http://elynsgroup.

com
Copyright: © 2017 Dey A, et al.

Research Article Journal of Molecular Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine Open Access

Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB)

Prepolymer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant
Abhijit Dey*, Arun K. Sikder and Javaid Athar
Energetic Materials Research Division, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defense Research & Development Organization), Sutarwadi, Pune,
India

Received Date: April 27, 2017, Accepted Date: June 09, 2017, Published Date: June 20, 2017.
*Corresponding author: Abhijit Dey, Energetic Materials Research Division, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development
Organization), Sutarwadi, Pune, India, Fax: +91-20-2586-9316, E-mail: abhidey_bkn@yahoo.com.
Arun K. Sikder, Energetic Materials Research Division, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization),
Sutarwadi, Pune, India, Fax: +91-20-2586-9316, E-mail: ak_sikder@yahoo.com.

There are some unavoidable problems in using HTPB as a binder

Abstract
Composite propellant mainly contains hydroxyl-terminated
poly (butadiene) (HTPB) based binder and oxidizer like ammonium
perchlorate (AP). The mechanical properties requirement of composite
propellant is very stringent. The mechanical properties of the final
product is mainly depends on the microstructure of HTPB prepolymer
binder. In HTPB, three different types of microstructures are possible
like cis, trans and vinyl. In this article, three different grades of HTPB
are subjected for experimentation. Quantification of cis, tans and
vinyl microstructure were carried out by peak area calculation in
characteristic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) peak. Gel permeation
chromatography (GPC), rheology and simultaneous thermal analysis
(STA) were also carried out with different grades of prepolymer. The
correlation of microstructures concentration with various properties
like molecular weight, polydispersity, rhelogy and thermal properties
were also established. The composite propellants processed from
these various HTPB prepolymers, were also evaluated by means of
physicochemical and internal ballistic properties. Composite propellant
produced from prepolymer containing higher cis and trans concentration
i.e. HTPB Grade II showed better tensile mechanical properties. Marginal
variations were observed in internal ballistic properties.
Keywords: Microstructure; Composite; Propellant; Hydroxyl
terminated polybutadiene
Introduction
The binder helps in binding the energetic materials and
provides the required mechanical strengths to the final composition
of the propellant [1,2]. Binders are generally low molecular weight
prepolymers. That means they are not complete polymers as
their polymerization restricts to desired low molecular weight.
In the 1960s, hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was
developed and its first test in rocket motors had been conducted
in 1972 which showed advantages over carboxyl-terminated
polybutadiene (CTPB) [3]. HTPB has since become the most widely
used composite propellant binder with excellent mechanical
and increased insensitive munitions (IM) properties [4]. Several
commercially available explosives are used with the HTPB in
propellant formulation [5]. HTPB has also been used for various
other applications. HTPB based polyurethanes have been studied
by several authors for the separation of organic compounds for
selective adsorption of proteins and for selective gas transport
properties [6–8]. HTPB has also been successfully used for the
despite its excellent physical properties and ability to reduce the
vulnerability of explosives. HTPB dilutes the explosive by reducing
the overall energy output since it is inert in nature. HTPB can load
maximum 92 percent solid energetic materials and rest of the 8
percent in the composite propellant formulation is inert binder
which reduces the overall energy output of the propellant [13]. Till
now this inert binder was being used in the explosive and propellant
composition. To get optimum mechanical property with high solid
loading with low viscosity, there is a need for the understanding of
micro structure of binder i.e. pre-polymer. Viscosity of mixture is
mainly influenced by binder component of composite propellant. A
lot of effort has been made for the determination and evaluation of
the microstructure of the polybutadiene using various techniques
such as Infrared (IR), 1HNMR, 13C-NMR, etc [14–17]. The flow
characteristics of the HTPB and the mechanical properties of the
corresponding composite propellant/ polyurethane depend upon
the concentration ratio of microstructure present in the sample.
The structure of HTPB looks very simple, but its bulk structure is
really complex. HTPB has three different types of microstructures
and their relative percentage of microstructure in a given sample
depends upon the polymerization condition by which it was
synthesized. The three possible configurations of micro structure
are: (a) cis configuration (Figure 1a) where both the CH2 groups
are on the same side of the double bond and become close to each
other (b) trans configuration (Figure 1b) where they are on the
opposite sides and quite apart. (c) 1,2 vinyl configuration (Figure
1c) which again leads three types of isomerism viz. isotactic (Figure
2a), syndiotactic (Figure 2b) and atactic (Figure 2c). It has a double
bond in each repeated unit −(CH2-CH=CH-CH2)n−. The viscosity of
the HTPB increases with increase in vinyl content. The mechanical
properties such as tensile strength, percentage elongation of the
corresponding polyurethane show significant improvement with
increasing trans content and decreasing vinyl content [18,19].
Each of these double bonds provides a site for a steric isomerism,
depending on whether the CH2 groups attached to the carbon atoms
on either side of the double bond are close to or away from each
other.
n

fabrication of elastic conducting polymer micro-particles with core- * n

shell structure [9]. Several authors have studied the shock response n
behaviors of the HTPB polyurethane with and without energetic
(a) 1,4-Cis (b) 1,4-Trans (c) 1,2-Vinyl
materials [10–12]. The excellent shock absorbing capacity of
the HTPB polyurethane drastically reduces the sensitivity and
vulnerability of the explosive materials. Figure 1: (a) 1,4-Cis (b) 1,4-Trans, (c)1,2-Vinyl

J Mol Nanot Nanom Page 1 of 7

J Mol Nanot Nanom
H H H H H H
H H
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 2: (a) Isotactic, (b) Syndiotactic (c) Atactic
* *
n
(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) Cis-HTPB (b) Trans-HTPB
During the polymerization of butadiene, if all repeat units take
the cis-configuration, we get a 100% Cis HTPB (Figure 3a) and due
to bending back of all the successive carbon-carbon chain segments,
the molecule as a whole assumes a shape of a spring and exhibit a
good elongation.
On the other hand, during polymerization, if all the repeat units
like trans-configuration, the resultant polymer is 100% trans-HTPB
(Figure 3b) and due to the straightening out of all the successive
carbon-carbon chain segments, the molecule assumes a straight
and stiffened rod like structure and exhibits a good tensile strength
and lower elongation.
In practice however, polymerization to 100 % cis or 100 % trans
is extremely difficult and usually obtain, mixture of 1,4-cis, 1,4-trans
and 1,2-vinyl configurations, randomly distributed throughout the
chain length.
Microstructures of HTPB have remarkable effect on the
mechanical properties of cured composite. An ideal HTPB should
have trans: cis: vinyl in the ratio 55:25:20. As a rule of thumb,
increasing the trans content, enhances the tensile strength of the
cured polymer, increasing the cis content normally enhances the
elongation and increased vinyl content leads to enhancement
in viscosity of uncured polymer matrix because the presence of
pendant vinyl group acts as a anchor and prevents the molecular
slippage i.e. flow is restricted. Moreover if a polymer contains more
vinyl group, more prone to ageing (hardening) during storage,
because a possible cross linking may occur between vinyl group
and nearby double bond.
The objective of this paper is to quantitatively determine
the microstructure of HTPB by qNMR analysis and its effect on
various properties of HTPB by means of conventional techniques,
such as simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), gel permeation
chromatography (GPC), rheology and its end product i.e. composite
propellant by means of various physicochemical properties.
Experimental Section
Materials
Three different Grades of HTPB (I,II,III) containing different
concentrations of microstructures (viz. cis, trans, vinyl) were
used. The binder consists hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene,
(HTPB, purity: 99%, OH value: 40-50, moisture content: 0.15%,
average molecular weight: 2000-3000, Specific gravity: 0.92, glass
transition temperature: -75°C) cured with toluene diisocyanate
(TDI, purity: 99%, RI at 30°C: 1.565 to 1.567 at 30°C, from Bayers)
maintaining NCO/OH ratio 1:1. Dioctyl adipate (DOA, ester
content: 99%, safonification value: 303 ± 3, moisture content:
0.5% from Subhas chemical) was used as a plasticizer to improve
Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly-
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.
Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104
Ingredients Wt. %
Composition 1 Composition 2 Composition 3
H
HTPB Grade 1 10.00 ------- --------
HTPB Grade 2 ----- 10.00 --------
HTPB Grade 3 ------ ------- 10.00
DOA 3.96 3.96 3.96
TDI 0.85 0.85 0.85
Pyrogallol 0.07 0.07 0.07
Adduct 0.12 0.12 0.12
AP+RDX 84.0 84.0 84.0
Al 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 1: Three compositions in wt. % of the total mass of the tested
propellant samples.
processability by increasing segmental mobility. The additive
pyrogallol (melting point: 131 to 134°C, from S.D. Fine chemical)
was used as a cross linker. The mixture of trimethylol propane (OH
value-1220, moisture content: 0.5% from Celanese) and n-butane
diol (OH value-1220, RI at 30°C: 1.444 + 0.002, moisture content:
0.5%, from Biaf) was used as an adduct in the composition. Dibutyl
tin dilaurate (DBTL, from S.D.fine), was used as curing catalyst.
Ammonium perchlorate with two different sizes was used in the
propellant formulations. The coarser particle consisted of pure,
research grade ammonium perchlorate (purity 99%, density 1.95,
from Tamilnadu chlorates) with an average particle size of 300
μm. The finer particle of ammonium perchlorate was processed by
grinding ammonium perchlorate (> 99 % pure) in a fluid energy
mill to an average particle size of 60 μm. The average particle size
determined by sieve analysis. To improve the energy, RDX (particle
size 15 μm) is used as a high energy material. Aluminum metal
powder (average particle size 15 μm, from MEPCO) was used as a
metal fuel. The propellant formulations are highlighted in Table 1.
Tested propellant formulation was mixed in 700g batch level
using a vertical planetary mixer of 1 lit capacity. All batches were
mixed and cast under vacuum by slurry cast techniques [20]. The
propellant was cured for 4–6 days at 60°C in a water-jacketed oven.
The propellant compositions comprised of three different grades
(Table 1) of HTPB were subjected to various performance tests.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra were taken using
500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Make: JEOL,
USA). The quantitative estimation of the microstructure (cis, trans,
vinyl) concentration in HTPB was performed based on the area
integration of respective peaks (at characteristics chemical shift).
Different molecular weight and polydispersity were measured
by GPC (Manufactured by M/s Thermo Finnigan). It is a liquid
column chromatographic technique where polymer molecules
are separated according to their hydrodynamic volume or size.
Diffusion of polymer molecule takes place between mobile phase
and pores of the micro porous polymeric column. Weight average
molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular (Mn)
distribution is determined from the measured retention volume by
means of a calibration curve.
Simultaneous thermo gravimetric analyzer (STA, Model no:
SDTQ 660, Make: TA instruments, USA) measures the heat flow and
weight changes associated with the phase/physical state transitions
and endothermic decomposition of materials over the temperature
range. The test has been carried out between ambient to 1000°C.
The scan rate of 0.1 to 100°C/ min. can be achieved in the system.
In the present experiments a heating rate of 20°C / min was chosen.
Rheometer (Model no: Stresstech Make: Rheologica instrument
AB, Sweden) deforms a sample mechanically and measures the
Page 2 of 7
J Mol Nanot Nanom Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104

response. Virgin HTPB (I,II,III) was used to measure loss modulus,
storage modulus and tan delta.
Mechanical properties like tensile strength, elongation at break,
elongation at max and modulus were obtained with Instron (Model
TIC-1185, UK). The properties have measured at ambient condition
like 27°C. The operating instrumental parameters were always
maintained constant; gauge length: 25mm, cross head speed: 50
mm/min. The stress and strain properties were determined using
dumbbell shaped specimen as per specification ASTM-D-638.
The strand burning rates of the HTPB based composite
propellants were determined in the pressure range 5-9 MPa
by employing an Acoustic Emission Technique [21,22]. The
methodology involved combustion of the strand (ignited by
means of a Nichrome wire) of dimensions 100 × 6 × 6 mm in the
nitrogen pressurized steel bomb. The acoustic signal generated
and the perturbations caused by the propellant deflagration
were transmitted through the water medium to a piezoelectric
transducer (200 kHz) connected to an oscilloscope. The burning
rates were computed from the time that was recorded for the
trial conducted at each pressure for each sample. The standard
deviation was of the order of 0.2%. The burning rate law for the
combustion of a solid rocket propellant is stated to be Vieille’s law
(Equation 1), where the burning rate (r) is empirically expressed
as being proportional to the pressure (p) raised to the pressure
index (n). The pressure index (n) of the burning rate is stated to
be independent of pressure (p) and temperature (T). The constant
of proportionality (a) for this law is said to be dependent on the
temperature (T) of the propellant during burning. The conventional
power law for the variation of burning rate with pressure for solid
rocket propellants is stated below.
Burning rate, r = a pn…………….. (1)
This is a universally accepted expression as the burning rate
law for solid rocket propellants.
Results and Discussion
or triisocyanate can reacts with moisture rapidly. Hence the
effective curative concentration for curing reaction becomes
lower. This would result inferior mechanical property. Thus before
preceding further an exhaustive analysis of the raw materials must
be carried out. During processing, lowest moisture level is always
recommended.
The assignments from NMR spectrum of different HTPB’s are
given in the Table 2. From the NMR spectral data, it was found
that HTPB (Grade 2) & HTPB (Grade 3) having higher amount of
cis and trans concentration and less amount of vinyl concentration
compare to HTPB (Grade 1). The proportion of cis, trans and vinyl
were evaluated according to area calculation [23,24].
GPC traces were given in the Table 3. GPC traces shows that
HTPB (Grade 2) having lower peak area and lower peak molecular
weight. The molecular weight distribution of HTPB (Grade 2) is
also narrower in compare to HTPB (Grade 1) and HTPB (Grade 3).
Hence, HTPB (Grade 2) imparts consistent mechanical properties
to the end product with better properties.
Figure 4a, 4b and 4c shows the TG, DTA thermogram (STA)
of different HTPB resin heated at 20°C/min up to 600°C. HTPB
shows two major weight-loss stages with indistinct separation, as
also noted by Chen and Brill and Du et al. [25,26]. At this heating
rate, the first stage exhibits a much smaller amount of weight loss
and a much smaller maximum rate of weight loss than the second
stage. The entire sample was consumed before the temperature
reached 519°C. According to Du, the first stage is primarily
depolymerization, cyclization, and crosslinking, accompanied by
partial decomposition of the cyclized products. The major gaseous
products are produced from the volatilization of low molecular
weight hydrocarbons such as 1,3-butadiene (C4H6), cyclopentene,
cyclohexadiene, and 4-vinylcyclohexene (C8H12). The second stage
primarily involves decomposition of the cyclized products, with the
rate of decomposition increasing with temperature; meanwhile,
depolymerization and cyclizationreactions gradually disappear in
the second stage.

Curing reaction is very much moisture sensitive. Diisocyanate The DTA trace in Figure 4a, 4b and 4c shows that the first stage

HTPB (Grade 1) HTPB (Grade 2) HTPB (Grade 3)

S.No Characteristis
Cis Trans Vinyl Cis Trans Vinyl Cis Trans Vinyl
1.18-1.6 1.18-1.6 1.18-1.6
1 Chemical Shift(δ) 2.067 2.020 2.072 2.025 2.073 2.028
& 1.909 & &1.918
2 Peak area(a) 331 731 408.4 318 697 256.9 324.0 720.0 236.56
3 No of Proton(b) 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4 3
Peak area Due to 1
4 82.7 182.7 136.1 79.5 174.2 85.6 81.0 180.0 78.85
ProtonC=(a)/(b)
Total peak area
5 401.8 401.8 401.8 339.4 339.4 339.4 339.85 339.85 339.85
(Cis+Trans+Vinyl)(d)
Percentage
6 20.6 45.9 33.9 23.4 51.3 25.2 23.80 52.96 23.24
%=(c/d)*100

Table 2: Micro structural data of different grades of HTPB extracted from NMR.

SNo Property HTPB Grade 1 HTPB Grade 2 HTPB Grade 3

1. Peak area(ml*V) g/mol 5650 4156 4235
2. Number average molecular Weight (Mn) g/mol 5881 5554 5150
3. Weight average molecular Weight (Mw) kg/mol 17094 13508 13736
4. Z average molecular Weight (Mz) kg/mol 59666 36682 36808
5. Peak molecular weight (kg/mol) 7878 7223 10057
6. Polydispersity 2.91 2.43 2.67

Table 3: Polymeric properties determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography.

Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly- Page 3 of 7
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.
J Mol Nanot Nanom Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104

Figure 4a: STA traces HTPB (Grade 1).

Figure 4b: STA traces HTPB (Grade 2).

is net exothermic and the second stage is endothermic as a whole.
The net exothermicity in the first peak indicates that the energy
released from the formation of new bonds during cross linking and
cyclization of HTPB, is greater than the energy absorbed for bond
scission during depolymerization.
Thermal data also indicates that the HTPB (Grade 2) shows
higher stability and higher decomposition temperatures compare
to the HTPB (Grade 1) and HTPB (Grade 3). This is supported
by GPC result. As HTPB (Grade 2) having less molecular weight
distribution (lower polydispersity index) compare to HTPB (Grade
1) and HTPB (Grade 3), it would be more stable. These conclusions
also confirmed by the microstructure analysis through NMR. HTPB

Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly- Page 4 of 7
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.
J Mol Nanot Nanom Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104

Figure 4c: STA traces of HTPB (Grade 3).

S. No HTPB Source CO frequency Hz G’/G’’ CO, Pa Viscosity cPs Curve nature

1 HTPB (Gr. 1) 15 266.8 5670 Perfect eclipse
2 HTPB (Gr. 2) 19 430 2850 Perfect eclipse
3 HTPB (Gr. 3) 20.58 614.7 4700 Hysterisis hazy

Table 4: Rheological properties obtained for three different grades of HTPB.

HTPB (Grade 1) based HTPB (Grade 2) based HTPB (Grade 3) based

No. Internal ballistic properties
Propellant (I) Propellant (II) Propellant (III)
1. Burning rate at 7 MPa in (mm/s) 6.80 6.93 6.72
2. ‘n’ value (at 5-9 MPa) 0.32 0.31 0.30
3. Standard deviation 0.15 0.16 0.18
4. Density( g/cc) 1.66 1.66 1.66

Table 5: Internal ballistic properties of Composite propellant using three different grades of HTPB.

HTPB (Grade 1) based HTPB (Grade 2) based HTPB (Grade 3) based

Sl. No. Mechanical properties
Propellant (I) Propellant (II) Propellant (III)
1. Tensile strength(Kg/cm2) 5.9 8.6 7.6
2. Percentage elongation (%) 35 68 52

Table 6: Mechanical properties of Composite propellant using three different grades of HTPB.

(Grade 2) having more cis and trans content, less vinyl content
compare to HTPB (Grade 1). Less vinyl content means more stable
because vinyl from is very much prone to aging (hardening) during
storage, because a possible cross linking may occur between vinyl
group and nearby double bond. Hence HTPB (Grade 2) with higher
cis and trans microstructure concentration and low molecular
weight distribution i.e. low polydispersity index is relatively
superior as a prepolymer for an insulator system compare to HTPB
(Grade 1) and HTPB (Grade 2).
To further evaluate the processing superiority, rheological
properties were also evaluated. A typical response for a polymer
is to exhibit elastic dominated behaviour at high frequencies and
viscous dominated behaviour at low frequencies. This means that
there is a critical frequency at which the two responses are equal.
This is obviously a well defined point and conveniently this “cross-
over” frequency (COF) and modulus has been shown to depend
on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of
some linear polymers. A potential advantage of utilising this
point as a quality control tool is that the cross-over of elastic and
viscous moduli occurs at significantly higher frequencies than the
point at which a constant value of shear viscosity occurs. Testing
times may therefore be considerably reduced when compared to
making flow curve measurements or performing creep tests. Table
4 represents G’(storage modulus) and G’’ (loss modulus), tan δ of
HTPB at a frequency range from 0-50 Hz. HTPB (grade 2) & HTPB
(grade 3) shows higher cross over frequency(COF) and G’/G’’ at
COF compare to HTPB (Grade 1). HTPB (Grade 2) also shows lower
viscosity compare to HTPB (Grade 1) and HTPB (Grade 3). Hence,
processing is much easier compare with HTPB (Grade 2). It will also
help to improve the mechanical properties of the end product i.e.
composite propellant.

Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly- Page 5 of 7
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.
J Mol Nanot Nanom
The three propellant compositions (I,II,III) containing three
different grade of HTPB shows merginal change in the burning
rate and n value (pressure exponent) and density (Table 5). But
remarkable increases in tensile strength and elongation have been
observed in case of II and III composition (Table 6). This happens
due to presence of higher amount of cis, trans microstructure in
prepolymer matrix.
Conclusions
The various techniques used in this paper lead to consistent
conclusions. Different HTPB having different concentration
of microstructure (cis, trans and vinyl). Concentration of
microstructures is determined by NMR spectroscopy. Thermal
data indicates HTPB (Grade 2) shows higher stability and higher
decomposition temperature compare to other two HTPB samples.
This can be supported by the GPC results. HTPB (Grade 2) having
less molecular weight distribution (lower polydispersity index)
in respect to other two samples would be more stable. These
conclusions also confirmed by the microstructure analysis through
NMR. As HTPB (Grade 2) have greater cis and trans content and
less vinyl content as compare to the other sample, is less prone to
the aging (hardening) during storage. In fact higher vinyl content
can induce greater cross linking possibilities between vinyl group
and nearby double bond. HTPB (Grade 2) and HTPB (Grade 3)
show higher COF value as compare to HTPB (Grade 1), showing its
viscous behaviors molecular weight and PDI are major contributors
here. However, the lower values of viscosity at the COF (for HTPB
Grade 2) possibly reflect its higher cis and trans contents and
better processibility during mixing. The remarkable variation in
composite propellant properties were also observed with respect
to mechanical properties. HTPB (Grade 2) based Propellant
shows improved mechanical properties with marginal change in
internal ballistic properties compare to other two samples. Hence
HTPB (Grade 2) is relatively superior as prepolymer of composite
propellant binder system then other two samples.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Shri B. Bhattacharya, Director,
HEMRL, Pune, India for valuable suggestions, constant
encouragement and permission to publish this work.
Conflict of Interest
No conflict of interest declared
References
1. Kit B, Evered DS. Rocket propellant handbook. New York: The Macmillan
Company; 1960.
2. Desai HJ, Cunliffe AV, Millar RW, Paul NC, Stewart MJ, Amass AJ. Synthesis
of narrow molecular weight α,ω- hydroxy telechelic poly(glycidyl nitrate)
and estimation of theoretical heat of explosion. 1996;37(15):3471-3476.
3. Daniel MA. Polyurethane Binder Systems for Polymer Bonded Explosives,
Weapons Systems Division DSTO Defence Science and Technology
Organisation; 2006.
4. Kakade SD, Navale SB, Kadarn UB, Gupta M. Effect of Fillers and Fire
Retardant Compounds on Hydroxy-Terminated Polybutadiene-Based
Insulators. Def Sci J. 2000;133–139.
5. Mathieu J, Stucki H. Military high explosives. Chimia. 2004;58:383–389.
6. Gupta T, Pradhan NC, Adhikari B. Synthesis and performance of a novel
polyurethaneurea as pervaporation membrane for the selective removal
Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly-
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.
Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104
of phenol from industrial waste water. Bulletin of Materials Science.
2002;25(6):25533–25537
7. Tongwen X, Yang W. Fundamental studies of a new series of anion
exchange membranes: membrane preparation and characterization. J
Membrane Sci.2001;190(2):159–166.
8. Chen SH, Yu KC, Houng SL, Lai JY. Gas transport properties of HTPB based
polyurethane/cosalen membrane. J. Membrane Sci. 2000;173:99–106.
9. Kuo C, Samuelson LA, McCarthy SP, Tripathy SK, Kumar J. Polybutadiene
modified polyaniline microparticles. J Macromolecular Sci. Part A. Pure
Appl. Chem. A. 2003;40(12):1383-1396.
10. Bohn MA, Elsner P. Aging of the binders GAP-N100 and HTPB-
IPDI investigated by torsion-DMA, Propellants, explosives,
pyrotechnics. 1999;24:199-205. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-
4087(199906)24:03<199::AID-PREP199>3.0.CO;2-L.
11. Millett JCF, Bourne N K, Akhavan J. The response of hydroxy-terminated
polybutadiene to one-dimensional shock loading. Journal of Applied
Physics. 2004;95:4722–4728.
12. Millett JC F, Bourne NK. The shock induced equation of state of three
simple polymers. J. Phys. D: App Phys 2004;37:2901–2907.
13. Sankar RM, Roy TK, Jana T. Functionalization of terminal carbon atoms
of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene by polyazido nitrogen rich
molecules. Bulletin of Materials Science. 2011;34(4):745–754. doi:
10.1007/s12034-011-0190-5.
14. Zymonas J, Santee ER, Harwood HJ. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance
studies of 1,2 polybutadienes. Macromolecules 1973;6(1):129–133.
15. Quack G, Fetters L J. The nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of a
cyclic structure in anionically prepared polybutadiene. Macromolecules.
1978;11(2):369–373.
16. Hardwood HJ. Characterization of the structures of diene polymers by
nmr. Rubber Chemistry and Technology. 1982;55:769–808.
17. Kanakavel M. Characterization of hydroxy-terminated polybutadienes
by  13C NMR. Makromol Chem. 1987; 188:845–854. doi:  10.1002/
macp.1987.021880418.
18. Manjari R, Joseph VC, Pandureng LP, Sriram T. Structure-property
relationship of HTPB-based propellants. I. Effect of hydroxyl value
of HTPB resin. J Appl Polym Sci. 1993;48:271–278. doi:  10.1002/
app.1993.070480211.
19. Nazare AN, Deuskar VD, Asthana SN, Shrotri PG. Influence of
characteristics of HTPB on mechanical properties and ballistic behavior
of composite propellant. J Polym Mater. 1993;10:213.
20. R.F.Gould. Propellants Manufactures, Hazards and Testing, Adnances in
Chemistry, No. 88, American Chemical Society, Washington: DC; 1969.
21. Christensen WN. Acoustic Emission Strand Burning Technique for
Burning Rate Prediction, 14th Joint Propulsion Conference. Brigham
City; Las Vegus, US:1978.
22. Rinford JH. Technical Review to advance techniques in acoustical,
electrical and mechanical measurements, bruel and kjær, Denmark: DK-
2850: NAERUM; 1981.
23. Vilar D, Menezes SMC, Akcelrud L. Characterization of hydroxyl-
terminated polybutadiene, NMR analysis of hydroxylated end groups.
Polymer Bulletin. 1994;33:557- 561.
24. Vilar WD, Moutinho MTM, Menezes SMC. Characterization of hydroxyl-
terminated polybutadiene ,V. Structure of polymers produced by
thermal and photochemical hydrogen peroxide decomposition, Polymer
Bulletin. 1997;38:319–325.
25. Chen JK, Brill TB. Chemistry and kinetics of hydroxyl-terminated
polybutadiene (HTPB) and diisocyanate-HTPB polymers during slow
decomposition and combustion-like conditions Combustion and Flame.
1991;87(3–4):217-232.
Page 6 of 7
J Mol Nanot Nanom Vol. 1. Issue. 1. 1800104

26. Du T. Thermal decomposition studies of solid propellant binder HTPB. 27. Dey A, Khan MAS, Athar J, Sikder AK. Chattopadhyay S Effect of
Thermochim Acta. 1989;138(2):189–197. microstructure on HTPB based polyurethane (HTPB-PU), Journal
of Materials Science and Engineering B 5. 2015;3–4:145–151. DOI:
10.17265/2161-6221/2015.3-4.005.

*Corresponding author: Abhijit Dey, Energetic Materials Research Division, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research &
Development Organization), Sutarwadi, Pune, India, Fax: +91-20-2586-9316, E-mail: abhidey_bkn@yahoo.com.
Arun K. Sikder, Energetic Materials Research Division, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (Defence Research & Development Organization),
Sutarwadi, Pune, India, Fax: +91-20-2586-9316, E-mail: ak_sikder@yahoo.com.
Received Date: April 27, 2017, Accepted Date: June 09, 2017, Published Date: June 20, 2017.
Copyright: © 2017 Dey A, et al.. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepolymer and HTPB Based
Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.

Citation: Dey A, Sikder AK, Athar J (2017) Micro-structural Effect on Hydroxy Terminated Poly Butadiene (HTPB) Prepoly- Page 7 of 7
mer and HTPB Based Composite Propellant. J Mol Nanot Nanom 1(1): 104.