IDEAL GASES

IDEAL GASES
THE MOLE AND AVOGADRO CONSTANT:
• Mole: The mole is the amount of substance which contains as many elementary units as there are atoms
in 0.012 kg of carbon – 12.
• Avogadro Constant: The number of atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon -12 is the Avogadro constant.
• Symbol L or NA. NA = 6.02 x 1023 mole-1
• The elementary unit referred to in the “mole” may be atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.
• Each mole of a substance contains 6.02 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules, ions electrons).
• Molar mass = Mr = NA m. where m = mass of unit element.
𝑽 𝑵 𝑴
• 𝒏= 𝑽 = 𝑵 = 𝑴
𝒎 𝑨 𝒓

BOYLE’S LAW:
• Pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, keeping the temperature and
other physical quantities constant.
𝟏
𝑷∝
𝑽
𝑷𝑽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒕
• P1V1 = P2V2
CHARLES’ LAW:
• Volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its temperature, keeping the pressure and
other physical quantities constant.
• 𝑉∝𝑇
𝑉
𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑡
• V1 / T1 = V2 / T2
THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION:
▪ Ideal gas is one that obeys Boyle’s law, Charles’ law and the ideal gas equation PV = nRT
▪ In practice it does not exists.
▪ Real gases like H2, He2, N2, O2 and CO2 behave like an ideal gas at low pressure and high temperature.

▪ At higher pressure they deviate from the behavior of an ideal gas.

𝑃𝑉
• 𝑇
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝑡
• P1V1 / T1 = P2V2 / T2
• For one mole of a gas, the value of the constant is the same for all gases.
• It is given the name Molar gas constant “R”.
𝑝𝑉𝑚
• 𝑇
=𝑅
𝑃𝑉𝑚 = 𝑅𝑇
• The above equation is known as an Ideal Gas Equation. R = 8.31 JK-1 mol-1
• Other forms of equation are derived by substituting the values of different variables.
1. If the volume of n mole of an ideal gas is V, then volume of one mole,
Vm = V/n (n = N/NA)
PV = nRT (most commonly used equation)
2. If the mass of a gas of volume V is m, and M is the mass of 1 mole , then
n = M/Mr
𝑀
PV = 𝑀𝑟 𝑅𝑇
𝑁
3. Also n = N/NA,, hence PV = 𝑁 𝑅𝑇
𝐴
PRESSURE – TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP:
BROWNIAN MOTION:
• It is the evidence to show that molecules of liquids and gases are in constant, rapid, random motion.
• Brownian motion for gases is described by the erratic, unpredictable and continuous random motion of
smoke particles in the air.
• Experimental arrangement: Filament lamp, lens or glass rod to focus, smoke cell, microscope.
• Smoke particles appear as specks of light.
• Motion of particles is due to resultant force produced by the bombardment of air molecules from all
sides.
• At high temperatures, the faster movement of air molecules causes even faster movement of smoke
particles.
• Einstein made an assumption based on Brownian motion and estimated the diameter of a typical atom
of the order of 10 – 10 m.
• Solids are held in more or less fixed positions by much larger interatomic forces.
• Approximate diameter of an atom is in the range of (10-9 – 10-12)m
• Approximate diameter of a nucleus is in the range of (10-12 – 10-15)m
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

• It discusses the microscopic behavior of gases. Basic assumptions are:

1. A gas consists of a large number of molecules
2. Molecules of an ideal gas are in constant, random motion. Newtonian mechanics may be applied to their
motion
3. The molecules of the gas collide elastically with each other and with the walls of the container.
4. They exert no intermolecular forces on each other except during collision.
5. The volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume of the gas.
6. The duration of the collision is negligible compared to the time interval between collisions.
DERIVATION OF AN EXPRESSION FOR THE PRESSURE OF AN IDEAL GAS FROM KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:
• Pressure of the gas is due to elastic collisions of randomly moving gas particles, with the walls of the
container and with each other.
• Consider one molecule in a cubic container.
• Mass of molecule is m which is moving with velocity u in a container of length L.
• Elastic collision with the wall results in a change of momentum = 2mu
• One collision is made with one end of the wall after travelling a distance of 2L (to and fro).
• Time taken to travel this distance, t = 2L / u
• But force is given as rate of change of momentum
• F = ∆P / ∆t
• F = 2mu / (2L/u) = mu2 / L (Force exerted by one particle in one direction)
• For a total number of N molecules in the container, there will be an average of N / 3 molecules in the
direction considered.
• For molecules having speeds , c1, c2, c3……cN, u2 is replaced by the average value of <c2>, where
• <c2> = c12 + c22 + c32 +………..+ cN2 / N
• Where <c2> is called mean square speed.
• Also <u2> = <v2> = <w2> = 1/3<c2>
• Hence the rate of momentum imparted to the wall, F = Nm<c2>2 / 3L
• The pressure on the wall of area A is given by, P = F / A
• P = Nm<c2> / 3LA
• P = Nm<c2> / 3V
• P V = 1/3 Nm<c2>
• PV = 1/3 Nm<c2>
• P = 1/3 ρ<c2>
1
• Pressure, p = 𝜌⟨𝑐 2 ⟩
3
 𝑐1 2 +𝑐2 2 +𝑐3 2 +...........+𝑐𝑁 2
• c r.m.s =  c2  = [√ 𝑁
]

MEAN KINETIC ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE:

• For one mole gas of volume is Vm and mass is M.
𝑀
• Density, 𝜌 = 𝑽
1
▪ But, P=  c 2 = 13 𝑀𝑉 ⟨𝑐 2 ⟩
3
1
▪ P V = 3 𝑵𝒎⟨𝑐 2 ⟩,
𝑵
▪ But from ideal gas equation, 𝑃𝑽 = 𝒏𝑅𝑇 = 𝑵𝑨
𝑹𝑻 = NkT
▪ If NA is Avogadro’s number, then M = m NA,
▪ Where m = mass of one molecule.
1
▪ Hence, (𝑁𝐴 𝑚) < 𝑐 2 >= 𝑅𝑇
3
𝑅𝑇
▪ 𝑚 < 𝑐 2 >= 3
𝑁𝐴
▪ Multiplying by ½ on both sides, we get an expression for average translational kinetic energy of the
molecules
1 3 𝑅𝑇
▪ 2 𝑚 < 𝑐 2 >= 2 𝑁
𝐴
▪ where k = R / NA = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1, known as Boltzman’s constant.
▪ Hence, mean kinetic energy of a gas molecule of mass m is given by
1 3
<Ek> = 2 𝑚 < 𝑐 2 >= 2 𝑘𝑇
▪ Total kinetic energy of all the molecules (N) in a gas
1 3
Ek= 2 𝑁𝑚 < 𝑐 2 >= 2 𝑁𝑘𝑇

CONCLUSIONS:
1. The mean translational kinetic energy of the molecules in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
1 3
thermodynamics temperature. 2
𝑚 < 𝑐 2 >= 2 𝑘𝑇 ∝ 𝑇
2. the root mean square velocity of the molecules of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the square root
of the temperature. √⟨𝑐 2 ⟩ ∝ √𝑇
𝑐𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∝ √𝑇
 IDEAL GASSES QUESTIONS 2014 – 2023
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 IDEAL GASSES 2014 – 2023 (ANSWERS)
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