CS341 - Signals and Systems

Complex Exponential and Systems Basic

Fall 2021

Dr. Muhammad Hanif

Signals Measurements 3

 Signals can (usually or in principle) be measured:

Signal Energy & Power 4

 Signal energy and signal power are used to characterize a signal.

 They are not actually measures of energy and power.
 Energy or power of a signal may not always be related to physical
energy.
Power and Energy Signals 5

 Energy of a signal is defined as the area under the square of the magnitude of
the signal .
 The energy of a signal x(t) is :

 The units of signal energy depends on the unit of the signal .

 We are interested in energy only when it is finite.
 Common cases:
 Bounded signal of finite duration; e.g., a pulse
 Exponentially decaying signals (output of some linear systems with pulse input)
Power and Energy Signals 6

 Some signals have infinite signal energy.

 In that case it is more convenient to deal with average signal power
 The average power of a signal x(t) is :

This is the average energy per unit time.

 For a periodic signal x(t) , the average signal power is :

 where T is any period of the signal

Power and Energy Signals 7

 A signal with finite energy is called an energy signal .

 A signal with infinite energy and finite average signal power is called
a power signal
Power and Energy Signals 8

 A signal with finite energy is an energy signal

 – Necessary condition for a signal to be of energy type is that the
amplitude goes to zero as the independent variable tends to infinity
 A signal with finite and different from zero power is a power signal
 A power signal has infinite energy and an energy signal has zero power
 All practical signals have finite energy and thus are energy signals
 – It is impossible to generate a real power signal because this would
have infinite duration and infinite energy, which is not doable.
Power and Energy Signals 9

 Energy signals

 Power signals

 Neither energy nor power signals

Power and Energy Signals 10

 Energy Signal:
 Total normalized energy is finite and non zero
 Non periodic signals are energy signals
 Power of energy signal is zero
 Power Signal:
 The normalized average power is finite and non zero
 periodic signals are Power signals
 Energy of power signal is infinite
Power and Energy Signals 11

 Example: Determine whether the signal x (t) described by :

is a power signal or energy signal or neither .

 Is x(t) periodic or not?
 Non Periodic

The energy is finite and deterministic .

Hence , x(t) is an energy signal .
Power and Energy Signals 12

 Energy of Power Signal?

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Complex Exponentials 14

 Complex exponential signals

 C and a are complex numbers

 If C and a are real numbers

 a > 0, growing real exponential, e.g., chain reactions
 a < 0, decaying real exponentials, e.g., radioactive decay
Complex Exponentials 15

 Sinusoidal signals, a periodic complex exponential, e.g., mass

attached to a spring

 Euler’s relation
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Complex Exponentials 18

 Total energy and average power over one period

 Average power over infinite number of periods

Complex Exponentials 19

 Example 1.5
Complex Exponentials 20

 General complex exponential signals

 Using Euler’s relation

 Plots of the real part:

 r>0
 r < 0 (damped sinusoids)
Complex Exponentials 21

 Discrete-time complex exponential signals

 Real exponential signals, C and β are real

 Periodic signals, β is pure imaginary

 Euler’s relation
Complex Exponentials 22

 Discrete-time complex exponential signals

Complex Exponentials 23

 Discrete-time sinusoidal signals

Complex Exponentials 24

 Differences between continuous-time and discrete-time complex

exponential signals
 In continuous case, the rate of oscillation increases for increasing ω0. In
contrast, the rate of oscillation increases for increasing ω0 from 0 (min)
to π (max) and then starts decreasing until ω0 reaches 2π (min).
 Periodicity
System 25
System Representation 26
System Classification 27
Systems 28

 Continuous-time and discrete-time systems

Linear and Non-Linear 29
Linear Systems 30
Systems 31

 Interconnections of systems
 Series, parallel and series-parallel
Systems 32

 Basic system properties

 Systems without memory

 Systems with memory

Systems 33

 Basic system properties

 Inverse systems

 Accumulator
Systems 34

 Basic system properties

 Causal systems
 Output depends on present and past values of the input, e.g., accumulator

 Non-causal system
 output depends on the future inputs. In a sense, a noncausal system is just
the opposite of one that has memory.
 Stable systems
 Bounded input produces bounded output (BIBO)