CS341 - Signals and Systems

Dr. Muhammad Hanif

Lecture 1 – Introduction
Fall 2021
Periodic Signals 2

 When a function/signal repeats itself exactly after some given

period, or cycle.
 A periodic function can be mathematically defined as:

f(t) = f( t + mT ) ∀m : (m∈Z)

 where T > 0 represents the fundamental period of the signal.

Periodic Signals 3

 Periodic signals are more commonly identified by their frequency

f =1/T
Periodic Signals 4

 Examples:
Even Signals 5

 Symmetry is one of the useful characteristics for signal analysis

 Even signals are symmetric around vertical axis
 Even signal is identical to its time-reversed counterparts;
 x(t) = x(-t)

 The value at t is same as at time -t

Even and Odd Signals 6

 Even or Odd ?
Properties of Even and Odd Signals 7

 Addition / Subtraction:

 Even Signal ± Even Signal = Even signal

 Odd Signal ± Odd Signal = Odd signal
 Even Signal ± Odd Signal = We can't say anything

 Multiplication:
 Even * Even = Even
 Odd * Odd = Even
 Even * Odd= Odd
Properties of Even and Odd Signals 8

 Signal as combination of even and odd signal

Properties of Even and Odd Signals 9
Properties of Even and Odd Signals 10
Basic Signals 11

 Unit Impulse
 Unit Step
Basic Signals 12
Basic Signals 13

 Time Scaling in Impulse signals:

 The unit impulse time-scaled by a factor of k is the unit impulse
amplitude-scaled by a factor of 1/|k|
Basic Signals 14

 Multiplication of a function by impulse

 Sampling property of the unit impulse function

Basic Signals 15

Ramp signal is denoted by r(t), and it is defined as

Basic Signals 16

 Time Shifting in ramp function

Basic Signals 17

 Parabolic Signal: defined as

 Signum Function: denoted as sgn(t). It is defined as

 Exponential Signal is in the form of

Basic Signals 18

 Exponential Signal:
Basic Signals 19
Causal and non-Causal Signals 20

 Causal signals are signals that are zero for all

negative values
 Anti-causal are signals that are zero for
 all positive values
 Non-causal signals are signals that have nonzero
values in both positive and negative values