the
inadvertent use of
sections less than
compact for plastic
design

14
B
b = B/2 t 250
d 
fy
T
Section type Flange criterion Web criterion

(b/T) (d/t)
Slender >15.75 >126
Semi-compact <15.75 9.975 <126 
102.9
Compact <9.975 8.92 <102.9
<82.95

82.95
Plastic <8.92
Sectional Classification for Indian Conditions

15
Rotational Capacity
MP
Compact Plastic moment

fy
MY fy
Moment ‘M’ fy Yield moment
Semi-Compact
<fy Slender
fy
<fy
Curvature
Flexural member performance using section classification

16
plastic 4
compact
12
semicompac
t
49
PLASTIC 49
COMPACT 12
SEMICOMPACT 4
Section classification of Indian

standard rolled ‘I’ beams

17
Limit states for LR beams
• Limit state of flexure
• Limit state of shear
• Limit state of bearing
• Limit state of serviceability

18
c M
M z
Deflected
Radius of N A
shape h
curvature
A
(a) (b)
Curvature of bending

19
Elastic Plastic
f
range range
fy
2 3 4
Stress
Idealised stress
1 strain curve
strain
Idealised elasto- plastic stress
strain curve for the purpose of
design

20
1<y f1<fy 2=y f2=fy
1 2
Strain and stress distributions in the

elastic range

21
B
3>y f3=fy
T
d0
zc
f3<fy 3
d fy
t zT
d0
Strain Stress
4>>y f4=fy
AC
Zc
4
A ZT
T
Strain Stress
Strain and stress distributions in plastic range

22
1 2
M
3 My (a) BM diagram
MP 4
<fy
1
fy
2
3 fy
4 fy
(b) Plastification
of cross section
1 2
Curvature max 3 4 (c) Curvature

at collapse Diagram
23
1 2 3 4
Plastic Hinge
Simply supported beam and its deflection at various

stages

24
MP
Moment ‘M’ Plastic moment

Effect of strain hardening may
MY occur after large rotation
Yield moment
Curvature
Moment curvature characteristics of the simply supported beam

25
1 Mc  f Z
2 My  fy Z
f ytd 2
3 M c  f y ( BT  d0 t )( zc  zt ) 
6
4 M p  CZc  TZt  f y ( AcZc  At Zt )

26
2.0 1.7 1.5
1.27
Some typical shape factor1.14
27
LIMIT STATE OF SHEAR
Elastic Shear
stress
Elastic a b c
Bending Plastic
stress range
Combined bending and shear in beams

28
EQUATIONS FOR SHEAR CAPACITY
V
 av 
t wd w
fy
y   0.58 f y
3
Vc  0.6 f ytwd w

29
Shear yielding near support
Web buckling Web crippling

30
31
Pwb  ( b1  n1 ) t f c
L 0.7 d
d/2 b1 n1  E 
ry ry
450
Iy t3 t
d/2 ry   
A 12t 2 3
LE 2 3 d
 0.7 d  2.5
ry t t
Effective width for web buckling

32
33
Pcrip  ( b1  n2 ) t f yw
b1 n2
1:2.5 slope
Root
radius
Effective width of web bearing
Web Crippling in beams

34
LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILTY
•Deflection (L/365 or L/200???)

•Excessive vibration
•Repairable damage due to fatigue
L 24 2 x105 1 4923
 
d 5 0.6 f y 325 fy
Limiting L/d ratio

35
Secondary effects on beam behaviour
Residual Stresses
•Qualitative change in the behaviour
•Little more stringent b/t limits

36
Elastic Shear
stress
Elastic a b c
Bending Plastic
stress range
Secondary effects on beam behaviour

Combined bending and shear in
beams

37
Mx Mx
P
y
My
My x
x
Unsymmetrical bending

38
Behaviour of point symmetric sections

39
Centroid
P
P
Deflection of beams loaded through the

centroid

40
41
Shear
centre
P
P
Deflections of beams loaded through

the shear canter

42
Constrained bending

43
Rolled section
Moment of
d/2 Interface shear inertia - Is
x x
to be considered Modulus of
x x
here section - Zs
d/2 Plate
area A
(a) (b)
Example of built –up beams

44
Load
w/metre
BM
Mc TheoreticalMc Diagram
Point of
cutoff Cover
Rolled plate
beam
Actual
cutoff
Curtailment of cover plate

45
Thank You

46

Laterally Restrained Beam

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Laterally Restrained Beams

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• “….the structural elements are very

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

• It should not laterally buckle

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Full Section Capacity Full section capacity

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Section type Flange criterion Web criterion

Sectional Classification for Indian Conditions

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Compact Plastic moment

Flexural member performance using section classification

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Section classification of Indian

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Strain and stress distributions in the

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Strain and stress distributions in plastic range

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Curvature max 3 4 (c) Curvature

Simply supported beam and its deflection at various

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Moment ‘M’ Plastic moment

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

4 M p  CZc  TZt  f y ( AcZc  At Zt )

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Combined bending and shear in beams

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Web buckling Web crippling

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Web Crippling in beams

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

•Deflection (L/365 or L/200???)

Limiting L/d ratio

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Secondary effects on beam behaviour

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Deflection of beams loaded through the

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Deflections of beams loaded through

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Example of built –up beams

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

Curtailment of cover plate

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures

© Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures