17 Heat-2

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HEAT- 2
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Concept of an Ideal Gas ............................................................ 2
2. Kinetic theory of gases ............................................................. 2
3. Pressure of a gas .................................................................. 2 – 3
4. Gas Law ............................................................................. 3 – 12
5. Maxwell's Distribution Law ..................................................... 12 – 13
6. Degree of Freedom .............................................................. 13 – 14
7. Internal Energy ....................................................................... 15
8. Thermodynamics ................................................................. 16 – 20
9. First Law of thermodynamics ................................................. 21 – 24
10. Specific Heat .................................................................... 24 – 29
11. Exercise -I ....................................................................... 30 – 61
12. Exercise - II ..................................................................... 62 – 68
13. Exercise - III .................................................................... 69 – 79
394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

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Page # 2 HEAT– 2
1. CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL GAS

A gas has no shape and size and can be contained in a vessel of any size or shape. It
expands indefinitely and uniformly to fill the available space. It exerts pressure on its sur-
roundings.
The gases whose molecules are point massses (mass without volume) and do not attract
each other are called ideal or perfect gases. It is a hypothetical concept which can't exist in
reality. The gases such as hydrogen, oxygen or helium which cannot be liquified easily are
called permanent gases. An actual gas behaves as ideal gas most closely at low pressure
and high temperature.
1.1 Ideal gas Equation
According to this equation.
m
PV  nRT  RT
M
m
In this equation n = number of moles of the gas =
M
m = total mass of the gas.
M = molecular mass of the gas
R = Universal gas constant
= 8.31 J/mol-K
= 2.0 cal/mol- K
2. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Kinetic Theory of gases is based on the following basic assumptions.
(a) A gas consists of very large number of molecules. These molecules are identical, perfectly
elastic and hard spheres. They are so small that the volume of molecules is negligible as
compared with the volume of the gas.
(b) Molecules do not have any preferred direction of motion, motion is completely random.
(c) These molecules travel in straight lines and in free motion most of the time. The time of
the collision between any two molecules is very small.
(d) The collision between molecules and the wall of the container is perfectly elastic. It
means kinetic energy is conserved in each collision.
(e) The path travelled by a molecule between two collisions is called free path and the mean
of this distance travelled by a molecule is called mean free path.
(f) The motion of molecules is governed by Newton’s law of motion
(g) The effect of gravity on the motion of molecules is negligible.
Note :
At higher temperature and low pressure or at higher temperature and low density, a
real gas behaves as an ideal gas.
3. EXPRESSION FOR THE PRESSURE OF A GAS :
Let us suppose that a gas is enclosed in a cubical box having length  . Let there are ‘N’
identical molecules, each having mass ‘m’. Since the molecules are of same mass and perfectly
elastic, so their mutual collisions result in the interchange of velocities only. Only collisions
with the walls of the container contribute to the pressure by the gas molecules. Let us focus
on a molecule having velocity v1 and components of velocity v X1 , v y1 , v z1 along x, y and
z-axis as shown in figure. G H
C Y
D v z1 v y1
v1 X
v x1 Z
Fm
E

A  B
HEAT– 2 Page # 3
v 12  v 2x1  v 2y1  v 2z1

The change in momentum of the molecule after one collision with wall BCHE
= m v x1 – (– m v x1 ) = 2 m v x1 .
dis tan ce 2
The time taken between the successive impacts on the face BCHE = = v
velocity x1
change in momentum 2mv x1 mv 2 x1

Time rate of change of momentum due to collision= = 2 / v =
time taken x1 
Hence the net force on the wall BCHE due to the impact of n N molecules of the gas is :
mv 2x1 mv 2x2 mv 2x3 mv 2xn m 2

Fx =

+

+

+ ........

=

v x1  v 2x2  v 2x3 ...... v 2xn
  = mN

v 2
x 
where < vx 2 > = mean square velocity in x-direction. Since molecules do not favour any
particular direction therefore < vx 2 > = < vy 2 > = < vz 2 >.
But <v2> = <vx2> + <vy2> + <vz2>
 v2 
 <vx2> = . Pressure is equal to force divided by area.
3
Fx M M
P= = <v2> = <v2>. Pressure is independent of x, y, z directions
2 3 3 3V
where  3 = volume of the container = V
M = total mass of the gas, <v2> = mean square velocity of molecules
1
P=  <v2>
3
from PV = nRT
Mass M
n= = (in kg/mole)
Molecular Weight M0
M RT RT 1 2 3RT

P = M V RT = M  M = Vrms  Vrms =
0 0 0 3 M0
3RT 3RT 3Kt

Vrms = M0 = mN A = m
R
K = Boltzman’s const. = N
A
3.1 Co-ordinate of the gases

(P, V, T) is the coordinate of the gas
If initial condition of gas is given by (P1 V1 T1) and final condition of gas is given by (P2, V2 T2)
such as
(P1 V1 T1) (P2 V2 T2)
Then (P, V, T) define situation of gas. When a gas changes from one coordinate system to
another co-ordinate system, then we have to follow a process.
4. GAS LAWS
Assuming permanent gases to be ideal, through experiments, it was established that gases
irrespective of their nature obey the following laws :

Page # 4 HEAT– 2
4.1 Boyle's Law

According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the volume of a gas at constant temperature
(called isothermal process) is inversely proportional to its pressure, i.e.,
1
V (T = constant)
P
or PV = constant
or PiVi = Pf Vf
Thus, P – V graph in an isothermal process is a rectangular hyperbola. Or PV versus P or V
graph is a straight line parallel to P or V axis.
P PV
T = constant
T = constant
V P or V
4.2 Charle's law

According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the volume of a gas at constant pressure
(called) isobaric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, i.e.,
VT
V
or = constant
T
Vi V f
or 
Ti Tf
Thus, V – T graph in an isobaric process is a straight line passing through origin. Or V/T
versus V or T graph is a straight line parallel to V or T axis.
V V/T
P = constant P = constant
T (in K) V or T
4.3 Gay Lussac's Law or Pressure law
According to this law, for a given mass of a gas the pressure of a gas at constant volume
(called isochoric process) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature i.e.,
PT
P
or = constant
T
Pi P f
or 
Ti T f
Thus, P - T graph in an isochoric process is a straight line passing through origin or P/T
versus P or T graph is a straight line parallel to P or T axis.
P P/T
V = constant
T (in K) P or T

HEAT– 2 Page # 5
4.4 Avogadro's Law

Two gases at same volume pressure and temperature contain equal amount of moles (mass
of gas may be different) or we can say contain equal no. of particle.
1 mole = 6.023 × 10–23 Particles
4.5 Reading of P-V diagram
P P
P=V
A Isobaric B
45º
V V
From PV = n RT
P = constant
V;T
P V Isothermal
A
Isobaric
B
V T
V = constant T = constant
P= V;P
T=
B
V
Isobaric
A
T (K)
PV = nRT
 P  const

A  B V 
 T 
When T in ºC  PV = nR(T + 273)
V
V ric
ba
iso
Not isobaric
T(K) –273 T(ºC)

Page # 6 HEAT– 2
P B P A
V
=
A P
V V
AB PV = Constant
P, V, T T=C
P; V
• ISOTHERMAL
P P V
A B
B A
V T T
• ISOBARIC
P P
V
B A B A
V T T
• ISOCHORIC
P A P
A V
B A
B
B
V T T
P ?)
(2P 0,V0.
B C (2P0,2V0, ?)
2P0
A (P ,V ,T )
Ex.1 P0 0 0 0
V0 2V0 V
Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, B, C in terms of pressure , volume and
temperature and draw curve.

HEAT– 2 Page # 7
P ,2 T 0)
(2P 0,V 0
B C (2P 0,2V 0,4T0)
2P0
A (P ,V ,T )
Sol. P0 0 0 0
V0 2V0 V
A  B V = constant B–C P = constant
P0 2P0 V0 2V0
= 2T0 = TC
T0 TB
TB = 2T0 TC = 4T0
P V
B C
2P0
V0
A
P0
T0 2T0 4T0
T0 2T0 T 4T0 T
P
Ex.2 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 2P0 C
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem-
perature and draw Temp. At point
curve. A = T0
P0 A B
Sol. AB V0 2V0 V

(Isobaric) P
V0 2 V0 2P0 C (2P0,2V0,4T0)
T0 = TB
, T 0)
TB = 2T0 ,V 0
(P 0 B (P0,2V0,2T0)
B  C (Isochoric) P0 A
P1 P2
T1 = T2 V0 2V0 V
P0 2P0
 2T = T  T2 = 4T0
0 2
P V
2P0 C B C
2V0
A B
P0
V0 A
T0 2T0 4T0 T  T0 2T0 4T0 T

Page # 8 HEAT– 2
Ex.3 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, P

B
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem- 2V0
perature and draw
curve. C
P0 A (P0,V 0,T 0)
P V0 2V0 V 
B (2P0,V0,2T0)
2V0
C (P 0,2V 0,2T0)
Sol. P0 A (P0,V0,T0)
V0 2V0 V 
P1 P2
A  B Volume Const (Isochoric) T1 = T2
B  C Temp. Const (Isothermial) P1V1 = P2V2
V1 V2
C  A Pressure Const (Isobaric) T = T
1 2

P V
2V0 C
2P0
V0 A B
P0
T0 2T0
T0 2T0 T
T
Ex.4 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 

V B
B, C in terms of pressure , volume and tem- 2V0 C
Pressure at point
perature and draw
A = T0
curve.
V0
A
Sol. AB Temp. Constant (isothermal) T0 2T0
P1V1 = P2V2 T
2P0V0 = 2V0P2 
  P0 , 2 V0, T0 

P0 V B 2
 P2 = 2V0 C (P 0,2V 0,2T0)
2
BC volume constant (Isochoric)

V0 ,T0)
PB PC A (P0,V 0
TB = TC
T0 2T0
T
P0 PC
 2T0 = 2T0  PC = P0

HEAT– 2 Page # 9
Note : SOME COMMONLY USED TERM
There is heat transfer from gas to surrounding and final temp is same.
Conducting wall
There is no Heat Transfer.

adiabatic or non-
conducting or insulator
A B
Movable Piston
If it is diathermic seprator then the finally temperature is also same on both side
(finally pressure is same)
movable piston
A B
finally pressure on both side is same then it doesn’t move (massless)
Adiabatic
walls
Ex.5 If the temperature of the increases slowly from T0 to 2T0 then how much piston will
move ?
Gas
Heater
,T0)
(P 0,V 0
non-conducting
V0 Vt
Sol. Pressure Same = T = 2T x
0 0
Gas
Vf = 2V0
Heater
for finding distance move ,T )
(P 0,V 0 0
chauqe is volume = Ax
non-conducting
2V0 – V0 = Ax
V0
x=
A

Page # 10 HEAT– 2
A
Ex.6 If the temperature of the gas changes slowly from
T0 to 2T0. Then find out the displacement of the piston. P0,V0,T0
Sol. Pgas A = Kx + P0 A
 Kx 
Pgas = Pf =   P0  P P0,V0,T0
 A  n..
P. A
P0 V0 Pf ( V0  A x ) Pags A Kx
= x
T0 Tf
PRESSURE VARIATION

H
N
Note 1 : Pressure of due to liquid = hg
A
N    Ahg
A
h
 h sin 
h
P   Hg .76  g
Note 2 : A 
1atm

A PA  h sin .g
PA  hg
vaccum
76cm
of Hg P   Hg . 76 × g x
1 atm
P   Hg . x . g
x cm of Hg pressure means if we placed a straight tube vertically in vaccum. fill the tube with
Hg upto x in of height.
Then the pressure exerted by Hg at the bottom of the tube is equals to pressure of the gas.
Ex.7 Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube is inverted (Assume temperature
is constant)
atm
Pgas
10cm
10cm
75 cm P
P0 of Hg

HEAT– 2 Page # 11
Sol. Initially :
Pgas + 10 = 75  Pgas = 65
Finally
75 + 10 = Pgas  Pgas = 85 cm
P1V1 = P2V2
1950
85 × A ×  = 65 × 30 × A   
85
,Ex.8 Find the new length of gas column in tube if tube is rotated at an angle 60° as shown.
(Assume constant temperature)
Gas
40 60º
20cm Hg
cm
20
P0
Pgas = 75 – 20 = 55 [P + 20 cos 60 = 75
P1V1 = P2 V2 2P + 20 = 150
55 × 40 × A = 65 ×  × A 2P = 130
55  40
 P = 65]
65
40
Ex.9 P0, T0 P0, T0
30 30
Assume constant temperature if the tube is changed to vertical position and the pallet
comes down by 5 cm then find out P0.
Sol. For upper part
P1V1 = P0V0
P1 35 A = P0 30 A 30+5
A
30
P1  P0 ...(i)
35 5
For lower part
P2V2 = P0V0 40
P0 30 A = P2 25 A
30 30–5 = 25
P2  P0 ...(ii)
25
B
Again
P1 + 40 = P2 ...(iii)
From (i) and (ii)
30 30
P0  40  P0
35 25

Page # 12 HEAT– 2
PRESSURE VARIATION IN ATMOSPHERE.

Assuming temp. to be const.
 PM 
-dP = dH ..g  -dP = dh.   .g
 RT 
RT P+dP
PV = nRT  P = dh
M P
PM
= h
RT
P h
dP Mg
–

P
P
=
 RT . dh
0
0
P Mg
Pn P0 = – RT h
Mg
P = P0 e– .h
RT
PRESSURE VARIATION IN ROTATING ROD. 
P P+dP
dx
(P + dP) A – PA = dm w2x
AdP = Aw2d dx
x
dP = w2x dx dm  Adx
P x
dP W 2M

P0
P
=
RT  x dx
0
x
W2M  x 2 
[ln P]PP0   
RT  2 
0
P W2M x 2
ln  .
P0 RT 2
W2Mx 2
P  P0  2RT
5. MAXWELL’S DISTRIBUTION LAW
dN( v)
Distribution Curve – A plot of (number of molecules per unit speed interval) against c
dv
is known as Maxwell’s distribution curve. The total area under the curve is given by the
 
dN( v)
integral  dv =  dN( v)  N
dv
0 0
dN(v)
[Note : - The actual formula of is not in JEE syllabus.]
dv
Figure shows the distribution curves for two different temperatures. At any temperature the
number of molecules in a given speed interval dv is given by the area under the curve in that
interval (shown shaded). This number increases, as the speed increases, upto a maximum
and then decreases asymptotically toward zero. Thus, maximum number of the molecules
have speed lying within a small range centered about the speed corresponding the peak (A)
of the curve. This speed is called the ‘most probable speed’ vp or vmp.

HEAT– 2 Page # 13
T1
T2 (higher)
dN( v)
dv
vp v vrms v
dv
The distribution curve is asymmetrical about its peak (the most probable speed vp) because
the lowest possible speed is zero, whereas there is no limit to the upper speed a molecule can
attain. Therefore, the average speed v is slightly larger than the most probable speed vp.
The root-mean-square speed, vrms, is still larger /(vrms > v > vp).
Average (or Mean) Speed :
8 RT 8RT
v
 M0 = M0 = 1.59 kT / m
(derivation is not in the course)

RMS Speed :
3RT 3kT kT
vrms = (v2 ) = M0 = = 1.73
m m
Most Probable Speed :
The most probable speed vp or vmp is the speed possessed by the maximum number of
molecules, and corresponds to the maximum (peak) of the distribution curve. Mathematically,
it is obtained by the condition.
dN( v)
= 0 [by substitution of formula of dN(v) (which is not in the course)]
dv
Hence the most probable speed is
2kT 2 RT
vP = = M0
m
From the above expression, we can see that
vrms > v < vP.
R = 8.314 J/mole
k = Boltzmann counstant (k = 1.38 × 10–23JK–1)
6. DEGREE OF FREEDOM
Total number of independent co-ordinates which must be known to completely specify the
position and configuration of dynamical system is known as “degree of freedom f”. Maximum
1 2 1 2 1 2
possible translational degrees of freedom are three i.e.  mVx  mVy  mVz 
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
Maximum possible rotational degrees of freedom are three i.e.  Ix  x  I y  y  I z  z 
2 2 2
Vibrational degrees of freedom are two i.e. (Kinetic energy. of vibration and Potential energy
of vibration)
Monoatonic
Eg : (all inrent gases, He, Ar, etc.)
f=3 (translational)
(Vx, Vy, VZ)

Page # 14 HEAT– 2
Diatomic
Eg : (gases like H2, N2, O2 etc)
f=5 (3 translational + 2 rotational)
(Vx, Vy, Vz ; Wx, Wy, Wz)

x
If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then

f=3
If temp is in between 250 K to 5000 K, then
f=5
If temp is very high (> 5000K)
f = 7 [3 translational +2 rotational +2 vibrational]
Triatomic y
(Non - linear) D.O.f. = 6
V , V , V , Wx , Wy , Wz
xyz    x
3 Trans. 3 Rotational
If linear (CO2) z
Total D.O.f = 5
Vx , Vy , Vz , Wy , Wz
 
  x
3 Trans. 2 Rotational
Maxwell’s law of equipartition of energy.
1
Energy associated with each degree of freedom= KT..
2
1
of one pasticle is same and = KT
2
If degree of freedom of a molecule is f then
t
total kinetic energy of that molecule = KT
2
Monoatomic
3 3 3
Energy of one particle = KT, one mde = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
Diatomic
5 5 5
Energy of one Barticle = KT, one mole = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
General degree of freedom.

t t t
Energy of one particle = KT, one mole = RT, n mole = nRT
T
2 2 2
Internal energy of a gas only dipends on the temperature of the gas desn’t depend on the
process taken by the gas to reach the tempreature.

HEAT– 2 Page # 15
7. INTERNAL ENERGY
The internal energy of a system is the sun of kinetic and potential energies of the molecules
of the system. It is denoted by U. Internal energy (U) of the system is the function of its
absolute temperature (T) and its volume (V). i.e. U = f(T , V)
In case of an ideal gas, intermolecular force is zero. Hence its potential energy is also zero. In
this case, the internal energy is only due to kinetic energy. Which depends on the absolute
f
temperature of the gas. i.e. U = f(T). For an ideal gas internal energy U = nRT.
2
Ex.10 A light container having a diatomic gas enclosed with in is moving with velocity v.
Mass of the gas is M and number of moles is n.
mass of gas = M v
tempeature T
(i) What is the kinetic energy of gas w.r.t centre of mass of the system?
(ii) What is K.E. of gas w.r.t ground?
5
Sol. (i) K.E. = nRT
2
(ii) Kinetic energy of gas w.r.t ground = Kinetic energy of centre of mass w.r.t ground +
Kinetic energy of gas w.r.t center of mass.
1 5
K.E. = Mv2  nRT
2 2
Ex.11 Two nonconducting containers having volume V1 and V2 contain monoatomic and
dimatomic gases respectively. They are containers are P1, T1 and P2, T2 respectively.
Initially stop cock is closed, if the stop cock is opened find the final pressure and
temperature.
P1 V1 P2 V2
T1 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
Sol. n1 = RT n2 = RT
1 2
n = n1 + n2 (number of moles are conserved)

Finally pressure in both parts & temperature of the both the gases will be become equal.
P(V1  V2 ) P1 V1 P2 V2
= RT + RT
RT 1 2
From energy conservation

3 5 3 5
n1RT1  n2RT2 = n1RT  n2RT
2 2 2 2
(3P1 V1  5P2 V2 )T1 T2
 T = 3P V T  5P V T
1 1 2 2 2 1
 3P1V1  5P2 V2   P1 V1 T2  P2 V2 T2 
P =  3P V T  5P V T   
 1 1 2 2 2 1   V1  V2 

Page # 16 HEAT– 2
8. THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is mainly the study of exchange of heat energy between bodies and conversion
of the same into mechanical energy and vice versa.
Thermodynamic System
Collection of an extremely large number of atoms or molecules confined within certain boundaries
such that it has a certain value of pressure (P),volume (V) and temperature (T) is called a
thermodynamic system. Anything outside the thermodynamic system to which energy or
matter is exchanged is called its surroundings. Taking into consideration the interaction
between a system and its surroundings thermodynamic system is divided into three classes :
(a) Open system : A system is said to be an open system if it can exchange both energy
and matter with its surroundings.
(b) Closed system : A system is said to be closed system if it can exchange only energy
(not matter with its surrounding
(c) Isolated system : A system is said to be isolated if it can neither exchange energy nor
matter with its surroundings.
Zeroth law of Thermodynamics :
If two systems (B and C) are separately in thermal equilirbrium with a third one (A), then they
the mselves are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
adiabatic wall
diathermic wall
C B
A
Equation of State (for ideal gases) :

The relation between the thermodynamic variables (P, V, T) of the system is called equation
of state. The equation of state for an ideal gas of n moles is given by
PV = nRT,
Work done by a gas :
Let P and V be the pressure and volume of the gas. If A be the area of the piston. then force
exerted by gas on the piston is, F = P × A
Let the piston move through a small distance dx during the expansion of the gas. Work done
for a small displacement dx is dW = F dx = PA dx
Since A dx = dV, increase in volume of the gas is dV
 dW = P dV
P area
dx enclosed
P,V,T
vi vf
V
or W  d W   P dV
Area enclosed under P-V curve gives work done during process

HEAT– 2 Page # 17
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES

(a) Isothermal Process :
T = constant [Boyle’s law applicable] PV = constant
P T T
V P V
There is exchange of heat between system and surroundings. System should be compressed
or expanded very slowly so that there is sufficient time for exchange of heat to keep the
temperature constant.
Slope of P-V curve in isothermal process :
PV = constant = C
dP P
 
dV V
Work done in isothermal process :
Vf If v f  vi then W is positive 
W = nRT ln V  
i If v f  vi then W is negative 
 V 
W  2.303 nRT log10 f 
 Vi 
P P
Compression
Expansion
vi vf V vi vf V
Internal energy in isothermal process :

U = f (T) U = 0
(b) Iso-Choric Process (Isometric Process) :
V = constant  Change in volume is zero
P
 is constant
T
P
= const. (Galussac-law)
T
Work done in isochoric process :
Since change in volume is zero therefore
dW = p dV = 0
Indicator diagram of isochoric process :
P V V
T T P
Change in internal energy in isochoric process :
f
U  n R T
2

Page # 18 HEAT– 2
Heat given in isochoric process :

f
Q = U  n R T
2
(c) Isobaric Process : Pressure remains constant in isobaric process

V
 P = constant   cons tan t
T
Indicator diagram of isobaric process :
P P P
T V T (in Kelvin)
Work done in isobaric process :

W = P V = P (Vfinal – Vinitial) = nR(Tfinal – Tinitial)
Change in internal energy in isobaric process :
f
U = n R T
2
Heat given in isobaric process : Q = U + W
f f
Q = n R T + P[Vf – Vi] = n R T + nR T
2 2
Above expression gives an idea that to increase temperature by T in isobaric process heat
required is more than in isochoric process.
(d) Cyclic Process :

In the cyclic process initial and final states are same therefore initial state = final state
Work done = Area enclosed under P-V diagram.
Change in internal Energy U = 0
Q = U + W
 Q = W
If the process on P-V curve is clockwise, then net work done is (+ve) and vice-versa.
The graphs shown below explains when work is positive and when it is negative
(–)work (–)work (+)work (–)work
P P P P
V V V V
Ex.13 The cylinder shown in the figure has conducting walls and temperature of the
surrounding is T, the pistion is initially in equilibrium, the cylinder contains n moles of
a gas. Now the piston is displaced slowly by an external agent to make the volume
double of the initial. Find work done by external agent in terms of n, R, T.
n
moles

HEAT– 2 Page # 19
Sol. 1st Method :

Work done by external agent is positive, because Fext and displacement are in the same
direction. Since walls are conducting therefore temperature remains constant. Applying
equilibrium condition when pressure of the gas is P
PatmA
PA
Fext
PA + Fext = PatmA
Fext = Patm A – PA
d d d d 2v
nRT
Wext =  Fext dx =  Patm Adx –  PA dx = Patm A  dx –  V
dV = Patm Ad – nRT ln 2
0 0 0 0 v
2nd Method
Applying work energy theorem on the piston
k = 0
Wall = k
Wgas + Watm + Wext = 0
Vf
nRT ln V – nRT + Wext = 0
i
Wext = nRT (1 –ln2)
Ex.14 A nonconducting piston of mass m and area of cross
section A is placed on a nonconducting cylinder as
Patm K
shown in figure. Temperature, spring constant, height
of the piston are given by T, K, h respectively. Initially
mass = m
spring is relaxed and piston is at rest. Find Area = A
T
(i) Number of moles

(ii) Work done by gas to displace the piston by distance
d when the gas is heated slowly.
(iii) Find the final temperature
 mg 

P 
mg   Patm  A  Ah
Sol. (i) PV = nRT   atm Ah = nRT  n =  
 A 
RT
(ii) 1st method
Applying newton’s law on the piston
mg + Patm A + Kx = PgasA Kx mg PatmA
d d dx
Wgas =  Pg Adx =  (mg  PatmA  Kx)dx
0 0
x PgasA
1
 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd2
2
2nd method
Applying work energy theorem on the pistion
Wall = KE
Since piston moves slowly therefore KE = 0
Wgravity + Wgas + Watm + Wspring = 0
1
– mgd + Wgas + (–PatmAd) + [–( Kd2 – 0)] = 0
2
1
 Wgas = mgd + PatmdA + Kd2
2

Page # 20 HEAT– 2
P
Ex.15 Find out the work done in the given graph.
Also draw the corresponding T-V curve and B
P-T curve. 2P0 C
Sol. Since in P-V curves area under the cycle is equal to work done A
P0 D
therefore work done by the gas is equal to P0V0.
Line AB and CD are isochoric line, line BC and DA are isobaric line.
O V
 the T-V curve and P-T curve are drawn as shown. V0 2V0
T C P
B B C
D A
A D
V T
T
Ex.16 T-V curve of cyclic process is shown below,
number of moles of the gas n find the total
B C
work done during the cycle. 2T0
Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work
done is zero during path AB and CD. Process BC T0 D
and DA are isothermal, therefore A
VC V0 2V0 V
WBC = nR2T0 ln V = 2nRT0 ln 2
B
VA
WDA = nRT0 ln V = – nRT0 ln 2
D
Total work done = WBC + WDA
= 2nRT0 ln 2 – nRT0 ln 2 = nRT0 ln 2
P
Ex.17 P-T curve of a cyclic process is shown. Find out the work
T2 B T3
done by the gas in the given process if number of moles P2 C
of the gas are n.
A T1T4
Sol. Since path AB and CD are isochoric therefore work done during P1
D
AB and CD is zero. Path BC and DA ar isobaric.
Hence WBC = nRT = nR(T3 – T2) T
WDA = nR(T1 – T4)
Total work done = WBC + WDA = nR(T1 + T3 – T4 – T2)
Ex.18 Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a sample of 2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown in
figure. The temperatures of the gas at A and B are 300 K and 500 K respectively. A
total of 1200 J heat is withdrawn from the sample in the process. Find the work done
by the gas in part BC. Take R = 8.3 J/mol-K.
Sol. The change in internal energy during the cyclic
process is zero. Hence, the heat supplied to the P C
gas is equal to the work done by it. Hence,
WAB + WBC + WCA = –1200 J. ...(i)
The work done during the process AB is A B
WAB = PA(VB – VA)
= nR(TB – TA) V
= (2.0 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (200 K) = 3320 J
The work done by the gas during the process CA is zero as the volume remains constant.
From (i)
3320 J + WBC = – 1200 J
or WBC = –4520 J
= –4520 J

HEAT– 2 Page # 21
9. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy. It states that if a
system absorbs heat dQ and as a result the internal energy of the system changes by dU and
the system does a work dW, then dQ = dU + dW
But, dW = P dV dQ = dU + P dV
which is the mathematical statement of first law of thermodynamics.
Heat gained by a system, work done by a system and increase in internal energy are
taken as positive.
Heat lost by a system, work done on a system and decrease in internal energy are
taken as negative.
Ex.19 1 gm water at 100°C is heated to convert into steam at 100°C at 1 atm. Find out
change in internal energy of water. It is given that volume of 1 gm water at 100°C = 1
cc. volume of 1 gm steam at 100°C = 1671 cc. Latent heat of vaporization = 540 cal/g.
(Mechanical equivalent of heat J = 4.2 J/cal.)
Sol. From first law of thermodynamic Q = u + w
Q = mL = 1 × 540 cal. = 540 cal.
105 (1671 – 1)  10–6
W = PV =
4.2
105 (1670)  10–6

= = 40 cal.
4.2
U = 540 – 40 = 500 cal.
Ex.20 Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are kept in a nonconducting container enclosed
by a piston. Gas is now compressed to increase the temperature from 300 K to 400 K.
Find work done by the gas
Diatomic 2 moles non conducting

gas 300 K container
Sol. Q = u + W
Since container is conconducting therefore
Q = 0 = u + w
f 5
 W = – u = – n R T = – 2 × R(400 – 300)
2 2
= – 5 × 8.314 × 100 J = – 5 × 831.4 J = – 4157 J
Ex.21 A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the cyclic process abca (figure. It ab-sorbs
50 J of heat during the part ab, no heat during bc and reflects 70 J of heat during ca. 40
J of work is done on the gas during the part bc.(a) Find the internal energy of the gas
at b and c if it is 1500 J at a. (b) Calculate the work done by the gas during the part ca.
P b
c a

Page # 22 HEAT– 2
Sol. (a) In the part ab the volume remains constant. Thus, the work done by the gas s zero. The
heat absorbed by the gas is 50 J. The increase in internal energy from a to b is
U = Q = 50 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at a, it will be 1550 J at b. In the part bc, the work done by
the gas is W = –40J and no heat is given to the system. The increase in internal energy from
b to c is
U = – W = 40 J.
As the internal energy is 1550 J at b, it will be 1590 J at C.
(b) The change in internal energy, from c to a is
U = 1500 J – 1590 J = –90 J
The heat given to the system is Q = – 70 J
Using Q = U + W,
Wca = Q – U = – 70 J + 90 J = 20 J.
Ex.22 The internal energy of a monatomic ideal gas is 1.5 nRT. One mole of helium is kept in
a cylinder of cross-section 8.5 cm2. The cylinder is closed by a light frictionless piston.
The gas is heated slowly in a process during which a total of 42 J heat is given to the
gas. If the temperature rises through 2°C, find the distance moved by the piston.
Atmospheric pressure = 100 kPa.
Sol. The change in internal energy of the gas is
U = 1.5 nR (T)
= 1.5 (1 mol) (8.3 J/mol-K) (2K)
= 24.9 J
The heat given to the gas = 42 J
The work done by the gas is
W = Q – U = 42 J – 24.9 J = 17.1 J
If the distance moved by the piston is x, the work done is
W = (100 kPa) (8.5 cm2) x.
Thus, (105 N/m2) (8.5 × 10–4 m2) x = 17.1 J
or, x = 0.2 m = 20 cm.
Ex.23 A sample of an ideal gas has pressure p0, volume v0 and temperature T0. It is
isothermally expanded to twice its original volume. It is then compressed at constant
pressure to have the original volume V0. Finally, the gas is heated at constant volume
to get the original temperature. (a) Show the process in a V - T diagram (b) Calculate
the heat absorbed in the process.
Sol. (a) The V-T diagram for the process is shown in figure. The initial state is represented by the
point a. In the first step, it is isothermally expanded to a volume 2V0. This shown by ab. Then
the pressure is kept constant and the gas is compressed to the volume V0. From the ideal gas
equation, V/T is constant at constant pressure. Hence, the process is shown by a line bc
which passes through the origin. At point c, the volume is V0. ln the final step, the gas is
heated at constant volume to a temperature T0. This is shown by ca. The final state is the
same as the initial state.
(b) The process is cylic so that the change in
internal energy is zero. The heat supplied is, V b
therefore, equal to the work done by the gas.
The work done during ab is 2V0
2V0
W1 = nRT0 ln V = nRT0 ln 2 = p0V0 ln 2. V0 c
0 a
Also from the ideal gas equation
paVa = pbVb T
T0

HEAT– 2 Page # 23
pa Va p0 V0 p0
or, pb = Vb = 2V0 = .
2
In the step bc, the pressure remains constant. Hence the work done is,
p0 p0 V0
W2 = (V0 – 2V0) = –
2 2
In the step ca, the volume remains constant and so the work done is zero. The net work
done by the gas in the cyclic process is
W = W1 + W2 = p0V0 [ln 2 – 0.5] = 0.193 p0V0.
Hence, the heat supplied to the gas is 0.193 p0V0.
Ex.24 A sample of ideal gas (f = 5) is heated at constant pressure. If an amount 140 J of heat
is supplied to the gas, find (a) the change in internal energy of the gas (b) the work
done by the gas.
Sol. Suppose the sample contains n moles. Also suppose the volume changes from V1 to V2 and
the temperature changes from T1 to T2.
The heat supplied is
2U
Q = U + PV = U + nRT = U +
f
(a) The change is internal energy is
f f f 140J
U = n R(T2 – T1) = R n(T2 – T1) = Q = = 100 J
2 2 2f 1.4
(b) The work done by the gas is
W = Q – U = 140 J – 100 J = 40 J
Ex.25 There are two vessels. Each of them contains one mole of a monoatomic ideal gas.
I nit ial volum e of t he gas in each vessel is 8.3 × 10 –3 m3 at 27°C. Equal amount of heat
is supplied to each vessel. ln one of the vessels, the volume of the gas is doubled
without change in its internal energy, whereas the volume of the gas is held constant
in the second vessel. The vessels are now connected to allow free mixing of the gas.
Find the final temperature and pressure of the combined gas system.
Sol. 369.3K, 2.462 × 105 N/m2
Efficiency of cycle () :
total Mechanical work done by the

gas in the whole process area under the cycle in P-V curve
 =
Heat absorbed by the gas (only +ve) Heat injected into the system
 Q2   T2 
 =  1 – Q  for Heat Engine,   =  1 – T  for Cannot cycle
 1  1
P
Ex.26 n moles of a diatomic gas has undergone a cyclic
process ABC as shown in figure. Temperature at A is T0. B
2P0 C
Find
A
(i) Volume at C ? P0
(ii) Maximum temperature ?
(iii) Total heat given to gas ? V0 V V
(iv) is heat rejected by the gas, if yes how much heat is rejected ?
(v) Find out the efficiency

Page # 24 HEAT– 2
Sol. (i) Since triangle O A V0 and OC V are similar therefore

2P0 P
 0  V = 2V
V V0 0
(ii) Since process AB is isochoric hence

PA P
 B  T = 2T
TA TB B
TB TC
Since process BC is isobaric therefore V  V
B C
 TC = 2TB = 4T0
(iii) since process is cyclic therefore
1
Q = W = area under the cycle = P0 V0
2
(iv) Since u and W both are negative in process CA
 Q is negative in process CA and heat is rejected in process CA
QCA = wCA + uCA
1 5
=– [P0 + 2P0] V0 – nR (Tc – Ta)
2 2
1 5  4P0 V0 P0 V0 
= – [P0 + 2P0]V0 – nR  – 
2 2  nR nR 
= – 9P0V0 = Heat injected.
(v)  = efficiency of the cycle
work done by the gas P0 V0 / 2
= == Q × 100
heat injected injected
Qinj = QAB + QBC

5  5 
=  nR(2T0 – T0 )   nR(2T0 )  2P0 (2V0 – V0 )
 2   2 
19 100
= P0 V0 = %
2 19
10. SPECIFIC HEAT
The specific heat capacity of a substance is defined as the heat supplied per unit mass of
the substance per unit rise in the temperature. If an amount Q of heat is given to a mass
m of the substance and its temperature rises by T, the specific heat capacity s is given by
equation
Q
s=
mT
The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the heat given per mole of the gas per unit
rise in the temperature. The molar heat capacity at constant volume, denoted by Cv, is :
 Q  f
Cv =  nT   R
 cons tan t volume 2
and the molar heat capacity at constant pressure, denoted by Cp is,
 Q  f 
CP =  nT     1 R
 cons tan t Pr essure 2 
where n is the amount of the gas in number of moles and f is degree of freedom. Quite often,
the term specific heat capacity or specific heat is used for molar heat capacity. It is advised
that the unit be carefully noted to determine the actual meaning. The unit of specific heat
capacity is J/kg-K whereas that of molar heat capacity is J/mol-K.

HEAT– 2 Page # 25
MOLAR HEAT CAPACITY OF IDEAL GAS IN TERMS OF R :

(i) For a monoatomic gas f = 3
3 5 CP 5
CV = R , CP = R   = = 1.67
2 2 C v 3
(ii) For a diatomic gas f = 5
5 7 CP
CV = R , CP = R  =  1.4
2 2 CV
(iii) For a Triatomic gas f = 6
CV = 3R, CP = 4R
CP 4
= C = = 1.33
V 3
[Note for CO2 ; f = 5, it is linear]
ln general if f is the degree of freedom of a molecule, then
f f  CP  2
CV = R , CP =   1  R ,  =  1  
2  2  C V  f
f R work done by gas

for any general process C = 
2 n T
Ex.27 Two moles of a diatomic gas at 300 K are enclosed in a

Patm light piston
cylinder as shown in figure. Piston is light. Find out the heat
given if the gas is slowly heated to 400 K in the following
three cases. 300 K
2 mole
(i) Piston is free to move Diatomic
(ii) If piston does not move
(iii) If piston is heavy and movable.
Sol. (i) Since pressure is constant
7
 Q = nCPT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 700 R
2
(ii) Since volume is constant
 W = 0 and Q = u (from first law)
5
Q = u = nCvT = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 500 R
2
(iii) Since pressure is constant
7
Q = nCP T = 2 × × R × (400 – 300) = 700R
2 P
B Diatomic
Ex.28 P-V curve of a diatomic gas is shown in the 2P0
Isothermal
figure. Find the total heat given to the gas in
A
the process AB P0 C
and BC
Sol. From first law of thermodynamics V
V0 2V0
QABC = uABC + WABC
VC 2V0
WABC=WAB+WBC=0+nRTBln V = nRTB ln V
B 0
= nRTB ln 2 = 2P0 V0 ln 2
5 5
u = nCv T = (2P0V0 – P0V0)  QABC = P V + 2P0V0 ln 2.
2 2 0 0

Page # 26 HEAT– 2
Ex.29 Calculate the value of mechanical equivalent of heat from the following data. Specific
heat capacity of air at constant volume = 170 cal/kg-K,  = Cp/Cv = 1.4. and the density
of air at STP is 1.29 kg/m3. Gas constant R = 8.3 J/mol-K
Sol. Using pV = nRT, the volume of 1 mole of air at STP is
nRT (1mol)  (8.3 J / mol – K)  (273K)
V= = = 0.0224 m3.
p 1.0  105 N / m2
The mass of 1 mole is, therefore,
(1.29 kg/m3) × (0.0224 m3) = 0.029 kg.
1
The number of moles in 1 kg is . The molar heat capacity at constant volume is
0.029
170 cal
CV = = 4.93 cal/mol-K
(1 / 0.029) mol  K
Hence, Cp = Cv = 1.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K
or, Cp – Cv = 0.4 × 4.93 cal/mol-K =1.97 cal/mol-K
Thus, 8.3 J = 1.97 cal.
The mechanical equivalent of heat is
8.3 J
= 4.2 J/cal.
197
. cal
Average Molar Specific Heat of Metals :
[Dulong and Petit law] 6
At room temperature average molar specific heat
of all metals are same and is nearly equal to 3R
(6 cal. mol–1K–1) Cv
[Note : Temp. above which the metals have constant
Cv is called Debye temp.]
Mayer’s equation : CP – CV = R (for ideal gases only)
T
ADIABATIC PROCESS
When no heat is supplied or extracted from the system the
process is called adiabatic. Process is sudden so that there is insulating
no time for exchange of heat. If walls of a container are thermally wall
insulated no heat can cross the boundary of the system and
Gas
process is adiabatic.
Equation of adiabatic process is given by
PV = constant [Poission law]
TP1– = constant
T V – 1 = constant
P
Slope of P-V curve in adiabatic process : dP  P 
  – 
Since PV is constant dV  V
dp P
  –  
dV V
Slope of P – T – curve in adiabatic process :
v
Since T P1– is a constant
dV  P ( ) P
 =– =
dT (1 – ) T ( – 1) T

HEAT– 2 Page # 27
dP  P

dT (  – 1) T
P
T dV  1 V
P  – 
dT  (  – 1) T 
Slope of T-V-curve :
dV 1 V
–
dT ( – 1) T
Work done in adiabatic Process :

T
PV
i i – Pf Vf
W = – U = nCv (Ti – Tf ) =
( – 1)
nR(Ti – Tf )
=
 –1
work done by system is (+ve), if Ti > Tf (hence expansion)

work done on the system is (–ve) if Ti < Tf (hence compression)
Ex.30 A quantity of air is kept in a container having walls which are slightly conducting. The
initial temperature and volume are 27°C (equal to the temperature of the surrounding)
and 800 cm3 respectively. Find the rise in the temperature if the gas is compressed to
200 cm3 (a) in a short time (b) in a long time. Take  = 1.4.
Sol. (a) When the gas is compressed in a short time, the process is abiabatic. Thus,
T2 V2–1 = T1V1–1
 –1 0.4
 V1   800 
or T2 = T1   = (300 K) ×   = 522 K.
 V2   200 
Rise in temperature = T2 – T1 = 222K

(b) When the gas is compressed in a long time, the process is isothermal. Thus, the temperature
remains equal to the temperature of the surrounding that is 27°C. The rise in temperature = 0.
Ex.31 A monoatomic gas is enclosed in a nonconducting cylinder having a piston which can
move freely. Suddenly gas is compressed to 1/8 of its initial volume. Find the final
pressure and temperature if initial pressure and temperature are P0 and T0 respectively.
Sol. Since process is adiabatic therefore
5/3
5 V
P0 V3 = Pfinal  
8
CP 5R 3R 5
= C = / =
V 2 2 3
Since process is adiabatic therefore.
2 /3
V 
T1V1–1 = T2 V2–1  T0V02/3 = Tfinal  0   T = 4T0
 8 

Page # 28 HEAT– 2
Ex.32 A cylindrical container having nonconducting walls is partitioned in two equal parts
such that the volume of the each parts is equal to V0. A movable nonconducting piston
is kept between the two parts. Gas on left is slowly heated so that the gas on right is
V
compressed upto volume 0 . Find pressure and temperature on both sides if initial
8
pressure and temperature, were P0 and T0 respectively. Also find heat given by the
heater to the gas. (number of moles in each part is n)
non conducting walls

non conducting movable piston
P0,
V0,
P0,V0,T0 monoatomic
T0
Diatomic
Sol. Since the process on right is adiabatic therefore
PV = constant.
 P0V0 = Pfinal (V0/8)
 Pfinal = 32 P0
T0V0–1 = Tfinal (V0/8)–1
Let volume of the left part is V1
V0 15 V0
 2V0 = V1 +  V1 =
8 8
Since number of moles on the left parts remains constant therefore for the left part PV/T =
constant.
Final pressure on both sides will be same
P0 V0 Pfinal V1
 T0 = Tfinal  Tfinal = 60 T0
Q = u + w
5R 3R
Q = n ( 60 T0 – T0 ) + n (4T0 – T0)
2 2
5nR 3nR
Q = × 59T0 + × 3T0
2 2
Free Expansion
If a system, say a gas expands in such a way that no heat enters or leaves the system and
also no work is done by or on the system, then the expansion is called the “free expansion”.
Q = 0, U = 0 and W = 0. Temperature in the free expansion remains constant.
Ex.33 A nonconducting cylinder having volume 2V0 is partitioned by a fixed nonconducting
wall in two equal part. Partition is attached with a valve. Right side of the partition is a
vaccum and left part is filled with a gas having pressure and temperature P0 and T0
respectively. If valve is opened find the final pressure and temperature of the two
parts.
Fixed
V0 nonconductor
P0,V0,T0 Vacuum

HEAT– 2 Page # 29
Sol. From the first law thermodynamics Q = u + W

Since gas expands freely therefore W = 0, since no heat is given to gas Q = 0
 u = 0 and temperature remains constant.
Tfinal = T0
Since the process is isothermal therefore
P0 × V0 = Pfinal × 2V0
 Pfinal = P0/2
Reversible and Irreversible Process
A process is said to be reversible when the various stages of an operation in which it is
subjected can be traversed the back in the opposite direction in such a way that substance
passes through exactly the same conditions at every step in the reverse process as in the
direct process.
Comparison of slopes of Iso-thermal and Adiabatic Curve
Adiabatic
P
isobaric
P
Isothermal isothermal
poly
di adiabatic
Isothermal mono
V1 V2 V
Adiabatic
Wmono < Wdi < Wpoly < Wisothermal < Wisobaric
V
dP dP

dV adia dV isothermal
In compression up to same final volume :

Wadia  Wisothermal
In Expansion up to same final volume :
Wisothermal  Wadia
Limitations of Ist Law of Thermodynamics :
The first law of thermodynamics tells us that heat and mechanical work are interconvertible.
However, this law fails to explain the following points :
(i) It does not tell us about the direction of transfer of heat.
(ii) It does not tell us about the conditions under which heat energy is converted into work.
(iii) It does not tell us whether some process is possible or not.
Mixture of non-reacting gases :
n1M1  n2M2
(a) Molecular weight  n1  n2
M1 & M2 are molar masses.
n1C V1  n2C V2 n1CP1  n2CP2
(b) Specific heat C V  , CP 
n1  n2 n1  n2
CPmix n1CP1  n2CP2  ......

(c) for mixture,   C 
n1C V1  n2C V2  ......
Vmix
n1f1  n2 f2
(d) Degree of freedom for mixture f = n1  n2

Page # 30 HEAT– 2
Exercise - I (ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT)

SECTION (A) : KINETIC THEORY OF GASES at room temperature. As compared to a hydrogen
molecule an oxygen molecule hits the wall
1. When an ideal gas is compressed isothermally then
(A) With greater average speed
its pressure increases because :
(B) with smaller average speed
(A) its potential energy increases
(C) with greater average kinetic energy
(B) its kinetic energy increases and molecules move
(D) with smaller average kinetic energy.
apart
(C) its number of colisions per unit area with walls of 11. Keeping the number of moles, volume and
container increases temperature the same, which of the following are the
(D) molecular energy increases same for all ideal gas ?
(A) rms speed of a molecule
2. Which of the following is correct for the molecules
(B) density
of a gas in thermal equilibrium ?
(C) pressure
(A) All have the same speed
(D) average magnitude of moentum.
(B) All have different speeds which remain constant
(C) They have a certain constant average speed 12. Consider the quantity MkT / pV of an ideal gas
(D) They do not collide with one another. where M is the mass of the gas. It depends on the
(A) temperature of the gas (B) volume of the gas
3. Which of the following quantities is zero on an
(C) pressure of the gas (D) nature of the gas
average for the molecules of an ideal gas in equilibrium ?
(A) kinetic energy (B) momentum 13. If vrms = root mean square speed of molecules,
(C) density (D) speed vav = average speed of molecules.
vmp = most probable speed of molecules,
4. The average momentum of a molecules in a sample
v = speed of sound in a gas
of an ideal gas depends on
Then, identify the correct relation between these speeds.
(A) temperature (B) number of moles
(A) vrms > vav > vmp > vs (B) vav > vmp > vrms > vs
(C) volume (D) none of these
(C) vmp > vav > vrms > vs (D) vrms > vav > vs > vmp
5. A gas behaves more closely as an ideal gas at
14. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same
(A) low pressure and low temperatue
temperature T and contain gases which obey the
(B) low pressure and high temperature
Maxwellian distribution of velcoities. Vessel A contains
(C) high pressure and low temperature
only O2, B only N2 and C a mixture of equal quantities
(D) high pressure and high temperature.
of O2 and N2. If the average speed of O2 molecules in
6. The temperature at which the r.m.s velocity of vessel A is V1, that of the N2 molecules in vessel B is
oxygen molecules equal that of nitrogen molecules at V2, the average speed of the O2 molecules in vessel C
100°C is nearly : will be :
(A) 426.3 K (B) 456.3 K (C) 436.3 K (D) 446.3 K (A) (V1 + V2) / 2 (B) V1
7. Suppose a container is evacuated to leave just (C) (V1V2)1/2 (D) 3kT / M
one molecule of a gas in it. Let va and rms represent
the average speed and the rms speed of the gas. 15. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen
(A) a > rms (B) a < rms and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The ratio of the
(C) a = rms (D) rms is undefined average rotational kinetic energy per O2 molecule to
that per N2 molecule is :
8. The rms speed of oxygen molecules in a gas is . If (A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1
the temperature is doubled and the O2 molecule (D) depends on the moments of inertia of the two
dissociated into oxygen atoms, the rms speed will become molecules
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 2  (D) 4
16. Three particles have speeds of 2u, 10u and 11u.
9. The quantity pV/kT represents Which of the following statements is correct ?
(A) mass of the gas (A) The r.m.s speed exceeds the mean speed by about u.
(B) kinetic energy of the gas (B) The mean speed exceeds the r.m.s speed by about u.
(C) number of moles of the gas (C) The r.m.s speed equals the mean speed.
(D) number of molecules in the gas (D) The r.m.s. speed exceeds the mean speed by more
10. Consider a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen kept than 2u.

HEAT– 2 Page # 31
2E
17. The pressure of an ideal gas is written as P = .
Temperature/K
Temperature/K
3V
Here E refers to M N M
L
(A) translational kinetic energy
(C) (D) N
(B) rotational kinetic energy L
(C) vibrational kinetic energy
volume volume
(D) total kinetic energy.
18. Which of the following quantities is the same for 23. Find the approx. number of molecules contained
all ideal gases at the same temperature ? in a vessel of volume 7 litres at 0°C at 1.3 × 105
(A) the kinetic energy of 1 mole pascal
(B) the kinetic energy of 1 g (A) 2.4 × 1023 (B) 3 × 1023
23
(C) the number of molecules in 1 mole (C) 6 × 10 (D) 4.8 × 1023
(D) the number of molecules in 1 g 24. A cylindrical tube of cross-sectional area A has
19. Refer to fig. Let U1 and U2 be the changes in two air tight frictionless pistons at its two ends. The
internal energy of the system in the processes A and pistons are tied with a straight two ends. The
B then P pistons are tied with a straight piece of metallic wire.
A
B A A
V
(A) U1 > U2 (B) U1 = U2 The tube contains a gas at atmospheric pressure P0
(C) U1 < U2 (D) U1  U2 and temperature T0. If temperature of the gas is doubled
20. N(< 100) molecules of a gas have velocities 1,2,3..... then the tension inthe wire is -
N/km/s respectively. Then (A) 4 P0A (B) P0A/2 (C) P0A (D) 2P0A
(A) rms speed and average speed of molecules is same. 25. An ideal gas mixture filled inside a balloon expands
(B) ratio of rms speed to average speed is (2N + 1) according to the relation PV 2/3 = constant. The
(N + 1) / 6N temperature inside the balloon is
(C) ratio of rms speed to average speed is (2N + 1) (A) increasing (B) decreasing
(N + 1) / 6 N (C) constant (D) can’t be said
(D) ratio of rms speed to average speed of a molecules 26. A rigid tank contains 35 kg of nitrogen at 6 atm.
is 2/6 x (2N + 1)/(N + 1) Sufficient quantity of oxygen is supplied to increase
the pressure to 9 atm, while the temperatute remains
21. Five particles have speeds 1,2,3,4,5 m/s. the
constant. Amount of oxygen supplid to the tank is :
average velocity of the particles is (in m/s)
(A) 5 kg (B) 10 kg (C) 20 kg (D) 40 kg
(A) 3 (B) 0 (C) 2.5
(D) cannot be calculated 27. A perfect gas of a given mass is heated first in a
small vessel and then in a large vesssel, such that
SECTION (B) : THERMODYNAMICS their volumes remain unchanged. The P-T curves are
22. A fixed mass of ideal gas undergoes changes of (A) parabolic with same curvature
pressure and volume starting at L, as shown in figure. (B) parabolic with different curvature
L M (C) linear with same slopes
Pressure
Isothermal (D) linear with different slopes
N 28. At a temperature T K, the pressure of 4.0 g argon

in a bulb is p. The bulb is put in a bath having
volume temperature higher by 50 K than the first one. 0.8 g
O
Which of the following is correct : of argon gas had to be removed to maintained original
pressure. The temperature T is equal to
L (A) 510 K (B) 200 K (C) 100 K (D) 73 K
Temperature/K
Temperature/K
M N
29. When 2 gms of a gas are introduced into an evacuated
N flask kept at 25°C the pressure is found to be one
M
(A) (B) atmosphere. If 3 gms of another gas added to the same
L flask the pressure becomes 1.5 atmospheres. The ratio
volume volume of the molecular weights of these gases will be

Page # 32 HEAT– 2
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2 37. A vessel with open mouth contains air at 60°C.
30. An open and wide glass tube is immersed vertically When the vessel is heated upto temperature T, one
in mercury in such a way that length 0.05 m extends fourth of the air goes out. The value of T is
above mercury level. The open end of the tube is (A) 80°C (B) 171°C (C) 333°C (D) 444°C
closed and the tube is raised further by 0.43 m. The 38. 28 gm of N2 gas is contained in a flask at a pressure
length of air column above mercury level in the tube of 10 atm and at a temperature of 57°. It is found
will be : Take Patm = 76 cm of mercury that due to leakage in the flask, the pressure is reduced
(A) 0.215 m (B) 0.2 m (C) 0.1 m (D) 0.4 m to half and the temperature reduced to 27°C. The
31. A vessel of volume 0.02 m3 contains a mixture of quantity of N2 gas the leaked out is
hydrogen and helium at 20°C and 2 atmospheric (A) 11/20 gm (B) 20/11 gm (C) 5/63 gm (D) 63/5 gm
pressure. The mass of mixture is 5 gms. Find the ratio 39. If a mixture of 28 g of Nitrogen, 4 g of Hydrogen
of mass of hydrogen to that of helium in the mixture. and 8 gm of Helium is contained in a vessel at
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 2 temperature 400 K and pressure 8.3 × 105 Pa, the
32. An ideal gas follows a process PT = constant. The density of the mixture will be :
correct graph between pressure & volume is (A) 3 kg/m3 (B) 0.2 kg/m3
(C) 2 g/litre (D) 1.5 g/litre
P P 40. The temperature of a gas is doubled (i) on absolute

(A) (B) scale (ii) on centigrade scale. The increase in root
mean square velocity of gas will be
V V
(A) More in case (i) (B) More in case (ii)
(C) Same in both case
P P
(D) Information not sufficient
(C) (D)
41. A cylinder containing gas at 27°C is divided into
V V
two parts of equal volume each 100cc and at equal
33. The process AB is shown in the A pressure by a piston of cross sectional area 10.85
2P
diagram. As the gas is taken from A cm2. The gas in one part is raised in temperature to
to B, its temperature P B 100°C while the other maintained at original
(A) initially increases then decreases temperature. The piston and wall are perfect insulators.
(B) initially decreases then increases V 2V How far will the piston move during the change in
(C) remains constant temperature?
(D) variation depends on type of gas (A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 0.5 cm (D)1.5 cm
34. During an experiment an ideal gas obeys an addition 42. 12 gms of gas occupy a volume of 4 × 10–3 m3 at
equation of state P 2 V = constant. The
a temperature of 7°C. After the gas is heated at
initial temperature and pressure of gas are T and V
constant pressure its density becomes 6 × 10–4 gm/cc.
respectively. When it expands to volume 2V, then its
What is the temperature to which the gas was heated.
temperature will be :
(A) 1000 K (B) 1400 K (C) 1200 K (D) 800 K
(A) T (B) 2T (C) 2 T (D) 2 2T
43. The expansion of an ideal gas of mass m at a
35. A barometer tube, containing mercury, is lowered constant pressure P is given by the straight line B.
in a vessel containing mercury until only 50 cm of the Then the expansion of the same ideal gas of mass 2 m
tube is above the level of mercury in the vessel. If at a pressure 2P is given by the straight line
the atmospheric pressure is 75 cm of mercury, what is Volume
the pressure at the top of the tube ? A
(A) 33.3 kPa (B) 66.7 kPa B
(C) 3.33 MPa (D) 6.67 MPa C
36. One mole of a gas expands
( V0 ,P0 )
obeying the relation as shown P Temperature
in the P/V diagram. The (2 V0 ,P0 / 2) (A) C (B) A (C) B (D) none
maximum temperature in this
44. A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass
process is equal to
V 32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is P.
P0 V0 3 P0 V0 9 P0 V0 An identical vessel containing one mole of He gas (molar
(A) (B) (C) (D) None mass 4) at a temperature 2T has a pressure of
R R 8R

HEAT– 2 Page # 33
(A) P/8 (B) P (C) 2P (D) 8P work is done by the gas. In which pair of the changes
work is done on the gas ?
45. A container X has volume double that of contianer
Y and both are connected by a thin tube. Both contains Q
Pressure
P
same ideal gas. The temperature of X is 200 K and
that of Y is 400 K. If mass of gas in X is m then in Y it S R
will be :
volume
(A) m/8 (B) m/6 (C) m/4 (D) m/2
(A) PQ and RS (B) PQ and QR
46. An ideal gas of Molar mass M is contained in a
(C) OR and RS (D) RS and SP
vertical tube of height H, closed at both ends. The
tube is accelerating vertically upwards with 53. Consider the process on a P
acceleration g. Then, the ratio of pressure at the system shown in fig. During the
bottom and the mid point of the tube will be process, the cumulative work
(A) exp [2MgH/RT] (B) exp[–2MgH/RT] done by the system
(C) exp[MgH/RT] (D) MgH/RT (A) continuously increase
(B) continuously decreases V
47. The ratio of average translational kinetic energy (C) first increases then decreases
to rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic molecule at (D) first decreases then increases
temperature T is
(A) 3 (B) 7/5 (C) 5/3 (D) 3/2 54. Consider two processes on a system as shown in
fig. The volume in the initial states are the same in
48. One mole of an ideal gas at STP is heated in an the two processes and the volumes in the final states
insulated closed container until the average speed of are also the same. Let W1 and W2 be the work done
its molecules is doubled. Its pressure would therefore by the system in the processes A and B respectively.
increase by factor. P
(A) 1.5 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D) 4

A B
49. The ratio of specific heat of a gas is 9/7, then the
number of degrees of freedom of the gas molecules
T
for translational motion is : (A) W1 > W2 (B) W1 = W2 (C) W1 < W2
(A) 7 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) none (D) Nothing can be said about the relation between
50. A diatomic gas of moleculer weight 30 gm/mole is W1 and W2
filled in a container at 27°C. It is moving at a velocity 55. A mass of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible
100 m/s. If it is suddenly stopped, the rise in isothermal compression. Its molecules will then have
temperature of gas is : compared with initial state, the same
(i) root mean square velocity
600 6  104 6  105 (ii) mean momentum
(A) 60/R (B) (C) (D)
R R R (iii) mean kinetic energy
P (A) (i), (ii), (iii) correct (B) (i), (ii) correct
51. One mole of an ideal 2(V ,4P )0 0
diatomic gas is taken through (C) (ii), (iii) correct (D) (i) correct
the cycle as shown in the 56. When a system is taken from state ‘a’ to state ‘b’
figure. 3(4V , P ) 0 0 along the path ‘acb’, it is found that a quantity of heat
1(V , P )
0 0
1  2 : isochoric process Q = 200 J is absorbed by the system and a work W =
2  3 : straight line on P - V diagram V 80 J is done by it. Along the path ‘adb’, Q = 144J. The
3  1 : isobaric process work done along the path ‘adb’ is
The average of molecular speed of the gas in the P
states c b
1, 2 and 3 are in the ratio
(A) 1 : 2 : 2 (B) 1 : 2 : 2 a d
(C) 1 : 1 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 : 4 V
(A) 6J (B) 12J (C) 18 J (D) 24 J
52. A fixed mass of gas undergoes the cycle of changes
represented by PQRSP as shown in figure. In some of 57. In the above question, if the work done on the system
the changes, work is done on the gas and in others, along the curved path ‘ba’ is 52J, heat absorbed is

Page # 34 HEAT– 2
(A) – 140 J (B) – 172 J (C) 140 J (D) 172 J dimtomic gas to be constant, its specific heat at
constant volume per mole (gram mole) is
58. In above question, if Ua = 40 J, value of Ub will be
(A) 5/2 R (B) 3/2 R (C) R (D) 1/2 R
(A) –50 J (B) 100 J (C) –120 J (D) 160 J
66. For an ideal gas, the heat capacity at constant
59. In above question, if Ud = 88 J, heat absorbed for
pressure is larger than that at constant volume because
the path ‘db’ is
(A) work is done during expansion of the gas by the
(A) –72 J (B) 72 J (C) 144 J (D) –144 J
external pressure
60. Ideal gas is taken through process shown in figure : (B) work is done during expansion by the gas against
P
external pressure
B (C) work is done during expansion by the gas against
C intermolecular forces of attraction.
(D) more collisions occur per unit time when volume is
A kept constant.
T
67. Fig shows a process on a
(A) ln process AB, work done by system is positive. P
(B) In process AB, heat is rejected out of the system. gas in which pressure and
(C) In process AB, internal energy increases volume both change. The molar
(D) In process AB internal energy decreases and in
heat capacity for this process
process BC internal energy increases.
is C. V
61. If heat is supplied to an ideal gas in an isothermal
process, - (A) C = 0 (B) C = Cv (C) C > Cv (D) C < Cv
(A) the internal energy of the gas will increase
(B) the gas will do positive work 68. For a solid with a small expansion coefficient,
(C) the gas will do negative work (A) Cp – Cv = R (B) Cp – Cv = R
(D) the said process is not possible (C) Cp is slightly greater than Cv
62. A gas is contained in a metallic cylinder fitted (D) Cp is slightly less than Cv
with a piston. The piston is suddenly moved in to P
69. The molar heat capacity for
compress the gas and is maintaioned at this position. the process shown in fig. is
As time passes the pressure of the gas in the cylinder (A) C = Cp
(A) increases (B) decreases K
(B) C = Cv p
(C) remains constant (C) C > Cv V
(D) increases or decreases depending on the nature V
(D) C = 0
of the gas.
70. In the following P – V diagram of an ideal gas, two
63. A system can be taken from the initial state p1, V1 adiabates cut two isotherms at T1 and T2. The value
to the final state p2, V2 by two different methods. Let of VB/VC is
Q and W represent the heat given to the system
and the work done by the system. Which of the following
must be the same in both the methods ? A B
(A) Q (B) W (C) Q + W (D) Q – W T1
P
64. Refer to fig. Let U1 and
U 2 be change in internal D C
P T2
energy in process A and B A
respectively, Q be the net VA VB VC
VD
heat given to the system in B
process A + B and U be the V
net work done by the system in
AB  T1, DC  T2
the process A + B. V
(A) = VA / VD (B) < VA / VD
(A) U1 + U2 = 0 (B) U1 – U2 = 0
(C) > VA / VD (D) cannot say
(C) Q – W = 0 (D) Q + W = 0
71. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the fig. for
SECTION (C) : SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES OF
a given amount of gas. The curves which represent
GASES
adiabatic and isothermal changes are
65. Supposing the distance between the atoms of a

HEAT– 2 Page # 35
P
B C T1  T2 T1 T2
(A) n  n (B) n  n
1 2 1 2
A D
n2 T1  n1 T2 n1 T1  n2 T2
(C) n1  n2 (D) n1  n2
O v
(A) C and D respectively (B) D and C respectively
(C) A and B respectively (D) B and A respectively 80. At temperature T, N molecules of gas A each having
mass m and at the same temperature 2N molecules of
72. When an ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic change gas B each having mass 2m are filled in a container.
causing a temperature change T The mean square velocity of molecules of gas B is v2
(i) there is no heat gained or lost by the gas
and mean square of x component of velocity of molecules
(ii) the work done is equal to change in internal energy
of gas A is w2. The ratio of w2/v2 is :
(iii) the change in internal energy per mole of the
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/3
gase is Cv T, where Cv is the molar heat capacity at
constant volume. 81. A given mass of a gas expands from a state A to
(A) (i), (ii), (iii) correct (B) (i), (ii) correct the state B by three paths 1,2 and 3 as shown in T -
(C) (i), (iii) correct (D) (i) correct V indicator diagram. If W1, W2 and W3 respectively be
the work done by the gas along the three paths, then
73. Starting with the same initial conditins, an ideal T
B
gas expands from volume V1 to V2 in three different 1
ways. The work done by the gas is W1 if the process
2
is isothemal, W2 if isobaric and W3 if adiabatic, then :
A 3
(A) W2 > W1 > W3 (B) W2 > W3 > W1
(C) W1 > W2 > W3 (D) W1 > W3 > W2
O V
74. The internal energy of an ideal gas decreases by
(A) W1 > W2 > W3 (B) W1 < W2 < W3
the same amount as the work done by the system
(C) W1 = W2 = W3 (D) W1 < W2, W1 > W3
(A) The process must be adiabatic
(B) The process must be isothermal 82. An ideal gas undergoes the
(C) The process must be isobaric process 1  2 as shown in the V
figure, the heat supplied and 2
(D) The temperatuer must decrease
work done in the process is Q
Question No. 75 to 78 (4 questions)
and W respectively. The ratio 1
Five moles of helium are mixed with two moles of
Q : W is
hydrogen to form a mixture. Take molar mass of helium T
(A)  :  – 1 (B) 
M1 = 4g and that of hydrogen M2 = 2g P
(C)  – 1 (D)  – 1/ 3P0 B
75. The equivalent molar mass of the mixture is
83. In the above thermodynamic
13g 18g process, the correct statement is
(A) 6 g (B) (C) (D) none A
2P C 0
7 7 (A) Heat given in the complete cycle
ABCA is zero V 2V V 0 0
76. The equivalent degree of freedom f of the mixture
is (B) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is zero
(A) 3.57 (B) 1.14 (C) 4.4 (D) none (C) Work done in the complete cycle ABCA is (1/2
P0V0) (D) None
77. The equivalent value of  is
(A) 1.59 (B) 1.53 (C) 1.56 (D) none 4. Pressure versus temperature graph of an ideal gas
78. If the internal energy of He sample of 100J and is shown in figure.
that of the hydrogen sample is 200 J, then the internal P
C
energy of the mixture is
B
(A) 900 J (B) 128.5 J (C) 171.4 J (D) 300 J
79. Two monoatomic ideal gas at temperature T1 and D
T2 are mixed. There is no loss of energy. If the masses A
of molecules of the two gases are m1 and m2 and T
number of their molecules are n1 and n2 respectively. (A) During the process AB work done by the gas is -
The temperature of the mixture will be : positive

Page # 36 HEAT– 2
(B) during the process CD work done by the gas is (B) gas A and B both are diatomic
negative (C) gas A is monoatomic
(C) during the process BC internal energy of the gas (D) gas B is monoatomic & gas A is diatomic
is increasing 90. A thermodynamic cycle takes in heat energy at a
(D) None high temperature and rejects energy at a lower
temperature. If the amount of energy rejected at the
85. A reversible adiabatic path on a P-V diagram for low temperature is 3 times the amount of work done
an ideal gas passes through state A where by the cycle, the efficiency of the cycle is
P = 0.7 × 105 N/m–2 and v = 0.0049 m3. The ratio of (A) 0.25 (B) 0.33 (C) 0.67 (D) 0.9
specific heat of the gas is 1.4. The slope of path at A
91. Monoatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases whose
is :
initial volume and pressure are same, are compressed
(A) 2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (B) 1.0 × 107 Nm–5
till their volume becomes half the initial volume.
(C) –2.0 × 107 Nm–5 (D) –1.0 × 107 Nm–5
(A) If the compression is adiabatic then monoatomic
86. An ideal gas at pressure P and volume V is expanded gas will have maximum final pressure.
to volume 2V. Column I represents the thermodynamic (B) If the compression is adiabatic then triatomic gas
processes used during expansion. Column II represents will have maximum final pressure.
the work during these processes in the random order. (C) If the compression is adiabatic then their final
Column I Column II pressure will be same.
(D) If the compression is isothermal then their final
PV(1 – 21–  )
(p) isobaric (x) pressure will be different.
 –1
92. If heat is added at constant volume, 6300 J of
(q) isothermal (y) PV
heat are required to raise the temperature of an ideal
(r) adiabatic (z) PV ln 2
gas by 150 K. If instead, heat is added at constant
The correct matching of column I and column II is
pressure, 8800 joules are required for the same
given by :
temperature change. When the temperature of the
(A) p – y, q – z, r – x (B) p – y, q – x, r – z
gas changes by 300K, the internal energy of the gas
(C) p–x, q–y, r–z (D) p–z, q–y, r–x
P changes by
A
87. An ideal gas is taken from (A) 5000 J (B) 12600 J (C) 17600 J (D) 22600 J
point A to point C on P–V
O 93. Three processes from a thermodynamic cycle as
diagram through two process
B shown on P-V diagram for an ideal gas. Process 1  2
AOC and ABC as shown in the P0 C takes place at constant temperature (300 K). Process
figure. Process AOC is
2  3 takes place at constant volume. During this
isothermal V0 2V0 V
process 40J of heat leaves the system. Process 3  1
(A) Process AOC requires more heat than process ABC.
is adiabatic and temperature T3 is 275K. Work done by
(B) Process ABC requires more heat than process AOC.
the gas during the process 3  1 is
(C) Both process AOC & ABC require same amount of
P 1
heat.
(D) Data is insufficient for comparison of heat
requirement for the two processes. 2
88. One mole of an ideal gas is contained piston with 3
in a cyclinder by a frictionless piston and is initially at
V
temperature T. The pressure of the gas is kept constant (A) – 40 J (B) – 20 J (C) + 40 J (D) +20 J
while it is heated and its volume doubles. If R is molar
gas constant, the work done by the gas in increasing 94. When unit mass of water boils to become steam
its volume is at 100°C, it absorbs Q amount of heat. The densities
(A) RT ln2 (B) 1/2 RT (C) RT (D) 3/2 RT of water and steam at 100°C are 1 and 2 respectively
and the atmospheric pressure is p0. The increase in
89. The figure, shows the internal energy of the water is
ln P
graph of logarithmic reading of
1 1 
pressure and volume for two (A) Q (B) Q + p0   –  
ideal gases A and B undergoing  1 2 
adiabatic process. From figure A 1 1 1 1 

B (C) Q + p0   –   (D) Q – p0     
it can be concluded that
 2 1   1 2 
(A) gas B is diatomic
ln V

HEAT– 2 Page # 37
95. A polyatomic gas with six degrees of freedom does 102. Two identical vessels A & B contain equal
25 J of work when it is expanded at constant pressure. amount of ideal monoatomic gas. The piston of A is
The heat given to the gas is fixed but that of B is free. Same amount of heat is
(A) 100 J (B) 150 J (C) 200 J (D) 250 J absorbed by A & B. If B’s internal energy increases by
96. An ideal gas expands from volume V1 to V2. This 100 J the change in internal energy of A is
may be achieved by either of the three processes :
isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic, Let U be the
change in internal energy of the gas, Q be the quantity A B
of heat added to the system and W be the work done
by the system on the gas. Identify which of the
following statements is false for U? Q Q
(A) U is least under adiabatic process
(B) U is greatest under adiabatic process. 500
(A) 100 J (B) J (C) 250 J (D) none
(C) U is greatest under the isobaric process 3
(D) U in isothermal process lies in-between the values
103. Three processes compose a thermodynamics
obtained under isobaric and adiabatic processes.
cycle shown in the PV diagram. Process 1  2 takes
97. In an isobaric expansion of an ideal gas, which of place at constant temperature. Process 2  3 takes
the following is zero ? place at constant volume, and process 3  1 is
(A) work done (B) Q (C) U (D) d2V/dT2 adiabatic. During the complete cycle, the total amount
98. A perfect gas is found to obey the relation PV3/2 = of work done is 10 J. During process 2  3, the internal
constant, during an adiabatic process. If such a gas, energy decrease by 20J and during process 3  1, 20
initially at a temperature T, is compressed adiabatically J of work is done on the system. How much heat is
to half’ its initial volume, then its final temperature will added to the system during process 1  2 ?
be P
1
(A) 2T (B) 4T (C) 2T (D) 22T
99. A ideal monoatomic gas is 2
P
carried around the cycle ABCDA B C 3
3P0
as shown in the fig. The
efficiency of the gas cycle is V
(A) 0 (B) 10 J (C) 20 J (D) 30 J
4 2
(A) (B) P0 D 104. An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process
21 21 A
obeying the relation PV4/3 = constant. If its initial
4 2 V0 2V0 V temperature is 300 K and then its pressure is increased
(C) (D) upto four times its initial value, then the final
31 31
temperature (in Kelvin) :
100. In thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed
mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas (A) 300 2 (B) 300 3 2 (C) 600 (D) 1200
releases 30 joule of heat and 18 joule of work was 105. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a diatomic gas at
done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the atmospheric pressure is
gas was 60 joule, then, the final internal energy will (A) 0 Nm–2 (B) 1 Nm–2
4 –2
be : (C) 1.4 × 10 Nm (D) 1.4 × 105 Nm–2
(A) 32 joule (B) 48 joule (C) 72 joule (D) 96 joule 106. A closed container is fully insulated from outside.
101. A cyclinder made of perfectly non conducting One half of it is filled with an ideal gas X separated by
material closed at both ends is divided into two equal a plate P from the other half Y which contains a vacuum
parts by a heat proof piston. Both parts of the cylinder as shown in figure. When P is removed, X moves into
contain the same masses of a gas at a temperature Y. Which of the following statements is correct ?
t0 = 27° and pressure P0 = 1 atm. Now if the gas in
one of the parts is slowly heated to
X Y
t = 57°C while the temperature of first part is vacuum
gas
maintained at t0 the distance moved by the piston p
from the middle of the cylinder will be (length of the
cyclinder = 84 cm) (A) No work is done by X
(A) 3 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 2 cm (D) 1 cm (B) X decreases in temperature

Page # 38 HEAT– 2
(C) X increases in internal energy 110. A vessel contains an ideal monoatomic gas
(D) X doubles in pressure. which expands at constant pressure, when heat Q is
P B given to it. Then the work done in expansion is :
107. A cyclic process ABCA is A
shown in PT diagram. When 3 2 2
(A) Q (B) Q (C) Q (D) Q
presented on PV, it would 5 5 3
C
P B P B
111. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas at
A A T
temperature T0 expands slowly according to the law
P/V = constant. If the final temperature is 2T0, heat
(A) (B) C supplied to the gas is :
C
V V 3 1
(A) 2RT0 (B) RT0 (C) RT0 (D) RT0
P B A P 2 2
B A
112. One mole of an ideal gas at temperature T1
(C) C (D) C
P
expends according to the law  a (constant). The
V V V2
108. Considere the thermodynamics cycle shown on work done by the gas till temperature of gas becomes
PV diagram. The process A  B is isobaric, B  C is T2 is :
isochoric and C  A is a straight line process. The 1 1
following internal energy and heat are given : (A) R(T2 – T1) (B) R( T2 – T1 )
2 3
1 1
P(Nm –2) A (C) R( T2 – T1 ) (D) R( T2 – T1 )
5 B 4 5
3×10
113. 2 moles of a diatomic gas undergoes the process
5
2×10 C : PT2 / V = constant. Then, the molar heat capacity
of the gas during the process will be equal to
1 1.5 V(m )
3 (A) 5R/2 (B) 9R/2 (C) 3R (D) 4R
P
114. Fig. shows graphs of pressure T1
UA  B = + 400 kJ and QB  C = – 500 kJ
vs. density for an ideal gas at T2
The heat flow in the process QC  A is :
(A) – 20 kJ (B) + 25 kJ two temperature T1 and T2.
(C) – 25 kJ (D) Data are insufficient (A) T1 > T2 (B) T1 = T2 
(C) T1 < T2 (D) any of the three is possible
109. 1 kg of a gas does 20 kJ of work and receives
16 kJ of heat when it is expanded between two states.
A second kind of expansion can be found between the
initial and final state which requires a heat input of 9
kJ. The work done by the gas in the second expansion
is :
(A) 32 kJ (B) 5 kJ (C) – 4 kJ (D) 13 kJ

HEAT– 2 Page # 39
Exercise - II
1. Consider a collision between an oxygen molecule (A) The graph of the process of T - V diagram is a
and a hydrogen molecules in a mixture of oxygen and parabola.
hydrogen kept at room temperature. Which of the (B) The graph of the process of T - V diagram is a
following are possible ? straight line.
(A) The kinetic energies of both the molecules increase. (C) Such an expansion is possible only with heating.
(B) The kinetic energies of both the molecules decrease (D) Such an expansion is possible only with cooling.
(C) The kinetic energy of the oxygen molecule
8. Figure shows the pressure P versus volume V graphs
increases and that of the hydrogen molecules
for two different gas sample at a given temperature.
decreases.
MA and MB are masses of two samples, nA and nB are
(D) The kinetic energy of the hydrogen molecules
numbers of moles. Which of the following must be
increases and that of the oxyzen molecule decreases.
incorrect.
2. In a process on a system, the initial pressure and P
volume are equal to the final pressure and volume.
(A) The initial temperature must be equal to the final
B
temperature A
(B) The initial internal energy must be equal to the V
final internal energy.
(A) MA > MB (B) MA < MB (C) nA > nB (D) nA < nB
(C) The net heat given to the system in the process
must be zero. 9. According to kinetic theory of gases,
(D) The net work done by the system in the process (A) The velocity of molecules decreases for each
must be zero. collision
(B) The pressure exerted by a diatomic gas is
3. A system undergoes a cyclic process in which it
proportional to the mean velocity of the molecule.
absorbs Q1 heat and given out Q2 heat. The efficiency
(C) The K.E. of the gas decreases on expansion at
of the process in  and work done is W. Select correct
constant temperature.
statement.
(D) The mean translational K.E. of a diatomic gas
(A) W = Q1 – Q2 (B)  = W/Q1
increases with increase in absolute temperature.
(C)  = Q2/Q1 (D)  = 1 – Q2/Q1
10. A closed vessel contains a mixture of two diatomic
4.A gas kept in a container of finite conductivity is
gases A and B. Molar mass of A is 16 times that of B
suddenly compressed. The process
and mass of gas A contained in the vessel is 2 times
(A) must be very nearly adiabatic
that of B. The following statements are given
(B) must be very nearly isothermal
(i) Average kinetic energy per molecule of A is equal
(C) may be very nearly adiabatic
to that of B.
(D) may be very nearly isothemal
(ii) Root mean square value of translational velocity
5. A rigid container of neligible heat capacity contains of B is four times that of A.
one mole of an ideal gas. The temperatur of the gas (iii) Pressure exerted by B is eight time of that exerted
increases by 1°C if 3.0 cal of heat is added to it. The by A.
gas may be (iv) Number of molecules of B in the cylinder is eight
(A) helium (B) argon time that of A.
(C) oxygen (D) carbon dioxide (A) (i), (ii) and (iii) are true
(B) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are true
6. When an enclosed perfect gas is subjected to an
(C) (i), (ii) and (iv) are true
adiabatic process :
(D) All are true.
(A) Its total internal energy does not change
(B) Its temperature does not change 11. What is/are the same for O2 and NH3 in gaseous
(C) Its pressure varies inversely as a certain power of state
its volume (A) ratio of specific heats
(D) The product of its pressure and volume is directly (B) average velocity
proportional to its absolute temperature. (C) maximum no. of vibrational degree of freedom
(D) None of these
7. An ideal gas expands in such a way that PV2 =
constant throughout the process. assumption of the kinetic theory for an ideal gas ?

Page # 40 HEAT– 2
(A) The duration of a collision is negligible as compared 17. For an ideal gas
to the time between successive collisions (A)The change in internal energy in a constant pressure
(B) The molecules have negligible attraction for each process from temperature T 1 to T 2 is equal to
other nCV(T2 – T1) where CV is the molar specific heat at constant
(C) The molecules have negligible momentum change volume and n is the number of the moles of the gas.
on collision with the container walls (B) The change in internal energy of the gas and the
(D) There is no total kinetic energy change of the work done by the gas are equal in magnitude in an
molecules on colliding with each other or with the adiabatic process.
walls of the container. (C) The internal energy does not change in an
isothermal process
13. Select the incorrect statement(s)
(D) A, B and C
(A) RMS speed of 8 gm oxygen gas in container at 27°
C is approximately 484 m/s 18. Two gases have the same initial pressure, volume
(B) RMS speed of 8 gm oxygen in container at 27°C is and temperature. They expand to the same final
approximately 968 m/s volume, one adiabatically and the other isothermally
(C) For number of molecules greater than one, RMS (A) The final temperature is greater for the isothermal
speed is greater than average speed process
(D) A gas behaves more closely as an ideal gas at low (B) The final pressure is greater for the isothermal
pressures and high temperatues process
(C) The work done by the gas is greater for the
14. A gas is enclosed in a vessel at a constant
isothermal process
temperature at a pressure of 5 atmosphere and volume
(D) All the above options are incorrect
4 litre. Due to a leakage in the vessel, after some
time, the pressure is reduced to 4 atmosphere. As a 19. The first law of thermodynamics can be written
result, the as U = Q + W for an ideal gas. Which of the
(A) volume of the gas decreased by 20% following statements is correct ?
(B) average K.E. of gas molecule decreases by 20% (A) U is always zero when no heat enters or leaves
(C) 20% of the gas escaped due to the leakage the gas
(D) 25% of the gas escaped due to the leakage. (B) W is the work done by the gas in this written law
(C) U is zero when heat is supplied and the
15. A container holds 1026 molecules/m3, each of mass
temperature stays constant
3 × 10–27 kg. Assume that 1/6 of the molecules move
(D) Q = – W when the temperature increases very
with velocity 2000 m/s directly towards one wall of
slowly
the container while the remaining 5/6 of the molecules
move either away from the wall or in perpendicular 20. For two different gases X
direction, and all collisions of the molecules with the and Y, having degrees of
wall are elastic freedom f1 and f2 and molar heat ln P
(A) number of molecules hitting 1m2 of the wall every capacities at constant vloume
y
second is 3.33 × 1028 C V1 and C V2 respectively, the x
(B) number of molecules hitting 1m2 of the wall every
second is 2 × 1029 lnP versus ln V graph is plotted
of adiabatic process, as shown ln V
(C) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 24 × 105
Pa (A) f1 > f2 (B) f2 > f1
(D) pressure exerted on the wall by molecules is 4 × (C) C V2  C V1 (D) C V1  C V2
105 Pa
16. A student records Q, U & W for a
thermodynamics cycle A  B  C  A. Certain entries
are missing. Find correct entry in following options.
(A) WBC = – 70 J (B) QCA = 130 J

(C) UAB = 190 J (D) UCA = – 160 J

HEAT– 2 Page # 41
Exercise - III (SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)

1. Find the average velocity of molecules of hydrogen P
gas in a container at temperature 300 K. B C
2P
2. A cubical container having each side as  is filled
with a gas having N molecules in the container. Mass
of each molecule is m. If we assume that at every P D
A
instant half of the molecules are moving towards the
positive x-axis and half of the molecules are moving V
O V 2V
towards the negative x-axis. Two walls of the container
are perpendicular to the x-axis. Find the force acting 11. Find the work done by gas going through a cyclic
on the two walls given ? Assume that all the molecules
are moving with speed v0. process shown in figure ?
3. A uniform tube closed at one end, contains a pallet
of mercury 10 cm long. When the tube is kept vertically
30
Volume (ltr)
with the closed end upward, the length of the air
column trapped is 20 cm. Find the length of the air
column trapped when the tube is inverted so that the 10
closed end goes down. Atmospheric pressure = 75 cm
of mercury.
10 30
4. An ideal gas is trapped between a mercury column k(Pa)
and the closed end of a narrow vertical tube of uniform Pressure (kPa)
base containing the column. The upper end of the
tube is open to the atmosphere. The lengths of the
12. The following graph shows two isotherms for a
mercury column and the trapped air column are 20 cm
fixed mass of an ideal gas. Find the ratio of r.m.s.
and 43 cm respectively. What will be the length of the
air column when the tube is tied slowly in a vertical speed of the moelcules at temperatures T1 and T2 ?
plane through an angle of 60° ? Assume the
temperature to remain constant.
4
5. Find the temperature at which average speed of
3
oxygen molecule be sufficient so as to escape from P 2
5
the earth? Escape velocity from the earth is 11.0 km/ (10 Pa) T2
1
sec and the mass of one molecule of oxygen 5.34 × T1
10–26 kg (Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 joule/K) : 0 1 2 3 4
V(m3 )
6. Find the average magnitude of linear momentum of
a helium molecule in a sample of helium gas at 0°C
Mass of helium molecule = 6.64 × 10 –27 kg and
13. A sample of an ideal gas initially having internal
Boltazmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
energy U1 is allowed to expand adiabatically performing
7. Find the ratio of the mean speed of hydrogen work W. Heat Q is then supplied to it, keeping the
molecules to the mean speed of nitrogen molecules in volume constant at its new value, until the pressure
a sample containing a mixture of the two gases. rised to its original value. The internal energy is
8. 0.040 g of He is kept in a closed container initially then U2. (See Fig.) Find the increase in internal
at 100.0ºC. The container is now heated. Neglecting enery (U2 – U1) ?
the expansion of the container, calculate the
temperature at which the internal energy is increased
by 12 J.
9. Calculate the change in internal energy of a gas
Pressure
kept in a rigid container when 100 J of heat is supplied

to it.
10. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle

Volume
ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram. Find the work
done by the gas during the cycle ?

Page # 42 HEAT– 2
P(atm)
P
14. An ideal gas taken around 4P1 B 23. In the P-V diagram shown 3 C
the cycle ABCA shown in P – V in figure, ABC is a semicircle. B
diagram. Find the net work Find the workdone in the
done by the gas during the 1 A
P1 C process ABC.
cycle ? A v(lt)
1 2
O V1 3V1 V
24. The average degrees of freedom per molecules
15. A gas is enclosed in a cylindrical vessel fitted with for a gas is 6. The gas performs 25 J of work when it
a frictionless piston. The gas is slowly heated for some expands at constant pressure. Find the heat absorbed
time. During the process, 10 J of heat is supplied and by the gas.
the piston is found to move out 10 cm. Find the increase
in the internal energy of the gas. The area of cross-
25. Pressure versus temperature P
section of the cylinder = 4 cm2 and the atmospheric 3P B
g r a p h of a n id e a l g a s is
pressure = 100 kPa.
shown. Density of gas at point P
16. Find the change in the internal energy of 2 kg of A
A is 0. Find the density of gas
water as it is heated from 0°C to 4°C. The specific T
at B. T0 2T0
heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg-K and its densities
at 0°C and 4°C 999.9 kg/m 3 and 1000 kg/m 3 26. An empty pressure cooker of volume 10 litres
respectively. Atmospheric pressure = 105 Pa. contains air at atmospheric pressure 10 5 Pa and
17. A substance is taken through the process abc as temperature of 27ºC. It contains a whistle which has
shown in figure. If the internal energy of the substance area of 0.1 cm2 and weight of 100 gm. What should
increases by 5000 J and a heat of 2625 cal is given to be the temperature of air inside so that the whistle is
the system, calculate the value of J. just lifted up ?
whistle
c
300 kPa
a b
200 kPa
V(lit.)
27. V-T curve for 2 moles of a B
0.02 m3 0.05 m3 gas is straight line as shown in
18. An ideal gas is taken through a process in which the graph here. Find the A
the pressure and the volume are changed according 53º
pressure of gas at A.
to the equation p = kV. Show that the molar heat T(K)
capacity of the gas for the process is given by C = Cv 28. Air at temperature of 400 K and atmospheric
+ R/2. pressure is filled in a balloon of volume 1 m 3. If
surrounding air is at temperature of 300 K, find the
19. Two ideal gases have the same value of Cp/Cv = .
ratio of Buoyant force on balloon and weight of air
What will be the value of this ratio for a mixture of the
inside
two gases in the ratio 1 : 2 ?
29. Ideal diatomic gas is taken through a process Q
20. A gaseous mixture consists of 16 g of helium and
= 2U. Find the molar heat capacity for the process
Cp
16 g of oxygen. Find the ratio C of the mixture ? (where Q is the heat supplied and U is change in
v internal energy)
21. A gas at NTP is suddenly compressed to one- 30. Figure shows a parabolic T
fourth of its original volume. If  is supposed to be 3/ graph between T and 1/V for a 2T0
2, then find final pressure ? mixture of a gas undergoing an
22. An ideal gas at pressure 2.5 × 10 5 Pa and adiabatic process. What is the T0
temperature 300 K occupies 100 cc. It is adiabatically ratio of Vrms and speed of sound
compressed to half its original volume. Calculate (a) in the mixtur (1/V0) (4/V0) (1/V)
the final pressure, (b) the final temperature and (c)
the work done by the gas in the process. Take  = 31. A piston divides a closed gas cylinder into two
1.5. parts. Initially the piston is kept pressed such that
one part has a pressure P and volume 5V and th other
part has pressure 8P and volume V. The piston is now

HEAT– 2 Page # 43
left free. Find the new pressures and volumes for the
adiabatic and isothermal processes. For this gas  =
1.5.
32. A gas undergoes a process in which the pressure
and volume are related by VPn = constant. Find the
buk modulus of the gas.
33. A standing wave of frequency 1000Hz in a column
of methane at 27°C produces nodes which are 20.4
cm apart. Find the ratio of heat capacity of mathane
at constant pressure to that at constant volume (Take
gas constant, R = 8.31 J.K–1mol–1)
34. One mole of an ideal gas is compressed from 0.5
lit to 0.25 lit. During the compression, 23.04 × 102 J
of work is done on the gas and heat is removed to
keep the temperature of the gas constant all times.
Find the temperature of the gas. (Take universal gas
constant R = 8.31 J mol–1K–1)
35. The pressure of an ideal gas changes with volumes
as P = aV where ‘a’ is a constant. One moles of this
gas is expanded to 3 time its original volume V0. Find
(i) the heat transferred in the process
(ii) the heat capacity of the gas.
36. 70 calorie of heat is required to raise the
temperautre of 2 mole of an ideal gas at constant
pressure from 40°C to 45°C. Find the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of the same through
the same range at constant volume (R = 2 cal/mol-K)
37. Find the molecular mass of a gas if the specific
heats of the gas are C p = 0.2 cal/gm°C and
Cv = 0.15 cal/gm°C . [Take R = 2 cal/mol°C]

Page # 44 HEAT– 2
Exercise - IV (TOUGH SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)

1. A freely moving piston divides a vertical cylinder,
closed at both ends, into two parts each containing 1
mole of air. In equilibrium, at T = 300 K, volume of the
upper part in  = 4 times greater than the lower p k
part. At what temperature will the ratio of these
volumes be equal to ’ = 2?
h
2. A sample of an ideal non linear tri-atomic gas has a
pressure P0 and temperature T0 taken through the
cycle as shown starting from A. Pressure for process
C  D is 3 times P0. Calculate the heat absorbed in
the cycle and work done.
5. At a temperature of T0 = 273°K, two mols of an
V ideal gas undergoes a process as shown. The total
7 V0 B amount of heat imparted to the gas equals Q = 27.7
C
2 k J . Determine the ratio of molar specific heat
V0 A capacities.
D
T
T0 T
C
3. Figure shown three processes for an ideal gas. The
tempeature at ‘a’ is 600 K, pressure 16 atm and volume A
273K B
1 litre. The volume at ‘b’ is 4 litre. Out of the two
process ab and ac, one is adiabatic and he other is V 4V
isothermal. The ratio of specific heats of the gas is 1.5.
Answer the following :
6. A fixed mass of a gas is taken through a process A
a  B  C  A. Here A B is isobaric. B  C is adiabatic
p atm
and C  A is isothemal. Find efficiency of the process

(take  = 1.5)
c
b
A B
P
1 4 litre
(i) Which of ab and ac processes is adiabatic. Why ?

(ii) Compute the pressure of th gas at b and c. C
(iii) Compute the temperature and b and c.
V V
(iv) Compute the volume at c. 4V
4. An ideal gas NTP is enclosed in a adiabatic vertical

7. A cylinder containing a gas is closed by a movable
cylinder having area of cross section A = 27 cm2,
piston. The cylinder is submerged in an ice-water
between two light movable pistons as shown in th
mixture. The piston is quickly pushed down from position
figure. Spring with force constant k = 3700 N/m is in a
relaxed state initially. Now the lower piston is moved 1 to position 2. The piston is held at position 2 until
upwards a height h/2, h being the initial length of gas the gas is again at 0°C and then slowly raised back to
column. It is observed that the upper piston moves position 1. Represent the whole process on P – V
up by a distance h/16. Find h taking  for the gas to diagram. If m = 100 gm of ice are melted during the
be 1.5. Also find the final temperature of the gas. cycle, how much work is done on the gas. Latent
heat of ice = 80 cal/gm.
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, email-hr.motioniitjee@gmail.com
HEAT– 2 Page # 45
(a) Final pressurs in each compartment A, B and C

1 (b) Final temperatures in each compartment A, B and C
2 (c) Heat supplied by the heater
(d) Work done by gas in A and B.
(e) Heat flowing across piston I.
11. How many atoms do the molecules of gas consist

8. A parallel beam of particles of mass m moving with
of if  increases 1.20 times when the vibrational degrees
velocities v impings on a wall at an angle  to its
normal. The number of particles per unit volume in the of freedom are “frozen”? Assume that molecules are
beam is n. If the collision of particles with the wall is non linear.
elastic, then find the pressure exerted by this beam
12.Figure shows the variation of the internal energy
on the wall.
U with the density  of one mole of idel monoatomic
9. For the thermodynamic process shown in the figure. gas for a thermodynamic cycle ABCA.
PA = 1 × 105 Pa ; PB = 0.3 × 105 Pa Here process AB is a part of rectangular hyperbola.
PD = 0.6 × 105 Pa ; VA = 0.20 litre
VD = 1.30 litre.
U
A C
5U0
P
PA
2U0 B
PD D 20 
PB B C
(a) Draw the P-V diagram for the above process.
VC VD V (b) Find the net amount of heat absorbed by the
VA
system for the cyclic process.
(c) Find the work done in the process AB.
(a) Find the work performed by the system along path
AD.
(b) In the total work done by the system along the 13. An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a process
path ADC is 85 J find the volume a point C. where its pressur is inversely proportional to its
(c) How much work is perfomed by the system along tempeature.
the path CDA ? (i) Calculate the specific heat for process.
10. The figure shows an insulated cylinder divided into (ii) Find the work done by two moles of gas if the
three parts A, B and C. Pistons I and II are connected temperature changes from T1 to T2.
by a rigid rod and can move without friction inside the
cylinder. Piston I is perfectly conducting while piston
14. An ideal diatomic gas undergoes a process in which
II si pefectly insulating. The initial state of the gas (
= 1.5) present in each compartment A, B and C is as its internal energy ralates to the volume as U  a V
shown. Now, compartment A is slowly given heat
where  is a constant.
through a heater H such that the final volume of C
4 V0 (a) Find the work performed by the gas and the amount
becomes . Assume the gas to be ideal and find. of heat to be transferred to this gas to increase its
9
internal energy by 100 J.
I II (b) Find the molar specific heat of the gas for this
H A C process.
B
P0, V0, T0
P0, V0, T0 15. Two rectangular boxes shown in figures has a
P0, V0, T0
partition which can slide without friction along the
Page # 46 HEAT– 2
length of the box. Initially each of the two chambers (a) Find the initial pressure of the gas.
of the box has one mole of a monoatomic ideal gas ( (b) If block m is gentily pushed down and released it
= 5/3) at a pressure p0 volume V0 and temperature T0. oscillates harmonically, find its angula frquency of
The chamber on the left is slowly heated by an electric oscillation.
heater. The walls of the box and the partitions are (c) When the gas in the cylinder is heated up the
thermally insulated. Heat loss through the lead wires piston starts moving up and the spring gets compressed
of the heater is negligible. The gas in the left chamber so that the block M is just lifted up. Determine the
expands, pushing the partition until the final pressure heat supplied.
in both chambers becomes 243 P0/32 . Determine Take atmospheric pressure P0 = 105 Nm–2 , g = 10 m/s2
17. A thermally insulated vessel is divided into two

parts by a heat-insulating piston which can move in
the vessel without the friction. The left part of the
vessel contains one mole of an ideal monatomic gas,
& the right part is empty. The piston is connected to
(i) the final temperature of the gas in each chamber the right wall of the vessel through a spring whose
and length in free state is equal to the length of the vessel
(ii) the work-done by the gas in the right chamber. as shown in the figure. Determine the heat capacity C
16. 0.01 moles of an ideal diatomic gas is enclosed in of the system, neglecting the heat capacities of the
an adiabatic cylinder of cross-sectional area A = 10 –4 vessel, piston and spring.
m2. In the arrangement shown, a block of mass M =
0.8 kg is placed on a horizontal support, and another
block of mass m = 1 kg is suspended from a spring of
stiffness constant k = 16 N/m. Initially, the spring is
relaxed and the volume of the gas is V = 1.4 × 10–4 m3
M
k
m
HEAT– 2 Page # 47
Exercise - V (JEE PROBLEMS)

1. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from root mean square speed and the most probable speed
120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K the root mean-square of the molecule in an ideal monoatomic gas at absolute
velocity of the gas molecules is v, at 480 K it becomes : temperature T. The mass of a molecule is m then :
(A) 4v (B) 2v (C) v / 2 (D) v/4
[JEE ‘96,2] (A) no molecule can have speed greater than 2 v rms
2. The average translational energy and the rms speed (B) no molecule can have speed less than v p / 2
of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at 300 K are
6.21 × 10–21 J & 484 m/s respectively. The corresponding (C) vp < vav < vrms
values at 600 K are nearly (assuming ideal gas behaviour ) (D) the average kinetic energy of a molecule is 3/4 mvp2
(A) 12.42 × 10–21 J, 968 m/s [JEE’98]
(B) 8.78 × 10–21 J, 684 m/s 9.A given quantity of an ideal gas is at pressure P and
(C) 6.21 × 10–21 J, 968 m/s absolute temperature T. The isothermal bulk modulus
(D) 12.42 × 10–21 J, 684 m/s [JEE’ 97,1] of the gas is :
3. The average translational kinetic energy of O2 (molar (A) 2P/3 (B) P (C) 3P/2 (C) 2P
mass 32) molecules at a particular temperature is 0.048 [JEE’98]
eV. The translational kinetic energy of N2 (molar mass 10. During the melting of a slab of ice at 273 K at
28) molecules in eV at the same temperature is atmospheric pressutre : [JEE’98]
(A) 0.0015 (B) 0.003 (C) 0.048 (D) 0.768 (A) positive work is done by the ice-water system on
[JEE ‘97,3] the atmosphere.
4. Select the correct alternative.A vessel contains 1 (B) positive work is done on the ice-water system by
mole of O2 gas (molar mass 32) at a temperature T. the atmosphere
The pressure of the gas is P. An identical vessel (C) the internal energy of the ice-water system
containing one mole of He gas (molar mass 4) at a increases
temperature 2T has a pressure of : (D) the internal energy of ice-water system decreases.
(A) P/8 (B) P (C) 2P (D) 8P 11. The ratio of the speed of sound in nitrogen gas to
5. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons contain that in helium gas, at 300 K is
equal amounts of an ideal diatomic gas at 300 K. The (A) (2/7) (B) (1/7)
piston of A is free to move, while that of B is held (C) (3)/5 (D) (6/5) [JEE’ 99]
fixed. The same amount of heat is given to the gas in 12.A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4
each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas A moles of argon at temperature T. Neglecting all
is 30K, then rise in temperature of the gas in B is vibrational modes, the total internal energy of the
(A) 30 K (B) 18 K (C) 50 K (D) 42 K system is
[JEE ‘98] (A) 4RT (B) 15 RT
6. Two identical containers A and B with frictionless (C) 9 RT (D) 11 RT [JEE’99]
pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same 13. A weightless piston divides a thermally insulated
temperature and the same volume V. The mass of the cylinder into two parts of volumes V and 3V.2 moles of
gas in A is mA and that in B is mB. The gas in each an ideal gas at pressure P = 2 atmosphere are confined
cylinder is now allowed to expands isothermally to the to the part with volume V = 1 litre. The remainder of
same final volume 2V. The change in the pressure in A the cylinder is evacuated. The piston is now released
and B are found to be P and 1.5 P respectively. and the gas expands to fill the entire space of the
Then [JEE’ 98] cylinder. The piston is then pressed back to the initial
(A) 4mA = 9mB (B) 2mA = 3mB position. Find the increase of internal energy in the
(C) 3mA = 2mB (D) 9mA = 4mB process and final temperature of the gas. The ratio of
7. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of oxygen the specific heat of the gas  = 1.5.
and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The ratio of the 14. Two moles of an ideal monatomic gas is taken
average rotational kinetic energy per O2 molecule the through a cycle ABCA as shown in the P-T diagram.
that per N2 molecule is [JEE’ 98]
During the process AB, pressure and temperature of
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 1
(D) depend on the moment of inertia of two molecules. the gas vary such that PT = constant. If T1 = 300 K,
8. Let vav, vrms and vp respectively denote mean speed, calculate :
Page # 48 HEAT– 2
P  
B C
2P1
(A) (B)
P P
 
P1 A
T1 2T1 T (C) (D)
(a) the work done on the gas in the process AB and P P

(b) the heat absorbed or released by the gas in each of 19. A cubical box of side 1 meter contains helium gas
the processes. Give answers in terms of the gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of 100 N/m2. During
constant R. [JEE’ 2000] an observation time of 1 second, an atom travelling
with the root mean square speed parallel to one of
15. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes the edges of the cube, was found to make 500 hits
are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond with a particular wall, without any collision with other
respectively to atoms.
P
Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K and k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
[JEE’ 2002]
1 (a) Evaluate the temperature of the gas
(b) Evaluate the average kinetic energy per atom
2
(c) Evaluate the total mass of helium gas in the box.
V
20. In the figure AC represent Adiabatic process. The
(A) He and O2 (B) O2 and He corresponding PV graph is [JEE (Scr) 2003]
(C) He and Ar (D) O2 and N2 P A
[JEE’ 2001]
16. In a given process on an ideal gas, dW = 0 and dQ < 0. C
then for the gas [JEE’ 2001] B
T
(A) the temperature will decrease P A P
(B) the volume will increase A B
(C) the pressure will remain constant
(A) (B) C
(D) the temperature will increase C B
V V
17. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle A  B  C P B P A
 A, as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied B
to the gas in the cycle is 5J, the work done by the (C) A C
(D)
C
gas in the process C  A is [JEE(Scr) 2002]
V V
3 21. An insulated container containing monoatomic gas
V(m )
of molar m is moving with a velocity v0. If the container
C B
is suddenly stopped, find the change in temperature.
2 [JEE 2003]
A 22. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume
1 V1 to V2 and then compressed to original volume V1
adiabatically. Initial pressure is P1 and final pressure is
10 P(N/m2) P3. The total work done is W. Then
(A) P3 > P1, W > 0 (B) P3 < P1, W < 0
(C) P3 > P1, W < 0 (D) P3 = P1, W = 0
(A) – 5J (B) –10J
[JEE’ 2004 (Scr)]
(C) –15J (D) –20J
18. Which of the following graphs correctly represents 23. The piston cylinder arrangement shown contains
the variation of  = –(dV/dP)/V with P for an ideal gas a diatomic gas at temperature 300 K. The cross-
at constant temperature ? sectional area of the cylinder is 1 m2. Initially the
HEAT– 2 Page # 49
height of the piston above the base of the cylinder is Paragraph for Question Nos. 28 to 30 (3 questions)
1 m. The temperature is now raised to 400 K at A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has radius R and
constant pressure. Find the new height of the piston length L0. The cylinder is open at its bottom and has a
above the base of the cylinder. If the piston is now small hole at its top. A piston of mass M is held at a
brought back to its original height without any heat distance L from the top surface, as shown in the figure.
loss, find the new equilibrium temperature of the gas. The atmospheric pressure is P0.
You can leave the answer is fraction. [JEE’ 2004] 2R
L0
1m
24. An ideal gas is filled in a closed rigid and thermally

Piston
insulated container. A coil of 100  resistor carrying 28. The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a
current 1A for 5 minutes supplies heat to the gas.
distnace 2L from the top. The pressure in the cylinder
The change in internal energy of the gas is
(A) 10 KJ (B) 20 KJ (C) 30 KJ (D) 0 KJ between its top and the piston will then be
[JEE’ 2004 (Scr)] [JEE 2007]
(A) P0 (B) P0/2
25. When the pressure is changed from p1 = 1.01 ×
105 Pa to P2 = 1.165 × 105 Pa then the volume changes P0 Mg P0 Mg
(C)  (D) –
by 10% the bulk modulus is 2 R2 2 R 2
(A) 1.55 × 105 Pa (B) 0.0015 × 105 Pa 29. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top,
5
(C) 0.015 × 10 Pa (D) none of these the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then
[JEE’ 2004 (Scr)] released, to a position where it can stay in equilibrium.
26. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20000 J at In this condition, the distance of the piston from the
atmospheric pressure. If initially temperature of cylinder top is
is 20°C, find
(a) final temperature of the cylinder  2P0 R2   P0 R 2 – Mg 
(A)  2
 ( 2L) (B)  2
 ( 2L)
(b) work done by the cylinder  R P0  Mg   R P0 
(c) change in internal energy of the cylinder.
(Given that specific heat of cylinder = 400 J kg–1°C–1,  P0 R 2  Mg   P0 R 2 
Coefficient of volume expansion = 9 × 10–5 °C–1, (C)  2
 ( 2L) 
(D) 
(2L )
2 
Atmospheric pressure = 105 N/m2 and density of  R P0   R P0 – Mg 
cylinder = 9000 kg/m3 ) [JEE 2005] [JEE 2007]
30. The piston is taken completely out of the cylinder.
The hole at the top is sealed. A water tank is brought
27. Match the following for the given process :
below the cylinder and put in a position so that the
P(atm) water surface in the tank is at the same level as the
J top of the cylinder as shown in the figure. The density
30
of the water is . In equilibrium, the height H of the
20 M water column in the cylinder satisfies
[JEE 2007]
10 L
K
10 20 V(m3) L0
H
Column I Column II
(A) Process J  K (P) w > 0
(B) Process K  L (Q) w < 0 (A) g(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0
(C) Process L  M (R) Q > 0 (B) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
(D) Process M  J (S) Q < 0 (C) g(L0 – H)2 + P0(L0 – H) – L0P0 = 0
[JEE 2006] (D) g(L0 – H)2 – P0(L0 – H) + L0P0 = 0
Page # 50 HEAT– 2
31.STATEMENT - 1 (D) An ideal monoatomic (s) The gas gains heat

The total translational kinetic energy of all the gas expands such that its
molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is 1.5 times pressure P and volume V
the product of its pressure and its volume follows the behaviour
because shown in the graph
STATEMENT - 2
The molecules of a gas collide with each other and v
the velocities of the molecules change due to the
collision.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True,
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
v1 2v1 v
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True,
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for 34. Cv and Cp denote the molar specific heat capacities
Statement-1 of a gas at constant volume and constant pressure,
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False respectively. Then [JEE 2009]
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True (A) Cp – Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a
[JEE 2007] monoatomic ideal gas
32. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT2 = con- (B) Cp + Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a
stant. The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas monoatomic ideal gas
is (C) Cp / Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a
1 2 3 4 monoatomic ideal gas
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T T T T (D) Cp.Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a
[JEE 2008] monoatomic ideal gas
33.Column I Contains a list of processes involving 35. The figure shows the P–V plot of an ideal gas
expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column II taken through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABCis a
describing the thermodynamic change during this pro- semicircle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then,
cess. Indicate your answer by darkening the appro- [JEE 2009]
priate bubbles of the 4×4 matrix given in the ORS. P
A
[JEE 2008] 3
Column I Column II
(A) An insulated container (p) The temperature of 2
B
has two chambers separated the by gas decreases D
a valve. Chamber I contains 1 C
an ideal gas the Chamber II
has vacaum. The valve is opened. 0 1 2 3 V
(A) the process during the path A  B is isothermal
opened (B) heat flows out of the gas during the path B  C  D
I II (C) work done during the path A  B  C is zero
(D) positive work is done by the gas in the cycle
ideal gas vacuum
ABCDA
36. This section contains 2 questions. Each questions
(B) An ideal monoatomic (q) The temperature of the
gas expands to twice its gas increase or remains contains statements given in two columns, which have
original volume such that constant to be matched. The statements in Column I are
its pressure P  1 , where labelled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column
V2
V is the volume of the gas II are labelled p, q, r, s and t. Any given statement in
(C) An ideal monoatomic (r) The gas loses heat Column I can have correct matching with one or more
gas expands to twice its
original volume such that statement(s) in Column II. The appropriate bubbles
its pressure P  1 , corresponding to the answers to these questions have

4/3
V to be darkened as illustrated in the following example
where V is its volume
:
HEAT– 2 Page # 51
If the correct matches are A – p, s and t; B – q and r (A) Internal energies at A and B are the same.
; C – p and q; and D – s and t; then the correct (B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 n 4
darkening of bubbles will look like the following.
Column II gives certain systems undergoing a process. (C) Pressure at C is P0/4 (D) Temperature at C is T0/4
Column I suggests changes in some of the parameters 39. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically
related to the system. Match the statements in
to 1/32 of its initial volume. In the initial temperature
Column I to the appropriate process(es) from Column
of the gas is T1 (in Kelvin) and the final temperature is
II. [JEE 2009]
Column I Column II aT1. the value of a is [JEE 2010]
(A) The energy of the (P) System: A capacitor 40. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically com-
system is increased Initially uncharged pressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial temperature to
increased
be T1, the work done in the process is
Process: It is connected
(A) 9/8 RT1 (B) 3/2 RT1 (C) 15/8 RT1 (D)9/2 RT1
to a battery
(B) Mechanical energy (Q) System : A gas in an [JEE 2011]
is provided to the system, adiabatic container 41. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken through
which is converted into fitted with an adiabatic a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V diagram. Column
energy of random motion piston II gives the characteristics involved in the cycle. Match
of its parts Process : The gas is them with each of the processes given in Column I :
compressed by pushing the
piston
(C) Internal energy of (R) System : a gas in a B A
3P
the system is converted rigid container
into its mechanical energy. Process : The gas gets
cooled due to colder
atmosphere surrounding it
(D) Mass of the system (S) System : A heavy 1P
C D
is decreased nucleus initially at rest
Process : The nucleus
fissions into two 0 1V 3V 9V V
fragments of nearly
equal masses and some Column I Column II
neutrons are emitted (A) Process A  B (P) Internal energy decreases
(T) System : A resistive (B) Process B  C (Q) Internal energy increases
wire loop (C) Process C  D (R) Heat is lost
Process : The loop is (D) Process D  A (S) Heat is gained
placed in a time varying (T) Work is done on the gas
magnetic field perpendicular [JEE 2011]
to its plane.
42. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass =
37. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its
4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass = 40
(A) pressure and temperature are both high
amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio of the
(B) pressure and temperature are both low
 vrms helium 
(C) pressure is high and temperature is low
rms speeds  v  is
 [JEE 2012]
(D) pressure is low and temperature is high  rms  arg on 
[JEE 2010] (A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
38. One mole of an ideal gas in initial sate A under-
goes a cyclic process ABCA, as shown in the figure. 43. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber
Its pressure at A is P0. Choose the correct option (s) balloon at 30°C. The balloon is fully expandable and
from the following. [JEE 2010] can be assumed to require no energy in its expansion.
The temperature of the gas in the balloon is slowly
V
changed to 35°C. the amount of heat required in raising
B
4v0 the temperature is nearly (take R = 8.31 J/mol. K)
(A) 62 J (B) 104J (C) 124J (D) 208J
[JEE 2012]
v0 A
C
T
T0
Page # 52 HEAT– 2
:: ANSWER KEY ::
ANSWER EX–I (OBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. C 11. A 12. D 13.D 14. C

15. A 16. D 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. A 28. B
29. A 30. C 31. B 32. B 33. A 34. C 35. A 36. C 37. C 38. A 39. D 40. B 41. D 42. A
43. C 44. A 45. A 46. A 47. B 48.D 49. D 50. D 51. D 52. B 53. D 54. B 55. B 56. B
57. A,C 58. D 59. A 60. A 61. B 62. C 63. C 64. B 65. A 66. D 67. A 68. C 69. A 70. C
71. A 72. B 73. A 74. A 75. D 76. B 77. D 78. C 79. C 80. C 81. A 82. A,D 83. D 84. B
85. D 86. A 87. D 88. A
ANSWER EX–II (MULTIPLE CHOICE PROBLEMS)
1. D 2. C 3. CD 4. B 5. ABC 6. AB 7. C 8. AD
9. B,D 10. ACD 11. D 12. BD 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. ABD
17. AB 18. AB 19. AD 20. B 21. B 22. CD 23. CD 24. BC
ANSWER EX–III (SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
20012 .428
1. 28.7236 × 103 sec. 2.  10  25 kg  m / s 3. 1 : 2 4. 14 5. 11 RT 6. 196ºC

3
7. PROOF 8. 3.3 × 103 9. 2T 10. 1 : 2 11. 27 : 4 12. 0
2
13. 1.25 × 104 N/m2 14. (i) P1 < P2, T1 < T2 ; (ii) T1 = T2 < T3 ; (iii) V2 > V1 ; (iv) P2 > P1
15. 74.9 cm 16. 120 R 17. 1500 J 18. 0.0091 J 19. PV 20. –100J
25
21. 3P1 V1 22. /2 atm-lt 23. Q – W 24. 24 J 25. (33600 + 0.02) J 26. J / cal
6
88 208
27. J / cal 28. 100 J 29. 3600 R 30. (i) 765 J (ii) 31. 3R 32. PROOF
21 1921
R
33. –  34.  35. 3R, 2R, 1.5 36. 47/29 37. 1.5 38. CV +
V
R  3 – 2 
39. 40. 12600 J 41. 50 calorie 42. RT   – 1 
2  
43. the molar mass of the gas is 40 gm, the numbe of degrees of freedom of the gas molecules is 6
 1 
3  1 – / 3 
44. 8 atmosphere 45. 1 –  2  46. 1.5 47. 5R 48. P/n 49. 300 K
l n2
HEAT– 2 Page # 53
ANSWER EX–IV (TOUGH SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS)
1. 750 K 2. 31P0V0 ; – 5P0V0 3. (ii) Pb = Pc = 2 atm, (iii) Tb = 300 K, TC = 600 K, (iv) VC = 8 litre
P
Isochoric
Adlabatic
3 – 2ln2
4. 1.6 m, 364 K 5. 1.63 6. 7. 8000 cal.
3 Isotherm
V
8. 2 mnv2cos2 9. (a) W AD = 88 J, (b) VC = 1.223 litre, (c) W CDA = –85J
27 21
10. (a) Final pressure in A = P0 = Final pressure in C, Final pressure in B = P0
8 4
21 3
(b) Final temperature in A (and B) = T0 , Final temperature in C = T0 ,
4 2
(c) 18 P0V0, (d) work done by gas in A = + P0V0, work done by gas in B = 0
P
50  0U0 C
3M
17 20  0U0  10 
(e) P0 V0 11. four 12. (a) B A , (b) Q =  ln2.5 – 2 U0 , (c) – 2U0
2 3M 3
V
M M
5 0 20
7R 9 15
13. , 4R (T2 – T1) 14. (a) 80 J, 180 J, (b) 4.5 R 15. T1 = (207/16)T0 ; T2 = T0 , – PV
2M 4 8 0 0
16. (a) 2 × 105 N/m2 ; (b) 6 rad/s, (c) 75 J 17 C = 2R
ANSWER EX–V (JEE PROBLEMS)
1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C,D
9. B 10. B,C 11. C 12. D 13. 400 J, 2 T0
14. (a) 1200 R, (b) QAB = – 2100 R, QBC = 1500 R, QCA = 1200 R ln2
15. B 16. A 17. A 18. A 19. 160 K, 3.3 × 10–21 J, 0.3 gm 20. A
0.4
mv 0 2  4
21. T = 22. C 23. T3 = 400  K 24. C 25. A
3R  3
26. (a) Tfinal = 70°C, (b) 0.05 J, (c) 19999.95 J 27.(A)  S; (B)  P and R ; (C)  (R); (D)  Q and S
28. A 29. D 30. C 31. B 32. C
33. (A)  q, (B)  p & r, (C)  p & s, (D)  q & s
34. B,D 35. B,D 36. (A)  (PQST), (B)  (Q), (C)  (S), (D)  (S) 37. D 38. A,B
39. 4 40. A 41. (A)  p,t,r ; (B)  p,r ; (C)  q, s ; (D)  r,t 42. D 43. D

17 Heat-2

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IIT-JEE|AIEEE

Nurturing potential through education

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. Concept of an Ideal Gas ............................................................ 2

2. Kinetic theory of gases ............................................................. 2

3. Pressure of a gas .................................................................. 2 – 3

4. Gas Law ............................................................................. 3 – 12

5. Maxwell's Distribution Law ..................................................... 12 – 13

6. Degree of Freedom .............................................................. 13 – 14

7. Internal Energy ....................................................................... 15

9. First Law of thermodynamics ................................................. 21 – 24

10. Specific Heat .................................................................... 24 – 29

11. Exercise -I ....................................................................... 30 – 61

12. Exercise - II ..................................................................... 62 – 68

13. Exercise - III .................................................................... 69 – 79

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

1. CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL GAS

v 12  v 2x1  v 2y1  v 2z1

change in momentum 2mv x1 mv 2 x1

mv 2x1 mv 2x2 mv 2x3 mv 2xn m 2

M RT RT 1 2 3RT

3RT 3RT 3Kt

3.1 Co-ordinate of the gases

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

4.1 Boyle's Law

4.2 Charle's law

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

4.4 Avogadro's Law

4.5 Reading of P-V diagram

When T in ºC  PV = nR(T + 273)

T(K) –273 T(ºC)

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

A  B V = constant B–C P = constant

Sol. AB V0 2V0 V

T0 2T0 4T0 T  T0 2T0 4T0 T

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Ex.3 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, P

Ex.4 Find out the values of co-ordinates at point A, 

BC volume constant (Isochoric)

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Note : SOME COMMONLY USED TERM

There is no Heat Transfer.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Ex.9 P0, T0 P0, T0

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

PRESSURE VARIATION IN ATMOSPHERE.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

(derivation is not in the course)

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

(Vx, Vy, Vz ; Wx, Wy, Wz)

If temp < 70 K for diatomic molecules, then

General degree of freedom.

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

n = n1 + n2 (number of moles are conserved)

From energy conservation

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

Equation of State (for ideal gases) :

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671

DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROCESSES

Internal energy in isothermal process :

394,50 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. : 93141-87482, 0744-2209671