Professional Documents
Culture Documents
F Nmv
P =
= =
2 2N ( 1
2 mv 2 )
2 3
L 3L 3V
• Now we’ll multiply both sides by V …
Finding the Ideal Gas Law
• We’ve established that PV = N mv 2
3 ( 1
2
2
)
and we know that for very weakly interacting gases,
PV = nRT. These two equations must be the same!
• The equivalence is most simply expressed using
Boltzmann’s constant, k = R/NA (= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K).
PV =nRT = nNAkT = NkT, so
2
1
2 mv = 23 kT
• Absolute temperature is proportional to average
molecular kinetic energy.
Average Speed of Air Molecules
• Maxwell and co were very smart guys—they
figured out accurately the average speed of air
molecules before they had any idea how big the
molecules were!
• They just used
PV
= 2
3 (
N =
1
2 mv)2
Nmv 2
=
1
3
1
3 M v2
mm
Hg
atmospheric pressure
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Water_vapor_pressure_graph.jpg
100% humidity: grams of H2O per 1m3 air
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Hygrom%C3%A9trie_et_temp%C3%A9rature.jpg
Water Vapor Pressure Table
Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure Temperature Pressure
(°C) (mmHg) (°C) (mmHg) (°C) (mmHg)
0.0 4.6 19.5 17.0 27.0 26.7
5.0 6.5 20.0 17.5 28.0 28.3
10.0 9.2 20.5 18.1 29.0 30.0
12.5 10.9 21.0 18.6 30.0 31.8
15.0 12.8 21.5 19.2 35.0 42.2
15.5 13.2 22.0 19.8 40.0 55.3
16.0 13.6 22.5 20.4 50.0 92.5
16.5 14.1 23.0 21.1 60.0 149.4
17.0 14.5 23.5 21.7 70.0 233.7
17.5 15.0 24.0 22.4 80.0 355.1
18.0 15.5 24.5 23.1 90.0 525.8
18.5 16.0 25.0 23.8 95.0 633.9
19.9 16.5 26.0 25.2 100.0 760.0
Relative Humidity and Dew Point
• If water is constantly boiled off in a closed
room, it is not possible to establish an
equilibrium situation with vapor pressure
above the saturated value for that temperature
—further water will condense out on the walls,
etc. At this point, relative humidity = 100%.
• Relative humidity =
vapor pressure/saturated vapor pressure
Dew point: temperature at which dew forms—
that is, water condenses out as the air cools.