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2016
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Tenernu JI.A.
T31 I1cTopHJI aHrJIHHCKoro JI3biKa : y<Je6. noco611e .LJ;JIJI 6aKanaspos I
J1.A. TenemH, .[{.A. Tenemna, E..[{. nasnwresa. - M. : <l>J1HHTA :
HayKa, 2016.- 160 c.
ISBN 978-5-9765-2478-1 (<l>J1HHTA)
ISBN 978-5-02-038936-6 (HayKa)
HacTOJill.(ee y<Je6noe noco6He B031111KJIO 1-m ocHose OnbiTa npo-
se.n;eHI1JI npaKTH'-IeCKHX 3aHJITHH no HCTOp11H aHrJIHHCKOrO Jl3biKa
B CTy.n;eHLJeCKI1X rpynnax. Ono BKJIIOLJaeT pa3.n;enbi 11 TeMbi, oxsa-
TbiBaiOll.(He OCHOBHbie JlBJieHI1Jl B 06JiaCTI1 clJoHeTHK11, rpaMMaTHKI1
11 JieKCI1K11 aHrJIHHCKOrO Jl3hiKa, COOTBeTCTBYIOIU11e TpeM nepHO-
.n;aM ero 11CTOpHH.' B ·noco6He BKJIJOLJeHbi npHJIO:lKezme 11 cnosapb,
n03BOJIJIIOll.(l1e 6blcTpee ocyll.(eCTBJIJITb no11cK HY:lKHOH 11HclJopMa-
UHH H llOJIHee OTBeLJaTb Ha BOnpOCbi no TeMaM.
,l{JIJI CTy.LJ;ei!TOB 11 ·npeno.n;aBaTeJieH clJI1JIOJIOri1LJeCK11X clJaKyJihTe-
TOB BY30B.
Y.l{K 811.111(075.8)
EEK 81.2Anrn-03-923
TSBN 978-5-9765-2478-l (<DJIMHTA) © Tener11u II. A., 2016
ISBN 978-5-02-038936-6 (HayKa)
© 113,n;aTeJI&CTBO «<Dll11HTA», 2016
CflHCOK COKPAmEHHH ....................................................................... 5
OPE.l{HCJ10BHE ....................................................................................... 6
llaCTb 1. .l{pesHeaHrJIHHCKHH nep110,LJ; ......................................................... 8
TeMa 1.1. 06mHe cse.n;eHI1JI o repMaHcKHx JI3hiKax 8
TeMa 1.2 . .l{pesHeaHrJIHHCKHH nep11o.n;. 06maJI xapaKTepHCTHKa ......... I 0
TeMa 1.3. <l>oHeTI1LJeCKHH CTPOH. CI1CTeMa rnacHbiX 11 comacHhiX
<PoHeM ....... 12
TeMa 1.4. rpaMMaTI1LJeCKHH CTPOH 513biKa .n;peBHero nepHo.n;a.
CHcTeMa HMeHH 14
TeMa 1.5. CHCTeMa marona. nopH,n;OK enos B npe.n;no:lKeHHH 16
TeMa 1.6. CnosapHbiH cocTaB .n;pesHeaHrJIHHCKOro JI3hiKa 18
TeMa 1. 7. 0611.1aH xapaKTepHCTHKa 513hiKa .n;pesnero nepHo.n;a
(Ha MaTepHane TeKcTa o nyTemecTBHH OxTxepe) 20
lJacTb 2. Cpe.n;HeaHmHHCKHH nepHo.n; ....................................................... 25
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nocne HOpMaH,n;cKoro JasoesaillUl ................................................... 25
TeMa 2.2. flHChMeHHOCTb cpe.n;ueanmHHCKoro nepHo.n;a .. . 26
TeMa 2.3. <l>oHeTHLJeCKHH CTPOH. I13Mei-IeHI151 B cHcTeMe rnacHhiX
<Po HeM 28
TeMa 2.4. H3Mei-IeiiH51 B CI1CTeMe cornacnhiX cpe.n;Hero nepHo.n;a .......... 29
TeMa 2.5. rpaMMaTH'JeCKHH CTPOH. H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe HMeHH ....... 31
TeMa 2.6. CHcTeMa marona 32
TeMa 2.7. CnosapubiH cocTaB aHrJII1HCKoro 513hrKa cpe.n;Hero
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 TeMa 2.8. 06ma.H xapaKTepHCTHKa cpoHeTHKO-opcporpacp114eCKHX
CllHCOKCOKPAmEHHfi
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nepHO)J,a (Ha MaTepHaJie TeKCTa nponora K «KeHTep6epHHCKI1M
paccKaJaM» LJ:)I(. qocepa) ................................................................. 35

qacTh 3. HosoaHnmi1cKHH nepHOll. ....... 40 Heonp.apm. Heonpell.eneHHbiH apntKnh

OH2Jl. aHrJIHHCKHH
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apm. apntKnh
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onpeo.apm. onpe.ueneHHbiH apTHKJib
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HaU:HOHaJibHOrO aHrJIHHCKOrO .H3biKa ............................................... 40 npeOll. npe.unor
?RG2. rna ron
npem.-npe3. npeTepHTo-npe3eHTHbiH
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npull. npHnaraTenbHOe
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npu'l. npH4aCTHe
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oam.n. .uaTenhHbiH na.ue)l(
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dB H. .upesHesepxHeHeMeUKHH
pyc. pyccKHH
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ca. cpe.uHeanrnHHCKHH
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u.-e. HH,UOesponeHCKHH
CKGHO. CKaH,UHHaBCKHH
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cp.p. cpe.uRHH po.u
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paHIIeHOBOaJJrJIHHCKOrO nepHO)J,a.................................................... 49
cynnll. cynnneTHBHbiH
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rwpe'-1. Hape4He
xapaKTepHCTHK aHrmiHCKOrO .H3biKa ................................................ 50 ifJpaH. <\JpaHUY3CKHH
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ilpHJTO)I(eHHe 2. 0CHOBI-Ible :naflbl HCTOpH4eCKOrO pa3BHTI1.H cpouentKH,
rpaMMaTHKH H JTeKCHIGI anrJTHHCKOrO Jl3biKa no nepHO)J,aM ................ 67
llpe)J,MeTHbiH YJ<a3aTeJib .......................................................................... 136
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JJ.Y HCTOpH'IecKoro pa3BHTHH aHrnHHCKoro H3hiKa. Ka)I(JJ,a» <JaCTh BKJIIO'la-
eT p»:JJ, TeM C nepeqHeM OCHOBHhiX BOnpOCOB, KOTOpbie npeJJ,CTaBJIHIOT C0-
60H pa3BepHyThiH nJiaH Ka)I(JJ,OH TeMhi, C nociieJJ,yiOlll,eH KOHKpent3aU.tteH
BOOpOCOB H 3aJJ,amtH, BhlllOJIHeHHe KOTOpbiX n03BOJIHT C'IHTaTb OCHOBJIOe
coJJ,ep)l(aHHe TeMhi pacKphiThiM. ITociie sonpocos H 3aJJ,aHHH no JJ,aHHOH Te-
Me npHBOJ.],HTCH KOHTpOIIhHhie BOnpOChi J.],JIH nposepKH YCBOeHHH OTJJ,eJib-
HhJX acneKTOB o6cy)I(JJ,aeMOH npo6neMhi.
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qeCKOrO CTpOH H3hiKa Ha MaTepHaJie TeKCTOB JJ,peBHero H cpeJJ,Hero nepHO-
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06Cy)I(JJ,eHHe pa3BHTHH OCHOBHhiX THnOJIOrH'leCKHX xapaKTepHCTHK aH-
rJIIfHCKOrO H3hiKa Ha cpoHe o6lll,HX H3MeHeHHH ero cpoHeTH'leCKOH, rpaMMa-
TH'leCKOH H JieKCH'leCKOH nOJJ,CHCTeM.
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3a OCHOBY 6hiJI B3HT y<Je6HHK B.,ll,. ApaKHHa «I1CTOpH» aHrmtHCKoro H3hi-
Ka>>, BMeCTe C TeM aBTOpbl CO'IJIH He06XOJ.],HMhiM HCOOJih30BaTb JJ,pyrHe
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6JIHOrpacpHH.
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npaKTH<JeCKHX 3aiiHTHHX BOnpOCOB HCTOpHH aHrJIHHCKOrO H3hiKa, ycTa-
HOBJieHHe 3BYKOBhiX COOTBeTCTBHH Me)I(JJ,y JJ,peBHerepMaHCKHMH H3hiKaMH
H JJ,pyrHMH HIIJJ,OesponeHCKHMH H3hiKaMH npOBOJ.],HTCH OT CJiy<JaH K CJiy-
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6
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cpeJJ,Hero nepHOJJ.OB.
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llblX .s~pycax CTPYKTYPhi aHriiHHCKoro »:3htKa B OTJJ,eJihHhre nepHOJJ.hi ero
11CTOpHH. MaTepHaJI npHJIO)I(eHH» HHKOHM o6pa3oM He 3aMeHHeT JJ.pyrHx
pa60T no HCTOpHH .ll3hiKa, IIellhiO erO BKJIIO'leHHH HBJIHeTCH CaMOJJ,OCTaTO'I-
IIOCTh nOC06HH - JJ,aTb CTyJJ,eHTaM B03M0)1(H0CTh nOJ.],rDTOBHTh TeOpeTH-
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reJihi-lhiX HCTO'IHHKOB. ITpeJJ,MeTHhiH yKa3aTeJih s noco6HH no3BOJIHT o6e-
cne'IHTh 6hiCTphiH noHCK HY)I(HOi1 HHcpopMaiiHH B npHJIO)I(eHHH H 6hiCTpee
BblllOJIHHTh Tpe6yeMhie no TeMe 3aJJ,aHHH.
B KOHIIe pa60Thi llOMelll,eH CJIOBaph, B KOTOpOM OTpa)f(eHa HCTOpHH CJIOB
OT HX cpopM B JJ,peBHHH HfHIIH cpeJJ,HHH nepHOJ.l, J.],O HX COBpeMeHIIOrO COCTO-
HHHH. CIIosapHhie MaTepHaJihi no3BOJI51IOT nposecTH Heo6xoJJ,HMhiH aHaJIH3
11 nepeBOJ.], BKJIIO'leHHhlX B OOC06He npeJJ,JIO)I(eHHH H OTpbiBKOB H3 TeKCTOB
JJ,peBHero H cpeJJ,Hero nepHOJ.],OB H CJiy)l(aT HCTO'IHHKOM npHMepOB cpOHeTH-
KO-op<PorpacpH'IeCKHX H MOpcpOIIOrH'leCKHX H3MeHeimH B aHrJIHHCKOM H3hi-
Ke. MHorHe JJ,pesHe- H cpeJJ,HeaHrnHHCKHe ciiosa HMeiOT HecKOIIhKO cpopM
HanHcaHHH. B TeKcTe noco6H»: H s cJiosape OHH npeJJ,cTaBmiiOTCR pa3JJ,eiieH-
llhiMH Kocoi1 qepToii.
MaTepHaJI noco6H»: pacnpeJJ,eJieH asTopaMH ciieJJ,yiOIIlHM o6pa3oM: pa3-
JJ,eJihi, OTHOC51W,HeC51 K JJ,peBHeaHrJIHHCKOMY nepHOJJ,y, noJJ,rOTOBJleHhi
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pa3pa6oTai-Ihi ,[I,.A. TeJierHHOH; pa3JJ,eJihi, OTHOCHW,HeC51 K HOBOaHrJIHHCKOMY
nepHoJJ,y, pa3pa6oTaHhi E.,ll,. ITasnr,rqesoii, cnosaph - ,ll,.A. TenerHHOH H
E.,ll,. ITaBJihi'lesoii. 06w,ee peJJ,aKTHposaHHe H noJJ,rOTOBKa H3JJ,aHH.ll K neqa-
TH 6biJIH ocymecTBJieHhi n.A. TenerHHhiM.
AsTophi Bhipa)l(aiOT 6IIaroJJ,apHOCTh peiieH3eHTaM H KOIIneraM 3a IIeHHhie
3aMe'laHH51 H OO)I(eJiaHH51, KOTOpbie HMH 6hiJIH BhiCKa3aHhl npH noJJ,rOTOBKe
pyKonHCH K H3JJ,aHHIO.
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~PEBHEAHr JIHHCKHH TIEPHO~
TeMa 1.1. 06u_.ue cse.r:.eHHH o repMaHCKHX HJLIKax
0CHOBHOe CO)J.epJKauue TeMbl
MecTo repMaHCKHx 513hiKOB B HH,noeBponeHCKOH ceMhe 513hiKOB.
CoBpeMemrhre repMaHCKHe 513hiKH H o6naCTh HX pacnpoCTpaueHH51.
KnaccwpHKaQH51 repMaHCKHX 513hiKOB: BOCTOLJHorepMaHCKHe, 3ana.nuorep-
MaHCKHe H ceseporepMaHCKHe 513hiKH. 06nacTh pacnpocTpaHeHH51 repMaH-
CKHX 513h!KOB B .npeBHOCTH. repMaHl(hl BpeMeH Ue3ap51 H TaQHTa.
,[(peBHerepMaiiCKHe 513b!KH, HX KnaccwfmKal(H51 H Ba)I(HeHUIHe nHCbMeHHhie
naM51THHKH. IlHChMeHHOCTb repMaHCKHX nneMeH (pyHHLJeCKHH an<f>aBHT,
roTCKHH an<f>aBHT Bynh<f>Hnhr, naTHHCKHH an<f>aBHT). <I>onentLJeCKHe oco-
6eHHOCTH: nepBOe nepe,nBH)I(eHHe COrJiaCHbiX (3aKOH rpHMMa), 3aKOH
BepHepa, <f>HKCaQH51 y.napeHH51 Ha KOpHeBOM cnore; npenoMneHHe, nana-
TanhHa51 nepemacoaKa (i-yMnayT), repMaHcKoe y,nBoeHHe comaCHbiX, poTa-
QH3M, a6nayT. rpaMMaTHLJeCKHe OC06erHIOCTH: CHHTeTH3M rpaMMaTHLJeCKO-
rO CTpo51, KaTeropHH po.na, qucna, na_ne)l(a B CHCTeMe HMerm; KaTeropHH Bpe-
MeHH, HaKnOHeHH51, nHQa H lJHCna B CHCTeMe rnarona; ,neneHHe marOJIOB Ha
cHnhHhie (c qepe.nosaHHeM) H cna6hre (c ,neHTanhHhiM cy<f><f>HKCOM).
AHrmtHCKHH 513hiK KaK 513hiK repMaHCKOH rpynnhi B HH,noeBponeHCKOH
ceMhe 513hiKOB. PacnpocTpaHeHHe anrnHHCKoro 513hiKa B coBpeMeJIHOM
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llla51 HayLJHOMy OCMbiCneJIHIO HOpM 513biKa B ero COBpeMeiiiiOM COCT051HHH.
IlepHO,nH3aUH51 HCTOpHH aHrJIHHCKOrO 513b!Ka H ee npHI!l(Hnhi.
Bonpocbl u JaOallUR
I. KaKHe H3 H3BeCTHhiX BaM 513hiKOB BXO,n51T B HH,noeBponeHcKyro ceMhiO
513hiKOB?
2. KaK cne.nyeT noiiHMaTh TepMHH «po,ncTBeHHhie 513hiKH»? HacKOnhKO
po,nCTBeHHhiMH 51Bn51IOTC51 aHrnHHCKHH H pyCCKHH /aHrJIHHCKHH H
HeMel(KHH/pyCCKHH H HeMeUKHH 513biKH?
8 9
CKYIO rpynny 513hiKOB?
4. KaKHe KnaccH<f>HKa:QHH .npeBHHX repMaHCKHX 513hiKOB saM H3BeCTI-Ihi?
5. ,[(pesHerepMaHCKHe nneMeHa H ,nHaneKThl. IloH51THe o6merepMaHcKoro
H3hJKa-OCHOBhl.
6. Bwse,nHTe 3aKOHOMepHbie COOTBeTCTBH51 comaCHbiX no 3aKOHY rpHMMa
H3 cne.nyromHx npHMepoB: pyc. n51Th - aHm. five; pyc. TPH - aHm.
three: naT. ego«»>>- .na. ic; naT. granum «3epHm> - aHm. corn; caucKp.
madhu «Me,n>>- ,na. me(o)du. IlpHBe,nHTe ,npyme pn,nhl COOTBeTCTBHH
H npOHnJIIOCTpHpyJ1Te HX npHMepaMH.
7. KaK o6b51CHHIOTC.II. cne.nyromHe HCKJIIOLJeHH.II. H3 nepsoro nepe,nBH)I(e-
HH.II. comacHhrx: rpeLJ. hep-ta «ceMh»- roT. sib-un; rpeLJ. dek-as «.nec.II.-
TOK» - roT. tig-us.
8. KaKoe 3HaLJeHHe HMena <l.>HKCHpoBaHHOCTh repMaHcKoro y.napeHH.II. .nnH
<f>oHeTI1LJeCKOH H rpaMMaTiilJeCKOH CHCTeM .11.3h!Ka?
9. B KaKoM cnyqae pa3nHLJHe B rnacHhiX KOpH.II. .npesueaurnHHCKHX cnoB
midde H wind no cpasueHHIO c HX naTHHCKHMH auanoraMH medius
«Cpe,nHHH» H ventus «BeTep» MO)I(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK ,nHCTaHTHYIO
aCCHMHnH:QHIO?
10. IloLJeMy B cnosax ,npeBHeaHrJIHHCKOrO .11.3hiKa rnaCHhiH KOpH.II. OTnwra-
eTCH OT ero roTcKoro cooTBeTCTBHH? Cp. roT. domjan vs . .na. deman
«cy,nHTh», roT. kuni vs . .na. cynn «po.n, nneMH».
11. IlpHBe,nHTe npHMephl a6nayTa H OTMeThTe, B LJeM COCTOHT ero OTnHLJHe
OT yMnayTa?
12. qeM o6b.II.CH.II.eTCH pa3nHLJHe cornacnbrx [z]- [r] a cnosax roT. maiza H
.na. mara «60nhiiie»?
13. IloLJeMy MHeHHH yqeHhiX no BOnpocaM cpOKOB ,npeBHeaHrJIHHCKOrO
nep11o.na pa3H.II.TCH?
KouTpOJJbHbie sonpocbi
I. KaKHe .npesuerepMaHCKHe .11.3hiKH He pa3BHnHCh B cospeMeHHbre uaQH-
ouanhHhre H3hlKH H CTanH MepTBbiMH?
2. KaKue 3aKOHOMepHOCTH a CHCTeMe HH,noesponeifcKHX cornacHhiX
BbiBeJI .51K06 rpHMM?
3. B LJeM Kapn BepHep .nononHHn 3aKOH rpHMMa?
 4. Ha3oBwTe 3epuo HH~oeBponewcKoro a6nayTa. qeM o6merepMaHCKHi1
a6nayT oTnwmeTc.H OT HH~oeBponewcKoro?
5. KaKwe repMaHcKwe .H3hiKH ne 3aTpoHyn poTaUH3M?
TeMa 1.2. ~pesueaunmucKHH nepHO.LJ:. 06rn.au xapaKTepu-
CTHKa
Ocuosuoe co)lep~auue TCMbl
Ken&TCKHe nneMeHa na ocTpOBe EpwTai-IH.H (nn&I, 6pHTTbi, 6enrw).
rocno~CTBO pHMJI.HI-1 B EpHTai-IHH. 3aBOeBai-JHe EpHTaHHH repMai-ICKHMH
nneMei-IaMH anrnoB, caKCOB, IOTOB H cppH30B B VB. Cy~h6a Ken&TCKHX nne-
Men. AHrnocaKCOHCKHe KoponeacTBa: KeHT, CycceKc, 3cceKc, Y3cceKc,
MepcH.H, BocTo•ma.H Anrnw.H, HopTyM6pH.H. CeMH~ep)l(aawe, HJIH renTap-
XH.H. VII-X BB. - nepwo~ CKna~&IBaHH.H aHrnHHCKOH napo~HOCTH H aH-
rnwwcKoro .H3bTKa. Koponb Anbcppe~ H ponh Y3cCeKca B HCTOpHH aHrnHH-
CKOfO Hapo~a. CKaH~HHaBCKHe na6erH IX-XI BB. Y3~MopCKHH MHp 878 r.
,L(anenar. AHrnH.H B cocTaae ~aTCKoro KOponeBCTBa B 1016-1042 rr.
BoccTaHoanenwe BnacTH anrnocaKCOI-ICKOH 3HaTH BO rnaBe c KoponeM
3~yap~OM lfcnOBe~HHKOM. ,L(HaJieKTbl H rnaBHble TIHChMei-IHbTe naM.HTHH-
KH: HopTyM6pwi1CKHH ~HaneKT: pyuwYeCKHe Ha~nwcw I·I a PyTBencKOM
KpeCTe H Ha IllKaTyJIKe H3 KHTOBOfO yea (napeu A. ¢p3HKCa); fHMH MOHaxa
K3~MoHa H «llpe~cMepnia.H necH&» E3~hi. MepcwwcKHH ~waneKT: nepeBo~
ncanT&IpH H rHMHhi. KeHTCKHH ~waneKT: nepeBo~ ncanMOB H ropH~HLJe­
CKHe ~oKyMeHThl. Y3cceKCKHH ~waneKT: «AurnocaKCOHCKa.H xpoHHKa»,
nepeBO~bi Tpy~oB Ha naTHHCKOM .H3hiKe (npw JIH'-IHOM yYaCTHH Kopon.H
An&cppe~a «06.H3aHHOCTH nacT&Ip.H» Cura pastora1is nan&I fpwropH.H I,
«BceMwpuow HCTOpHH» HcnaHCKOro MOHaxa Opocw.H, «YTellle~me cpwnoco-
cpwew» pHMCKOro cpwnococpa E03UH.H), COlJHHeHH.H a66aTa 3n&cppwKa (X B.),
nponoBe~w Byn&cpcTaHa (XI B.), no3Ma EeoByn&cp.
Bonpocbt u JadaltUil
1. KaKwe KeJI&TCKHe nneMetia Hacen.HJIH EpwTaHHIO B HaYane ualllew 3p&I?
KaKwe H3 KeJihTCKHX .H3hiKOB .l!BJI.l!IOTC.H )I(HBbiMH cero~n.H?
2. OxapaKTepw3yi1Te rocno~cTBO pHMJI.HH B EpwTaHHH H ero nocne~CTBH.ll
~Jl.H CTpaHhl.
10
3. KaK oTpa3HJIOCb BJIH.HHHe naTHHCKoro .ll3hiKa Ha ~peaueaHrJIHHCKHw?
4. OnwlllHTe .ll3hiKOBYIO cwTyauHIO a cTpaHe ~o H nocne HallleCTBH.H" rep-
MaHCKHX TIJieMeH.
5. 06n.HCHHTe npowcxo)l(~eHHe cne~ymruHx TOnOHHMOB: Britain, Bretagne
(French name for Brittany), Scotland, Great Britain, England, Essex,
Sussex, Wessex, Northumberland, Wales, Cornwall.
6.,L(peBHeaHrnwi1cKHH .H3hTK qacTo Ha3biBaiOT aHrnocaKCOHCKHM. Mo)I(-
HO JIH 6e3 oroaopoK npHH.l!Tb 3TO onpe~eneHwe?
7. I10lJeMy rpynny .n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKHX ,L(HaJieKTOB MO)I(HO paCCMaTpHBaTb
KaK e,L(HHbiH .H:3biK? qTO CB.H:3biBaeT HX BOe,L(HHO KaK .H:3blK aHrnHHCKOH
HapO,L(HOCTH?
8. KaKoaa ponh Y3cceKca B HCTOpHH aHrnwwcKoro Hapo.n;a?
9. qTO CTOHT 3a TepMHHOM ,L(aHenar?
10. KaKyiO ponb CbirpanH Ha6erH CKaH.n;HHaaoa B JiCTOpHH AHrJIIili Ji
aHfJJJiHCKOrO .ll3biKa?
II. qTo Ji3BeCTHO o .n;peBHHX nwci>MeHHhiX naM.HTHHKax na uopTyM6pwi1-
CKOM ,L(HaJieKTe?
12. KaKow .n;waneKT npe.n;cTaaneH Haw6onhlllHM KOJIJilJeCTBOM nliChMeHHhiX
naM.H:THHKOB? qTO npe,L(CTaBJI.lllOT C060H «AHrnOCaKCOHCKJie XpO-
HiiKH»?
13. qeM 3HaMeHHT b3,L(a ,L(OCTOTIOlJTeH.HbiH?
14. KTo nepeBen «U:epKOBHYIO JiCTopwro aH.rnwwcKoro Hapo.n;a» c naTHH-
cKoro .H3biKa Ha .n;peaHeaHrnHHCKHi1?
15. KaKHe no3THlJeCKHe naM.H:THHKJ-1 OTHOC.H:TC.H: K .n;peaHeaHrnwwcKOMY
nepwo.n;y?
KoHTPOJibHble sonpocbl
1. Kor.n;a npOH30lllJIO JaaoeaaHwe EpwTaHHH repMaHCKHMH nneMeHaMH?
2. KaKwe repMaHCKHe nneMeHa yqacTBOBanw B JaaoeaaHHH?
3. KaKoe KOponeBCTBO wrpano ae.n;yruyro ponh a remapxww?
4. llolJeMy cpwrypa Kopon.H Anbcppe.n;a ClJHTaeTc.H: yHHKaJibHOH a HCTOpHH
CTpaHbl H .H:3b!Ka?
5. K KaKOMY BpeMeHH OTHOC.l!TC.ll OCHOBHbie naM.H:THHKH .n;peBHeaHfJIHH-
CKOH m-ICI>MeHHOCTH?
11
TeMa 1.3. <DoueTnlfecKuii cTpoii. CucTeMa rJiacuLix u co-
rJiacuLix <)JoneM
Ocuoouoe cot~,ep~auue TeMbi
,[J;pesHeaHnm:ikKHH ampaBHT H npoH3HOUieHHe. CnosecHoe y,n:apemte.
CwcTeMa maCHbiX. IlapanJieJibHbie pH,n:bi .n:onrwx H KpaTKHx MOHo<PToHros
11 .n:wqnoHros. <l>oHeMbi nepe,n:Hero pH,n:a. <l>oHeMbi 3a,n:Hero pH,n:a. KpaTKHe
,n:H<PToHrH. ,[J;onrwe ,n:H<PToHrH. Hanwme nom-IbiX maCHbix s Hey,n:apHbiX
OKOHqaHHHX. <l>OHeTHqeCKHe HBJleHHH: npeilOMJieHHe, Oepe,n:HeH3bJqHaH
nepernacosKa, y,n:nHHeHHe rnaCHbiX npH sr,ma,n:eHHH nocne,n:yEOIIJ,ero co-
rnacHoro, y,n:nHHeHHe rnaCHbiX nepe.n: roMopraHHbiMH CO'ieTaHHHMH co-
rnaCHbiX, Cy)f(eH!-te rJiaCHbiX nepe,n: HOCOBbiMH COrJlaCHbiMH. <l>OI-IeMbi H
n03HQHOHHhie sapHaHTbi <PoHeM. KnaccH<PHKaQHH cornacHbiX: ry6Hbie,
ry6Ho-3y6Hbre, nepe,n:HeH3bi'-IHbie (Me)f(3y6Hhie, 3y6Hbie), cpe,n:HeH3bJqHr,re,
3a,n:HeH3bl'IHbie, rOpTaHHbie. <l>OHeTHqeCKHe HBJieHHH B CHCTeMe COrJiaC-
HbJX: llOHBJleHHe 3BOHKHX BapHaHTOB rJiyXHX IIJ,eJieBbiX <PoHeM, naJiaTaJIH-
3aQHH 3a,n:HeH3biLJHbiX cornacHnrx, sr,ma.n;eHHe cornaCHbiX, ynporu.eHHe
rpynn HaLJaJlbHhrx comaCHbiX.
Bonpocbl u 3aOaltuR
1. CKOJibKO 6yKB HMeJI an<PaBHT .n:pesHero nepHo,n:a? CKa)f(HTe, KaKHe
3BYKH MO)f(eT nepe,n:aBaTb 6yKBa 3?
2. qTO xapaKTepHO .LJ:JIH ,n:peBHeaHrJIHHCKOH CHCTeMbi rJiaCHbiX?
3. qTO Bbl 3HaeTe 06 y,n:apeHHH CJIOBa B 06IIJ,erepMaHCKOM H3biKe H B ,n:peB-
HeaHfJlHHCKOM, B qacTHOCTH?
4. Ha30BHTe KpaTKHe 11 .n:onrHe Mono<PTonrw B H3biKe Toro nepHo,n:a.
5. CKOJlbKO .n:H<PTouros HMenocr, B CHCTeMe rnacHbix?
6. qTO MO)f(JIO CKa3aTb 0 KalfeCTBe rJiaCHOrO B Hey,n:apHbiX OKOH 1-IaHHHX?
7. 06bHCHHTe H3MeHe~IHe B KOpHeBbiX rnaCHbiX CJie,n:yJOII.J.HX <PopM: *herte
> heorte «cep,n:Qe», rehta > eahta «soceMb», *melcan > meolcan «,n:OHTh».
B KaKHX <PoneTHqecKHX no3HQHHX B03MO)f(HO :no H3MeHenHe H KaK OHO
Ha3blBaeTcH? B qeM 3aKJIJOqaeTcH cyiiJ,HOCTb npenoMJieHHH rnacHbix?
8. 06bHCHHTe pa3JIH'-IHe B KOpHeBbiX rrraCHbiX CJie,n:yJOili,HX <PopM: *sand-
ian- sendan (MnE to send), *fulljan- fyllan (MnE to fill), boc- bee
< *boci (MnE books), *halian - hrelan (MnE to heal). JloqeMy 3TH
12
H3M:eHeHHH na3biBaJOT nanaTaJihHOH nepernacosKoi1? qeM neperna-
COBKa OTJIHqaeTCH OT npeJIOMJleHHH?
9. KaK H3MeHHJOTCH rrracHbie B cnose npw Bblna,n:eHHH o,n:Horo H3 cornac-
Hnrx? KaKyJO <PopMy ,n:OJI)f(Hbi npHHHTb .n,peBHeanrnHi1cKHe cnosa npH
Bbioa,n:eHHH cne,n:yJOIIJ,ero cornacHoro: *finf- nHTb > ? *uns - Hac >
? *onper - .n,pyroif > ?
10. JloqeMy CO'-IeTaHHH THna -nd, -ld, -mb Ha3biBaJOTCJI fOMOpraHl-IblMH?
KaK OHH BJIHHJOT na ,n:onroTy rnacHoro?
II. KaKHe rnacHbie cy)f(aiOTCH nepe.n: HOCOBbiM:H (n] HJlH [m]? JloqeMy
Hl·f:>KeCJie,n:yJOII(He H3MeHeHHH rnaCHbiX MO)f(RO OTHOCHTb K Cy)f(eHHJO:
*neman > niman «6paTb», *lan3 > lon3 «.ZI,JIHHHbiH», *mlino > mona
«nyHa>>, naT. pondo «BeCOM>> > pund «<Pynn>?
12. HanwUIHTe sapHaHTHbie <PopMbl cne.n,yJOIIJ,Hx enos: and, land, lan3,
man(n), hand, lamb.
13. JlpoqTJfTe H nepeBe.ZI,HTe HH)f(eCJie.ZI,yEOIIJ,He CJIOBa. 06bHCHHTe, KaKHe
3B:YKH nepe.n,aJOTCH 6yKBaMH C, 3, .ll:Hrpa<PoM C3: cild, 3e0n3, 3lin, 3e,
sec3an, ma3an, bryc3, wician.
14. KaK cne,n:yeT qffTaTb 6yKBhi s, f, p B cnosax wesan «6biTh>>, lufu
«mo6osh>>, oper «.n:pyroif>>? KaK Bbi noHHMaeTe TepMHH no3HQHOHHbJe
BapwaHTbl <PoHeM? JloqeMy He06XO.ZI,HMO BBO.ZJ,HTb 3TO OOHHTHe?
15. Ha30BHTe ry6Ho-ry6Hble cornaCHbJe H CJIOBa, B KOTOpbiX OHH BCTpeqa-
IOTCJI.
16. CKoJibKO ry6Ho-3y6HbJX <PoHeM 6Mno B .n,peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM .ll3biKe?
17. Ha30BHTe cnosa c Me)f(3y6HbiMH H 3y6HhiMH (anr,seonHpHbiMH) corrrac-
HbiMH.
18. KaK ,n:OJI)f(Hbi pa311HlfaTbCH meneBbie cornacur,re B cne,n:yEOIIJ,HX napax
CJlOB? ,[(aifTe TpaHCKpHOQHIO 3THX CJlOB: hllif «XJie6» - hlliford «rOCllO-
.ll:HH»; cwrep «cKa3am> - cwepan «rosopHTb, cKa3aTn»; ras «BCTam> -
risan «BcTaBaTb».
19. Ha3oBHTe 3a.n,ue.ll3bJqHbie cornacHhre .n,pesHeaurnHHCKoro H3brKa.
20. JloqeMy cpe,n:He.ll3bl'-IHble corrraCHble cqJfTaJOTC.ll 003HQHOHHbiMH BapH-
aHTaMH? KaK pa3JIH'.JaJOTCH B 3Byqamm [x], [x'], [h)? KaKoB HX <PoHeM-
Hhtif CTaTyc?
21. KaKHe corrracHnre MOrrrH sr,ma,n:aTb: a) B cepe,n:HHe cnosa, 6) B Haqarre H
cepe.n,HHe cnosa?
13
22.KaK cne.n;yeT rrOHI1MaTh TepM11H nanaTaJII13alli1H? KaKI1e .n;pesHeaH-
rmli1cKI1e cornacHbie rranaTaJII130BaJII1Ch?
23. B KaKI1X CJiyqaHx HaqaJibHhlH (h) 11C4e3aJI 11 B KaKI1X COXpaHHJlCH B
COCTase CJIOBa?
24. 06oHCHI1Te pa3JIH411e COrJiaCHbiX B KOpHe CJIOB: rOT. Jaisjan - .n;a.
!reran (MnE teach), roT. maiza - .n;a. mara (MnE more); .n;a. wres
«6him> - wreron «6hiiiM».
25. IIpot.twTaihe cnosa, o6palllaH BHI1MaHI1e Ha npo113HOUieHue llleneBhiX
cornacHhiX: swa, cealf, steorra, ofer, ceosan, wisdom, weorpan. LJ:ai1Te
HX nepeBO,ll;bi Ha pyCCKI1H H3hiK.
KouTpOJILHLie oonpocLI
I. IIot.teMy HeKOTOphre pymtt.tecKue CI1MBOJJhi 6biJJI1 BKJJIOt.teHhi B cocTaB
JiaTMHCKOrO ancjJaBMTa?
2. CKOJihKO rnacnhiX 6yKs co.n;ep)f(aJI .n;pesueaHrnHHCKHH ancpaauT?
3. CKOJihKO rnaCIIhiX cjJoneM 6hrno B CI1CTeMe .n;pesHeaHrJJI1HCKHx rnacn&rx?
4. qTo noBJIHHJIO na .n;onroTy KOpHesoro rnacHoro B cjJopMe npoiiie.n;IIIero
speMeHI1 srede OT rnarona sec3an «CKa3aTh»?
5. IIot.teMy BCTpet.taroTCH .n;y6neTHhie cjJopMbi c H3MeHeiiHbiMH KOpHeBbiMI1
rnacn&IMI1 Tl1na mann/monn «4enoseK», cann/conn «3HaiO, Mory»?
6. CKOJibKO cornaCHbiX 6yKB 11Menocb B .n;pesueaHrnMHCKOM ancjJaBHTe?
7. CKOJihKO cjloneM HMenocb B cucTeMe .n;pesHeaHrmtHCKHx cornaCHhix?
8. CKOJihKO sap11aHTOB cornacHhiX cjJoHeM 11Menoch B .n;pesHeaHmui1cKOM
H3hiKe?
9. KaKwe cjJoHeMbi noHBHJI11Ch B pe3yJJhTaTe nanaTanw3al.lHI1 3a.n;HeH3hi4-
HhiX cornacHhrx?
10. B KaKux cnyt.taHx npo11cxo.n;11no Bhma.n;erme comacHhrx B cocTase cnosa?
TeMa 1.4. rpaMM3TH'IeCKHH CTpoif SI3LIKa .LJ.pesuero nepuo-
)J.a. CucTeMa HMenu
Ocuoouoe co.LJ.ep~auue TeMLI
CocTaB cnosa B .n;pesHerepMaHCKMX H3hiKax. fpaMMaTut.teCKI1e KaTero-
pHH HMeHM Cyll.leCTBHTeJihHOro: KaTerOp11H na.n;e)f(a, KaTeropHH po.n;a, KaTe-
14
1 opwn Y.l1cna. CI1JihHOe CKJIOHeHue cym:ecTBMTeJihHhiX (c ocHOBaMu na -a-,
~~-. -i-, -u-). Cna6oe CKJIOHeHue c ocHosoi1 Ha -n-. CKnoneHue cym:ecTBI1-
ICJihHbiX C OCHOBOH Ha -r-, C OCHOBOH Ha-S-> -r-, C KOpHeBbiMM OCHOBaMI1.
CwCTeMa uMeH npunaraTeJihHhiX. fpaMMaTI1Y.ecKoe cornacosamre c cy-
lllCCTBI1TeJihHhiM B po.n;e, 4HCJie 11 na.n;e)f(e. LJ:se cjJopMbl CKJIOHeHMH rrpuna-
IIITeJlhHhlX- HeOnpe.n;eJieHHaH (C11JibHaH, MJIM MeCTOI1MeHHaH) 11 Orrpe.n;e-
ICllllaH (cna6aR, HJIM 11MeHHaH). CHHTeTI1t.tecKwe 11 cynnneTHBllhie cpopMhi
c 1eneHei1 cpasHeHHH. HapeY.He.
MecTOI1MeHMH. fpaMMaTHlfeCKI1e KaTerop11H MeCTOMMeHHH. Jiut.tHhie
MeCTOMMeHMH. CKJIOHen11e. 06oco6nen11e cjJopM po.n;uTen&noro rra.n;e)f(a.
llnJJI1lfHe .n;soi1cTBeHHoro qucna y MeCTOI1Mei-mi1 1-ro 11 2-ro JIHQa. Pa3JIMY.I1e
110 po.n;aM y MeCTOHMeHMH 3-ro JJ11Qa e.n;uncTsenHoro 411CJia. Cosrra.n;enue so
MIIO)f(eCTBeHHOM 4HCJie rra.n;e)f(HbiX cjJopM BCeX Tpex po.n;OB.
YKaJaTeJI&Hhie MeCTOMMeHHH c ocna6neHHhiM yKa3aTen&HhiM 11 CMJih-
llbiM yKa3aTeiibHhiM 3HaY.eHueM. Hanl1lfMe KaTeropui1 po.n;a, lfHCJia 11 rra.n;e-
)f(a yKa3aTeJibHbiX MeCTOMMeHMH.
Borrpoci1TeiihHbie MeCTOMMeHI1H. CKJIOHen11e no THny yKa3aTeJibHbiX
MeCT011MeHMH.
060C06JieHMe cjJOpMbl TBOpMTeJibHOrO rra,ll;e)f(a e.n;I1HCTBeHHOrO Y.HCJia
MeCTOMMeHMH hwret.
Bonpocbt u JaOaHUR
I. KaKue JneMeHTbi sxo.n;11JIH a cocTas cnosa B .n;pesHerepMaHCKMX H3bi-
Kax? qeM OCHOB006pa3yl01lll1H cycjlcjJMKC OTJIHLJaeTCH OT CJJOB006pa3y-
lOillero cycjJcjJI1Kca?
2. CKOJibKO rra.n;e)f(eH cocTaBJIHJIH KaTeropHIO na.n;e)f(a cyllleCTBI1TeiihHOro?
3. KaK 6biJIM npe.n;cTasneHhi KaTeropuw po.n;a 11 lJI1Cna?
4. IJoqeMy CKJIOHeHHe CyllleCTBMTeJihHhiX C OCHOBOH Ha maCHblH ClJMTa-
eTCH CHJibHhJM?
5. flOlfeMy CKJIOHeHHe C OCHOBOH Ha -n- ClfMTaeTCH CJia6biM?
6. KaKoi1 ceMaHTHY.ecKHH npM3HaK o6oe.n;HHReT HMeua c ocHosoi1 ua -r- ?
7. B Y.eM 3aKJJIOY.anacb cneu11cjJ11Ka cyll.leCTBHTeiihHbiX c KOpHeBhiMH
OCHOBaMI1?
8. qeM onpe.n;eJIHJIMCb cjJopMbl CKJIOHeHI1SI .n;peBHeaHrJIMHCKI1X npunara-
TeJibHbiX? IIo':leMy cjJopM CKJIOHeHMH cyllleCTBMTeJibHbiX uaMnoro
6onbllle?
15
 9. KaKHe cpopMhJ CTeneaei1 cpasaeHH51 npHnaraTeJII>HhiX saM H3secTHhi?
06pa3yi1Te CTeneHH cpasHeHHH npHnaraTeJII>HhiX 30d «xopoumi1», yfel
«nnoxoih>, mycel «60JihlllOH», lytel «ManeHI>KHH».
10. KaK CTPYKTypHo pa3JII1'IaiOTC51 ,ll.pesaeaamHikKHe Hape4H51?
11. KaK MOrJIH CKJIOHHThC51 )l,pesueaHmHHCKHe JIH'iHI>Ie MeCTOHMeHHH?
12.floYeMy npoHCXO)I,HT o6oco6neu11e cpopM pO,ll.HTeJII>Horo na)l.e)f(a JIH'i-
HhiX MeCTOHMeiiHH?
13. qTO TaKOe )l.BOHCTBeHHOe 'iHCJIO y MeCTOHMeHHH 1-ro H 2-ro JlHQa?
14. KaK pa3JIH'iaJIHCh yKa3aTeJII>Hhre MeCTOHMeHHH s 3aBHCHMOCTH OT non-
BOTh! CBOero JieKCH'ieCKOrO 3Ha'ieHHH?
15. qTO C6JIH)f(aeT BOTipOCHTeJlbHhie H yKa3aTeJibHhie MeCTOHMeHHH B
nnaue CKJIOHeBHH?
16. KaK ceMaHTH'ieCKH pa3sHsaeTC51 cpopMa TBOpHTeJII>Horo na)l,e)f(a e)l.HH-
CTBeHHoro 'iHCJla MeCTOHMeHHH hwret?
KouTpOJibHbie oonpocbi
1. B YeM 3aKJIIO'ianaci> cpyHKQHH ocuosoo6pa3yiOmero cycpcpHKca?
2. KaKHe cne)l,bl cna6oro cKnouemiH cymecTBHTeJibHhiX c ociiosoi1 Ha-n-
coxpaHHJIHCh B COBpeMeiiHOM aHrJIHHCKOM H3biKe?
3. qeM TIO)l.TBep)f()l.aeTCH 06Il.lHH CeMaHTH'ieCKHH npH3JiaK HMeH C OCHO-
BOH Ha -r-?
4. floqeMy armnHTH'ieCKHe cpopMI>I cTeneHeH cpasHeHHH npHnaraTeJII>-
HhiX OTCYTCTBOBaJIH B )l,peaueaHrJIHHCKOM?
5. floYeMy MeCTOH MeHHH c ocna6neHHhiM yKa3aTeJibHbiM 3Ha'ieJmeM yno-
Tpe6nHJIHCh 'ialll,e, 'ieM MeCTOHMeHHH C CHJlhHbiM yKa3aTeJibHhiM 3IIa-
'ieHHeM?
TeMa 1.5. CucTeMa rJiaroJJa. IlopH.lJ:OK CJJOB B npe)J;JJOJKeuuu
Ocuoouoe co.LJ.ep~auue TeMbi
fpaMMaTH'!eCKHe KaTerOpHH '!HCJia, JIHI.(a, BpeMe~m, HaKJIOHeHHH,
Knacchi CHJihHbiX rnaronos (c Yepe)l,oBaHHeM). Knaccbi cna6I>rx maronos
(c cycpcpHKCaQHei1). CnpH)f(eHHe CHJihHhiX maronos. CnpH)f(erme maronos
c cycpcp.HKCal.(He~. Ilpert?PHTo-npe3eHTHhie rnarOJihi. CynnneTHBHhie rna-
16
• UJJhr. HenH'iHbie cpopMbi marona: HHcpHHHTHB H npH'iaCTHe. 3apO)f(,ll.eHHe
allaJIHTH'ieCKHX maroJII>HhiX cpopM. Oco6eaaocTH cwnTaKcwca )l,peaHeaH-
1JJHHCKoro H3hiKa. TwnhJ nopH)I,Ka enos a yraep,ll.HTeJihHOM npe,ll.JIO)J(eHHH:
11pHMOH, o6paTHhiH, CHHTeTH'!eCKHH. IlopH,ll;OK CJIOB B BOTipOCHTeJibHOM
11pe)I,JIO)f(eHHH. 11CTIOJib30BaHHe HeCKOJibKHX OTpHQaHHH B O)I,HOM npe)I,JI0-
11\CIIHH.
Bonpocbl u JaOaltUR
I. KaK H3MeHHJIHCh maroJihi s cpopMax e,ll.HHCTseunoro '!HCJia HaCTOH-
mero H npollle)l,lllero speMeuw?
2. KaKHMH speMeHHhiMH cpopMaMH 6biJia npe.n;craanena KareropHH ape-
MeHH )l,peaHeaHrJIHHCKoro rnarona?
3. qTO MO)f(HO CKa3aTb 0 KaTeropHHX 3aJiora H BH,ll.a B H3biKe TOrO BpeMeJ-m?
4. IlpoYTHTe H nepese,n;wTe cne)l,yiOlll.He npe)I,JIO)J(eHHH:
He mote lybban.... se cyn3 3af hem ealle leafe ham to farenne.
IlpoanaJIH3Hpyiire HX cocraa. CKa)f(HTe, a KaKHx cpopMax BbicTynaeT
raM HHcpHHHTHB. IlpH aHaJIH3e yYTHTe cne)l.yiOmee:
mote - cocnar. HaKJI. Hacr. ap., e,ll.. 'i., npeT.-npe3. mar. *motan -
MO'ib; lybban CM. libban mar. cn6. III.
3af- npolll. ap., e)!,. 'i., rnar. cnH. V 3iefan; leaf- pa3pellleHHe;
faren CM. faran mar. CJIH. VI.
5. CKOJihKO Knaccoa cocraaJIHJIH rpynny CHJibHbiX rnaronos? qTO Jie)J(aJio
B OCHOBe HX KJlaCCHcpHKal.(HH?
6. qTo Jie)J(aJio s ocHoae KJiaccHcpHKaQHH cna6bJX rnaronoa?
7. B YeM 3aKJIIO'ianacb cneQHcpHKa nperepHTo-npe3eHTHbiX rnaronoa?
KaKwe rnaroJII>J HBJIHIOTCH nperepHro-npe3eHTHbiMH a cne,ll.yiolll,eM
npe)I,JIO)J(eHHH: Hii mre3 ic hit witan lpftl ic ItTfa:3an';sceal. qTO MO)f(HO
CKa3aTb 0 cpopMe HHcpHHHTHBa B 3TOM npe)I,JIO)f(eHHH?
8. CKOJihKO cynnneTHBHhiX rnaronoa HMenoch s H3hiKe Toro nepHO)I,a?
9. KaKHe cpopMbi npHYaCTHH Monm 6biTh y CHJihHhiX H cna6I>Ix rnaronoa?
JO. fipO'iTHTe CJie,n;yiOil.lHe npe,ll.JIO)J(eHHH 11 CKa)f(HTe KaKHe aHaJIHTH'ie-
CKHe cpopMbi Ha'iHHaiOT 3apo)f()l,aTbcH s )I.a. nepwo)l,: Hwret sceal ic
sin3an? He hrefde pa stafas (= letters) awritene; ... hie wreron feohtende
ealne dre3. ' ,., ' '' ,r
11. B 'ieM 3aKJIIO'ianacb cneQHcpHKa )l,pesHf [v JSQ,CQ !(~ H WIS"nc~?
EH16.n ~OTEKA
17 I I
 12.Kant:e THllhi nopH~Ka CJIOB s yTsep~wTeJibHOM npe~JIO)f(emm H3hiKa
Toro speMenw Bhi 3HaeTe? llpwse~MTe npMMep Ka)f(~Oro TMna.
13. qTO xapaKTepHO ~JIH nopH~Ka CJIOB B BOnpOCHTeJibi-IOM rrpe~JIO)f(eHMM?
Cp.: Hwa is se man? Hw<et sceal ic sin3an?
A ,'"
14. llpoqTwTe 11 rrepese~MTe cJie~ywmee rrpe~JIO)f(eHMe: ... hie n<efre son3
. :~, selran ne hyrdon. qTO MO)f(HO CKa3aTb 06 OTpHI.J;aHJ111 B rrpe~JIO)f(eHJ111
Toro nepwo~a?
KouTpOJibHLie oonpoCLI
l. B KaKI1X cpopMax Mor BhiCTynaTb ~pesHeaHmHi1CKMH wucpwHI1T11B?
2.KaKMe npOHBJieHI1H aHaJIMTH3Ma Ha6mo~a!OTCH B CI1CTeMe ~peBHeaH­
rJIMHCKOrO maroJia?
3. IJoqeMy B npH~aTOqHbiX npe~JIO)f(ei-IMHX 11 B KOCBeHHOH peqH qacTO
ynoTpe6JIHeTCH COCJiaraTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHI1e?
4. KaK pa3JIMqaJII1Ch cpopMbi np11qacTHH II CHJibHhiX 11 cJia6bix maroJios?
5. IJoqeMy nOpH~OK CJIOB B ~peBI-IeaHrJIHHCKOM npe~JIO)f(eHI111 11MeeT BTO-
pOCTeiTeHHOe 3Haqenwe?
TeMa 1.6. CJiooapHLiii cocTaB ,ll,pesueaHrJiuiicKoro HJLIKa
Ocuoouoe co)J,epJKauue TeMbl
0CHOBHOJ1 CJIOBapHbiJ1 cpOH~ aHrJIHHCKOrO H3biKa KaK H3biKa repMaH-
CKOH rpynnr,1. 06lU,ewn~oesporrei1cKMe cnosa. 06merepMaHCKMe cnosa.
HcKOHHO aHrmti1cKaH neKCI1Ka. 3ai1MCTBOBaHwH 113 ~pyr11x H3biKOB.
Crroco6r,1 nononHeHI1H cnosapHoro cocTasa: acpcpwKcauwH, CJIOBOCJIO)f(e-
Hwe, 3aMMCTBOBaHI1H 113 naTI1HCKoro H3hiKa. KenhTCKI1e 3aHMCTBosaHI1H.
KaJibKH c JiaTHHCKoro H3hiKa.
Bonpocbl u 3aOaHUR
1. KaKI1e cJiosa MO)f(HO cqMTaTb OTHOcHmMMMCH K OCHOBIIOMY cnosap-
HOMy cpOH~y?
2. IJoqeMy CJie~yeT 0)1(11~aTb rrpe11MylU,eCTBeHHO CJIOBa repMaHCKOrO rrpo-
MCXO)f(~eHHH B OCHOBHOM CJIOBapHOM cpOH~e ~peBHeaHrJIHHCKOrO
H3biKa?
18
l. KaKHe M3 HH)f(e~aHHhiX CJIOB MoryT cqi1TaThCH: a) o611J,ewn~oesponei1-
cKwMw; 6) 0611J,erepMaHCKHMH; B) C06CTBeHHO aHrJII1HCKMMH; r) 3ai1M-
CTBOBaHHbiMI1: modor (MnE mother), sunu (MnE son), bin (MnE bin),
twa (MnE two), myln (MnE mill), heorte (MnE heart), wifman/wimman
(MnE woman), hand (MnE hand), winter (MnE winter), earm (MnE
arm), win (MnE wine), scol (MnE school), diin (MnE down), piper
(MnE pepper), fox (MnE fox), hlaford (MnE lord), cild (MnE child),
pJante (MnE plant). Pa3~eJII1Te 11X Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOlU,He rpyniTbl.
4. C KOpHHMH KaKHX pyCCKI1X CJIOB MO)f(H_O COOTHeCTI1 CJie~y10m11e CJIOBa
~pesHejlHrll!;fHCKoro H3biKa: drel/dol" (MnE dale), hrOf (MnE roof),
wopian/wepan (MnE weep), treo/treow "(MnE tree), beatan (MnE beat),
sunu (MnE son), hlaf (MnE loaf), 3eon3/i~'ng (MnE young), weal/wall
(MnE wall), eosol/esol/assa (MnE ass), ieolc/siolc (MnE silk), steorfa
(MnE death), sweotol (MnE clear), ceapian (MnE buy).
S. OxapaKTepw3yi1Te rrp11eM cycpcpwKcauwH s ~pesueaHrJII1HCKOM H3biKe.
6. Ha30BMTe ua116onee ynoTpe6MTenr,ur,Ie npecpwKChi Toro speMeuw?
7. qeM CJIOBOCJIO)f(eHHe OTJIHqaeTCH OT CJIOBOnp0113BO~CTBa?
H. Onpe~enwTe CTPYKTYPY cne~yl0ll1,11X enos 11 ~ai1Te HX nepeso~: en3lisc,
3esreli3lic, unspedi3, heofon-rice, ceapstow.
9. B KaKyro o6JiaCTb noHHTHH sxo~I1JIH naTI1HCKI1e 3aHMCTBOBamt:H TaK
ua3biBaeMoro nepsoro cnoH (nepwo~ p11MCKoro rocno~cTsa s nepsr,Ie
BeKa H.3.)?
10. KaKHe CJIOBa CJie~yeT OTHeCTH KO BTOpOMY CJIOIO JiaTHHCKHX 3aHMCTBO-
BaHI1H (sse~e1-111e xp11CTHaucTBa s HaqaJie VII s.)?
IJ . I1pHBe~I1Te OpHMepbi KeJibTCKHX 3aHMCTBOBai-IHH. lloqeMy OHH CTOJib
ManoqHcnemibi?
12. I1p11Be~I1Te OpHMepbl KaJieK C JiaTHI-ICKOrO H3biKa. qeM KaJibKH OTJIHqa-
lOTCH OT 3aHMCTBOBaHI1i1?
13. KaK Ha3r,rsaeTcH H3MeneuHe B nopH~Ke cne~osaHI1H 6yKs13syKoB s
cnose TMna ~a. frost- forst «Mopo3», acsian- asci an «cnpaumsaTb>), ~a.
byrnan - brynnan «ropeTh))?
KouTpOJibHLie oonpocbi
I. KaKMe cnosa sxo~HT B ocHOBHOH cnosapHhiH cpoH~ ~pesHeaHmHikKoro
H3hiKa?
19
 2. qTO TaKoe o6~eHH.n;oesponewcKa.SI neKCHKa? 06merepMaHcKa.SI neK- TeKCTbl JJ.JIH auaJiu3a u nepeBOJJ.a
CHKa? IJpHBe,l.l;HTe IIpHMepbi.
3. KaKHe cny'IaH II03BOJI.SIIOT npe.n;nonmKHTh HaJIH'IHe .SI3hiKOBbiX KOHTaK- TeKcm I. (H3 paccKa3a HOpBe)l(cKoro Kynua OxTXepe Koponm AnbQ>pe.n;y
TOB aHrJIH'IaH H CJiaB.SIH? 11 cro nepsoM nyTernecTBHH B cesepHI>Ie MOpH)

4. 3aHMCTBOBai1H.SI H3 KaKHX .SI3biKOB HaH60Jiee 3aMeTHbl B aHfJIHHCKOM PaccKaJ OXTxepe o ero nepsoM nyrewecTBHH (I)
.SI3hiKe .n;pesHero nepHo.n;a?
O hthere srede his hlaforde, JE!frede cynin3e, pret he ealra Nor5monna
5. KaKHe CIIOC06bi CJIOB006pa30BaHH.SI HCIIOJib30BaJIHCb B .n;peBHeaHrJIHH- uorpmest bilde. He cwre5 pret he bilde on prem Iande norpweardum wip pa
CKOM .SI3biKe?
Westsre.

06pa1eu. auaJiu3a JJ.pesueaurJiuiicKoro TeKcTa

TeMa 1.7. 06m:aH xapaKTepHCTHKa H3LIKa,l1,peBuero nepHo,lJ,a
npo'ITHTe H nepeBe,l.l;HTe .n;aHHbiH TeKCT, HCIIOJib3Y.SI HH)I(e,l.l;aHHbiH o6-
(ua MaTepua.Jie TeKCTa o nyremecTBHH OxTxepe)
J)<I1eU aHaJIH3a:
0CHOBHOe COJJ.ep~auue TeMbl llepeBO!l
CJIOBO rpaMM3TH'IeCK311 CoBpeMenHoe
C!lpeBHeaHrJIHH-
HaJIH'IHe oco6ow CHCTeMbi rnacHblx H comacHI>Ix Q>oHeM. <l>HKCH- B TeKCTe cJlopMa CJIOB3 CJIOBO
CKOfO
posaHHoe y.n;apemte. HaJIH'IHe rpaMMaTH'IeCKHX KaTeropHH po.n;a, 'IHCJia H
na.n;e)l(a B CHCTeMe HMeHHbiX qacTeli pe'IH. HaJIH4He comacosaHH.SI npHna- cym. co6cTBeHH., HM. na.11., - OxTxepe
Ohthere
e,ll. 'IHCJIO
raTeJibHbiX H yKa3aTeJibHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH C cy~eCTBHTeJibi-IbiMH.
fpaMMaTH'IeCKHe KaTeropHH JIHUa, 'IHCJia, speMeHH H HaKJIOHeHH.SI B CH- rnaron, 3 n., e.11. '1 ., npom. ap. CKaJaTb
siede SAY
CTeMe rnarona. IIpo6neMa KaTeropHH BH.n;a. Knaccbi CHJihHbiX, cna6r,Ix,
OT sec3an cn6. 3
npeTepHTO-npe3eHTI-IbiX 11 cynnneTHBI-IbiX marOJIOB. 0TJ-IOCHTeJibHO CB0- JI H'IH. MeeT., po.11. na.11., e.11. '! .,
erO,CBOH
his HIS
60,l.l;HbiH IIOp.SI,l.l;OK CJlOB B npe,l.l;JlO)I(eJ-IHH . Xoporno pa3BHTa.SI CHCTeMa aQ>- OT he, 3 Jl. , e,ll. '! ., M. p.
Q>HKCaUHH H CJIOBOCJlO)I(eJ-IH.SI. 0CHOBHOH CJlOBapHbiH Q>OH,l.l; H 3aHMCTBO- cym., .11aT. na.11., e.11. '1 . oT
hlaforde LORD X03l!HH, fOCUO,liRH
BaHHa.SI JleKCHKa. hlaford a-M
cym., co6cTBeHH., ,llaT. rra.11.,
tElfrede ALFRED Anb4Jpe.ll
KouTpOJibHbie Bonpocbi e,ll. '1.

1. C cym., .li3T. na,ll., e,ll. '1 . OT KOpOJib

KaKHMH .n;peBHHMH repMaHCKHMH .SI3biKaMH 6JIH)I(e BCero CB.SI3aH cynin3e KING
cynin3 a-M
.n;peBHeaHfJIHHCKHH .S13biK?
pret CO!OJ THAT '!TO
2. BqeM 3aKJIIO'Ianc.SJ oco6hiH xapaKTep .n;pesHeaHmHwcKow CHCTeMbl I

maCHbiX H COfJlaCHbiX Q>oHeM? JI H'!H. MeCT., M. p. , 3 Jl. , e,ll. '!.,

he HE OH
3. Cnosa KaKHX qaCTew pe'IH HMeml pa3sepHyTyiO napa.n;HrMy CKJIOHeHH.SI HM . na.11.
B .n;peBHeaHfJlHHCKOM .SI3biKe? MeeT., po.11. rraa., MH. '!., OT
ealra ALL ace
4. qeM pa3JIH'IaJIJfCb KJlaCCbl .n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKHX marOJlOB? eal
5. fiO'IeMy IIOp.SI,l.l;OK CJIOB B npe,l.l;JIO)I(eHHH TOfO BpeMeHH MO)I(HO C'IHTaTb cym., po.11. na.11., MH . '!. oT
Nor6monna NORTHMAN CKaH,liHHaB
CB060,l.l;HbiM? Norpmann KOpH.-M

20 21
 flepCBOll IIepeBOll
CJIOBO fpaMMBTH'ICCKBH CoopeMennoe CJIOBO fp8MMBTH'ICCK8H CoopeMennoe CllPCBHC&HrJIHH-
CllPCBIICanrmtH- IJIOpMa CJIOBB CJIOBO
B TCKCTC «JJopMa CJIOBB CJIOBO B TCKCTC cKoro
cKoro
norpmest Hape'IHe NORTHMOST cesepuec scero
land
bude
rn., 3 n., e)l..
buan anoM.
'1 ., nporn. sp., OT
- )f(HTb
sie
,, I

rn., 3 n., ea. '1., npow . sp. OT

cwreo - CK313Tb
CWCOan CJIH. 5
swiPe
r
\. r
.... .\. ...
'U
on npe)l.nor c )l.aT.IBHH . na)l.. ON ua I ' f • ! I
1
I.
YK333T. MeCT., Cp. p., )l.3T. la113 l. t'
prem THAT 3TOT,TOT
na)l.., ea. '1 . OT pret
cyw., )l.aT. na.11.., e)l.. '1. oT land norp
,t
' .
.._" I
Iande LAND 3eMJJll, CTpana
a-c
npHnaraT., )l.aT. na)l.., e)l.. '1. OT B CCBCpiiOM
ponan
..
norpweardum
norpweard
NORTHWARD
nanpasneHHH '"
ac \l '"'
wip npe)l.nor c po)l..IBHH.I.!I.aT. na)l.. WITH OKOJIO
yKa3aT. MeCT., )f(. p., BHH .
pa THAT JTOT, TOT hit
na.n., e.11.. '1. , oT seo
Cy[ll., BHH. na)l.., e)l.. '1. OT 3ana)l.HOe MOpe,
is
Westsre Westsre WESTSEA ATnaHTH'ICCKHH '
OKeaH
-
eal
TeKcm II. (113 paccKa3a OxTXepe)
He srede peah pret pret land sie sw!pe la113 norp ponan; ac hit is eal weste, weste \
,...
biiton on !eawum stowum styccemrelum wiciao Finnas, on huntooe on win- '
\ .... !'" '
tra and on sumera on fiscape be prere sre. buton
'
llpoaHaJIH3Hpyi1Te He OTMeqeHHbJe paHee CJIOBa TeKCTa, 3aTeM npOqTH-
ieawum •
Te 11 nepeBe,n;HTe ero Ha pyccKHH ji3biK. )J,ai1Te B03MO)f(Hbie BapHaiiTI>I nepe-
Bo,n;a Ha COBpeMeHHbii1 aHrJIHHCKHH.
stowum I .. I \ .
CJIOBO
B TCKCTC
fpaMMBTlf'ICCKBH CoopcMennoe
CJIOBO
Ilepeooa
CllPCBIICaHrJIHH- . .. "
'
«JJopMa CJIOBB styccemrelum
cKoro l'

peah r
wTciao
;• '
I ~ '
l
-
22 23
 CJJOBO
B TCKCTC
rpaMM3TH'ICCK3R
CoopeMenuoe ncpCDO.ll 2 l.JaCTb
cflopMa CJIOBa C .llPCDIIC811rJJHH
CJJOBO
CKoro
CPE,LI;HEAHrJIHHCKHH IIEPHO,LI;
Finnas
!J-~l(,t·r~
huntooe
(:tf (I' _, H
wintra
TeMa 2.1. HopMaH,ZJ.CKoe Jaooeoauue AnrJJHH. RlbiKoBaH
}_t 1 vi ( CHTyaQHH llOCJJe HOpMaH,ZJ.CKOrO 33BOCB3HHH
and
,' Ocuosuoe coAep~auue TeMbi
sumera
Jr ' l'l
'
HopMaHLJ,CKOe 3aaoeaaRHe EpHTaHHH.
nHTaa npu facTHHrce (14 OKTn6pn 1066 r.). BHJibfeJI.bM 3aaoeaaTeJib
fiscape
tv'}.' I I
1
0 .: ' npoao3rnaiiieH KoponeM AHrnHH. focno.D,CTBO <}lpaHUY3CKoro j!JbiKa a BhiC-
wHx COUHaJibHbiX c<}Jepax; na.D,eHHe pOJIH aHrJIHHCKOfO n3biKa B 06ll.leCTBeH-
be
HOM )f(H3HH. Pa3BHTHe peMecen H Toproanu H 3apO)f(.ll,eHHe KanHTaJIHCTH4.e-
}-'
CKHX OTHOIIIeHHH B ropO.D,aX. 060CTpeHHe KJiaCCOBbiX npOTHBOpe4.HH H
prere
j.,. ~ : rpa)f(LJ,aHCKan aowua 1263-1267 rr. Co3LJ,amte napnaMeHTa (1265 r.). Eopb6a
aHrnHHCKoro n3hiKa c <}lpaHUY3CKHM. 06paw,euue feupHxa III K uaceneHHIO
sre AurnHH ua aunmiicKOM n3hiKe (1258 r.). llocTaHoaneuHe napnaMeHTa o ae-
I I,'
.
1'·.
\
)J.eHHH cy)J.onpoH3BO)J.CTBa ua aHrJIHHCKOM n3hiKe (1362 r.). PoeT 3Ha4eHHn
JlOH)J.OHCKOfO )J.HaJieKTa. ilHChMeHHhie naMHHHKH Ha JlOH.ll,OHCKOM )J.HaJieK-
llpoTpaHcKpH6Hpyihe npe.D,JIO)f(euHn TeKcToa I H II, lll'IIOJJr, ry11 11111'1KH Te (B033BaHHe feHpHxa III OT 1258 r., C04HHeHHn qocepa (1340-1400),
COBpeMeHIWH anrJIHMCKOJ;i TpaHCKpHOUHH, a TaK)f(e: jxj J(JIII IIIYI•II, IIOXO- fay3pa (1325-1408), YHKJIH<}la (1320-1384)). CTaHoaneHHe JloH)J.OHCKoro
)f(ero Ha pyccK. «x»; [y] no.D,o6Ho IO)f(uopyccKOMy Hnu ykparrrrrkol\ry ((f'», )J.HaJieKTa KaK HaUHOHaJihHOrO aHrJIHHCKOfO n3hiKa.
[y] no.D,o6rw LJ,a. cyn(n) «po.D,, nneMn», <}lpam,~. June, IICM . fOr
Bonpocbl u 3adallUR
TeKcm Ill (113 npe.D,HcnoaHn Ano<}lpe.D,a K TpaK·r a r y «0(,, wr rr rol 111 lla-
CTDipR») 1. KaKHe aeKa Tpa,ll.HUHOHHO OTHocnTcn K cpe.D,HeaHrJIHHCKOMY nepHo)J.y?
2.KeM 6biJIH HOpMaH)J.Ubl flO npOHCXO)f()J.eHHIO?
.tElfred cynin3 hateo 3retan Wrerfero biscep his wonftrr1r lrrllrll' ond 3. KTo cTan KoponeM AHrnHH a pe3yJihTaTe no6e)J.hi HOpMaHLJ,UeB?
freondlice ond Oe cyoan hate, Oret Il}e COm swioe Oft Oil jl'lllyllcl. lrwc.:fce 4. qTO npe,ll.CTaBJinJia C060H COUHaJibHan CTpyKTypa aHrJIHHCKOrO o6rue-
wiotan iii wreron/ 3iond An3elcynn, re3oer 3e 30dcund ra huda ~1r '' lllllldeun- CTBa XII-XIII sa.?
dra, ond hii 3esreli3lica tida oa wreron 3iond An3elcynn. 5. CKOJibKO n3hiKOB cocyruecTaoaanu a AHrnHH Toro nepHO)J.a?

lll'jll'lll';lll ll~
6. Kai< anunno pa3BHTHe peMecen, ToproBJIH, npoH3BO)J.HTeJihHhiX cun Ha
llpoaHaJIH3Hpyihe LJ,aHHDIM TeKCT, 3aTeM np04THTC II CIO.
n3hiKoayro CHTyauHIO a AHrJIHH?
24
\ 25
 7. KaKHe <PaKTOpbi cnoco6cTsosanH CKna.n;biSaHHIO e.n;HHoro HaU:HOHanh-
Horo H3biKa?
8. liTO 6naronpHHTCTSOsano npesparu:eHHIO JlOH)l;OHa S 3KOHOMH4eCKHH H
KYJihTYPHbiH u:eHTp cTpaHbi?
9. KaK pa3SHBaiOTCH .n;peBHeaHfJIHHCKMe .n;ManeKTbi s nepMo.n; rocno.n;cTsa
<f>paHU:Y3CKOrO H3hiKa?
10. liTo Bhl,n;enHno JIOH.D;OHCKMif .n;ManeKT cpe.n;M .n;pymx .n;ManeKTos AllrJIMM
Toro rrepMo.n;a?
II. KaKMe TIHChMeHHbie rraMHTHHKM CBH.D;eTeJihCTBYIOT o nocTeneiiiiOM
pacumpeHMM c<f>ephi ynoTpe6neHHH aHmMifcKoro H3btKa?
KouTpOJihHhie sonpochl
1. liTO C4MTaeTCH HaqaJIOM cpe.n;HeaHrJIMHCKOrO nep110;~a 0 IICTOpHM
aHrJIHHCKOfO H3biKa?
2. Cne.n;yeT JIM pa3JIH4aTb TepMMHbi «HOpMaiiHbi» 11 «uopMau;u(~>m?
3.MO)f(IJO JIH CKa3aTb, 4TO <f>pauu:y3CKHH H3blK 6btJI roCy)(Uf>Cl'llCllllblM
H3bJKOM B AHfJIHH XII-XIII BB.?
4.KaKMe .n;ManeKTbi cyru:ecTBosanH B AHrJII1M M YTO o6ccJJc•tuua;to npe-
HMyru:ecTBeHHoe rronoiKeHMe ,n;ManeKTa ropo.n;a Jlou,noua'?
5. KaKou ypoBeHb cTpyKTypbi aumMifcKoro H3bt Ka n pcTcpttCJt caM bie
60JibUIHe H3MeHemiH ITO)]; BJIHHHHeM <f>pauu:y3CKOrO?
TeMa 2.2. llHCLMCHHOCTb cpe,uHeaHrJJuncKoro II(.'IHW;~a
Ocuoouoe co~ep~auue TeMbl
Herrocne.n;osaTeJibHOCTb op<f>orpa<f>MH cpe.n;11eau rJtu iic1<01 o lll' PIIOJILl 11
OTCYTCTBHe o6Iu:eH3biKOBoif HOpMbi. Oco6eJIHOCTII llllllllt'IIIIIIH J(OJII'HX
fJiaCHbiX. il3MeHeHHH B o6naCTH COfJiaCHblX. rpaCj)I1'1C.!Ct< Ill: Ol'O(Il' ll IIOCrH
KOHU:a CJIOBa. .[(MaJieKTbl cpe,n;HeaHrJIHHCKOfO rrep110~a : II H) I Jill II J(ll\11 ii , ce-
sepHbiH (Northern), u:eHTpanbHbiH (Midland) c no; qnl'l)(l!Jil'll 11 HMil 1111 ·w-
rra.n;HbiH (West Midland), BOCT04HbiH (East Midland) 11 1())1\IIJ,Jil (So111h e rn).
CoYeTaHMe npH3HaKos u:euTpanbHoro M IO)f(HOro .Ll.HOJJl!l' 1 ou 11 Jtii:IJJc t<Te
ropo.n;a Jiou.n;oHa. OcuoBHbie ITHCbMeHHbie rraMHTIIHKJ1 : Pem11 11111111111 110') -
Ma «Yrpbi3eHMe coBeCTH>> Po6epTa Ponne. 1103Ma «0pMyJIYM)) ~IIIIIIIXa
26
OpMa (KoHeu: XIII B.). «BM.n;eHHe o IleTpe rraxape» YHJibHMa JleHm3H.n;a,
«bpyn> JlaifaMOHa. «IJOJIHXpOHHKOH»- rrepeso.n; CJiaTHHCKOfO ,[(IKOHa ,n;e
TpeBH3bi. PenHm03HbiH TpaKTaT «Yrpbi3eHHe coBeCTM» (Ayenbyte of
l nwyt) ypoiKeHu:a Kerua .[(3Ha M11Yena. l1o3Ma «bproc» ,[(IKoHa Eap6epa o
60pb6e 3a He3aSHCHMOCTb lliOTJiaH)l,HH.
Bonpocbl u 3aOauuR
I. KaKHe 6yKBbi Hcrronb30BanH rrHCU:bi .n;nH rrepe.n;aYH 3ByKa [u:] B HaYane,
cepe.aHHe H KOHU:e cnoBa? .[(af!Te cpe.n;HeaHrJIHHCKoe HarrHcaHHe cne.n;y-
roru:Mx enos: Ut, hiis, nii.
2. IJoqeMy 3BYK (u) H306pa1KaJIC.II 6yKBOH 0 p.ll,!l,OM C 6yKBaMH U (v), m , n,
f? HarrpHMep, sone (.aa. sunu) «ChlH», love (.aa. lufu) «nro6osb», comen
(.n;a. cuman) «rrpHXO,!l,HTb».
3. KaK cne.n;yeT 4HTaTb ca. field «none», thief «BOp», 3aHMCTsoBaHHoe
chief «rnaBHbiii»?
4. lleM 06bHCH.IIeTC.II sse,n;eHHe )l,Mrpa<Pa Ch )l;n.ll CnOB TMITa child (.n;a. cild
«pe6eHOK»)? IlpMse,!J,HTe .n;pyme cnyYaM.
5. KaKOH 3BYK o6o3Ha4aiOT 6yKSbi g, j, ,n;Hrpa<P dg B cnoBax TMrra corage
«Xpa6pOCTb», joy «pa,!l,OCTb», bridge «MOCT>>? IJpMBe.D;HTe aHanorH4Hbie
cnyqaM.
6. KaKOH 3SYK rrepe,!l,aiOT HarrMCaHH.II sh, sch S CJIOBe ship/schip?
7. KaK cTanH pa3nMYaTbC.II 3BYKM, nepe.n;asaeMbie B HarrHcaHMM gh 11 h?
HarrpMMep: heven (.n;a. heofon «He6o»), night (.aa. niht «H04h»).
8. KaK cTanM rrHcaTb cne.ayroru:He .n;a. cnosa: drincan «ITMTb», cepan «.aep-
IKaTb», ceorfan «pe3aTb»?
9. BoccrauosMTe .n;pesHeaHrnMHCKHe <PopMbi cnoB now, right. 06b.IICHMTe,
IT04eMy B nepBOM cnose BTOpOH 3JieMeHT )l,Mrpa<Pa BbipaiKeH 6yKBOH W.
10. KaKHe HarrMcaHM.II 6biJIH sse.n;eHbi B cpe.aHeaHrJIMHCKMH nep11o.n; .n;n.11
.apesHeaHrJIMHCKMX enos TMna: 3iefan «.n;aBaTh», 3ear «ro.n;», dre3
«.aeHb», 36d «xopoumfi»?
11. KaK M3MeHHJIOCb HanHcamte cnos THrra .n;a. hwile «BpeM.II», hwit
«6enbiH», hwret «YTO»?
12. KaK MOIKHO onpe.n;enHTb 3TOT BH.D; MeTaTe3bi?
13 . .[(aiiTe cpe.aHeaHrnHHCKHe <f>opMbi cne.ayromMx enos: ham, slrepan, boc,
mre3den, hali3, hrerfest, hlredder, 31red, 3fetan, hund, nrefre .
....,. ' io. (I i
27
 KonTpOJILHble oonpocbl
5. KaK na3biBaeTc.II cpoHeTH'fecKoe RBnen11e, s pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo npo-
I. KaK11e 6yKBbr ~pesueaHm11ikKoro ancpaBI1Ta HCYe3JIH 113 uan11caHw1 1130IIIJIO 113MeneHI1e rnacHbiX B cnyqa,qx THna: ~a. 3an > ca. goon
11Jll1 6bJJII1 113MeHeUbi? «XOJI.HTM; ~a . hwa > ca. who «KTO»; ~a. sre > ca. se/sea «Mope»?
2. KaKHe cnosa
nepHo~?
no~seprn11cb opcporpacp11lfecKoif MeTaTe3e a cpe~~mif 6. KaK H3MenReTc.II rnacHbiH [re] B cpe~HeaHrnHHCKHH nepHOJI. s cnosax
pret <OTO», wres «6hrn»?
3. KaKHe ~11rpacpbr IIORBI1JI11Cb B cpe~HeaHrJI11HCKOM IIHCbMe? 7. KaK ua3biBaeTCR npoQecc, s pe3ynbTaTe KOToporo 113MeH.II10TC.II cne~y-
4. KaK11e 3BOHK11e IL(enesbre nonyYI1JI11 OTpa)l(erme s opcporpa~>H w? 101L(I1e ~pesHeanrnHHCKI1e ~11tPTOHm: ea (~a. eall > ca. all «BeCb>>), ea
5. KaK11e 3BOHK11e IL(enesbre He nonylfi1JI11 OTpa)l(eJCI1R ua IIHC~>Me'? (~a. stream > ca. strem «noTOK»), eo (~a. steorra > ca. sterre «3Be3~a>>),
eo (~a . deop > ca. deep «rny6oKHH>>)?
8.KaKHe cpe~HeaHrJII1HCKHe ~HtPTOHfl1 MO)l(IIO BblBeCTI1 113 CJie)l,yiO~I1X
TeMa 2.3. ClloneTHqecKHii CTpoii. HJMeHeHHH o cncTeMe cooTBeTCTBI1H <PopM: ~a. we3 > ca. wei /wey «~opora»; ~a. dre3 >ca. dai/
rJiaCHLIX tfloHeM day «~enb>>; )l,a. la3u > ca. !awe «JaKom>; ~a. snaw > ca. snow «CHen>; ~a.
bo3a > ca. bowe «nyK»; ,n:a. cneow > ca. knew «JIIan»?
Ocuoouoe COJJ:ep'Kauue TCMbl 9. KaKHe <Ponent<JeCKI1e 113MeneHH.II npo1130IIIJIH s cnoaax pleyen (.n:a.
3aBI1C11MOCTb KOJIH'feCTBa rnacHoro OT cpouenrYeCKIIX ycJIOBHif. ple3ian «HrpaTb»), feir/fair (~a. fre3er «KpacHBbiH»)?
Pe~yKQHR Hey~apHblX rnacHbrx OKOH'faH11H 11 pa3BHTHe rpaMMn III•ICCKoro 10. Onpe,nenHTe, s KaKoif <PopMe ,n:OJI)l(Hbi BbiCTynaTh ,n:peaHeannmikKI1e
CTpOR. CoKpalL(eH11e ~onr11x rnaCHbrx B 3aKpb1TOM cnore 11epe; ( 1pynnoif tacen 11 prawan s .II3hrKe cpe,n:Hero nep11o,n:a 11 ,n:aifTe 11x nepeso,n.
cornacnbrx. Cy)l(eH11e rnacHbrx. Y~JII1HeH11e KpaTKHx rnac11r.1x 11 orKpbr- 11. noKa)f(HTe, KaK ,[(OJI)f(Hbl 113MeHHTbC.II, C y<JeTOM tPOHeTI1KO-op<Porpa-
TbiX cnorax. Bo3H11KHOBeHHe KpaTKoro a. MoHocpTOilr"H'HlltiiH )(JlCIIIICall- tPI1<JeCKI1X H3MeHetmif cpe,nHeaHrnl1ifcKoro nep11o,n:a, <PopMhi rnarona
mi1HCKI1X ~11cpTOHros. Bo3HHKHOBeH11e HOBbiX ~HcpTollron. ,na. cnawan cnH. 7 «3HaTb»: cnawan - cneow - cneowon- cnawen.

Bonpocbl u :JQOOitUJl KouTpOJILHLie oonpocLI

('!'!,/'
!f-t':4. npe~crasmlJia co6oif CI1CT~Ma ma6H~rx cpe~Hea1mwiic1<01 tllll'PIIOJJ.a?
I. qTO .I •,# ,..
1. B KaKHX ycnos11Rx noa:BJI51JIC51 HeihpanbHhiH rnacHbiif?
2.KaK 113MeHRIOTC,q KpaTKHe rJiaCHble B OTKpbiTbiX CJIOrax"/ JJo•ll'My JJiaC- 2. qTO xapaKTepHO ,[(JI51 rnaCHbiX B OTKpbiTbiX CJIOrax?
Hbie CTaHOBRTC,q ~0Jlf11MH B CJie~yiOIQI1X CJlOBax: JJ.a. nosu l'll . nose 3. KaK 113MeHH10TC51 ,nonr11e rnaCHbie s JaKpbiThiX cnorax nepe.n: rpynnoif
[n:):z~J «HOc»; ~a. nama > ca. name [na:m~J «HMR», talu cu lull• !Ia:b)
«paccKa3»?
cornacnbrx?
4. KaK 113MeH51JII1Cb ,nonr11e [a:] 11 [re:]?
3. KaK Ha3biBaeTc,q npoQecc 11 pe3yJibTaT ocna6ne1111n I'J J:tCIIor o 11 llcy; tap- 5. KaK 113MeH.IIJJI1Cb KpaTKI1e [ea] 11 [re]?
HbiX cnorax s cnyqa,qx THna ~a. stanas >ca. stones «KUMfllf)); (II . sunu
>ca. stne «CbiH»; ~a.
tellan >ca. tellen «paccKaJulna·r r.»'! Kal\lll' 'IIIU•re- TeMa 2.4. HJMeneHHH o CHCTeMe corJiacnLix cpe)J.nero ne-
H11e 3TO 11MeJio ~JI,q pa3BI1T11R aHrJI11HCKOH MOpcpOJIOI II 11'!
pHO)J.a
4. qeM 06'bRCHReTCR COKpaiQeH11e ~0Jlf0Tbl fJiaCIIOrO B COO IIIOl'fl I t.:JIIoll hi X
cpopMax cpe~HeaHrJI11HCK11X
CJIOB TI1IIa WlS (~OJif ~Iii r:) «MYJtpr.rlh> VS. 0CHOBHOe COJJ;ep'K3HHe TeMLI
Wisdom (KpaTK11H i) «My~pOCTb»; ca. kepen (~011111ii c:) «XJWIIIIIJ,)) VS.
kepte (KpaTK11H e) «xpaH11JI»? 3asepiiiemte o6pa30BaHI1.1I IIII10SHQ11X (<Pp11KaTI1BHbiX 11 a<P<PpHKaT).
YTpaTa <PoHeMbi [x] 11 ee cpe,nneRJhPfl-IOro sapMaHTa [x']. Cy,n:b6a KOHelJHO-
28
29
 ro [x]. AKI.IeHTHa» CTpyKTypa HCKOHHoi:f 11 3aHMCTBOBaHHOH neKCHKH.
Cy.n.I>6a <jlpaHI.IY3CKHx 3ByKoa a 3aHMCTBOBaHHhiX cnoaax 11 H3MeueiiHe Me-
CTa y.n.apeHHH B CJIOBax <jlpaHI.IY3CKOro npOHCXO)f()l.ei-111».
Bonpocbt u :JaoanuR
1. qTo xapaKTepH3yeT CHCTeMy cpe.n.HeaHrJIHHCKHX cornacubiX no cpas-
HeiiHJO c rnaciibiMH cooTBeTCTBYJOru:ero nep11o.n.a? YeM 06b.IICH»eTc»
CTa6HJibHOCTb COrJiaCHbJX?
2.KaK H3MeHHJJOCb lfTeHJ:te H HaTIHCaHHe )l.peBHeaurmti:fcKHX CJJOB cild
«pe6eHOI<», scip «I<opa6nb», bryc3 «Mocn> B cpe.n.ueaurnHHCKttli nep11o.n.?
3. K lfeMy npHBO.lJ.Hna )'TpaTa <jloHeMbi [x] H ee cpe.n.ueH3bJ<IJJOro uapHauTa [x']
(B HaTIHCaHHH gh) B cepe)l.HHe CJIOB night (nix't) «IIOlfb», fight flix'tj «CBeT»?
4. KaK H3MeH.IIJIC.II KOHelfHblH 3BYK [x] B CJIOBax .n.a. ruh > ca. rough [ru:x]
«rpy6biM», .n.a. 3e-noh >ca. enough [enu:x] «.n.ocTaT0411blii; J(OCI a rOYIIO»?
5.0TMeTbTe, I<aK 113MeHHJJOCb 'fTeiiHe 11 y.n.ape1111e B CJIOIIHX Cj)paJJLJ,y3-
CK0fO npoHCXO)f(JJ.eHH.II Ha npHMepe ca. corage [ku'rad,pj «J(yx, xpa-
6pocTb»; resoun [re'zu:n] «pa3yM»; nacioun [na'sju:nj «IIHI(JJSJ» vs. ua.
courage, reason, nation.
6. qTO MO)f(HO CKa3aTb 0 CYJJ.b6e <jlpaHI.IY3CKHX '3ByKOJI 110 COIIpt.:Ml!IIIIOMy
npoH3IIOWeHmo cne.n.yiOru:Hx cnoa: people [cJ>patJJ(. p<ipfl «JJapo.n.»,
coap. people; boef [bof] «6biK», coap. beef; nature..: 1natu rc..:J <o 1p11 po.n.a»,
coap. nature?
7. IIoKa)f(HTe H3MeHeHH» <jlpaul.ly3CKHx HOCOBbiX rnat.:flhiX 1ij, lei. li'iJ, [6]
Ha npHMepe coapeMemwro lfTeHH.II 3aHMCTnouallltt.IX l'JIOII, JJtstance
«npHMep, cnyqaif»; simple «npocToif»; offence «Of>fi;(H», nwmber
(<PpaHu. membre) «lfJJei-m; abandon (<jlpafJJ.(. abundonl'r) «luu, IIJ(HTb»;
round (<jlpaHQ. ronde) «KpyrnbiH».
KonTpOJibHble Bonpoct.~
l. IJoqeMy TiaJiaTaJIH3aQHJO Cpe)l.HeH3bllfHbiX CM bftfll hi X Off Jll~)(l'JI )flO I Ill 10-
f)l.a TepMHHOM «aCCH6HJJ»UHH»?
2.KaK 113MeHHJIC» CTaTyC 3BOHKHX ll\eJieBbiX COJ'JtaCJJI,f\;?
3. KaK H3MeHHeTC» <jloHeMa [x] H ee BapHain [x']?
4. KaKHe comacHbie MornH BOKaJIH30BaTbCH?
S.KaK MeHHeTCH y.n.apeHHe B cnoaax <jlpaHI.IY3CKOI'O ''JlOfll'\o,,, ll'ffll»'l
30
TeMa 2.5. rpaMM3TH'1eCKHH CTpoii. H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe
HMeHH
0CHOBHOe co.r.epiKaHHe TCMbl
CoKpameHHe <jlneKTHBHOM cHcTeMhi cyru:ecTBHTeJibHoro. Pacna.n; HMeH-
HOM KJiaccH<jJHKaQHH no ocHoaaM. YHH<jJHKaUHH <jlopM Bbipa)!(eHH» lfHcna.
YTpaTa rpaMMaTHI.fecKoro po.n;a. YHH<jJHI<aum~: CKJJOHeHHH HMeH npHnara-
TeJihHhiX. 11clfe3HOBeHHe cornacoaaHHH. 113MeHeHHe cTeneHeif cpasHeHHH.
Bo3HHKHOBeHHe aHaJIHTHlfeCI<HX <jlopM cTeneHeif cpaaHeHHH. 113MeHeHH.II
a CKJIOHeHHH JIHlfHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe HOBhiX <jlopM JIHlf-
HbiX MeCTOHMeHHH (3-ero JIHUa )!(eHCKOfO po.n.a e,n;HHCTBeHHOfO lfHCJia 11
3-ero JIHUa MHO)!(eCTBeHHOfO lfHCJia). 113MeHeHH.II B CHCTeMe yKa3aTeJib-
llbiX MecTOHMeHHH. CTaHOBJieHHe apTHKJJH. CTaHoaneHHe pa3p.R.n;a npHTH-
)!(aTeJibHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH (a6COJIJOTHbie H COOTHOCHTeJibHbie <jlopMbl).
HapelfHe. CTeneHH cpaBHeHHH HapelfHH.
Bonpocbt u :JaoaHUR
1. KaK npoao.n;Hnacb rpynnHpOBKa cymecTBHTeJibHbiX a .n;peaHeaHmHii-
cKHH nep11o.n;?
2.IJOlfeMy HClfe3aeT rpynnHpOBKa cyru:eCTBHTeJibHbiX no OCHOBaM B
cpe.n.HeaHrJIHHCKHH nepHop;?
3. KaKyJO ponb a cy.n;1>6e CKJIOHeiiH.II Chirpana pe.n;yKI.IH.II 6e3y.n.apHbiX
rnaCHbiX?
4. KaK pa3JIHlfaJOTCH coxpaHHBllmec.~~: THnhi cKnoneimi:f a cpe.n;HeaHrnHi1-
CKHH nepHO,n;?
5. 0 lfeM CBH)l;eTeJihCTByeT cpe.n;HeaHrJIHHCKaH <jJOpMa MHO)!(. lfHCJia chil-
dren vs . .n;a. cildru?
6. KaK o6pa30BbiBaJIH <jlopMy MHO)f(eCTBeHHoro lfHCJia cymecTBHTeJihHbie
KOpHeBbiX OCHOB?
7.fiOlfeMy yTpa<maaeTCH KaTeropHH rpaMMaTHlfeCKOfO pop;a cymeCTBH-
TeJibHbiX?
8. qTO xapaKTepH3yeT npHnaraTeJibHOe KaK lfaCTh pelfH B cpe.n;HeaHrJIHH-
CKHH nepHo.n;?
9. IJoqeMy HClfeJaeT cornacoaaHHe KaK cnoco6 Bhipa)!(eHHH CHHTaKCHlfe-
cKoii CBH3H?
31
 10. KaK H nolfeMy B03HHKaeT aHanHTHlfeCKHH cnoco6 o6pa3oaamHI cpaa-
HHTen&HOH H npeBOCXOL(HOH CTeneHeH cpaBHeHHH?
Bonpocbl u 3aOaHUR.

11. KaK H3MeHHJJaC& Oa,[(e)I(HaH CHCTeMa JlH4HhJX MeCTOHMelJHH?
12. liTO MO)I(HO CKa3aTb 0 OOHBJleHHH HOBhJX MeCTOHMelJHH she H they/their?
13. KaK H3MeHHIOTCH yKa3aTeJJ&Hhie MeCTOHMeHHH?
14. KaK HaJJH4He/oTcyTcTsue y,1:1apeHHH cKa3anoc& ua pa3BHTHH lfHCJJH-
TeJJ&Horo «OL(HH»- ,[Ia. an- H CTaHOBJleiiHH HeonpeL(eJJeiiiiOfO apTH-
KJJH B cpeL(HeaHTJJHHCKHH nepHOL(?
15. KaK npoHJOIIIno cTaHosneHHe onpe,1:1enermoro apTHKJJH?
16. KaKos HCT04HHK B03HHKHOBeHHH npHTH)I(aTeJJ&Ilhrx MeCTOHMCIIHH?
17. KaK pa3BHBaeTcH ApeaHeaHrnHI1cKHH cycpqmKc uape•rHH - lice?
18. KaKHe TeHL(eHL(HH na6mo,1:1aiOTCH s o6pa3oBaHHH CTeneueH cpaaHeiiHH
Hape4HH?
KouTpOJILHhle Bonpocbl
1. fioqeMy cTana pacnaL(aT&CH CHCTeMa rnaronos c qepeAOBaHHeM B cpeA-
HeanrnHHCKHH nepHOA? ,npeaneaHrJIHHCKHH rnaron tacan «6paTb»,
3aHMCTBOBaHHhiH H3 CKaHL(HHaBCKOfO, cnp»raJICH KaK CHJJhHhiH rnaron
6 Knacca: toe- tocon- tacen. KaK AOJI)I(Hhi H3MeHHThCH 3TH cj)opMbi
B cpe,1:1HeaHTJIHHCKHH nepHOA?
2. CKonhKO ocHOBHhiX cj)opM rnarona ocTaeTCH s pe3ynbTaTe peAYKLI.HH
6e3y,1:1apHbiX OKOHlfaHHH?
3. liTO BhiL(eJIHeT OpH4aCTHC npowe,[llllero BpeMCHH B CHCTeMe CHJlbHblX
rnaronos?
4. KaK H3MeHHJIHCh cna6bie rnaronbr?
5. B KaKHX cj}OpMaX MOT BhlCTynaTb L(eHTaJibHhlH cycj}cj}HKC H OT qero 3TO
3aBHCeno? _nai1Te cj}opMbl npoUieL(Uiero apeMeHH CJieL(yiOI.L(HX cpeAHe-
aHfJIHHCKHX rnaronos: kepen «Aep)l(aTb», seken «HCKaTb>>, demen
«nonaraTh», lernen «Y'I.HThC51», maken «AeJJaT&», haven «HMeT&».

1. KaKHe npoHsneHHH auanHTH3Ma B03HHKaJOT s CHCTeMc cpcJ~IICaHrJJHH­ 6. KaKoii cTaTyc npHo6peTaiOT npeTepHTo-npe3eHTHbie rnaronhi noro
cKHX OpHnaraTeJJ&HbiX? oep110,1:1a? fiOlfeMy MOL(aJJbHbJe rnarOJibl yTpa'I.HBaJOT HHcj}HHHTHB?

2. fiOlfeMy (s) B yKa3aTeJlbHOM MeCTOHMeHHH Se «TOT>> 61>111 'l:lMCIICII 3By- 7. KaK H3MeH51IOTC51 cynnneTHBHhie 11 HenpaBHJihiihie rnaronhi B 3TOT
KOM (9), ,[laBaH the? nepHoA? 06bHCHHTe nepexoA ,1:1a. don > ca. do.
3. B KaKoM na,1:1e)l(e lfeTKo npe,1:1cTaaneua KaTeropH.R 'lltCJUI l'YIIICCTBH- 8. CKOJJhKO nHqHbiX OKOHqam1I1 Morno 6biTb s nacTOHlll,eM speMeHH rna-
TeJI&HbiX? rona?

4. KaK nOHBAAIOTCH a6coniOTHbie cj)opMM npHTH)I(aTeJJbll "' x MCC r 011 MCII H?!? 9. CKOJihKO JIH<jHbiX OKOH4aHHH rnaron HMen B npollieAmeM apeMeHH?
5. KaKoi1 Mopcj)onorHlfecKHH noKa3aTeJI& cymecTBHTen biiOI o IIO)IIIJI >~CTC.R 10. liTO CTaHOBHTC51 OOKa3aTeneM HHcj}HHHTHBa B cpeAHeaHfJIHHCKHH ne-
C yTpaTOH OKOH4aHHH? pHOL(?
11. KaK MeHHeTC51 ocpopMneHHe npHqacTH51 I?
TeMa 2.6. CucTeMa rnarona 12. KaK pa3BHsaroTC51 cpopMbi: a) 6yAyw.ero speMeHH; 6) nepcj)eKTa; s) nac-
cHsa; r) L(JIHTeJihHOfO BHL(a?
0CHOBHOe CO~Cp'K3HHe TCMbl 13. KaKHe H3MeneHH51 npoHCXOAHT s nop51AKe enos s npeAJJO)I(eHHH?
fipHBeL(HTe npHMepbi OTHOCHTeJihHO CB060L(HOTO 00pS1,1:1Ka CJJOB B npeA-
H3MeHeHHH s CHCTeMe rnaronos c 4epe,1:1osaBHeM. vhMCIII..'IIIUI 11 CIICTe-
JIO)I(eHHH cpeAHero nepHOAa.
Me rnarOJIOB C cycj}cj}HKCaL(HeH. J13MeHeHHH B CHCTCMC IIJK' I CJ)II I() II pe-
3eHTHhJX rnaronoa. HenpaBHJibH&re rnaron&r. PeAYKLIIUI Jlll' lllhiX OKOIIYa-
KouTpOJILHble Bonpochl
riHH rnarona. HenHlfHbie cj)opMhr: HHcj)HHHTHB, npH•rac1nc, rcpy11 JU1H .
Pa3BHTHe cj)opM 6yAyl.L(ero apeMeHH, nepcj)eKTa, nacc11nu , JIJII III..'JihiiOro 1. KaKHe cpopMbi HHcj)HHHTHBa HC4C3aiOT s cpeAHeaHrnHiicKHH nepHOA H
BHL(a. J13MeHeHH.R B CHCTeMe CHHTaKCHCa.
KaKHe OOSIBJJSIIOTC51?

32
33
 2.KaKHe MopcponorHqecKHe KJiaccor maronos coxpawriOTC.SI s cpe.L\HeaH-
rnl1itcKOM? 10. Krume o6nacTH nomiTHH oxsaT&IBaiOT cppaHQY3CKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHIUI
XII- XIV BB.?
3.l1oqeMy OKa3aJIHCb cpopMaJibHO CB.SI3aHHbiMH npl1'faCTI1e f 11 repyH)J.HH
B cpe)J.HeaHrJII1HCKHH nepHO)J.? 11. )J,aifTe Onpe)J,eJieHHe napHbiX CHHOHHMOB H llpHBe)J,HTe HX npHMep&I?
4. KaK11e rnaron&Hore aHaJIHTH'feCKHe cpopMI>I na'fHilaioT CKJia)J.biBaTbCR s 12. KaK B03HHKaiOT 3THMonomqecKHe .L\y6neT&r?
3TOT nepi10)J.?

5. B 'feM KOHKpenw npoRBJI.ReTc.SI OTHOCHTeJI&uo cso6o)J.u bl if nop.SI.L\OK KOHTpOJibHble BOnpOCbl

CJIOB B cpe)J.HeaHrmtHCKOM npe)J.JIO)I(eHHH?
1. KaKHe cnoco6&I cnosoo6pa3osaHHR npO.L\YKTHBHhi B cpe)J.HeaHmHH-
cKHH nepHO,L\?
TeMa 2.7. CJioBapuLiii cocTaB aurJIHiicKoro HJLIKa cpe.z-.ue- 2. B qeM cyT& KOpHesoro (6eccycpcpwKcaJibHOro) cnosoo6pa3osaHHR?
ro nepHo;.-.a lloqeMy OHO CTaHOBHTC.ll B03MO)I(HbiM B 3TOT nepHO)J.?
3. KaK noBJIH.liJIH cKaH,L(rmascKHe 3aHMCTsosamt.SI Ha MopcponorH'feCKHe
Ocuosuoe CO.LJ.ep)Kauue TCMbl npouecc&r .SI3hiKa cpe,L\Hero nepwo)J.a?

If3MeHeHH.S! B CJIOBapllOM COCTaBe B pe3yJibTaTe cppallKO-IlOpMaii/~CKOrO 4. KaK cppaHQY3CKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHH.SI noBJIH.SIJIH Ha aKQeHTHO-pHTMHqe-
cKyro CTPYKTYPY enos?
rocno)J.CTBa B XII- XV BB. I13MeHeHHR B CHCTeMe cycpcp11KC<li(I1IJ 11 npe-
cpHKCaQmt. CHcTeMa cnosocno)l(eHI1R. Pa3BHTHe KOpllesoro (6t!ccy<J>cpHK-
5. KaK H3MeHHJIC.SI xapaKTep neKCHKo-ceMaHTH'feCKOH CHCTeM&I no)]. BJIH-
.SIHHeM cppaHUY3CKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH?
canbuoro) cnoco6a cnosoo6pa3osamf.SI. CKaH.L\HHascKHe 'JauMc JuonauH.SI.
<l>paHQy3CKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHH.S!. 06paJOBaHHe napllblX CIIIIOIIIIMOII.
Bo3HHKIIOBeH11e 3TI1MOJIOrJ1'feCKHx )J.y6neTos. TeMa 2.8. 0611.1,aH xapaKTepHCTHKa c~JoueTHKo-opc~Jorpaclm­
qecKHX H JICKCHKO-rp3MM3THqecKHX OC06CHHO-
Bonpocbl u :JaOanuR CTCH H3LIKa cpe;.-.uero nepHo;.-.a (ua MaTepHaJie
I. KaKHe H3MeHeHHR npOH30IIIJIH B cnosapllOM coc rauc Hill :Jill iiciCoro
TCKCTa npOJIOra K «KeHTep6epHHCKHM paccKa-
R3biKa XII-XV BB.? 33M» ,LI.iK. l.Jocepa)
2.KaK H3MeHHJIC.SI COCTaB 11 3BYKOBOH BH)J. acpcpHKCOil'?

3. t.ITO MO)I(HO CKa3aTb 0 npecpHKCaX cpe)J.HeallrJJHiicKOI 'O H'II.IIW'

Ocuosuoe co.LJ.ep~Kauue TeMbl
4. Cnosa KaKHX 'facTeif pe'!H B03H11KaiOT B pe3yJJI>ra rc CJIOBOCJHIIf,l' ll11n ? BHeceHHe s )J.pes.HeaHmHi1cKyiO rpacpHKY uos&Ix o6o3HaqeHHi1 )J.JI.SI p.SI-
5. lloqeMy CTaHOBHTC.SI B03M0)1(HblM KOpHesoe CJJOH006pWIOIIillllll' II Cpe)J.- ,L(a 3BYKOB B COOTBeTCTBI111 C HOpMaMH H Tpa,L\HQH.SIMH cppaHQY3CKOH OHCb-
HeaHrJil:IHCKHH nepHO,L( H KaKOBbi ero MaCWTa6t.J'? MeHHOCTH.
6.KaKOH nepHO)J. BpeMeHH OXBaTbiBaiOT CKaii / (IIIIIIJICJ(JJl' IIIIIMCI'BO- Hos&Ie 3aKOHOMepnocTH s o6nacTH macH&Ix cpoHeM: Y.L\JIHHeHHe KpaT-
BaHH.S!?
KHX maCHbiX B OTKpbiTOM CJIOfe 11 COKpaiQeHHe ,L\OJifOTbi B 3aKpbiTOM CJIO-
7.K KaKHM 06JiaCTRM llOH.SITHH OTHOC.SITCR
BaHH.S!?
CKaii/~IIIHIIICIUil' liiiiML' IBO- re, pa3BHTHe HOBhiX ,L\HcpTOHfOB H3 CO'ieTaHH.SI «maCHhiH + COfJiaCHhiH».
B o6nacTH comacHhrx: yTpaTa cponeMhi [x/x'] , nO.SIBJieHHe HOBhiX IIIHn.SI-

8. KaKoii nepHO)J. speMeHH oxsanmawT cppam~y3CKI1C 'Hilt MI.' 1 IIOJI:IJJII »'? IUHX, cponeMHhiH CTaTyC 3BOHKHX sapHaHTOB (v), (z) , (6). B CHCTeMe HMeHH:
9. KaK KJiaCCHcpHQHpy IOTC.SI cppaHQY3CKHe 3aH MCTBOOU II II H'? pacna)J. rpaMMaTH'feCKHX KaTeropHii po)J.a, na,L(e)l(a cyiQeCTBHTeJihHhix;
ynHcpHKaQH.SI .L\Byx cpopM npHnaraTeJioH&Ix (Heonpe,L\eiieHHoi1 H onpe,L\e-
34
35
 JieHHOH) H yTpaTa COrJiaCOBaHHJI B po~e H rra~e)l(e; CJIO)I(eHHe CHCTeMbl
06pa3eU 8Ha.J1H38 cpe~ueaHI'JIHHCKOI'O TeKCTa
(pa3pH~a) rrpHTH)I(aTeJibllbiX MeCTOHMeHHH. Pa3BHTHe yKaJaTeJibllbiX Me-
CTOHMeHHH H CTaHOBJieHHe apTHKJIH. B CHCTeMe rJiaroJia: ymiCf>HKaQHJI
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote
rpyrrrr maroJIOB c <repe~osanHeM H pacnmpenHe ccjJepbi ynoTpe6JieHI1H
rJiarOJIOB C cycjJcjJHKCaQHeif; pa3BHTHe rJiarOJibHbiX aHaJIHTHlfeCKHX cjJOpM The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
speMeHH H3aJiora; B03HHKHOBeHHe repyH~HH. B o6JiaCTH CH!ITaKcHca: OT- And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
HOCHTeJibHO CB060~HblH IIOpH~OK CJIOB, HCIIOJib30BaiiHe HeCKOJibKHX OTpH- Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
QaHHH. B 06JiaCTH CJIOBapHOrO COCTaBa: H3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe acjJcjJHK-
CaJibHOrO CJIOBOIIpOH3BO~CTBa 11 CJIOBOCJIO)I(eHHH; IlOHBJiei!He KOpuesoro )J;peBUeaHrJJHHCKOe CoBpeMeuuoecnoBo
CIIOC06a CJIOB006pa30BaHHJI (KOI-IBepCHH); 60JiblliOH rrpou:eliT '3aHMCTBO- CJJOBO rpaMM3TH'IeCK3H
HJJH l3HMCTBOBaH- H ero nepeBO.ll
BaHHOH JieKCHKH (CKaH~HHaBCKOH H, OC06eHHO, cjJpaHU:Y3CKOH). B TeKCTe cJiopMa CJJOBa
HOe CJJOBO B Cpe,llHeallrJJHHCKOM
COI03 ,11a. hwrenne WHEN
whan that
TeJ<cm Omt aua.rtu:Ja u nepeBoOa .o,a. pret «Kor.o.a»

«ilpOJIOr>> K «KeHTep6epHHCKHM paCCKa3aM» .[{)1(. qocepa (OTpblBOK) cym., o6111. na.o,eJK 113 <j>paH~Y3CKOrO APRIL
Aprille
ll3h1Ka «anpenb»
Whan that Aprille with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote, npe,llnor ,11a. wip WITH
with
«C»
And bathed every veyne in swich licour,
Of which vertu engendred is the flour; npHTl!JKaT. MeCTOHM. p,a. his nH'IHOe MeCT., HIS
his
po,11. na.o,eJK, e.o,.'l. «CBOii>>
5 Whan Zephirus clek ~it'h. his swete breeth
,.,Inspired hath in every lfciit and heeth cym., o6m. na.o,eJK, .o,a. sciir SHOWER
shoures
MH. 'IHCnO <<nHBeHb»
The tendre crqpp~s~'!ll1,tke ,YOJlee sonne
Hath in the ~am hiJ hp}f~ cours,Y,,:ronne, • soote/sote
npHnararenbHOe, MH . swote/swete SWEET
'IHCno «Cna.O,KHih>
And smale fowtes makerr melodye,
10 That slepen al the nyght withr~peg ye
,,
~~ onpe.o,eneuuwi1 ,lla.yKa3aT. MeCTOHM. THE
the
So priketh hem nature in here corages apTHKnb
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgri1nagcs, droghte/ cyru., o6m. na,11eJK, .o,a.drii3o3 DROUGHT
~p. • I
ot

And pal meres for to seken straunge strondcs, droughte e.o,. 'IHCnO «3acyxa»

14 T~ f<frne hal'wes,.6outhe'i;SOndry londes ... .~

of npe.o,nor ,11a.of OF
cym., o6m. na,[leJK 113 <j>pau~yJcKoro MARCH
/ltbt March
3aiJallUR
I<• <lcJj
1 [j .n...• ll3biKa «Mapr»

1. .[{afiTe J-4 CTpOcjJbi BTpaHCKpHIIQHH. 3 n., ep,. 'IHCnO, HaCT. ,11a. hafa3 OT habban HAS (HAVE)
hath
op. or rnarona haven
2.llpoLJTHTe H rrepese~HTe Hx, HCrrOJib3YH o6paJeu: auaJflna .
npH'I. II or rnarona 113 <j>pau~yJcKoro PIERCE
3. llpoanaJIH3HpyifTe 5-14 CTpOcjJhi, Hx LJTeiiHe 11 nepcuo;(. perced
percen l!JbJKa «npOHJaTb))

hath perced Present Perfect

36
37
 KouTpOJibHbie sonpocbt
)lpeBHC3llfJIHHCKOe CoBpeMenuoe cJIOBO
CJIOBO rpaMM3TH'ICCK3H
B TeKCTe cllopMa CJIOB3
HJIH 33HMCTBOB3H- u ero nepeBO!l l. B 'leM 3aKmoqaiOTC}I cymnocTHbie H3MeHeHH}I s cHcTeMe cpe.n.He-
HOe CJIOBO B cpenueaurnuncKoM
anrnHHCKHX rnaCHbiX?
H3MeHHnHCb HeKOTOpbi~ rpynnhi
~
cym., o6m. naneJK, 113 CKaH)li1HaBCKOf0 ROOT 2. KaK cornaCHhiX?
roote/rote
e)J,. •mcno ll3hiKa «KOpeHb»
II ( r I "'"ll ~ •fl ~"1 l ' • ' .
3. B KaKHX acneKTa~ ynodcTHnach cHCTeM:a cymecTBHTenbHoro.
r t"<tt P!d. ~· ".«"''A
COI03 and AND 4. TiolleMy~aronhi c ~Y<P<l>HKcauHei1 BbiTeCH}IlOT npe)I(HHe cHnbHbie rna-
~v.; ~
and
«11» ronbi? ;, ' · • • • '
l ..I ~ \t~ ~ J •.' • - c ' ,j '
5. liTo cnocoocTsosano cTanosneHHIO rnaronhHbtX aHanHTH'ieCKHX
np11'l. II OT rnarona na. ba5od OT ba5ian BATHE
bathed
bathen «OMbJBaTb» q,opM? ~

~ .r .}CI! I
hath bathed Present Perfect ~ , ,.
·(.I J
MeCT011MeHI1e )J,a. refre relc EVERY
every
«KalKI\biih>

cym., o6m. na)J,eJK, 113 <j>pam~y3cKoro VEIN

veyne
e.n. 'fi1Cno ll3b!Ka «lKJ1JJKa, 6uJ JJJiJJKa»

yKa3aTenhHOe 11 .na. swilc SUCH

swich OTHOCHTenbHOe «TaKOH»
<" MeCT011MeHI1e
'

cym., o6m. na)J,eJK, 113 <j>paHI.\Y3CKOrO LIQUOR

licour
e)J,. 'fHCnO ll3hiKa «lKf1)(KOC I b))

Heonpe.neneHHOe 11 )J,a. hwilc WHICH

which B011pOCI1TenhHOe «KO IO(Jblii»
MeCT011MeHI1e

cym., o6m. na.neJK, 113 <j>paHU,y3CKOfO VIRTUE

vertu
e)J,. 'fHCnO ll3bJKa «CJ1JJa))

np11'l. II oT rnarona 113 <j>paHI..\Y3CKOrO EN<IENDER

engendred
engendren ll3hiKa ((JJOpOlKJI(\1 h»

3 JJ., e)J,.'f., HaCT. Bp. )J,a. is OT rnaroJJOB IS (BF)

is
oT rnarona be bean, wesan

cTpa.naT. 3anor,
engendred is
HaCT. Bp.

cym., o6m. naneJK, 113 <j>paHI..\Y3CKOrO FIOWI •R

flour
e)J,. 'fi1CnO ll3hiKa «1\IICJOK»

38
 3 q3CTh 7. KTo CTOHJT y HCTOKOB HOBOH Hal{HOHaJTbHOH JTHTepaTypbr?
HOBOAHrJIHHCKHH llEPHO,lJ; 8. ilo'IeMy 3TOT nep110A B 11CT0p1111 JTHTepaTypbl Ha3hiBaJOT EnH3aBe-
TI1HCKoi1 3noxoii?
9. qTo 6bmo cne,nCTBHeM 6yp:lKya3Hoi1 peBOJTJOU1111 XVII B.?
10. KaK pecTaspau1111 CTIOapToB noBJTHHJTa Ha .SI3hiKOByro KYJibTYPY Toro
TeMa 3.1. 0CHOBHLIC HCTOpH"lfCCKHe C06hiTHH HOBOrO ne- BpeMeHI1?
pHO,lJ.a. U,eHTp3JIH33QHH B H3LIKOBOH 06JI3CTH H 11. KaKoBa ponb rpaMMantCTOB 11 opcpo3nHCTOB B cTaHosneHI111 muepa-
p33BHTHC H3QHOH3JlhHOrO 3HrJIHHCKOrO H3LIK3 TYPHhiX HOpM?
12. KaKyJO ponb B cTaH,napTH3a1IHH aHrmtiicKoro R3biKa cwrpan TOJIKOBWH
Ocuosuoe CO,llepiKauue TCMbl cnoBapb C3MJ03JTR ,ll,:lKOHCOHa (1755 r . - ro.n Bhixo,na B cBeT)?
PacnpocTpaHemte JTOH,aoncKoro ,aHaneKTa B XV B. Boiiua Anoii 11 13. C qero Ha'IHHaeTc» pacnpocTpaHeH!1e aHrJTI1HCKoro H3hrKa 3a npe.nenhi
Benoii Po3or (1455-1485 rr.). Ycra~IOBJTeHHe a6coJTJOTiloi1 MOHapx1111. AHrn1111?
IJ:eHTpaJTH3al{HR B H3b1KOBOH 06JTaCTH (rocno,aCTBO HaLJ.I1011aJTbiiOrO H3biKa
KOHTpOJibHble BOnpOCbl
Ha,a ,a11aneKTaM11). BbrTecHe~IHe naTbiHH. YI1JibHM K3KCTOII 11 aae,aerme I 1( 11,11( I· ,, , ' 'I ~~ ,/. -,..

KHHrone'IaTaHI1H (1477 r.). Ponb KHI1rone'IaTaii11H B <PI1KCaLJ.I111 op~>0rpa­ 1. B qeM JaKJTJO'IaeTC.SI rocno,ncTBO HaU110HaJTI>Horo H3hiKa Ha,n ,al1aJTeK-
cp1111 11 rpaMMaTI1'IeCKI1X HOpM. fiep110,a paHHeiiOBOaiirJII1HCKOrO H3b1Ka B TaMI1?
I' ' ~<IJ "'
JII1Teparype (Y11Jib»M llleKcn11p, Kp11crocpep Mapno, Beu,a)f(aMI111 ,L()f(OH- 2. qTO TaKOe .SI3blKOBa.SI HOpMa? qTO MO)f(eT CTIOC06CTBOBaTb CTaHOBJTeHHJO
coH). Byp)f(ya3HaH peBomou11n. XVII B. Pecraapau.11n CrroaproB 11 »3bJKO- JTI1TepaTypHOH HOpMbl R3biKa?
Ban. KYJThTypa Toro apeMeHH. Bopb6a rpaMMaTI1CTOB H opq>o")nJtCTOB 3a 3. Koro MO:lKHO C'II1TaTb po,aoHa'IaJTbHI1KOM HOBOH HaU110HaJTbHOH JTI1Te-
uopMaJTI13al{I1W R3biKOBhiX HOpM. PacnpocTpaueu11e aurJ11tl1cKoro H3brKa paTypbr?
3a npe,aeJTbi AHrnHH. CMelllamrbiH neKCH'ieCKI1H cocTaa aiirmti:icKoro »1biKa. 4. KaK ITOBJIHRJIO C03,naHI1e TOJIKOBOfO CJTOBap.sr C. ,lJ,)f(OHCOHa Ha Jl3biKO-
BYJO CHTyawtJO B AI-Irn1111?
Bonpocbt u :JaOaJtUR
5. KaK noBnl1.srno pacnpocTpaHeHI1e aHrnl1i1cKoro .SI3hiKa Ja npe.nenhr
I. KaK noH,aOHCKI1i1 ,aHaneKT B3ai1Mo,aei1cTBOBan c ,apyr liMit (MCCIIfbtM11) AHrnl111 Ha ero pa3BHTHe?
,a11aneKTaM11 AHrn1111 XV B.?
2.KaK BOHHa Anoii 11 Benoii Po3hi noan11n.na ua o6u(CCtiiCflflt,lii c 1poi1 11 TeMa 3.2. WoHeTH"lfeCKHe HBJieHHH HOBOaHrJIHHCKoro ne-
R3biKOBy~ CI1Tyaul1to B AHrn1111?
pHo,lJ.a. II3MCHCHHH B CHCTCMC ,lJ.OJirHX H Kp3TKHX
3. fiO'IeMy YCTaHOBJieHHe a6comOTIIOH MOIIapx HIf Cl J()COOC IIIOBano
rJI3CHLIX
fOCnO,aCTBy HaliHOIIaJTbiiOfO Jl3biKa Ha,a ,al1aJICKTaM 11'?
4. KaK KHHrorreqaTaHHe OTpa3HJTOCb ua o6IIIei1 JIHTCpa 1yp 11oii IIOpMe Ocuosuoe co,llepiKauue TCMbl
R3hiKa Toro BpeMeriH?
CTaHOBJTeHHe HOBOaHrJII1HCKOH op<Porpa<P1111: 113MeHeHHR opcporpacp1111
5. fioqeMy B03HHKaeT 3Ha'II1TeJTbHOe paCXO)f(,aeii11C MC)I{J(y 'IIIYKOIIt,JM 11
B XVI-XVII BB.; naTI1HI13aiiHH op<Porpacp1111 p».na enos; npoeKThr pecpop-
rpacpn'IeCKI1M 06pa30M CJIOB aHrJT11HCKOrO H3bJKa?
M11pOBaHHJI opcporpa<P1111.
6. qeM 06oRCHReTCJl 60JTblllaR Bap11aTI1BIIOCTb rpaMM3llf'H!CI\IJX If Op~>O­ li3MeHeHI1.SI B CHCTeMe AOJiri1X rnaCHbiX: BeJIHKI1H CAB11r rnaCHbiX.
rpa<PH'IeCKI1X HOpM B XVI-XVII BB.?
li3MeHeHI1.SI KpaTKI1X rnaCHbiX.
40
41
 BonpoCbl u JaOaHUR
1. floqeMy 3BYKOBbie 3Haqemor aHrJII1JkKHX rJiaCHbiX Cyi.IJ;eCTBeHIIO OTJIH-
qaiOTCH OT 3Ha'-leHHH 3THX 6yKB B HeMeQKOM 11 )l.pyri1X esponeHCKHX
»3biKax?
2. floqeMy HeMan 6yKsa e HC'-Ie3aeT s O)l,HHX cny'-lasrx (muche, to sleepe)
coxpaH»eTcn s )l.pymx (time, to take) s XVI-XVII ss.?
3. KaK cne)l,yeT rmcaTb cnosa <PpaHQy3cKoro npowcxO)f()l,eHH» pleasaunt,
to chaunge, remembraunce cero)l,Hsr?
4. qTO CTOHT 3a TepM11HOM JiaTHHH3aQI1H op<Porpa<PHM enos? ,
5. fTO'-IeMy npoeKTbi pe<PopM11pOBaHHH aHrJIHHCKOH op<Porpa<PHH He
ysen'-laJIHCh ycnexoM?
6. fiO'-IeMy BeJIHKHH C)l,BHf fJiaCHhiX CJie)l,yeT C'-111TaTb CaMbiM 3aMeTHbiM
HBJieHHeM HOBOaHrJIHHCKOfO nep110)l,a?
7. KaKHe macnhre <PoneMhr no)l,sepranlfcb C)l,BI1ry?
8. qeM 06'bHCHHeTCH OMOHHMHH CJIOB See V. -sean., meet V. -meat n.?
9. lleM o6oncnneTcsr pa3JIH'-1He <PopM sterre XIV s. - star «3Be3)l,a»
XVs.?
10. KaK '-111Tanl1cb cnosa THna cat, land, sat )l,O XVI s.?
II. flo'-!eMy 3BYK [a] nepexo)l,I1JI s [:->] s cnosax THna want, watch 11 T.n.?
12. Csw)l,eTenbCTBOM KaKoro H3MenenHsr cny)f(HT '-!Ten He cospeMeHHhrx
enos come, run, ecn11 H3BeCTHO, '-ITO )1,0 XVII s. OHM '-111TaJIHCh [kum],
[run]?
KonTpOJibHLie sonpocbi
1. liTO npHBeJIO K 3Ha'-IHTeJibHOMy paCXO)f()l,eiii1IO Me)f()l,y 3BYKOBbiM 11
op<Pporpa<PH'-IeCKHM o6pa30M CJIOB ~ HOBOaf. IfJlHH<fKHH nepHO)l,'?
' (' ,. p halve v. - )l,eJII1Th nononaM?
2.B '-leM npOHB11JIHCh npaswna Hosofi: aHrnwi:fcKoi:f op<Porpa<PHH?
3. flo'-!eMy 113MeHeHH» )l,onrHx rnacHbiX Ha3hrsaroT BenHKHM C)l.BHfOM
fJlaCHbiX?
4. B Te'-!ei-me KaKoro nepHo)l,a speMeHH npoHCXO)l,I1JI11 H3Meueu 11 » no
C)l,BHry?
5. KaK11e KpaTKHe macH hie H3MeHHJIHCh s 3TOT nep11o)l,?
42
TeMa 3.3. «<>oueTuqecKue HBJieHHH uoooro nepuo,u:a. HJMe-
ueuuu rJiacHLIX B onpe,u:eJieHHLIX clloaeTuqecKHX
DOJHIJ;HHX
11 Ocuosuoe co.!lep~auue TeMbi
CoKpamenHe )l,Onrwx macHbiX s onpe)l,eneHHhrx <PoHeTH'-IeCKHX no3H-
UH»X. ITepexo)l, -er s -ar. Bo3HI1KHOBerme )l,OJirl1x macHhiX s onpe)l,eneH-
IIhiX <PoHeTH'-IeCKHX no3HU11»X. Pa3BHTHe scTaBO'-IHbiX 3BYKOB. Pa3BHTHe
7<u rnaCHhrx s Hey)l,apHbiX cnorax.
Bonpocbt u JaoaHuR
1. Ilo'-!eMy s cnosax bread, dead, head, KOTOpbre K Ha'-!any HOBoro nepHO)l,a
HMeJIH B KOpHe )l,OJlfHH OTKpbiTblH (E:) (breed ,(E:), deed (E:), heed (E:]),
perynnpHoro nepexo)l,a [E: > i:] He npoH30IIIno?
2. Onpe)l,eJII1Te, s KaKHX <PoHeTH'-IeCKHx ll93}"U11»X npoHcx,o)l,Hno 113M_rHe-
· ' J), . J <> . l v&
Hl1e )l,OJlfOfO 3aKpbiTOf0 [ 0:] B paHHeHOBOaHrJinHCK'HH ·cxvi )
v n\;pHO)l,
(' A "> 1,1
.B. :
blood [blo:d] > [blu:d], glove [glo:v] > (glu:v], mother [mo:o;}r] > [mu:o;}r].
3. KaK H3Mensrnoch )l,Onroe [u:] s nocne)l,yiOmHe seKa, HCXO)l,R 113 cospe-
Mennoro npo113HOIIIeHHH 3TI1X enos?
4. KaK op<Porpa<PH'-IeCKH oTo6pa)f(aJIC» nepexo)l, [er] > [ar]?
5. 0 '-leM CBH)l,eTenhcTsyeT naJIH'-!He )l,Onroro [a:] s cnoBax clerk, sergeant,
co6cTBeHHhrx HMeHax Derby, Berkeley?
6. lleM o6o»CHHeTC» HaJIH'-!He )l,onroro [a:] B cnoBax THna pass [pa:s] -
npoxo)l,HTh, after [a:ft;}]- nocne, path [pa:e)- TponHHKa?
7. KaK pa3BHBancn cpe)l,HeaHrnwifcKHH KpaTKHi1 3BYK [a] nepe)l, -lm, -lf/ lv
B CJIOBaX THna calm- COOKOHHhiH, calf- TeJieHOK, half- llOJIOBHHa,
8. KaK MOHO<i>TOHfi13HpOBancR )l,H<PToHr [au] B cnoBax THna cause- npH-
'-IHHa, law - 3aKOH?
9. KaK pa3BHB!I;JICH 3BYK (a) nepe)l, (l + t) (e.g. salt) 11Jll1 (l) B KOHQe CJIOBa
(e.g. all)?
10. fiOKa)f(HTe OOCJie)l,OBaTeJibHOCTh <PoHeTH'ieCKHX H3MeHeHHH cpe)l,He-
aHfJIHHCKOfO ('9:->Xt;}) Ha npHMepe pa3BHTHH <PopMbl npOIIIe)l,IIIero
BpeMerm rnarona think: XIII B. thoghte ['El:->xt;}] > XIV s. thoughte
[Elouxt;}] > XV B. thought [Elaut] >XVI B. thought [9:->:t].
43
 11. qTO MO)I(HO CKa3aTb 06 MCTO"'HMKe B03HMKHOBeHM.ll I-IOBOaHrJIMi1cKOfO
(;:);), eCJIM CpaBIIHTh HaiTMCaHMe M npOI13I-IOWeHMe CJie~yiOil..(HX CJIOB:
girl, first I her, serve I burn, fur?
12. floqeMy 3BYK [A] He pa3BMsaerc.ll s [;:):] s cnosax hurry «cnewHTh», current
«TeKyll..(MH» B OTJIM"'Me OT hurt «npM"'MHMTh 60Jih)) I1 Curtain «JaHasec»?
13. qeM o6b.liCH.lleTc.ll HJMeHeHMe ca. narwe, sparwe s Ha. narrow «yJKMH»,
sparrow «Bopo6eii»?
14. qeM 06b.liCH.lleTC.ll llO.liBJieHHe Ha"laJihHOfO (w) B HOBOallfJIMHCKOM npo-
M3HOWeHI1M CJIOBa one (wAn) - O~MH, llOCKOJihKY B 3TOM CJIOBe B npe-
~hl~Yil..(Me nepHO~hi (~a. an, ca. oon) ero He 6hmo?
15. fiOKa)I(MTe, KaK pa3BMBaiOTC.ll maCH hie B Hey~apHhiX KOIIe"lllhiX CJIOrax
Ha npHMepe cnos village, knowledge, harmless, colour, certain.
KouTpOJihHble sonpocbl
l. Or qero 3aBMceno COKpall..(erme HeKorophiX ~onrux rnacubJx? floqeMy
OHM M3MeH.liJII1Cb HellO C~BMry?
2. KaKue ~OJirMe MOHOct>TOHrH ITO.l!BMJIMCI> He ITO C~BHry?
3. KaKMe ~Mct>ronrM paJsusaiOTC.ll neJaBMCMMo or c~sHra'?
4. qTO TaKOe BCTaBO"'Hhie 3BYKH?
5. KaK paJBMBaiOTC.ll rnacHhie s ney~apHI>Ix cnorax?
TeMa 3.4. HJMeuenuH n cucTeMe corJiacnMx uonoro nepuo,[(a
Ocuosuoe co)l,ep:~Kauue TeMbl
BoKanM3aiiM.ll cornacnoro [r]. BoKanH3aQM.ll [r] H rronsneu11e HOBbiX
~Mct>ToHros. YrrpoiQeJ-me rpynn cornaCHhiX. 03BOIIYeHMe rnyx11x Il..(ene-
BbfX B Hey~apHhiX CJIOrax. 06pa30BaHI1e HOBI>IX illl1n.RIQJ.1X (Q>pHKaTJ.1BilhiX
H acpcppHKaT).
Bonpocbl u JaoauuJt
l. qTO CTOMT 3a TepMMHOM BOKaJIM3aQM.ll COrnaCBOfO (r)?
2.KaK BJIMHeT BOKaJIM3aQH.ll (r) Ha ~OJifOTy rnaCUhiX 3BYKOB'?
3. B KaKux cnyqa.llx BOKamt3aiiM.ll ~aer ~Mct>ToHr c npe~wccroyiOI.IIHM
rJiaCHbiM?
4.B "leM JaKniOqaeTc.ll ynpoll..(eHHe rpynrr cornaCHhix?
44
5. KaKoe cpoHeTI1"lecKoe .liBJieHMe CTOMT 3a Bhma~emteM Ha"laJII>Horo
3ByKa s cnosax know «3HaTI>», gnat «KOMap>>, write «nMcaTI>»?
6. KaK "'MTaiOTC.ll cnosa c KOHe"'HhiMM cornacHbiMM [mb] 11 [mn] s pe3ynr,-
TaTe ynpoi.lleHI1.ll?
7. KaKoii cornaCHhiH BI>ma~aeT rrpH HaJIM"'HH s cnose rpynnbi H3 Tpex
cornacHI>Ix?
8. B qeM pa3nMYaeTCJI qreHMe HeKOTOpi>IX MeCTOMMeHHH (they, this) MJIM
CJiy)l(e6HbiX CJIOB THna of, the, with B cpe.n;HeaHrnMHCKMH M HOBOaH-
fJIMHCKI1H nepMO,ll;bi?
9. KaKoe cpoHeTwiecKoe j{BJieHMe onpe.n;enMno noj{BJieHHe HOBbiX wHnH-
I.III1X B XVI-XVII BB.?
~ I
10. Co"leTaHHj{ KaKHX 3BYKOB .n;anH s pe3yJibTaTe HOBbie WMll.lii.IIMe fJl, [3],
[!f], [ct3]?
11. qTO llO,ll;TBep)I(,D;aeT )I(HBOH xapaKTep 3TOf0 .liBJieHH.R: B COBpeMeHHhlH
nep11o.n;?
12. OxapaKTepuJyiiTe OTpbiBKH I13 TeKCTOB paHHeHosoaHrJIMiicKoro nepwo-
.n;a C TO"'KH 3peHMj{ JieKCI1KI1, rpaMMaTHKM 11 opcporpacpi1H.
1. After dyverse werkes made, translated, and achieved, having noo
werke in hande, I, sittyng in my studye where as laye many dyverse
paumflettis and bookys, happened that to my hande came a lytyl
booke in frenshe, whiche late was translated oute of latyn by some
noble clerke of fraunce, whiche booke is named Eneydos ... (From
the Preface to the ENEYDOS by W. Caxton, 1477).
2. Hit shall be expedient that a noble mannes sonne, in his infancie,
haue with him continually only suche as may accustome hym by lit-
tle and lytl to speake pure and elegant latin. Semblably the nourises
(i.e. nurses) and other women aboute hym, if it be possible, to do the
same; ... (Thomas Elyot. The Governour, 1531).
3. Wee hav in our language many syllables which having gotten a nu
pronunciation, doo not now rightly express their sound ... (Charles
Buttler. English Grammar, 1634).
KouTpOJihHble sonpocbl
1. KaKHe CJiyqaH BOKaJIH3aQHH COfJiaCHbiX MMeJIM MeCTO B HOBhJ:H ne-
pHo~?
45
 2.IJoqeMy IIpOHCXO,lJ,HT Bhina.D,eHHe HeKOTOpbiX <j>OHeM H3 COCTasa CJIOsa?
8. KaKaR H3 KOHKyp«pyiOII.(Hx <j>opM OKOHI.faHHR 3-ro JIHQa e.n,HHCTBeH-
KaKHe napannenH MO)f(HO nposecTH c HBJieHHHMH npe.n,IIIeCTBYIOIQHx
nepMo.n,os? Horo lfi1Cna HaCTORII.(ero speMeHI1 - -thi-s - coxpamlllacb?
9. fiOlfeMy 11CI.fe3aeT <j>OpMa 2-ro JIHQa e.D,11HCTBeHHOrO lfi1CJia Ha -St, CBR-
3. B KaKHX cnyqaHx y.n,apHoe/6e3y.n,apHoe nono)f(eHHe <j>oHeM s cnose
3aHHaR C JilflfHbiM MeCTOHMeHHeM thou?
MO)f(eT Onpe.n,eJJHTh HX rnyXOCThf3BOHKOCTb?
10. fiOlfeMy B 06JiaCTlf o6pa30BaHHR OCHOBHbiX <j>opM CHJibl-IhiX rnarOJIOB
4. qeM 06'bHCHHeTCH BapHaHTHOe npOH3HOIIIeiHfe CJJOB THTia statue
[stretju - stre!fu]? np01130IIIJJH Cyll..(eCTBeHHhle H3MeHeHHR?

5. KaK MeHRJJOCh npOH3HOIIIeHHe rnyxHx II.(eneshiX s 6e3y.n,apHhix cnosax?

TeMa 3.5. rpaMMaTH"lfeCKHH CTpou HOBoro nepuo,a;a
Ocuoouoe co.L{ep~auue TeMLI
YHH<j>HKaQHR <j>opM Bhlpa)f(eHHH MHO)f(eCTBeHHoro lfi1CJJa cyll..(eCTBI1-
TeJJhHhiX. IIepe)f(I1TOlfllhle (j>opMhi MHO)f(eCTBeHuoro lfHCJJa. I13MenenHH s
CHCTeMe MeCT011MeHI1H. JIH'Hihle (j>opMbi rnarona. Pa3pyrne1111e CHCTeMbl
rnaronos c qepe.n,osar-meM. I13MeHeHI1H s CHCTeMe rnaronos c cy<j><j>HKca-
QI1ei1. Bo3HHKHoseuHe HeH3MeHHeMhiX rnaronos. Cl1cTeMa apeMen 11 BH-
.n,os. Oco6eHHOCTI1 CI1HTaKcHca Hosoro nepHo.n,a. Cnoco6hi Bbipa)f(eHHH
CHHTaKC11lfeCKHX CBH3ei1 (cornacosa1-111e, ynpasnei-me, npHMbiKanHe, 3a-
MhiKaHHe). 0Tp11QaH11e B HOBOaHrJJI1HCKOM npe.D,JJO)f(eHH11.
Bonpocbl u 3aOauuR
1. KaK11e 113 nepelfHcnem-rhiX H11)f(e <j>opM Clfi1TaiOTCH peryMipllbiMH s
nnane Bhrpa)f(eHI1H MHO)f(eCTBeHHoro lfHCna: horsen «nowa.n,w», oxen
«6hiKH», kneen «KOJJeHH», children «.n,eTH)), eyen «rna3a)>?
2.KaKHe (j>opMbi Mop<j>eMhi MHO)f(eCTBeHHoro LJHcna {-S} CLJHTaiOTCH
06ll..(enpHHHTbiMI1 cerO,lJ,HH?
11. KaK H3MeHRJJHCb rnaronhi c cy<j><j>«KCaQHeii?
12. fiO':leMy rnarOJihl, HMeiOII.(He B KOpHe OKOH':laHHe (t) lfJilf [d), o6pa30-
saJII1 oco6yro rpynny <<HeH3MenReMbiX>) rnaronos?
13. fiOlfeMy CTaHOBJieHHe aHaJJHTHlfeCKHX <j>OpM 3anora H BpeMeHH OTHO-
CRT K HOBOaHrJJHHCKOMy rrepHO.D,y?
14. fioqeMy MMeHHO rnarOJihl be, have H do CTaJIH lfCTIOJib30BaTbCH ,ll,JI)J
o6pa30BaHHH aHaJJI1THlfeCKHX <j>OpM?
15. qTO CTIOC06CTBOBaJIO CTaHOBJieHHIO )f(eCTKOrO TIOpH.D,Ka CJJOB B HOBbiH
nepHo.n,?
16. KaK socnpHHHMaeTCH .n,soi1Hoe oTpHuaHwe s cospeMeHHOM H3hiKe?
KOHTpOJihHhle BODpOCLI
1. KaK CTaJia Bbipa)f(aTbCR KaTerop11R lflfCJia B R3biKe HOBOrO rrepHO.n,a?
2. qTO MO)f(l-10 CKa3aTb 0 Bbipa)f(eHHOCTH KaTerOpHH JIHQa rnarona?
3. fiOlfeMy B COBpeMeHHOM anrJJHHCKOM KaTeropHH BH.D,a ClJHTaeTCH
cnopHoi1?
4. KaKHe BH,ll,bi CHHTaKCI1lfeCKI1X CBH3ei1 coxpaHHIOTCR cero.n,HR?
5. qTO Bbi.D,eJIReT COBpeMeHI-IblH CJIOBOIIOpH,ll,OK TIO cpaBHeHI1IO C npe.D,bl-
.n,yll(HMH nepHO,ll,aMH?

3. KaKHe cnyLJ:aH MO)f(IJO ClfHTaTb nepe)f(HTO':lHO coxpanHBWHMCR cnoco-

6oM o6pa30BaHHR MIIO)f(eCTBeHIIOrO I.JI1CJJa Cyll(eCTBHTeJJbllbiX? TeMa 3.6. CJioBapuLiii cocTaB u ero pa3BHTHe B uoBLIH ne-
4. KaK pa3BHBaioTcR (j>opMhi JJI1':lHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH 2-ro JJHQa e.n,HH- puo.n
CTBeHHoro ':li1CJJa thou - thee 11 MHO)f(eCTBeHHOrO lfHCJJa ye you?
5. KaKyiO (j>opMy np11o6peno MeCTOHMeHI1e cpe.n,nero po.n,a hit? OcnoBuoe co.L{ep~auue TeMhi
6. 0 lfeM cs«.n,eTeJJbCTBYIOT (j>opMbi c anocTpo<j>oM Twna make'em, call'em?
l13MeHeHHH s cnosapHoM cocTase s XVI-XX as. Pa3BHTHe cnoco6os
7. KaK IIORBJJReTCR pa3pR.n, B03BpaTHbiX MeCT011MellHH B IIOBOaurm1HCKH H
nep11o.n,? cnosoo6pa3osaHMR. Eeccy<j><j>MKcanhHOe cnosoo6pa3oBaHne. Bo3HHKHO-
seHHe HOBhiX enos H3 11MeH co6cTBeHHhiX. IIononHetme cnosapHoro co-
46
47
 CTaBa nyTeM 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 pa3JUILJHbiX H3biKOB. 3aHMCTBOBaHJ.fH
2. IJoLJeMy 6eccyc}>c}>l-fKCaJibHOe CJIOB006pa30BaHHe npH06peJIO HCKJIIOLJH-
H3 c}>paHUY3CKOrO H3biKa. J-haJibHHCKHe H HCllaHCKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH.
TeJibHYI-0 aKTHBHOCTb B HOBOaHrJIHHCKHH nepHo~?
OT~eJibHhie 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 ronnaH~CKoro, HeMeuKoro, XHH~H, apa6-
CKoro, pyccKoro H ~pymx H3biKOB. B03HHKHOBeHHe neKCHLJecKoi:f cynnne-
3. qeM 06MICH.R'eTC.R' aKTI-fBHOe 3aHMCTBOBaHHe JieKCHKH cerO~H.R'?
THBHOCTH. 4. lloLJeMy neKCHLJeCKI-IH cynnneTI-IBI-f3M pacnpocTpaHeH s cospeMei-moH:
JieKCHKe?

BonpocbtUJaoanuR 5. KaKHe cnoH Bbi~enni-OTC.R' s neKCHKOHe cero~H.RruHero .R'3hiKa?

1. f10LJeMy pa3BHTHe KanHTaJIHCTHLJeCKHX npOH3BO~CTBeHHbiX OTHOWe-

HHH OKa3aJIO 60JibWOe BJIHHHHe Ha CJIOBapHbiH COCTaB? TeMa 3.7. Oom.aH xapaKTepHCTHKa opctJorpaciJH'IecKHX H
2.KaKHe CllOC06bi CJIOB006pa30BaHHH OC06eHHO npo~yKTHBHbi B 3TOT JieKCHKO-rpaMM3TH'IeCKHX OCOOeHHOCTeH H3LI-
nepHo~?
Ka paHHeHOBOaHrJIHHCKOrO nepHO.IJ.B
3. KaKoe MecTo 3aHHMaJOT s cnosonpoH3BO~CTBe cyc}>c}>HKCJ>I cppaHUY3-
CKoro npOHCXO)I(~eHHH? Ocuosuoe co,[J,ep~auue TeMLI
4. qeM 06'bHCHHeTCH aKTHBHOCTb COKpameHHH KaK Cll0C06a o6pa30BaHHH
HOBbiX CJIOB? Opc}>orpac}>HLJecKan HopMa, CJIO)I(HBWa.R'CH s npe~rnecTBYI-OIIIHH nepH-
o~, B 3HaLJHTeJibHOH CTeneHI-1 COXpaH.R'eTCH, HO llO~BepraeTCH HeO~HOKpaT­
5. f1oLJeMy 6eccyc}>c}>HKCaJibHOe CJIOB006pa30Bai-me (KOHBepCHH) llOJiyLJaeT
oco6oe pacnpocTpaneHHe? HhiM llOllhiTKaM ee paUHOHaJIH3aUHH, B pe3yJibTaTe LJerO B CJIOBaX llO.R'BJI.R'-
eTCH 60JiblllOe KOJIHLJeCTBO HeLJI-ITaeMbiX («HeMbiX») 6yKB, a O~Ha 1-1 Ta )l(e
6 . KaKHe CJiyLJaH o6pa30BaHHH HOBbJX CJIOB H3 H¥eii C06CTBellllbJX CTaJIH
06llJeH3BeCTH blMH? 6yKsa HMeeT pa3Hoe npoYTeHHe. B o6nacTH c}>oHeTHLJecKoi:f CHCTeMhi oc-
na6neHHe rJiaCHbiX B 6e3y~apHOM llOJIO)I(eUHH B CJIOBe ~OXO~l-fT ~0 HX llOJI-
7. CocTaBbTe cnHCOK cnos-3aHMCTBOBaHHH HOBoro nepHo~a?
A rnacHhie no~ y~apenHeM H3MeH.R'I-OTC.R' KaK B KOJIH-
8. qTO OTJIHLJaeT c}>paHUY3CKHe 3aHMCTBOBal-IHH IIOBOrO nep110~a
IIOrO l-IC'-Ie3HOBeHH.R'.
OT 3aHM-
YeCTBeHHOM, TaK 1-1 Ka'leCTBeHHOM OTHOllleHI-fH (CJie~CTBHe BeJII-IKOrO C~Bl-f­
CTBOBaiiHH npOWJIOH 3llOXH?
ra rnacHJ>IX 1-1 soKaJII-13aUHI-1 [r]). CornacHhie H3MeHHI-OTC.R' He3Ha'IHTeJihHO:
9. KKaKOH cc}>epe llOHHTHH OTHOCHTCH 3aHMCTBOBaiiHH H3 HTaJib.RIICKOrO
H3biKa? H3 naJiaTaJibHbiX COrJiaCHhiX B 3aHMCTBOBaHI-I.R'X pa3Bl-IBai-OTC.R' llll-fll.R'IUHe
U, 3] 1-1 acpcppl-IKaThi (!f. ~]. ITpoHcxo~l-IT 03BOH'-IeHI-Ie myx1-1x menes&Ix s
10. KaKMO)I(HO oxapaKTepH30BaTb HcnaHCKHe H ronnaH~CKHe 3aHMCTBO-
CJIOBaX 6e3 CHHTaKCH'IeCKOrO y~apeHI-I.R' (of, that, the). B CHCTeMe l-IMeHI-1
BaHHH?
OCTai-OTC.R' ~Be KaTeropHI-1: '-ll-ICJIO y cymeCTBHTeJibHhiX 1-1 yKa3aTeJibHhJX
11. MecTo H xapaKTep 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 pyccKoro .R3J>IKa.
MeCTOHMeHHH, 1-1 na~e)l( y cyiUeCTBI-ITeJibHhiX 1-1 JIH'IHhiX MeCTOHMei-IHH.
12.IloLJeMy cnyLJa.H THna town- urban, c a t - feline MO)I(JJO OTIIeCTH K CoxpaH.R'I-OTC.R' HeperynnpH&Ie cpopMhi CKJIOHeHI-I.R' y neKOTOp&Ix cyiUeCTBI-1-
neKCHLJecKoi:f cynnneTHBHOCTH? KaKOBhi npHLJHHhr ee pacnpocTpaHe- TeJihH&IX H s 3aHMCTsosaHI-I.R'X 1-13 JiaT&IHH. B CHCTeMe rnarona Ha'-IHHaiOT
HHH B aiirJIHHCKOM H3biKe?
pa3JIH'-IaT&C.R' npasHJibH&Ie H HenpaBHJihHbie marOJihi. 3aKpenJIHI-OTC.R' ar-ta-
JIHTH'-IeCKHe c}>opM&I ~JI.R' Bhipa)l(eHH.R' 3Ha'-leHI-Iii 6y~ymero speMeHH 1-1 ua-
KouTpOJJLHLie sonpocLI KJIOHeHH.R', a TaK)I(e 3anora, nepc}>eKTa 1-1 ~JIHTen&uoro Bl-l~a. CnosapHbiH
COCTaB paCTeT OLJeHb 6biCTpO KaK 3a CLJeT BHyTpeHHHX Cpe~CTB HOMI-IHa-
I. KaKHe cnoco6J>I cnosoo6pa3oBaHHH MO)I(HO CLJHTaTh n po~y KT11 au &IMH UHH (CJIOB006pa30BaHHe H 6e3ac}>c}>HKCaJibHa.R' TpaHCll03HUH.R'), TaK H 3a
cero~w1.?
C'leT 3al-IMCTBOBaHHH H3 ~pyrl-IX .R'3biKOB.
48
49
 TeMa 3.8. 06I.Qasr xapaKTepuCTHKa HJMeueuuu B «)JoueTu-
IIPU:JI OlKEHU:$1
'lecKoli, rpaMMaTH'leCKOH H JieKCH'leCKOH llO~­
CHCTeMaX OT ~peBHOCTH ~0 Hamux ~HeR H pa3-
BHTHe OCHOBHLIX THllOJIOrH'leCKHX XapaKTepu-
CTHK aurJIHHCKOrO H3LIKa

flpww:J~Cel-tUe 1
KouTpOJibHbie Bonpocbi (oTBeT npe.rlJlararoT cTy.a:eHTbi)
OcuoBHhie :nanhi ucTopuu CJIOiKeuusr aurJiuHcKoro
l. KaKHMH npH3HaKaMH xapaKrepH30Banacb CHCTeMa maCHbiX B TeYeHHe
rpex nepHo.zwB? HaiJ,HOHaJihHOrO SI3LIKa

_apeBHeaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO):(:
flpe.a:MeT HCTOpHH aurJIHHCKOro H3b1Ka
Cpe.n:HeanmHiicKHii nepHo.n::

HoBoaHmHikKHH nepHo.n::
§1 ITpe.n:MeTOM HcropHH aarJIHHCKoro H3hiKa KaK yqe6Hoii ,D,HCI.(HfiJIH-
Hhi HBJIHeTCH CHCTeMaTHY.eCKOe H3110)f(eime pa3BHTHH 3TOf0 H3hiKa C
2. qTO MO)f(HO OTMeTHTb B KaYeCTBe OCHOBIIblX npH31laKOB COrnaCilhlX? CaMbiX paHHHX BpeMeH ero Cyl.l.(eCTBOBaHHH .11:0 HaUIHX ,D,HeM. lf3yqeHHe
_apeBHeaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO)J:: :HOH ,ll,HCI.(HOJIHJ-Ibi )J:0Jl)f(H0 )J:aTb CTy)J:eHTaM npe,D,CTaBJleHHe 0 TeX H3MeHe-
HHHX, KOTOpbie HMeJIH MeCTO B aHrJIHJicKOM H3hiKe Ha npOTH)f(eHHH ero
Cpe.n:HeaarnHiiCKHH nepHo.n::
HCTOpHH H onpe.n:eJIHTh MeCTO :HOfO H3hiKa cpe,D,H ,D,pyrHX H3hiKOB HH,D,OeB-
HoBoaHmHiiCKHH nepHo.n::
poneMCKOH H3hiKOBOM CeMhH. I1o3TOMY HCTOpH» H3hiKa TeCHO CBH3aHa C
3. qTO Bbi)J:emleTCR B CHCTeMe HMeHH? .n:pyrHMH JIHHfBHCTH4eCKHMH )J:HCI.(HOJIHHaMH, H3y4aiOI.I.(HMH COBpeMeH-
HhiH aHrJIHHCKHM H3biK, npe)f(,D,e BCero - TeopeTH4eCKOH <PoHeTHKOM,
_apeBHeaHrJIHJfcKHH nepHO)J::
rpaMMaTHKOH H neKCHKOJIOrHeH. BecbMa npHMe4aTeJibHa CBH3h HCTOpHH
Cpe.n:aeanrnHiiCKHH nepHo.n::
H3biKa C THOOJlOfHeM, xapaKTepH3yiOI.I.(eM H3blK C T04KH 3peHHH ero npH-
HoBoannmiicKHii nepHo.n:: Ha)J:Jle)f(JIOCTH K TOMy HJIH HHOMY H3blKOBOMY THny, 11 COI.(HOJIHHfBHCTH-
KOH, noKa3hiBaiOI.I.(eif B3aHMOOTHOUieHHH Me)l(.n:y o61.1.(eCTBOM 11 H3hiKOM B
4. qTO RBJIReTCR xapaKTepHbiM )J:JIH CHCTeMbl rnarona?
pa3JlH'iHhie nepHO,ll,hl ero HCTOpHH.
,apeaHeannmiicKHH nepHo.n::

Cpe.n:HeaHmHiicKHH nepHo.n:: llpo6JieMa nepuo.a:uJauuu

§2
HoBoaHmHiiCKHH nepHo.n::
Tpa,D,HI.(HOHHO HCTOpH» aHmHHCKoro »3hiKa .n:eJIHTCH Ha rpH ne-
5. qTo OTMeqaercH KaK xapaKTepHaH Yepra neKCHK~t? pHo.n:a:

_apeBHeaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO)J:: 1. ,apeBHeanmuifcrmfi: V-XI BB., r.e. co BpeMeHH BTOp)l(eHHH repMaH-

CKHX OJieMeH Ha npHTaHCKHe OCTpOBa ,ll,O HOpMaH,D,CKOfO 3aBOeBaHHH
Cpe.n:HeaHrnHiicKHii nepHo.n::
.EpuraHHH. Hepe.n:Ko Ha4a110M .n:peBHeaHrnuifcKoro nepHo,D,a Ha3hiBaiOT
HoBoaHrnHiiCKHii nepHo.n:: He V B., a VII B., raK KaK HMeHHO VII B. .n:aruposaHhi nepBhie H3Becr-
Hhie OHChMeHHhie naMRTHHKH Ha .n:peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM H3hiKe.

50
51

2. Cpe.n:HeaHnmj:icKHif: XI-XV BB., T.e. co speMeHH HOpMaH.n:cKoro 3aso-
esai-uor ..0:0 nepHO.LJ:a a6COJIIOTHOH MOHapXHH. MHOfHe HCTOpHKM BKJII-0-
IJ.aJOT XV B. s cpe.n:HeaHmHHCKHH nepHO.LJ:, .n:pyr11e CIJ.HTaiOT ero nepe-
XO..O:HhiM nepHO.LJ:OM Me)I(.LJ:Y cpe.n:He- H HOBOaHrJIHHCKHM.
3. HosoaHmHifCKHH: KOHeu: XV B.- Harne speM.s~. 3ToT nep11o.n: npHII.SITO
no.n:pa3.LJ:eJI.S!Tb Ha: a) parmeHOBOaHriiHHCKHH nep110..0: (XVI- XVII BB.) H
6) fl03.LJ:HeHOBOaHriiHHCKHH nepHO.LJ: (XVIII B. - ..0:0 IIalllHX ..O:IIeif).
3TO HaH60Jiee pacnpOCTpaHeHHa.SI nepHO.LJ:H3al(H.SI, IIO B KaiJ.eCTBe ee He-
..O:OCTaTKa OTMeiJ.aiOT TO, '-l.TO OHa OCHOBaHa Ha 3KCTpaJIJ1IIrBHCTHIJ.eCKHX <PaK-
TaX, T.e. IIa C06biTH.SIX, BHelllHHX no OTHOilleHHIO K .SI3b1Ky: BTOp)l(eiiHe rep-
MaHCKHX niieMeu r-m TeppHTOpHIO Ep11raHHH (V s.), uopMaii..O:CKoe 3asoesa-
Ime AHriiHM, 3aseprnHsrnee pa3BHTHe <Peo.n:aJIH3Ma (cepe.n:~wa XIs.), soifna
AJioif H EeJioif Po3bi, nepexo.n: K a6coJIIOTHOH MOIIapxHH, pa·w11nre 6yp)l(ya-
3HH (XV B. H ..O:aJiee). C .n:pyroif CTOpOHbi, 3Ta nep110.LJ:WJatUUI y.n:o6ua TeM,
'-l.TO OHa fl03BOJI.SieT npOCIIe.LJ:HTb CB.SI3b HCTOp11H aurnH~iCKOI'O WlbiKa C HCTO-
pHeif crpaHhi 11 ee napo.n:a. HecJiyqaifHo feupH Cy111, arnop 11cpuoif HayiJ.-
noif 11CTOp114eCKOU <PoneTI1K11 H rpaMMaTMKH allrnHiicKOI () H I1.1K3, C'-l.HTaJI,
'-l.TO llpi1H.S!Ta.SI nepHO.LJ:H3al(H.SI COOTBeTCTByeT MOpcj>OJIOIII'U.!CKOMy CTpOIO
pa3JIH'HibiX 3nox: .n:pesHeanrJIHHCKHH OH Ha3b1Ban 11Cp110)\0M IIOJIIIbiX OKOH-
IJ.aHHH, cpe.n:HeaHriiHHCKI1U- nepHO.LJ:OM pe..o:yQHpOIHIJIIIIol\ (r.C. OCna6JieH-
HbiX, HJI11 HHBeJI11pOBaHHb!X) OKOH'!ai-IHH, a IIOB03111:JIIrii<.:r<rrii IICpHO.LJ:OM
yrpaiJ.eHHbiX OKOHIJ.aHHif.
PaHHHB HCTopua lipltTamut
§3 f1epBbiM HaceneuHeM EpHTaHCKHX ocTponon tH.r Jro lll'llll wcnponeif-
CI<oe nJieM.s~ H6ep11ifu:es (npe.n:noJIO)I(H rCJihllo llltl\;1 tll'OJtHTa -
no3.n:Hero KaMemwro seKa). CJie.n:yiOW:HMI1 noccJICIItUIMII llr.r JIIt I\CJthThl-
11H.n:oesponeifcKI1e niieMeHa, noceJII1BWHec.s~ s Ep11 r a 111111 11 VII 11 , l lO 11.1., -
6pHTTbl 11 ra3Jibl (r3Jibl). f111CbMeHHOCTI1 y 3THX IIJICMl'll II llollllllolll 11Cp110..0:,
no-BH.LJ:I1MOMy, He 6biJIO. KeJibThi nocrpoMnH ncp"'•'l' 1opoJw J,Jlll raHHM,
KOTOpbie flO CYTM 6biJil1 OrOp0)1(eHHblM11 .n:epeByiiiKIIMII
Ha KenbTCKI1X .SI3bii<ax Kor.n:a-To rosopHIIl1 11a OOIIIIIJ'III•I\ H'JIJIIIIOpH.S!X
3ana.n:Hoif l1 U:eHrpaJibHOif Esponhi, HO s Harne BpCMll 111111 Md l ll) pucnpo-
CTpaHeHbi. Ha .SI3hii<ax KeJibTCI<oif rpynnbi cero.n:u.SI rouop11r 11 I;Jll'I.IIH1 (pe-
rHOH Ha cesepe <l>paH1.(11l1), s Y3Jihce, liipiiaii.n:HH, 11a n·urp~ II h1r JIIIII..O:HH,
Ha ocrpose M3H s liipiiaH.n:cKoM Mope.
52
§4
Bo speM.SI sJia..O:biiJ.eCTBa KeJibTOB Ha EpHTaHCKHX oc~posax pHM-
CI<He npaBHTeJIH npO..O:OJI)I(aJIH paCrn11peHHe CBOeH HMnepH11.
KeJibTCI<a.SI EpHraHH.H: no.n:sepraeTc.s~: HarnecTBHIO pHMCKI1X IIerHOHOB s
I B. .no H.3. B 55 r . .no H.3. lOIIHH U:e3apb, 3asoesasumif K 3TOMY speMeHH
faJIIIHIO, npe.n:npHH.H:JI noxo.n: Ha EpHTaHCKHe ocTposa. 3TOT nepsbiH no-
xo.n: 6biJI Hey.n:a'!HhiM, o.n:HaKo y)l(e s cJie.n:yiOllleM ro.n:y- 54 r . .no H.3 -
p11MJI.H:He sropriii1Ch s EpHraHHIO BTOpH'!HO, pa36HJIH I<eiihTOB 11 o6Jio-
)1(11JII1 Hx .n:aHhiO. EoJiee MacrnTa6Hoe 3asoesaHMe Ep11TaHHH pHMJI.H:HaMM
Ha'faJIOCh s 43 r. H.3. npH HMneparope KIIaB..O:HH. )J.o 80-x rr. I B. H.3. pHM-
JI.H:He see riiy6)1(e npoHHKaJIH BHYTPh crpaHbi. fpaH11Qhi HX BJia..O:bi'!ecTsa
npoxo.n:HIIH B..O:OJih p11MCI<oro saJia, nocrpoennoro IO)I(Hee ropnoif
llioriiaH..O:HI1 (r.H. saJI A.n:p11aHa). Y3IIhC rai<)I(e ocrasaJIC.SI sHe pHMCKOH
sJiaCTI1. 3asoesareJIH nocTpOHIIH B crpaHe xopornHe .n:opor11, MHOrHe so-
enHhie noceiieiiH.H: snociie.n:cTBI111 craJIH ropo.n:aMI1. 3ro: Manchester,
Lancaster, Chester, Rochester, Leicester H .n:p. (IIaT. castra «soenHhiH Jia-
repb» s .n:HaJierKax aHmos nepewiio s caster, s .n:HaJiei<Tax caKcos - B
chester).
PHMCKoe BIIa.LJ:biiJ.ecrso B Ep11TaHHH npo.n:oJI)I(aJIOCb .no HaiJ.aJia V s.,
I<or.n:a P11M oi<a3aJIC.SI: no.n: yrp03oif Hana.n:eHI1.SI repMaHci<oro nJieMeHH rOTOB
11 B 408 r. pHMCI<I1e soifcKa noKHHYIII1 Ep11TaHHIO.
BcKope nociie yxo.n:a pHMCKHX soifcK EpHTaHCI<Me ocrposa 6biJIH 3axsa-
IJ.eHhi repMaHCl<HMH nJieMeHaMH, KOTOpbie npHHeCJIH C C060H HOBbie 06bi·
IJ.aH 11 HOBbiH .S1:3blK, 113 KOTOporo C TeqeHHeM speMeHH 11 pa3BHJIC.SI: COBpe-
MeHHhiH aHriii1HCKI1H .SI3biK.
KJiaccufl»nKauua repMaHCKHX BJbiKOB u nJieMeH
§5
AHriiHHCKHH .H:3hiK npHHa.n:IIe)I(HT K rpyn~e r:pMaHCKHXV .H:3hiKOB,
KOTOpbie .SIBJI.SIIOTC.SI '!aCTbi-0 HH..O:OeBpOnei1CKOH .SI:3biKOBOH CeMbH.
JiiCTOp11.S!: repMaHCKI1X .S1:3biKOB Ha'-l.HHaeTC.SI: C repMaHCKOfO npa.S13biKa, 11JIH
o6merepMaHCI<oro .H:3hiKa-ocHOBhi, oT Koroporo npoH30illJIH see repMaH-
CKHe .SI3blKH. f1pe.n:nOJIO)I(HTeJibHO, OH Bhi.LJ:eJIHJIC.SI B CeMhe HH.LJ:OeBponeif-
CKHX .SI3hiKOB Me)l(.n:y XV 11 X ss . .no H.3. llHCbMeHHhiX naM.H:THI1KOB Ha o6-
merepMaHCKOM .H:3hiKe HeT. C'!HTaeTc.H:, '!TO 3TO 6hrJI e.n:HHhiH .H:3biK c ,nHa-
JieKTaJibHhiMH pa3III11.JH.H:MH. Co speMeHeM pa3JIHIJ.H.H: Me)l(.ny ,nHaJieKTaMH
B03pacTaJIH, H o6merepMaHCKHH .SI:3biK pa3.D:eJIHJIC.SI Ha TpH BeTBI1: BOCTO'-l.-
HOrepMaHCKyiO, ceseporepMaHci<yro M 3ana,nHorepMaHci<yiO.
53
 §6 K B~CTO'fHOrepMa~CKI1M 513biKaM OTHOCHTCH: fOTCKIIlt, Baii.D,aJib-
CKI111, 6ypryH.D,CKI111, Ha KOTOpbiX fOBOp11JII1 repMaiiCK~fC nJieMeHa
)J(aJJH nepecenHThCH na TeppHTOp11ID EpHTaHHI1 H K KOHUY
ee noi.JTH uenHKOM, KpoMe ropHhiX paH:oHoB: llloTnaH.D,HI1, YJnhca 11
VI B. 3axBaTI1JJH

roTOB, BaH.D,anoB H 6ypryH.D.OB. Hu O.D.HH 113 :nux H3hiKOB .D.O JIUWHX .D,HeH: KopHyonna. AHrnhi 3acenHJJH 3eMJJI1 K ceBepy oT TeM3hi 11 .D.O caMoH:
He coxpaHHJICHI1 He .D,an Hai.Jana coBpeMeHHhiM H3biKaM. Y•JCIIuJMH ue 6bi- llloTnaH.D,HI1, caKChi 3aHnJJH TeppHTOp1111 K rory OT TeM3hi, a fOThi noceni1-
no HaH.D,eHO TII1ChMeHHhiX naMHTHHKOB Ha BaH.D,aJibCKOM H 6ypryll,ll,CKOM JIHCh Ha nonyocTpoBe KeHT H ocTpoBe YaH:T. K 3TOMY BpeMeHH KeJibTCKI1e
513biKaX, HO 3aTO 6biJI HaH.D,eH TIHChMeHHhiH HCTOl.JIIHK 113 1'0 rCKOM 513biKe. nneMeHa 6biJJI1 no6e)J(.D,eHhi, HX ocTaTKH ymn11 B ceBepHbie H 3ana.D,Hhie
3To nepeBO.D. EBaHrenuH c rpeqecKoro H3hiKa Ha roTCKHn, BuiiJOnueHHhiH 3eMnH: llloTnaH.D,HfO, YJnhc, KopHyonn. qacTh KeJJhTCKI1X nneMeH -
roTCKI1M eni1CKOnOM Bym,qmnoii B IV B. H.3. Cni1COK c ero pyKonHCI1 , OT- 6p11TTbl - nepeceJIHJJI1Cb Ha KOHTI1HeHT (npOBHHU11H EpeTaHh B COBpe-
HOCHIIJI1HCH K V-VI BB., 113BecTeH KaK Cepe6pHHhiH KO,ll,CKC, TaK KaK OH Ha- MeHHOH <l>paHUHH).
nHCaH cepe6pHHhiMI1 6yKBaMI1 Ha nypnypHOM nepraMell1 c. B ocuose roT-
CKOro TIHCbMa Jie)J(HT rpe<JeCKHH ampaBI1T. AurJiocaKcoucKue KopoJieBCTBa

§7 H3b~K11 CKHII,I(HIIaBC~HX
§10
K CeBeporepMaHCKI1M H3:IKaM OTHOCHTCH
TIJieMeH: .D,peBHeiUBe.D,CKHI1, .D,peBHeHOpBe)J(CKI1H, ,llpCiliiCJ),3TCKI111 11 repMaHCKHe nneMeHa o6pa30BaJJI1 B Ep11TaHI1H CCMb KOponeBCTB,

.D,peBHeHCJiaH.D,CKI1H, 113 KOTOpbiX BTIOCJie.D,CTBHH pa3BI1JIJICJ, COBpCMeJIIIhie KOTopble cyiiJeCTBOBaJJH npHMepHo c VII no IX BB. (TaK ua3hiBa-

WBe.D,CKI1H, I-!OpBe)J(CKHH, .D,aTCKHH, HCJiaH.D,CKI1H 11 cpapcpCKIIlt (H3hiK
<l>apepcKI1X OCTpOBOB, HaXO,ll,HI.1..111XCH K ceBepy OT Ben11K06p11 JUIIJ111). B Ha-
CTOHI.llee speMH cyliJeCTBYIOT nHChMeHHhie naMHTliHK11 ua ncex WlbJKax ce-
BeporepMaHCKOH rpynnbi.
eMaH renTapxHn:, 11n11 ceMH.D,ep)J(aB11e). Ha ceBepe EpHTaHHH 6hrno Kopo-
neBCTBO HopTyM6pHH, nonBI1BweecH 6naro.D,apH o6ne.D,HHeHHfO 6onee Ma-
neHhKHX KoponeBCTB ,L(eiiphi 11 EepHHKI111 (EepH11UH11). Ha BOCTOKe cyiiJe-
CTBOBaJio KoponeBCTBO BocTO'IHaH AHrni1H. HopTyM6p11ro H BocTo•myro

§8
AHrnl1ro uacenHJJI1 aHrJihi. QeRTpanhHYfO I.JaCTh EpHTaHI1H 3aHI1Mana
K 3ana.D,JiorepMaHCKI1M H3biKaM OTHOCHTcn H3bJKH rcpMaJJCKHX nne- MepcHn:, r.D,e )J(I1JJH aHrnhl H caKChi. IO)J(Hee o6pa3oBaJIHCb caKCOHCKI1e KO-
MeH, HacenHBWI1X 3ana.D,Hyro I.JaCTh EBponbJ: aurnoa, caKcos, cppaH-
poneBCTBa: 3cceKc, CacceKc, YJcceKc. Ha BOCTOKe ocrpoBa fOTbi ocHoBaJJH
KOB, fOTOB, TeBTOHOB, cpp1130B 11 .D,p. 3TO .D,peBJieBepXIICIJCM\!I(KIIH, .D,peB-
KoponeBCTBO KeHT.
HecppH3CKI1H, cppaHKCKI1H, .D,peBHeCaKCOHCKI1H H .D,peBIJC3111 JJifiiCKHH H3bi-
B .D,aJibHeH:IIIeM ceMh KoponeBCTB o6ne.D.HHI1JJI1Cb B I.JeTbipe rocno.D,-
KI1. 113 HHX o6pa30BaJIHCb TaKHe COBpeMeHHbie H3bl Kif, KOK IICMCL(KHH,
CTBYIOIUHX: HopTyM6pHio, Mepc1110, YJcceKc H Kern, KOTOphie nocTOHHHO
11,ll,I1III (n3biK eBpeH:cKoro HaceneHHn BocTOlJI-IOH EBponuJ), JlltJ~cpnau.D,­ 6opon11cb .D.pyr c .D,pyroM 3a BJiaCTh. K IX B. JJI1.D,11pymruee noJJo)J(eHI1e 3a-
cKI1H, 6ypCKHH (acpp11KaaHC), cpp113CKI1H (Ha KOTOpOM fOBOpH 1 110 CJ>pH3CKHX HI1MaeT Y3CCeKC, o6ne.D,I1HHH TIO,ll, CBOI1M fOCTIO,ll,CTBOM TIOlJTI1 BCIO
ocTpoBax K ceBepy OT HH.D,epnaH.D,OB). lb .D,peBHeaurnHHCKoro o6pa3oBan- Ep11TaHI1IO. CTOJJHuen YJcceKca cTaHOBI1TCH ropo.D. YI1HI.JecTep. Ba)J(-
CH COBpeMeHHhiH aHrJIHHCKHH 513hiK. Cyl.lleCTBYfOT TII1ChMCIJII&JC 110MHTH11- HYIO ponh B ycHneHHI1 YJcceKca Cbrrpan ero Koponh Anocppe.D. Beni1KI1H
K11 Ha Bcex 3ana.D,HorepMaHCKI1X n3hiKax.
(849-901 rr.), KOTOpbiH TIOCTp011JJ HOBbie KpenOCTH, yKpeni1JJ apMHIO H
cpnoT, a TaK)J(e 3a6oTI1JICH o npocBeiiJeHI111 CBoero Hapo.D,a: co3.D,an nepByro
3asoesauue lipuTauuu repMauu.aMu B AHrnl111 wKony .D,JIH cpeo.D,anoB, np11rnaman B cTpaHy yqeHhiX 11 ni1CaTe-
nen, CaM 3aHHMaJJCH nepeBO.D,aMI1 C JiaTI1HCKOfO.

§9 Ilocne yxo.D,a pHMCKI1X BOHCK Ha Ep11TaHCKI1e ocTpona a1oprn11ch

repMaHCKI1e nneMeHa aHrnoB, caKCOB, fOTOB 11 cppH30B. II'! HX nne-
C B03BhimeHI1eM YJcceKca ual.JHHaiOT CTHpaTbcn: rpaHHllhi Me)J(.ll.Y aH-
rnocaKCOHCKI1MH rocy.D,apcTBaMH. Bee )J(HTeJJH EpHTaHHH, a He TOJJhKO aH-
MeHHhiX .D,11aJJeKTOB 11 CKJJa.D,hiBaeTCH .D,peBHeaHrJJI1HCKHH H3&1K, lta3biBae- rJJhi, Teneph Ha3hiBafOT ce6n: aHrJII1I.JaHaMI1 (Angelcynn «po.D. aHrnOB»), a
MhiH 11HOr.D,a TaK)J(e aHrnocaKCOHCKI1M. CornacHo «AHrnocaKCOJJCKOH xpo- BCIO CTpaHy BeJJI1'1aiOT AnrnHeH (Englelond). Ilpe.D,nOJJO)J(HTeJJbHO, c JTO-
HI1Ke», 3TO npOH30mno B 449 r., nocne I.Jero repMaHCKHe nneMCJJa npo.D,on- ro BpeMeHH MO)J(HO rOBOp11Tb 06 o6pa30BaHI1H aHrJIHHCKOH HapO,ll,HOCTI1.

54 55
§11
Anb<lJpe,n BeJIMKHH npH nepeBo,nax e naTHHeKoro. On nepeBeJI TaKHe npo-
B KOHll,e VI B. Ha'lanaeb xpHeTHamt3all,ml opHTalll111, a K KOHll.Y
H3Be,neunn, KaK «BeeMHpHaJI HeTopmm HenaHeKOfO MOHaxa OpoeHJI
VII B. xpHentaHeTBO YTBep,n11noeh no Beeii eTpauc. llp11HJITI1e
I-IOBOH e,ni1HOH pe1111fHI1 OKa3aJIO 60JihUIOe BJII1JIHI1e Ha pa11H1 r11e aHrJIO -
(V B.), K KOTopoii ,no6aBHJI paeeKa3bi nyTeUieeTBeHHHKOB eBoero spe-
MeHH - OxTxepe H Bynb<lJeTaHa, «3a6oTa naeTbipJI» nanbi fpHropHll I, K
eaKeOHeKHX roey,napeTB. C O)J.HOH eTOpOHbi, uepKOBb 6opOJHieh 1a BJiaeTh
KOTOpOMY HanHeaJI BBe)J.eHHe «0 eoeTOJIHHH o6pa30BaHHJI B AHrJIHH», H
e roey,napeTBOM, e ,npyroii, eo3,na1-111e MOHaeTblpeii enoeo6erBOBano pa3-
«YTeUieHI1e <lJHnoeo<lJH»» pHMeKoro xpneTHaHeKoro <lJHnoeo<Pa o03ll,HJI.
BI1TI1IO 06pa30BaHHOeTI1: np11 HI1X IIOJIBJIJIJII1eh 6116JII10TCKJ1, BCJII1eb neTO-
Ha HOpTyM6pnlieKOM ,LI,HaneKTe HanneaHhi ynoMHHaBIIDieen Bbnue py-
II11el1, OHI1 enoeo6eTBOBaJII1 e03,D,aHHIO 11 pa3BHTI1IO IIHebMCIIIIOeTI1 .
HH'leeKI1e naMJITH11KI1 - PyTBenbeK11H KpeeT 11 napeu <l>peHKea.

,lJ,peoueaurJIHHCKaH DHCbMeHHOCTb H OCHOBHble IHIMHTHHKH naTHHeKHM an<lJaBHTOM HanHeaHbl nepeBO,ll, EsaHreJIMJI, fHMH MOHaxa

.LJ.peoueaurJIHHCKoro nepHO.LJ.a K3,nMoHa 11 «Ilpe,neMepTHaJI neeHb o3)1.bi>> .

IlaMJITHHKaMH MepeHHeKOfO )J.HaJieKTa JIBJIJIIOTeJI nepeBO)J. IJeaJIThlpJI

§12 ITI1ebMemlbie naMnTHHKH ,npeBueaHrnHi:fcKoro ncp11o;w eoJ,naBa-

nHeh e 11eiiOJih30BaJmeM n116o pyHH'leeKoro, 111160 naTHIIeKoro
(IX B.), moeCbi (VIII B.) 11 uepKOBHbie rHMHbi.
CoxpaH11JIHeb neanMbi 11 IOp11,nH<IeeKHe ,noKyMeHTbi, uanneaHHbie Ha

an<lJaBHTa. PyHhJ JIBJIJIIOTeJI 6onee ,npeBHHM an<lJaBHTOM, 01111 uenonb30Ba- KeHTeKOM )1.11aJieKTe.
JII1eh repMaHeKI1MH nneMeHaM11 (oeo6eHHO eKall)1.1111aBaM11) e Ill B. H.3. IJOMHMO npo3ai1'·IeeKHX npOH3Be)J.eHHH )1.0 HalliHX ,LI,HeH )J.OIDJIH H 003-

Ilp11 Han11eaH1111 pyH 11enonh30BanHeh TOJibKO BepT11KaJibllhiC 11 KOebie JIH- TH'leeKI1e naMJITH11KH ,npeBHeaHfJIHHeKOfO J13biKa- eTHXOTBOpeHHJI, II0-

HI111, noeKOJihKY pyHbJ o6bJ'lHO HaHOel1nl1eb 1-1a KaMellb, J\Cpcno 11n11 Me- 3Mhl «EneHa>>, «lOnnaHa» 11 ,np. Han6onee H3BeeTHbiM CTHXOTBOpHbiM

Tann, a rOp1130HTaJibHbie J111HI111 Ha TaKOH IIOBepXHOeTI1 IIJIOXO npoeMa- OpOH3Be,D,eHHeM TOfO BpeMeHH JIBJIJ!eTeJI 3IIWieeKaJI 003Ma «oeOBYJib<lJ>>.
Tp11BaiOTeJI. Haii,neHo ,nBa ,npeBHeaHrJIHHeKI1X naMJITIII1 Ka, llanHeaHHbiX 5J.3biK ,naHHhiX np0113Be)J.eHHH Tpy,nHO OTHeCTH K KaKOMy-TO O)J.HOMY )J.Ha-

pyHH'leeKHM an<lJaBHTOM. O,n11H 113 HHX - PyTBen beKul1 KpeeT (the JieKTy. Bo3MO)[(HO, H3Ha'la1lbHO OHM 6hlJIH Han11caubi Ha ,nHaneKTe aHrnoB,

Ruthwell Cross), Haxo,nnw.11lien y ,nepeBHH PyTBenn B IOro-·mna,nHoii a 3aTeM nepe011CaHbl HOCHTeJieM y3eeeKeKOf0 )1.11a1leKTa, KOTOpblH 'laCTH'l-

llioTnaH,nl111. Ha 3TOM KaMeHHOM KpeeTe eeTb pyuw~eeKaH lla) ~ln1eb penl1- liO H3MeHHJI TeKeT. A.H. CMHpHHll.KHH BbiCKa3aJI npe,nnono)[(eHHe, 'ITO B

rH03Horo eo,nep)[(aHHJI. ,ll,pyroH. naMJITHI1K - TaK na1bliHtCMI.IH napeu 003TH'leCKOH pe'IH TOfO BpeMeHH opOHCXO,ll,I1Jl0 CMeUieHHe pa3JII1'lHbiX )J.H-

<l>peHKea -UIKaTyJIKa H3 KHTOBOfO yea, yKpaUiellllaH ell,CIIKUM~1 113 M11<lJO- aneKTOB.

JIOfHI111 Ha,D,n11ebiO, paeeKa3biBaiOlll,eH 0 Ml1<lJOJIOfH'leeK~IX CYII~CCTBaX.
C np111-IJIT11eM xpHeTI1aHeTsa B Aum11H paenpoeTpanHJICH JJaTI111eKI1H CKaR.LJ.HHaBcKoeJaooeoauue
an<lJaBHT, B KOTOpbiH, O)J.HaKO, 6biJ111 ,no6aBJieHhl HeKOTOpblC /\OIIOJIIHITeJib-
Hbie 3HaKI1, ueo6xo,ni1Mhie ,nnn nepe,na'll1 3BYKOB ,npeBueaurJuti1cKoro Jl3hi- 14 B KOHue VIII B. Ha AHrn»IO uaqanH Hana,naTh eKaH)J.HHaBCKHe

Ka. 3ByKH [9] 11 [5] o603uaqanHeh 3HaKaMH p 11 5. Cyw.eeTsyc·, / WBOJibHO § B11KI1HfH - ,naT'laHe H HOpBe)[(ll,bl, HaeeJIJIBUIHe CKaH)J.HHaBCKHH
nonyoeTpOB. 0T Ha6erOB eKaH)J.HHaBOB CTpa,nanO BHaqane BOCTO'lHOe II0-
MHOfO Dl1ehMeHIIbiX naMJITHI1KOB, 1-laiiHeaHI-IbiX JiaTI111eK11M aJICjltlB11TOM.
Ha1160JibUiee BJIHJIHHe Ha Tepp11T0p1111 op11TaHHH HMeJ111110p I yM6p11i1eKHi1, 6epe)[(be Aurn»H, HO BO sTopoii nonoBHHe IX B. cKaH,LI,HHaBbi nepeUinH B

MepeHiieKI1H, KeHTeKHi111 oeo6eHHO y3eeeKeKI1H ,nHaneKTbJ. Bee 01111 np1106pe- HaeTynnenHe ua Y3cceKe. KoponiO Anh<lJpe,ny BenHKOMY y,nanocb o6'he-

n11 TaKHe <lJOHeTH'lCeKHe, rpaMMaTH'leeKHe H JieKel1'leeKHe YepTbl, KO I'Opble II0- ,nHHHTh eHJibi pa3JIH'lHhiX aHrno-eaKeOHeKHX KOponeBCTB H )J.aTb 60H

3BOJIJIIOT elfHTaTb 11X )1.11aJieKTaMH O)J.HOfO ,npeBueaHfJIHHeKOfO JI%1KU. cKaH,nHHaBaM, nocne KOToporo B 878 r. 6bm 3aKJIIO'leH Y3,nMopCKHH MHp.

§13
ITo noMy MHpHoMy ,noroBopy qaeTb ceBepo-socTO'lHOro no6epe)[(bll
CoxpaHHJII1eb nHebMeHHbie naMJITHHKI1 Ha Beex ,nallllbiX ,LI,HaneK-
AHf1IHI1 6hlna oT,naHa eKaH)J.HHaBaM H nonyqHna Ha3BaHHe Danelagh -
Tax. Ha y3eeeKeKOM ,n11aneKTe HanneaHa «Au rnoe~u<eoueKa»
xpOHI1Ka» (VII-IX BB.). 3THM )[(e )1.11aJieKTOM IIOJlb30BaJJCH KOpOJib «o6nacTh ,naTcKoro npaBa».

56
57
 .LJ:aHenar npocymecTBOBan .D;O uaqana XI B., KOr.D;a nocne oqepe.D;uo-
pMIO no .D;orosopy 912 r. CKaH.D;MHaBbi accHMHnMposanMCh c MeCTHhiM ua-
ro Hana.D;eHIOI CKalJ.D;HIJaBbl, B OCHOBHOM .D;aTqaHe, fiOJIHOCTbiO 3aXBaTH-
ceneuHeM M nepeHHJII1 Mx H3hiK 11 KYJioTypy. B AurnHIO OHM npHlllJIH KaK
JIH AHrJIHIO. KoponeM AHrJIHH cTan .D;aTCKHH Kopono Kauyr BenHKHH:
HOCMTeJIM <!JpaHQY3CKOrO .113hiKa H <!JpaHQY3CKOH <!Jeo,LiaJibHOH KYJloTypo!.
(1016-1035 rr.). Anrmu1 HaXO.LJ;HJiacb B cocTaBe .D;aTcKoro rocy.D;apcTBa .D;o
AnrnHHCKaH apHCTOKpaTHH M Kpynnoie <!Jeo.D;aJioi 6oiJII1 noqTif noJIHOCThiO
1042 r. - BpeMeHH, KOr.LJ;a caMo .D;aTcKoe KoponeBCTBO Haqano pacna.D;aTb-
yul1qTo)f(eHhl, a MX 3eMJII1 BI1JiorenoM nepe.D;aJI <!Jpanl.ly3CKHM pbiJ.IapHM.
cH. AurnHH BHOBb o6pena caMOCTOHTeJibHOCTh, 11 KoponeM AHrJIHH CTaJI
ITocne BOI.IapeHHH BHnorenoMa orpoMnoe KOJIMqecTso <!JpaHI.IY30B nepece-
noTOMOK aurnocaKCOIJCKOH .D;HHaCTHH 3.D;yap.D; HcnoBe.LJ;HHK.
JII1JIOCh Ha Tepp11TOp1110 bpHTaHHH. B 11X pyKaX OKa3aJiaCb H CBeTCKa.si, 11
CKaH.D;HHaBhi, ocTaBwHeCH B AHrJIHH, 6ornu co BpeMeHeM acCHMHJIH-
l.lepKOBHaH BJiaCTb B CTpaue. 3TO OKa3aJIO 60JiblllOe BJIHHHHe Ha pa3BI1THe
poBaHhi aHrnHHCKHM uaceneHneM. Ho cocymecTsosaHHe ua O.D;Hoif TeppH-
aurJIMHCKoro H3hiKa.

§16
TOpHu C HOpBe)f<I.IaMH H .D;aTqaHaMH OKa3aJIH 60JibWOe BJIHHIIHe Ha )f(H3Hb
aHrJIHqaH. OHM D03HaKOMHMJICb co MHOrHMH paHee HeH3BeCTHhiMH HM Ha npoTH)f(eHHI1 .n.syx seKOB <P~aHI.IY3CKHH 6om H3hiKOM 3JII1Thi,

npe.D;MeTaMH MarepHaJibHOH KYJihTYPhi. Enaro.LJ;apH CKaH.D;HnaaaM B CTpane rocy.n.apCTBeHHhiX yqpe)f(,LieHMH 11 KOpOJieBCKOrO .D;BOpa, Ha HeM

0)f(J1BHJiaCb TOprOBJIH, CTaJIH pa3BHBaTbCH peMeCJia, paCTH ropo.LJ;a. b0pb6a TIHCaJIHCb KHHrH M BeJIHCb Cy.D;e6Hole 3aCe.D;aHHH. AHrJIMHCKI1H COXpaHHJI-

3a He3aBHCHMOCTb CTIOC06CTBOBaJia CTIJIOqeHHIO aHrJIHqan H B03HHKHOBe- CH KaK H3hiK 6onoWHHCTBa KpecThHH u ropo)f(aH , T.e. npOCTOJIIO.D;11HOB. Co
HHIO e)J;HHOH aHrJIHHCKOH HapO.D;HOCTH. speMeneM eMy y.D;anoco accuMHJI11posaTD <!Jpanl.ly3CKI1H, 11 y)f(e B XIII B.

CHJihHOMy CKaH.D;HHaBcKoMy BJIHHHHIO no.D;seprc.~~ 11 anrnwifcKwif H3biK ero noJio)f(emJe uaqi1JiaeT ynyqwaThCH. TaK, B 1258 r . KOpOIIh f'eHpMx III
Toro speMenw. CKaH.LJ;HHascKue .D;HaneKTbl 6oiJIH oqeHb 6JIH3KH .D;pesHeau- 06paTHJICH K )f(IfTeJIHM flOH.D;OHa C B033BaHHeM, HanMCaHHblM He TOJibKO Ha

rJIHHCKOMy H3biKy, OHH CMeiUHBaJIHCb Me)f(.LJ;y C06oif, qTO CllOC06CTBOBaJIO <!JpaHI.Iy3CKOM, HO If Ha aHrJIHHCKOM. C 1363 r . anrJIHHCKHH H3hiK CTaJI HC-

OCJia6neHHIO <!JneKCHH If pa3BHTI110 auaJII1TifqeCKHX Teii.D;elll(HH B rpaMMa- nOJih30BaTbCH B napnaMeHTCKHX npeHHHX, a K XV B. anrnHHCKMH cTaJI

THKe. MHorue CKaH.D;11HascKue cnosa 6orJIH 3ai1MCTBOBaJJbl aiJrJII1HCKHM e.D;HHbiM H3b!KOM aHrJII1HCKOrO rocy.D;apCTBa.
H3biKOM.
fiHCbMCHHOCTb H DHCbMCHHbiC D3MHTHHKH
cpe.a:ueaurJIHHCKoro nepuo.a:a
HopMau.a:cKoe Jaooeoauue. HJLIKOBaH cuTyauuH

§17
B pe3yJibT3Te HOpM3HJl:CKOrO 33BOCB311HH fiHCoMeHHOCTh cpe.D;ueaurnHHCKoro nepHO.D;a npeTepnena 3naqu-
TeJihHhie H3MeHeHHH B CBH3H C HOpMaH,LICKMM 3aBOeBaHHeM.
§15 AHrnuficKI1H Kopono 3.D;yap.D; Hcnose.LIIJ11K yMep, ue ocrasHs Ha-
cne.D;HI1Ka. HopMaH.LICKHH rep1.1or BI1JihrenoM, 6biBWHH B po.n.cTse
flepenMCKOH KHMr HaqaJIH 3aHMMaThCH <!JpaHI.Iy3CKHe fiHCUhi, KOTOpbie
BBeJIM HOBOe HanHCaHMe H ynoTpe6JieHMe MHOrMX 6yKB, HCfiOJih30BaBUIMX-
C aHJIOCaKCOHCKOH .D;HHaCTHeif, BOCTIOJib30BaJICH 3TOH CHTyau"teH 11 BMeCTe
CH B aurJIHHCKOM H3biKe.

§18
co CBOHM soikKOM BhiCa.D;HJICH Ha no6epe)f(be £puTa11ww. B 1066 r. B 611Tse
B TeqeuHe XI-XV BB. BM.D;OM3MeHM~HCh TaK)f(e aarnocaKCOHCKM:
npH f'aCTHHrce OH pa36HJI BOHCKO .D;pyroro npeTeii,LieHTa 11a aurJIHHCKHH
.D;MaJieKThi. Ha ocHOBe HOpTyM6pMMCKoro CJIO)f(MJICH cesepHbiH
TpOH, rapOJib.LJ;a, H 6biJI npOB03rnawen KOpOJieM AllrJIHH. B 11CTOpHIO OH
Bowen KaK BI1JihrenoM 3asoeBaTeJib. .D;ManeKT, ua ocuose MepcMHCKoro - l.leHTpanoHhiH (o6hJquo ero no.D;pa3-
.D;eJI.siiOT Ha BOCTOqJWUeHTpaJibHbiH M 3ana,LIHOQeHTpaJihHblH), a 1-Ia OCHOBe
HOBbiH KOpOJib )f(eCTOKO fiO,LiaBJIHJI JII06bie BOCCTaliHH, a 11a LICe Ba)f(IJbJe
yJcceKcKoro - IO)f(HhiH .n.HaneKT aurnMHCKoro H3hiKa. flocne Toro, KaK
.D;OJI)f(HOCTH Ha3HaquJI HOpMaH.D;QeB. flo npOHCXO)f(.LJ;eHHIO 110pMaii,LIL(bl 6bi-
ynpoqMJIOCb llOJIO)f(eHMe flOH,LIOHa M OH CTaJI CTOJIMUeH AHrJIHM, HaqaJI
JIH CKaH.LIHHaBCKI1MH BHK11HraMH, HeO.D;HOKpaTHO COBepwaBWIIM11 11a6er11
pa3BHBaThCH M npMo6peTaTb BJIM.IIHHe JIOH.D;OHCKHH .n.HaneKT. Ha BOCTOKe
Ha cesepHoe no6epe)f(be <I>paHI.IHM. <l>paHI.IY3CKMH Kopom> Kapn ripocTofi,
COXpaHMJICH KeHTCKMH .D;MaJieKT, a Ha TeppMTOpHM lliOTJiaH.D;MM M3 CeBep-
He 6y.n.yq11 B COCTOHHMM cnpaBMTbCH C HMMI1, YCTYTIMJI HM :ny repp11TO-
HOrO )J;MaJieKTa Bbl.D;eJIMJIC.II lllOTJiaH.D;CKHH .D;HaJieKT (nepBbie TIHChMeHHhie

58
59
 HCTO'IHHKI1 Ha HeM .D.aTHPYIOTCR XIV B.) Ha Bcex :nux .D.HaJieKrax coxpa-
HI1JIHCh pa3JIH'IHhie III1Ci>MeHHhle IIaMRTHI1Klf.
Ha BOCTO'IHO-QeHTpanhHOM .D.I1aJJeKTe 6nmo HanucaHo npO.D.OJI)f(eHI1e
«AHmocaKCOHCKOH xpOHI1KH» - «lleTep6yprcKaR xpOHHKa» (The Peter-
borough Chronicle), a raK)f(e CTHXOTBOpHhiH nepecKa3 qacTH eBaureJih-
CKOH nereH.ll.hi, HanHcaHHhJH MOHaxoM OpMOM - «0pMyJIIOM» (Ha'Iano
XIII B.). Ha 3TOM .D.HaneKTe HanHcaHhi TaK)f(e CTHXOTBOpHbie poMaHhi, xpo-
HI1K11 11 T.)l..
llaMRTHI1KOM 3ana)I.HO-QeHTpaJibHOfO )1.11aJJeKTa RBJJReTCH lf3BeCTHbiH
pbiQapCKI1H poMaH «C3p faBeHH 11 3eJJeHbiH pbiQapb» (Sir Gawayne and the
Green Knight) KOHQa XIV B., a TaK)f(e .D.pyme pbii..{apcKI1e poMaHhl, n03Mhi,
)f(I1T11H CBRThiX 11 T.)l.. Oco6oe MecTo 3aHI1MaeT carHp11'lecKaH TI03Ma
«BI1.D.eHI1e lleTpa llaxapH» (The Vision of William Concerning Piers, the
Plowman), uanucaHHHaR YHJJhHMOM 1I3HrJieH.D.OM 11 HanpaBneHHaH npo-
THB KOppynQHI1 B QepKOBHb!X Kpyrax If np11 )I.BOpe.
Ha ceBepuoM .D.HaJieKTe HanHcaHa penurH03HO-noy'II1TeJJJ>HaH n03Ma
Puqap.D.a Ponne X3MTIOJihCKoro «Yrph13eHHH coBeCTH» (The Prickle of
Conscience), MI1CTepHH 11 pH(pMoBaHHaH II03Ma XIII B. «Eeryi.QHH no CBe-
Ty» (Cursor Mundi), 113Jiararoi.QaR 6116nelicKyro nereu)l.y.
Ha IO)f(HOM .D.I1aJieKTe coxpaHI1JJacb no3Ma JialiaMoHa «Epyn> (Brut),
CTI1XOTBOpHaH xpOHHKa Po6epTa fnocrepcKoro (KOHeQ XIII B.) - Robert
of Gloucester's "Chronicle", a TaK)f(e «YcraB MOHaXHHh» (Ancren Riwle) -
IIOCJJaHI1e, a)l.peCOBaHHOe TpeM MOHaXHHHM.
Ha KeHTCKOM .D.HaJieKTe Han11caHJ>I CTHXOTBopeHHR YI1JJhMHMa Wop3M-
cKoro H nepeso.D. c cppaHUY3CKOro «Yrpbi3eHI1H cosecTI1» (The Ayenbite of
Inwit), C)l.eJJaHHhiH )J,aHOM MH'IeJJOM.
flepBbiM llHChMeHHbiM naMRTHHKOM lllOTJiaH)I.CKOfO )I.HaJJeKTa HBJIHeT-
CH no3Ma «Epyc» (Bruce) o lllOTJiaH.D.CKOM uauuonaJIJ>HOM repoe Po6epre
Epyce, 6opoBrneMcR 3a He3aBHCHMOCTh CBoeJi crpaubJ. llo3Ma 6biJJa Hanu-
caHa Eap6ypoM.
Enaro.D.apR ycuneHHIO BJIHHHI1R JIOH.D.OHCKoro .D.HaneKTa MIIOrHe npmnse-
.D.eHHH 6hiJI11 Han11caHhi HMeHHO Ha neM. Ba)f(HhiM naMHTHHKOM 3Toro .D.HaJieK-
ra RBJJReTcR «llpoKJiaMaQI1R feHp11xa III» (1258 r.)- nepsbJH rocy.D.apcrBeH-
HI:.IH .D.OKyMeHT Ha aHmHHCKOM R3biKe. HHrepec npe.D.cTaBJJReT TaK)f(e co6pa-
HHe JIOH.D.OHCKHX rpaMoT 11 .D.OKyMeHTOB c 1384 r . .D.O cepe.ll.lfHhi XV B. - London
Charters and Documents. Oco6oe 3I-Ia'IeHI1e 11Meror uan11camih1e ffa JIOII.D.OH-
CKOM )I.HaJieKTe npOH3Be)l.eHI1H BeJIHKOfO aHrJI11HCKOfO n03Ta )J,)f(ecpcpp11
60
LJocepa (1340-1400 rr.)- KpynHelirnero no3Ta .D.OilleKcnwpoBCKoro speMei-IH.
Ero 3HaMeHHThie «KeHTep6ep11HCKHe paccKa3hi» (Canterbury Tales) 11 .D.PYrHe
npoH3Be.D.ei-IHR (A Legend of Good Women 11 .D.p.) nepenwchiBaJIHCh BO Mnorwx
3K3eMnJIRpax H paCXO)I.HJII1Ch no BCeH crpaHe. C nOMOI..I..{blO TOfO )f(e JIOI-I.li.OI-1-
CKOrO .D.HaJieKTa 6hiJJ BhmonneH nepeBO.ll. Ew6JIHH )J,)f(oua YHKJIHcpa - npo-
THBHHKa nanCTBa H 6opQa C KOppynuHeH B QepKBH.
Muorue nHChMeHHhie naMRTHHKH cpe.D.HeaHrJIHHCKoro nepHo.D.a (3a wc-
KJJIO'ieHHeM npOH3Be)l.eHHH )J,)f(. l.Jocepa, Y. J13HrJieH)I.a H HeKOTOphiX .D.py-
mx) He npe.D.CTaBmnoT oco6oro 11HTepeca KaK JIHTeparypHhie npOH3Be.D.e-
HHH, I-10 KaK HCTO'IHHKH JJI1HfBHCTH'IeCKOH HHcpOpMaUHH OHM O'IeHb QeHHhl.
JIOH)lOHCKHH )lHaJieKT
§19
B cpe.D.HeBeKo~BOH ~HrJJHI1 wcnon:3oaanHCh O.D.HOBpeMeHHO~ rpH
H3h1Ka: aHrJIHHCKI111, <l>paHQY3CKHH 11 JiaTbiHh. <l>paHUY3CKHH HC-
nOJib30B3JJCH )I.JIH rocy.D.apCTBeHBbiX 3aKOHOB 11 OcpHQHaJlhHOH nepenHCKH,
o6y'IeBHH B IllKOJJe H napJJaMeHTCKHX )l.e6aTOB. JlaTI1BCKHH 6h1Jl R3h1KOM
uepKBH 11 uayKH. AHrJJHHCKHH ocraBancH H3hiKOM npocroro uaceneHI1R,
Oco6eHBO .D.epeBeHCKOfO. flpH 3TOM pa3Bble )1.11aJieKTbl aHrJII1HCKOfO R3hiKa
6&IJJI1 paaHonpaBHbi Me)f(.li.Y co6oii.
0)1.HaKO nocne HOpMaH)I.CKOrO 3aBOeBaHI1R JlOH)I.OH CTaHOBHTCR CTOJJI1-
I..{eH AHrJJHI1 11 KpynnhiM roprOBhiM ueHrpoM, Ky.D.a npHe3)f(aiOT JJIO.ll.l1 113
caMbiX pa3HhiX yroJJKOB crpanhi, npHHOCR csoH rosophi 11 .D.HaneKTbi. Co
speMeHeM cpopMHpyeTCR JJOH)I.OHCKI1H )I.HaJJeKT, B KOTOpOM cuaqana npeo6-
JJa)l.aJII1 l!epTbl lO)f(HOfO .D.I1aJieKTa (XIII B.), a 3aTeM - 'iepTbl BOCTO'iHO-
Qei-ITpaJJbHOrO )1.11aJieKTa (XIV B.). BMeCTe C TeM OH BKJJIO'iaeT B ce6R H OT-
)I.eJihHbie xapaKTepHCTHKI1 .li.PYrHX )I.HaJieKTOB, KaCaiOII..{HeCR K3K npOH3HO-
IlleHHR, TaK H uanHCaHHR.
C XIV B. cy.D.onpoH3BO.li.CTBO 11 IIIKOJJhHOe npeno.D.aBanHe HR'iHnaror Be-
CTHCh Ha aBrJIHHCKOM R3hiKe, a K KOHUY 3TOrO BeKa aHrJJHHCKHH OKOH'Ia-
TeJlbHO CTaHOBHTCR rocy.D.apCTBeBBbiM R3biKOM. flp11 3TOM )I.Jl$1. o6ecrre'Ie-
BHH TOprOBhiX CBH3eH, nOHHMaHI1R 3aKOHO)I.aTeJihHhiX aKTOB 11 06oe)I.I1He-
HHH CTpaHbl BOKpyr a)I.MHHHCTpaTHBHOrO QeHTpa noTpe6oBaJICH e)I.HHbiH
R3biK, llOHHTHblH no BCeH CTpaHe. 3Ty pOJJb 11 B3HJ1 Ha ce6H Jl0H)I.OHCKI1H
)1.11aJieKT, nOCJIY)f(HBIIIHH OCHOBOH C03)1.aHI1R Hai..{HOHaJibHOrO aHrJJHHCKOrO
H3hiKa. HMeHHO Ha JIOH.D.OHCKOM .D.HaneKTe 11 6&ma Han11caua flpoKnaMaUHR
feHp11xa III or 1258 r.
61
§20 B XV
Eonee TPY.LJ:HbiM 6r,Jn nyTb ai-IrnHHCKoro H3hiKa B Hayqi-IyiO JIHTepaTy-
B. noJio)l(eHMe HaQMOHaJibHOro ~3b1Ka Clllt.: ho ,,cc y npoiJM-
JIOCb. llocne BOHHbi AnoH: H EenoH: Po3bi (1455 14H~ ' 1.) ycTaHOBM- py. b0Jlhllll1M npenUCTB.HeM Ha 3TOM nyTH llOCJIY)f(l1J10 OTCYTCTBHe COOT-

nacr, a6comOTHa~ MOHapxM~ .LJ:HHaCTMM Tm.n:opos. )TO cnoco6cTBosano BeTCTByiOIQeH TepMHHononnf B aHrJIHHCKOM X3biKe. CTopoHHHKH Hcnonh-

yCHJieHMIO rocy.n:apCTBeHHOH UeHTpam13aQHH H pe3KOMy 0 l ) lCJH.!IIHIO rocy- 30BaHHll aHfJIHHCKOfO B HayKe pernHJIM 3TY npo6neMy, BBC.[(H naTHHCKHe

.n:apCTBeHHOfO HaQHOHaJibHOfO ~3bi;Ka OT .[(MaJieKTOB, K010p1,1C C I UJI I1 npOCTO TepMHI-Ihi, nepe.n:enaHHbie Ha aurnHHCKHH na.n:, B csoii po.n:Hoif ll3biK .

ycTHhiMH rosopaMH, He HMeiOI.QHMH csoeH: nMCbMCIIIIO<.: 111 I hlYHHa~ c (HanpHMep, naT. maturitas > ai-Irn. maturity). B JTOT nepHo.n: .n:osoJihHO

XV B. nHChMeHHhie naMxTHHKH Ha .n:HaneKTax BCTpe4aiO'I t:H pt.:JlKO. MHOfO uayiJHhiX JiaTHHCKHX CJIOB 6b1JIO 3aHMCTBOBaHO B aHfJIHHCKHH

§21
H3biK: narrate, complete, significant H T ..n:. CoJ.n:anHe HOBhiX TepMHHOB no-
Er.ue O.LJ:HHM sa)I(Hei1wHM co6blTHeM B )1(1131111 <llll Jllliici<Oro H3biKa
3BOJIHJIO HCf10Jlb30BaTh aHfJIHHCKHH B 3TOH ccpepe .[(el!TeJihHOCTH, H CO
XV B. 6r,mo H3o6peTeHMe KHHroneYaTamot. K11111 OIIC'IaTaHHe
speMeHeM naThiHb Bbnnna H3 ynoTpe6neHHll.
6bJJ10 H306peTeHO B 1438 r. I1oaHHOM fyTeH6eproM B repMUIIIIII. B AllrJIHIO
23 TaKHM o6pa30M, K KOHUY XVI B. anrnHHCKHH oKonqaTeJibHO
KHHroneiJaTamte npHBe3 YMnbHM K3KCTOH (William Caxton), ypo)f(eneu
Kerua. flepsyro KHHry Ha aHfJIHHCKOM OH HaneiJaTaJI IIU 1<011 I'HIICIITC B § ocpopMHJICll KaK uaQMOHaJibHhlH ~3hiK (Ha OCHOBe JIOH.[(OHCKOfO
.n:ManeKTa). B OTJIHqHe OT ll3biKa TOH MJIH MHOH Hapo.n:HOCTH, nau,uonanh-
1475 f., a nepsyro KHHry Ha TeppHTOpHM AHrmm - B 1477 I.
B CB~3l1 C llOHBJieHHCM KHHfOneiJaTaHHH BCTaJI BOn poe 0 H II>IKOBOH HOp- HbiH ll3biK Ha.[(TeppHTOpHaJieH, T.e. HCf10Jlb3YCTC~ na TeppHTOpHH BCeH
Me. HopMa ycTauasnHsaeTc~ ~3hiKosoi1: Tpa.n:HQHeH, TaK K<IK uc·1 IIHKaKoro cTpaubL HauHonanhHbiH ~3b1K ynoTpe6n~eTc~ a caMbiX pa3JIM4HhiX cepe-
pax: B yCTHOM 06IQeHHl1, OHCbMeHHOCTH, o6pa30BaHHH , 3aKOHO.[(aTeJibHbJX
.n:pyroro o6MtHeHHX, noiJeMy o.n:Hy cpopMy npe.n:noiJ.HTaiOT ;~py 1o~i. O.n:uaKo
np.H 60JibWOH KOHQei-ITpaQHH .[(.HaneKTOB cyi.QeCTBYIOT pa "3JIII'IIIbiC sapMaii- aKTaX H T ..[(. flpe)l(.[(e BCero, 3TO ~3biK o6pa30BaHHOf0 HaCeJieH.Hll, CTOJIHQbl

Tbl HanHcaH.Hll (KaK .11 npOH3HOWeHHH). f1o3TOMY YHJibliM K>KCI'OII , 4T06hi 11 npuneraiOill,HX K HeH o6nacTeii. B oT.n:anennr,rx pemoHax no.n: BJIH~HHeM
y6e.[(HTbCX B npaBHJlhHOCTH ~3biKa, Ha KOTOpOM C06HpaJICll IICLJaTaTb CBOH MeCTHbJX .[(HaJieKTOB MO)I(eT o6pa30BbiBaTbC~ MeCTHa~ ycTHall HOpMa

KH.Hr.H, nonpocHn cecTpy KOponH, npMHueccy Maprap11Ty, npOYI1TaTb ero (Regional Standard), no TepMHHOJIOfHH r.c. YaHJib,D.a. Co speMeHeM HaQH-
pyKonHCb. llpHHQecca c.n:enana eMy px.n: 3aMeiJaHHH. O•IeBH.LJ:IIO, ona op«eu- OHaJibl-IbiH ~3biK HCllOJlh3yeTC.ll see nmpe, BbiTeCH~ll .[(HaJieKThi, O,D.HaKO B

THposanacb Ha aHrJIHHCKHH ~3biK, Ha KOTOpOM fOBOpHJIH np11 KOpOJieBCKOM ycTHOH cpopMe .[(HaJieKTbl cylll,eCTBYlOT H B HaCTO~Ill,ee speM~.

.n:sope . .6e3ycnosuo, Bee noHHMaHMH «npaBHJibHbiM» 6hiJI TOJibKO nOII.LJ:OH-

flpo6JieMa HOpMbl B HOB03Hl'JIHHCKHH nepHO.l(
CKHH .n:HaneKT. TaKHM o6pa30M, KimroneiJaTaHHe eiQe 6onbwe cnoco6CTBO-
sano pacnpocTpaHeH.HI-O JIOH.LJ:OHCKoro .n:HaneKTa.
24 Cornacno «flunrsMCTHIJecKoMy 3HU.MKJione.n:HIJeCKOMY cnosapm»

CJio~euue uauuouaJibHOro HlbtKa

§ no.n: pe.n:. B.H. Jlpu,esoii, ll3biKOBall HOpMa - 3TO cosoKynHOCTh
uaH60nee ycTOH'I.HBbiX Tpa.LJ:Hll,HOHHblX peaJIH3aUHH ll3biKOBOH CHCTeMhl,
(JIHTepaTypHbiH HlbiK H .l(HaJieKTbl)
OT06paHHbiX H 3aKpenneHHbiX B npouecce 06Ill,eCTBeHHOH KOMMYHHKaQHH.

§22 K XVI B., T.e. K uaiJany Hosoaurn.HHCKoro nep11o.n:a, JIOII.LJ:OIICKMH KaK npaBHJIO, HOpMa cKna.n:bmaeTCll ne cpa3y, co speMeHeM, H onHpaeTCll na

.[(HaJieKT y)l(e 3aHMMaJI rnaBeHCTBYIOI.Qee llOJIO)I(eHMe B CTpaH.e. ~3hiK onpe.n:eneuuoro perHOHa HJIH ropo.n:a (qame scero cTOJIHUbi) .
O.n:r-mKo see eiQe ocTasanMCb HeKoTopr,Ie ccpepbi, s KOTOpbrx Hcnonr,Josan- B AHrnHH npeno.n:asauHe aHrJI.HHCKoro B wKone BBO.LJ:MTC~ B KOHne
cx He aH.fJll1HCK.HH, a JiaTHI-ICKMH ~3biK - 3TO peJIMfH~ l1 HayKa. XVI- uaiJane XVII a. 3TOT cpaKT, a TaK)I(e pacnpocTpaHMBrneecll KHHro-
B uepKOBHOH )I(H3H.H aHrnMHCKMH CTannmpoKo ynoTpe6nxTbCll nocne neqaTaHHe, Bb13hiBalOT see 60JibWYlO f10Tpe6HOCTb B Bbtpa60TKe H 3aKpe-

PecpopMaQHH, T.e. rrocne sse.n:eHHH B CTpaHe npoTecTaHTCTBa. PecpopMaU.HH nneHHH ll3b1KOBOH HOpMbl, f103BOJUIIOI.QeH OTJIH'I.HTb «npaBHJlbHOe» OT

nponma B AI-IrnHH .n:ocTaTOIJHO MMpno, penMrM03Hbie TeKCThi 6biJIH nepe- «HenpaBHJlbHOfO)) BO BCeX ccpepax .ll3biKa: npOH3HOllleHHH, HaOHCaHHH,

se.n:eHbi na ai-IrnHHCKMH, 11 6orocny)f(eHMe CTano secTHCh no-ai-IrnHHCKH. cnosapnoM cocTane, rpaMMaTMKe. B Kouue XVI B. )J:)I(op.n:)l( llyTTeHr3M B

62 63
csoeif KHwre «I1cKyccTso aHnmifcKoif n033HH» (The Arte ofEnglish Poesy,
1589 r.) npH3biBaeT B311Tb 3a 06pa3el.( H3biK JlOH.LJ;OHa Hero OKpeCTHOCTeH,
s TOM 'iHCJie H3biK KoponescKoro .n;sopa. O.n;HaKo .n;aHHoro yKa3aHHH 6biJIO
He.LJ;OCTaTO'iHO, Be.D;b L(a)l(e B HaL(HOHaJibHOM H3biKe Cyll1eCTBOBaJIH CTIOp-
Hbie cnyqaw B neKCHKe, rpaMMaTwKe, npOH3HOrneHHH. B CBH3H c 3THM B
XVII-XVIII s. aKTHBHYIO .n;eHTeJibHOCTb pa3BHJIH op<l>o3nHCTbi (co3.n;aTe-
nw HOpM npOH3HOUleHHH), rpaMMaTHCTbl (y'ieHbie, OTIHCbiBaiO.I.QHe rpaM-
MaTH'ieCKHH CTpOH R3hiKa) H JieKCHKOrpa<l>bi (COCTaBHTeJIH CJIOBapeif).
B TO speMH <l>oHeTwKa ell.(e He cyll1eCTBosana s Ka'iecTse pa3.n;ena H3hi-
K03HaHHH, H MHOrHe 3JieMeHTapHhie TIOHHTHH L(aHHOH HayKH 6biJIH HeHC-
Hbl. TaK, op<l>o3nHCThi Toro nep11o.n;a 'faCTO nyTaiOT 3BYK (<l>oueMy) 11 6yK-
sy, 'iTO B Harne BpeMH He,n;onyCTHMO.
Op<Porpa<Pw-recKaH HOpMa .LJ;JIH npeno.n;asanwH s rnKonax 6bwa 3aKpe-
nneHa s KHwre «3neMeHTapHaH rpaMMaTHKa» (The Elementarie) Pw1ap.n;a
MronKacTepa B Kouue XVI s.
Haw6onee asTopwTenwif rpaMMaTHKOH Toro speMerm 6biJia H3.LJ;aHHaH
s 1795 r. «AHrJIHHCKaH rpaMMaTHKa» (English Grammar) aMepwKaHua
JlwH.n;nw Mroppe11 (Lindley Murray). Oua Bhi.LJ;ep)l(aJia 6onee 150 113.n;au11i1
w no uei1 Y'ii1JII1Cb B rnKone Ha npoTH)I(emm XIX B. B 3TOH KIIHre Mroppei1,
uanpwMep, npH3HaeT nenpaBI1JihHhiM HCTIOJih30sauwe uape•mif 6e3 cy<P-
<l>11Kca -ly (Do it quick!), a TaK)I(e co'ieTaHwe these kind of things.
fiOMHMO rpaMMaTI1K H3.LJ;aBaJII1Cb TaK)I(e CJIOBapH. flepBhie 113 IIHX, C03-
.n;amihie B XV B., 6bJJIH .n;syH3bi'iHhiMI1 (naTI1Ho-aurnl1ifCKHM11), 3aTeM no-
HBHJI11Cb cnosapw TPYLIHhiX enos 11 TOJIKOBhre cnosapw. Haw6onee sa)I(HhiM
H aBTOpHTeTHbiM CJIOBapeM BpeMeH .LJ;O BbiXO.LJ;a bOJiblliOfO OKC<l>Op.D;CKOfO
cnosap11 6bm cnosaph C3MI03JIH .[()I(OI-Icoua, o3amasneHHhiH ''A Dictionary
of the English Language, in which the words are deduced from their origi-
nals and illustrated in their different significations by examples from the
best writers" (1755 r.). C. .[()I(OHCOH CTpeMHJICH COxpaHHTh Tpa,n;HL(HOHHYIO
op<Porpa<P1110 11 npOH3HOllieHI1e, a npHMepbl npHBO.LJ;HJI H3 JIHTepaTyphl
Kouua XVI - cepe.n;HHhi XVII s.
AurJIHHCKHH H3biK Ja npe~eJiaMu AurJiuu
§25 Ha cy.n;h6y anmwi1cKoro H3hiKa B uosoaumwi1cKHH nep11o.n; OKa-
3ano 6onhrnoe BJIHHHI1e pacrn11peuwe sna.n;eu11if BenwKo6pwTai-IHI1
w wcnoJib30Banwe aHrJI11HCKoro H3hiKa 3a ee npe.n;enaMw. Enaro.n;ap11 npe-
64
spa.I.QeHHIO EpwTaHHH s KonouwanhHYIO .n;ep)l(aBy w .n;anhueifrneMy csoeMy
pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO, aHfJIHHCKHH npespaTHJICH B MHpOBOH R3hlK.
Eme s 6onee pauuroro 3noxy aumHHCKHH pacnpocTpanwncR ua sceif
TeppwTopw11 EpwTaHCKHX ocTposos. B XVI s. Y3nhc, H pauee uaxo.n;ws-
umifc.!l TIO.LJ; aHfJIHHCKHM BJIHHHHeM, 6biJI TIOJIHOCThiO npHCOe.LJ;HHeH K
AHmHH, 11 aHrJIHHCKHH cTaJI rocy.n;apCTBeHHhiM H3hiKOM Y3nhca. B HaCTO-
H.I.Qee speMH o<l>wuHaJihHhiMH H3hiKaMH Y3nbca HBJI»:IOTC» aHmHHCKHH H
BaJIJIHHCKHH, KOTOphlH npO.D;OJI)I(aeT HCTIOJih30BaThCH uaceneHI1eM. Ha
BaJIJIHHCKOM H3.LJ;aiOTCH Xy.LJ;O)I(eCTBeHHhie npOH3Be.LJ;eHHH, BhiXO.LJ;HT nepHO-
L(H'ieCKa»: ne'iaTh, B yqe6HbiX 3aBe.LJ;eHHRX Cy.I.QeCTByeT .LJ;BYR3hi'iHe.
B llloTnaH,n;HIO aHfJIHHCKI1H R3hiK uaqan npoHHKaTh c XI B. B nep11o.n;
He3aBI1CI1MOCTI1 UlOTJiaHL(HI1 B CTpaHe 11CTIOJih30BaJICR JII1TepaTypHblH
IllOTJiaH.LJ;CKI1H H3hiK, pa3BI1Bllli1HCR Ha OCHOBe IllOTJiaH.LJ;CKOfO L(l1aJieKTa.
Ha ueM co3.n;asanach xy.n;o)l(eCTBeHHa»: JII1TepaTypa, npe)l(.n;e scero no3311H
(XV-XVI s.). B 1707 r. llloTnau.n;l1» o6be.LJ;11HI1nach c AHml1ei1, o6pa3osas
KoponescTBO BenwKo6pHTaHI111. JloH.n;oHcKa»: »:3hiKOBaH HOpMa pacnpo-
cTpaHHnacb s llloTnaH.LJ;I111 6naro.n;ap11 6oraToi1 JII1TepaType ua aHrJII1H-
CKOM 11 11CUOJib30BaHI110 3T0f0 H3hiKa B o<l>11L(I1aJihHO-.LJ;eJIOBOH c<l>epe.
UlOTJiaHL(CKHH H3hlK, B03HI1Kll111H Ha 6a3e IllOTJiaH.LJ;CKOfO (a paHee - Ce-
sepHOrO) .n;11aneKTa, nepewen B CTaTyc .n;11aneKTa. B HaCTOnll1ee speMH
o<P11uwanhHhiM »:3hiKOM llloTnaH.n;HI1 HBJIHeTcn aum11HCKI1H. B cTpaHe,
oco6eHHO s cesepo-3ana.n;HhiX paifouax, 11CUOJih3yeTc» TaK)I(e ruoTnaH.n;-
CKI1H .LJ;HaJieKT (HeKOTOpbie y'ieHbJe C'iHTaiOT ero OT.LJ;eJibHb!M H3hiKOM -
Scots) 11 ra3JihCKHH n3biK, np11ua.n;ne)l(ai.L(I1H K KenhTCKOH rpynne.
B I1pnaH.n;l110 aurnHHCKHe 3asoesaTeJIH Ha'iamr npoHHKaTh c XII B. 0HI1
HaCa)I(.LJ;aJIH aHrJIHHCKHH H3hiK, HeCMOTpR Ha ynopuoe conpOTHBJieHHe MeCT-
HOfO KeJibTCKoro uaceneHHH. Co speMeHeM aunmH:cKHH 3asoesan rocno.n;-
CTsyromee noJIO)I(eHwe s cTpaue. C o6pa3osauHeM He3aBHCHMOH Pecny6ni1KH
I1pnaH.LJ;HH o<PHL(I1aJibHbiM R3biKOM HapasHe C aHfJIHHCKHM CTaJI HpJiaH.LJ;-
CKHH, HO aHfJIHHCKHH npO.D;OJI)I(aeT IDHpOKO HCTIOJih30BaThCH.
B uaqane XVII B. aurnH'iaHe ocuosan11 nepsoe nocTOHHHOe no-
§26 ceneuwe s Cesepuoi1 AMepHKe - .[()l(eHMCTayu ua TeppHTOpHH
cospeMeuuoro uiTaTa Bwp.n;)I(HHHH (1606 r.). Ilocne.n;yiOmaR KOJIOHHaJihHan
3KcnaHcH»: BenwKo6pHTaHHH cnoco6cTsosana see 6onhmeMy pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHIO aurnHifcKoro »:3hiKa KaK s Cesepuoif AMepHKe, TaK H no sceMy
M11py. Ilepsbre aurnwifcKHe 3MHrpaHThr-nypHTaHe np116hiJII1 s AMepwKy B
1620 r. ua Kopa6ne Mayflower 11 ocuosanw KOJIOHHIO «Hosa»: AHrnHn»
65

(New England). 3a IUIM11 rrocne.n,oBano MHO)[(eCTBO .n,pyr11x /MHI pauTOB 113
AHrmm, fepMamm, HpnaH.n,HH, fonnaH.n,11H H T ..n,. Co BpCMCIICM 01111 3a-
xsaTI1JI11 BCJO TeppHTOPHJO COBpeMeHHhTX Coe.n,HHeHHhJX W nrroa, OTTec-
HHB HJIH 11CTpe6HB Mecnwe HaceneHHe- HH.n,ei1QeB. B 1776 1·. CWA o6o-
51BHJI11 Ce651 He3aBHCHMbiM rocy.n,apCTBOM, H3.ll,aB )J,eKJiapau.uro IIC3aBI1C11-
MOCTH, 11 3aTeM BhiHrpanH y AHrJIHH BOHHy 3a He3aBHCI1MOCr r..
AHrnHikKHH 513hiK CUIA HMeeT p51.n, OTmr':IHH OT 6p11TallcKoro aurnHH-
CKoro, KOTOphre KacaJOTC51, rrpe)[(.n,e scero, neKCH':IecKoro coc·raaa 11 rrp0113-
HOllieHw51 . TeM He MeHee, )[(11TeJIH BenHKo6p11TaHH11 11 AMcpHKI1 MoryT
CITOKOHHO ITOHHMaTb .n,pyr .n,pyra rrp11 o6~eHHH, a B rpaMMaTJIKC H JieKCHKe
6pHTaJ-ICKOrO H aMepHKaHCKOrO aHrJIHifcKOrO 6om:,rne CXO.li,CI B, lJeM OTJII1-
':IHH. Tio:noMy HaH6onee pacrrpocTpaHeHHOH 11 o6ocnosar111oH' 51BJT51eTC51
TO':!Ka 3peHH51, cornacno KoTopofi aMep11KaHCKHH a11 rn 11 ~tcKH i1 SJ BJT51eTCSJ
BapwaHTOM aHrJIHHCKOrO 513biKa, XOT51 OT.ll,eJibHbie HCCJie.li,OBaTCJTI1 C':111TaJOT
ero OT.ll,eJibHhlM 513blKOM.
KaK y)[(e 6hiJIO CKa3ano, OCHOBHhie OTJIH':11151 aMepHKaiiCKOrO arrrnHH-
CKOrO OT 6p11TaHCKOrO KaCaiOTC51 JieKCHKH (B TOM ':IHCJTe llaiTI1Caii11S1) 11 rrpo-
113HOWeHH51, HeKOTOphle 113 HHX 6biJIH rrpe.n,JIO)[(eHbl Cll.(e B 1828 r. Hoa
YJ6CTepoM, aBTopoM 3HaMeHI1TOro CJIOBap51 «An American Dictionary of
the English Language». TaK, 6p11TaHCKoe -our 3aMeH51eTc51 B aMepHKaH-
CKOM Ha -or (honour- honor, labour - labor), -re Ha -er (centre center),
-gh orrycKaeTc51 (through - thru, though - tho) . BMecTo 6p11TaucKoro flat
)[(11TeJIH CiliA HCITOJih3YIOT apartment, BMecTo post- mail 11 T ..n,. O.n,HHMH
113 CaMbiX 51pKHX cl>oHeTH':IeCKHX pa3JII1':111'H 51BJI51IOTC51: rrpOI13lleCeiiHe 3By-
Ka (r) B CJIOBaX Tl1na port, more B aMepHKaHCKOM aHrJIJ.fHCKOM 11 rrp0113He-
CeHHe 3ByKa [re], a He [a:] B cnoBax THrra dance, path.
§27 KaHa.n,a .n,o cepe.n,HHhr XVIII B. 6oiJia cppaHL(Y3CKOH KOJIOHI1ei1,
o.n,HaKo ell.(e B XVII B. Ty.n,a rrpOHHKJIH aHrJIHHCKHe KOJIOHI13aTo-
pbr, KOTOpbre co BpeMeHeM yTBep.n,11JIH TaM CBoe rocno.n,cTBO, a B 1763 r.
KaHa.n,y rrpHcoe.n,HHHJIH K aHrmrficKHM Bna.n,eHH51M. C cepe.n,HIIhl XVIII B.
B KaHa.n,y aKTHBHO HMM11rpHpyJOT )[(HTeJIH EpHTaHHH, oco6euHo 11pJiaH.n,-
Qhi 11 WOTJiaH.n,L(hi. B pe3yJII>TaTe aHrnHHCKHH pacrrpocTpaHI1JIC51 na 6ono-
llieH TeppHTOpHH CTpaHbi, XOT51 cppaHQY3CKHH HCTIOJih3yeTC51 60JiblllHH-
CTBOM HaceneHH51 HeKOTOphrx qacTeii KaHa.n,hi, rrpe)[(.n,e Bcero KBe6eKa.
B HaCT0511l.(ee BpeM51 ocpHQI1aJihHhJMH 513hiKaMH KaHa.n,bi 51BJI51IOTC51 aH-
rnHHCKHH H ci>paHQY3CKHH .
66
§28
AHrJIHHCKHH 513biK TaK)[(e umpoKo pacrrpocTpaHeH B HH.n,HH, KO-
Topa51 B XVIII B. cTana KOJIOHHew BenHKo6pHTamiei1 (aHrnw.:raHe
BeJIH TaM aKTHBHYJO .n,e51TeJioHOCTb, B TOM ':IHCJie TOproByiO, H .li,O 3TOrO).
llocne BoccTaHoBneHH51 He3aBHCHMOCTH HH.n,HH B 1947 r. ocpHQHaJihHoiMH
513hiKaMH CTpaHbl 51BJI5110TC51 XHH.li,H H aHrJIHifcKHH, ITOMHMO HHX rrpH3HaH-
HbiMH 513hiKaMH perHOHOB HH.n,ww 51BJI51eTC51 eme- 21 513hiK (3TH 513hiKH 11
xHH.li.H rrepeqHcneHhi B BochMOM crrwcKe K HH.n,HHCKOH KOHCTHTYQHH 11 Ha-
xo.n,HTC51 ITO.ll, 3alliHTOH HH.li,HHCKOfO npaBHTeJihCTBa).
§29
KonoHw3aQH51 ABcTpa111111 naqanacb B KOHQe XVIII B. IloHaqany
ABCTpaJIH51 6biJia CTpaHOH, Ky.n,a CCbiJiaJIJ1 KaTOp)[(I-!HKOB, CB060.n,-
HbiX mo.n,ei1 rrpHeJ)[(aJTo Ty.n,a Mano. O.n,HaKo rrocne Toro, KaK B cepe.n,wHe
XIX B. TaM 6biJTH OTKpoiThi MecTopo)[(.n,eHH51 JonoTa, rrpHTOK cBo6o.n,Horo
uaceneHH51 113 Ep11TaHHH pe3KO yBeJIH':II1JTC51. AHrJII1HCKI1H SJ3hJK 11 B uarne
BpeM51 51BJTsreTC51 ocpi1QHaJihHhiM 513hiKOM ABcTpanwH. OH wMeeT CBOH oco-
6euuocTH, O.li,HaKO aBCrpaJIHifcKaSI HHTeJTJIHreiiiJ,HSI CTapaeTC51 OpHeHTHpO-
BaTbCSI Ha 6p11TaHcKyJO 513hiKOBYIO HOp My. ABcTpanHHCKHH aHr.rrniicKHH TaK-
)[(e SIBJI51eTC51 O.li,I-IHM 113 TeppHTOpHaJibHbiX BapHaHTOB aHrJIHHCKOrO Sl3hiKa.
flpww::»Cenue 2
Ocnoanble 3Tanbl HCTopuqecKoro pa3BHTHH cJ»oneTHKH,
rpaMMaTHKH H JieKCHKH anrJIHHCKOrO H3b1Ka DO nepHO,llaM
<l>oneTHlfeCKHe OC06eHHOCTH repMaHCKHX H3biKOB
§3 0 fepMaHCKHe 513biKH, BKJIIO':Ia51 aHrJIHHCKHH, rrpi11-!a.li,Jie)[(aT K 111-I-
.li,OeBpOneHCKOH CeMoe 513blKOB. 0.n,HaKO OHH HMeiOT CBOH ci>OI-Ie-
TI1':1eCKHe OC06CHHOCTH, KOTOpble Ba)[(Hbl .li,Jl51 ITOHHMaHH51 cpoueTH':IeCKHX
rrpOQCCCOB B aHrJIHHCKOM 513biKe. )J,aHHble OC06CHHOCTH TIOSIBHJIHCb B pe-
3YllbTaTe rrpOQeCCOB, np011CXO,zn1BlllHX B repMaHCKHX .sl3hiKaX ell.(e B .li,O-
IT.HChMeHHblH rrep110.ll,.
llepaoe nepellBH:~Kenne corJiacnblx n JaKon Bepnepa
§31
fepMaHCKHe 513hiKH o6na.n,aJOT csoeo6pa3HOH cHCTeMoif cornac-
Horx, KOTopa51 B03HHKJia B pe3ynoTaTe nepsoro rrepe.n,sw)[(eHH51
cornacHhiX, Ha3hiBaeMoro TaK)[(e rrepBbiM nepe6oeM cornaCHhiX. B pe3ynh-
67
 TaTe nepBOrO nepe,L(BH)f(eHIUI COCTaB COrnaCHhJX repMaHCKHX H3b1KOB 113- cnore HJIH 3a ,L(Ba cnora ,L(O y.L(apHoro myxHe ru:eneBJ>Ie cornaCHhle 03BOH-
MeHHJICH, H Onpe,L(eJieHHhiM COrJiaCHbiM HH,L(OeBponeHCKHX CJIOB B repMaH- qanHCh. llpHBe,L(eHHOe Bhlllle CnOBO pater H3HalfanhHO HMeJIO y,L(apeHHe Ha
CKHX CJIOBaX COOTBeTCTBYIOT ,L(pyrHe COrJiaCHhie. fbyYaBIIJHH 3TH 113MeHe- BTOpOM Cnore, ll03TOMY B pe3ynJ>TaTe <lJoHeTHlJeCKHX H3MeHeHHH B rrpe,L(-
HHH HeMeU:KHH yYeHhiH JlK06 fpHMM llO,L(enHn HX Ha TpH 3Tana, T.H. aKTa y,L(apHOM cnore llOHBHJICH 3BOHKHH d: t > p > 0 >d. )l,aHHhiH 3aKOH llOJiylfHJl
(OTCIO,L(a H Ha3BaHHe- 3aKOH fpHMMa). Ha3BaHHe 3aKOHa Bepnepa.
l-i1 aKT: HH,L(oesponei1cKHe rnyxHe CMhi'IHMe comaCHMe p, t, k nepeiiJ- Do 3aKoHy BepHepa 03BOHlfancH TaK)f(e myxoii IIJ:enesoi1 s, nepei1.,L(H B
JIH B repMaHCKHX H3biKaX B myxHe IIJ:eneBJ>Ie f, p (rrpOH3HOCHTCH KaK (9]), 3BOHKHH Z. 0,L(HaKO 3Ta <lJoHeMa KaK pe3ynhTaT 03BOHlfeHHH rrpocyiiJ:eCTBO-
h COOTBeTCTBeHHO. HarrpHMep: Bana He,L(onro H BCKope rrepeiiJna B <t>oneMy r. llepexo,L( s > z > r na3MBaeT-
p- f (naT. plenus - pyc. rronHhiH - roT. fulls) CH poTaU:H3MOM (oT Ha3BaHHH rpeqecKoi1 6yKBbi p «po»). Cp. roT. mizdo,
t - p (naT. tres - pyc. TPH - aHm. three) ,L(a. meord «narpa,L(a», pyccK. M3,L(a; roT. wesun [z] «6hiJIH» H ,L(a. wreron.
k- h (naT. cor, cordis (cep,L(u:e)- ,L(a. heorte)
2-H aKT: HH,L(OeBpOneHCKHe 3BOHKHe CMhllJHble b, d, g nepeiiJJIH B my- CncTeMa y.LJ.apeuuH B repMauc~ux H3bi~ax
XHe CMhllJHhie p, t, k.
b - p (pyc.
d-
6onoTo- aHm. pool)
t (naT. duo, pyc. ,L(Ba - ,L(a. twa) §33 B ,L(peBHHX HH,L(oesponei1cKHx H3hiKax, BKnroYaH repMaHCKHe,
y,L(apeHHe 6hJJIO MY3hiKaJibHhiM, T.e. y.L(apHhiH cnor Bhi,L(eJIHJICH
g - k (naT. ego- ,L(a. ic) BhiCOTOH Tona. Y.L(apeHHe 6hiJIO cso6o,L(HhiM H Morno na,L(aTh na nro6oi1
3-H aKT: HH,L(OeBponeHCKHe 3BOHKHe CMhllJIIbie npH,L(biXaTenhHhie bh, cnor. 0,L(HaKo nocne nepsoro nepe,L(BH)f(eHHH cornacHhiX B repMaHCKHX
dh, gh nepelllnH B repMaHCKHX H3hiKaX B 3BOHKI1e CMbllJIIhie 6e3 npH,L(hiXa- H3biKaX y,L(apeHHe nepelllnO B ,L(HHaMHlfeCKOe, CHnOBOe, T.e. y,L(apHbiH cnor
HHH b, d, g. CTaJJH Bhi,L(enH"Th CHnOH Bbl,L(OXa H HHTeHCHBHOCThlO apTHKYJIHU:HH.
bh- b (caHcKp. bhratar «6pan>- ,L(a. bropor) ilOMHMO 3TOrO, y,L(apeHHe CTaJIO <l>HKCHpOBaHHhiM H 3aKpenHJIOCb 3a KOp-
dh - d (caHCKp. rudhiras «KpOBh» - CT.-pyc. py,L(a «KpOBh» HeBbiM CJIOrOM. ilO,L(06Hbie H3MeHeHHH CHCTeMhl y,L(apeHHH B repMaHCKHX
aHm. red) H3hiKaX npHBeJIH K llOCTerreHHOMY OCJia6JieHHIO H yTpaTe OKOHlfai-IHH
gh- g (caHcKp. vahati «Be3eT>>- naT. veho «Be3y» - ,L(a.we3) (TaK KaK OHH CTaJIH 6e3y,L(apHbiMH), lfTO, B CBOIO oqepe,L(h, llpHBeJIO K <lJop-
EcTh HecooTBeTCTBHH B nepsoM aKTe nepe,L(BH)f(eHHH cornaCHhrx: MHpOBaHHIO aHaJIHTHYeCKOrO CTpOH H3hlKOB, Hanp11Mep, COBpeMeHHOrO
- eCJIH pH,L(OM CTOHT ,L(Ba COrnaCHhiX, TO nepBbiH H3 IIHX 113MeiiHeTCH, a aHrJIHHCKOrO. 0,L(HaKO He06XO,L(HMO OTMeTHTh, lfTO B COBpeMeHHOM aH-
BTOpoi1 HeT. HarrpHMep: naT. noctis - ,L(a. nieht «IIOYh», naT. rJIHHCKOM H3biKe COOTBeTCTBHe y,L(apeHHe- KOpHeBOH CJIOr OTlfaCTI1 Ha-
OCtO- roT. ahtau «BOCeMh». k nepeiiJJIO B h, O,L(JiaKO t OCTaJIOCh 6e3 pyiiJeHO H3-3a 60JihiiJOrO KOJIHYeCTBa poMaHCKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH.
H3MeHeHHH;
- eCJIH rrepe,L( cornaCHbiM CTOHT S, TO 3TOT COrJiaCJJbiH ue 113MeJIHeTCH: 3ana.LJ.uorepMauc~oe Y.LJ.JIHueuue corJiaCHbiX (reMuuau;uH)
naT. stare- roT. standan- pyc. CTOHTh.

§32 EcTh H .L(pyrHe Ka)f(yiiJ:HeCH HecoOTBeTCTBHH. Bo M110r11x cnosax

HH,L(OeBponeHCKHM myXHM B3phiBflhlM COOTBeTCTBYIOT repMaH- §34 B Jana,L(HorepMaHCKHX H3hiKax <PoueMa [j] rrocne O,L(HHOYHoro
cornacnoro accHMI1JIHposanacb c HI1M, s pe3yJihTaTe qero 3TOT
CKHe 3BOHKHe B3phiBHhie COmaCHhie, a He myx11e w,eneBble, KaK ,L(0Jl)f(H0 cornacHhiH y,L(saHsancH (T.H. reMI1HaU:HH:), a [j] Bhma,L(an. HarrpHMep: roT.
61>1 6hmo 6hiTh cornacHo rrepsoMy aKTY nepsoro nepe,L(BH)f(eJIHH comaCHhiX. satjan «rroca,L(HTh» - ,L(a. settan «rroMeCTI1Th», roT. saljan «rrpHHOCI1Th
HarrpHMep, rpelf. pater, naT. pater - ,L(a. freder «OTel(», rpelJ. dekas - roT. )f(epTBY»- ,L(a. sellan «,L(asaTh, rrpo,L(asaTh>>. [f) rrepexo,L(HJia B [b) H s y,L(-
tigus «,L(eCHTOK». 3To H"BneHHe CMOr o6oHCHHTh ,L(aTCKHH yqeubrH Kapn soemm o6o3HaYaeTCH ua rrHChMe bb: ,L(a. *lif-i-an > libban (cosp. live -
BepHep B 1877 r. OH OTKpMn 3aKoH, comacHo KOTOpoMy B npe,L(y,L(apHOM )f(HTb).

68 69
 EcnH ¢oHeMe [j] rrpe~IIIeCTBosan ~OJITHH macHoiH + comacHbJM, TO re- <I>OHCTHqecKHe HBJICHHH J],peBHeaHf'JIHHCKOf'O nepHO)l,a
MHHaU.HH He HacTyrrano: roT. domjan «cy~HTo»- ~a. deman, rOT. dailjan
«~enHTo» -~a. dcelan.

§37 .LJ:pesueaurJiuiicKuii aJicl»aBHT

)J;pesneaHrJIHHCKHe DHCU.hl DOnb30BanHCb naTHHCKHM an¢aBH-
06rn.erepMaHcKoe npenoMneuue TOM c He6onolllHMH BKparrneHHHMH pynH'feCKOH nHCoMeHHOCTH, npH<JeM
HeKOTOphle 6yKBbi ynoTpe6nHJIHCb ~nH nepe~al.J:H HeCKOnbKHX 3BYKOB.
§35 B repMaHCKHx H3biKax KaLJeCTBO macuoro 3ByKa 3aBHceno OT no-
cne~yiO~Hx 3BYKOB. 3TO HBneHHe nonyLJHnO Ha3Baime npenOM-
a
re
n [n] HnH [IJ]
0
neHHH. ITpenoMnetme 3aTparHsaeT ~Be rrapol rnacnhlx 3ByKos: rrapy e - i b p
11 napy u - o. CpaBHHBaH cnyqaH THna naT. medius «cpe~HHM» - ~a. c (k] HnH (k'] r
midde; naT. ventus «BeTep»- ~a. wind; naT. edere «ecn» - ~a. etan, ~BH. d s [s] HnH [z]
ezzan, fOT. itan, MO)I(HO BH~eTb, LJTO HH~Oesponei:fcKOMy e B repMaHCKHX e t
H3biKaX COOTBeTCTByeT i, eCnH ~anollle CTOHT i HJIH COLJeTa1111e IIOCOBOrO f (f] HnH (v] p, 6 (6] HnH [8]
comacHoro c ~pyrHM comacnoiM. B OCTaJibUbiX cnyLJaHx HH~oesponeii­ (g), (g'], [y] HJIH [j] u
3
CKoe e B repMaHCKHX H3biKax (3a HCKniOLJeJII1eM fOTCKOrO) COXpaHHeTCH. h [x], [x'] HJIH [h] w
)J;pyroii pH~ rrpHMepos- cancKp. sunus «Colli» - ~a., ~BII. sunu - noKa- X
3biBaeT, LJTO HH~OesponeHCKOMy U B KOpHe COOTBeTCTByeT B repMaiiCKHX y [y] = [ii]
H3biKaX U, eCnH ~anoiiie CTOHT U HnH COLJeTaiiHe IIOCOBOrO C ~pyrHM CO- m
maCHbiM. B OCTanoHbJX cny'faHX H.-e. U COOTBeTCTByCT B repMaHCKHX
H3biKax o: naT. iugum (Hro)- ~a. * 30c > 3eoc (coap. yoke), ~Bu. Joh (cosp. CucTeMa rnacHbiX
Joch).

B cHcTeMe rnacHoiX ~pesneanrnHiiCKoro nepHo~a cy~ecTsosa­

A6nayT
§36 )J;nH HH~OeBpOneifCKHX H3biKOB XapaKTCpiiO HBJIC1111C a6nayTa,
T.e. orrpe~enennoro qepe~osamiH rnacubiX. Ocuoouol1 BH~ a6-
nayTa e - o - Hyno. )J;aHnoe qepe~osaime paccMaTpHBHCTCM KaK JaBHCH-
MOCTb Ka'feCTBa rJiaCHOfO OT y~apeHHH: e - OCJia6JICIIIIOC y; (apCIIHe, 0 -
nonHoe y~apeHHe, Hyno- 6e3y~apnaH D03HU.HH 11 IIC'IC'IIIOIICIIIIC rnacno-
ro 3ByKa. Cp. B pyccKoM: 6epy - 3a6op (KpOBH) fipa 11., J(Cpy - 3a-
~op-~paTo.
fh-3a OC06eHHOCTeH CHCTeMbl rnaCIIbiX B rCpMHIICI(IIX WII.JKaX 3epno
a6nayTa npHHHMaeT BH~ i - a - Hyno. HanpHMCp, 1o 1. J.. iusan (uu¢HHH-
THB marona «Boi6Hpan») - kaus (e~. 4., npow. up.) kusum (MH. 'f.,
npoiii. sp.). ecnH BbiHeCTH 3a CK06KH o6~11i1 : weMCJn u, 'JO MI>J ya11~HM
a6nayT i - a - nyno. Bnaro~apH a6nayTy pa3nH•JaJliiCJ. (IH>J)Mhl uu¢HHH-
THBa, npoiiie~IIIero speMenH 11 npH4aCTHH II CHJibllhiX I'JI:IJ OJIOil.
§38 JIH napannenbHbie pH~bl KpaTKHX H ~OJifHX MOHO¢TOHfOB H ~11¢-
TOHfOB.
KpaTKHe MOHo¢ToHrH: [i] fisc «poi6a>>, scip «Kopa6no»; [y] fyllan «Ha-
nonnHTh», pytt «Kono~eu.»; [e] stelan «KpacTO>>, helpan «noMoraTh»; [re]
dre3 «~eHo», sret «CH~en»; [a] talu «paccKa3», faran «exan»; [o] hlot «)l(pe-
6Hi1», folc «Hapo~»; [u] sunu «ChiH», cuman «npHxo~HTo».
)J;onrHe MOHo¢ToHm: [i:] win <<BHHO», risan «BCTasaTh»; [y:] bryd «He-
seem», wyscan «xoTeTh»; [e:] ret
«HOrH», he «on»; [re:] slcepan «cnaTb», see
«MOpe»; (a:) an «O~HH», hwa <(KTO»; (o:] Iot <<HOra», hOC «KHHra»; (u:) hus
«~OM», nii «ceiiqac».
KpaTKHe ~H¢Tonm: [ea] wearm «TennbiH», eahta «soceMh»; [eo] steor-
ra «3Be3~a», feohtan «cpa)l(aToCH»; [io] hiora «Hx»; [ie] nieht «HO'fh».
.LJ:onme ~H¢Tonm: [ea:] heah «Bb!COKHM», eare «yxo»; [eo:] deop «rny-
6oKHi1»; [io:] stioran «pynHTb, npasHTh» (Ha. steer); [ie:] ciese «Chip», bier-
an «CJibiiiiaTb».

70 71
 )J;peBHeaHrn HHCKHe maCH hie B OCHOBHOM HMeiOT 06t.QerepMaHCKOe npOHC-
XO)f()J;eaHe, y HHX eCTb COOTBeTCTBHll B .n;pyntX repMaHCKHX ll3b1Kax.
HanpwMep: .n;a. fisc «phi6a»- roT. ftsks, .n;a. dre3 «.n;eHb»- roT. dags. O.n;HaKo
HeKOTOpbie .n;peBHeaHrJHIHCKHe rJiaCHbie llOliBHJTHCb B pe3yJTbTaTe pa3JTH'IHbiX
cpoHeTif'l.eCKHX npoQeccoB. Oco6biH HHTepec B 3TOM nnm~e npe.n;cTaBJiliiOT
yMnayT, .n;peBHeaHrmtHCKoe npenoMJTeHHe, y.n;nHnerme rnaCHhiX.
§39 i - yMnayT, HJTH nepe.n;Hell3bi<JHall (nanaTanbuaH) nepernacoBKa,
3aKJTJOtfaJICll B TOM, 'ITO B ll03HQHH nepe.n; (i) HJTH HeCJIOrOBbiM [j)
rnaCHhie 3a.n;Hero pH.n;a npeBpaTHJTHCb B rnacubJe nepe.n;uero pH.n;a.
B nepe.n;Hell3hi<Juoii nepernacoBKe, KOTopall npoHcxo.n;Hna B VI- VII BB.,
6biJTH 3a.n;eHCTBOBaHbl llOlJTH BCe rnaCHbie 3BYKH, MOIIOQ>TOIIrH H .D;HQJTOllrH:
re>e *sretian > settan «cw.n;eTb»
a>e *taljan > tellan «paccKa3hiBaTb», talu «paccKa3»
a> re *haljan > hrellan «HCQenHTb»
o> e *dohtri > doehter > dehter «.n;oqepH» (.n;aT.n., e.n;.lf.)
o>e *w6pian > wepan «nJiaKaTb»
u>y *fullian > fyllan <<HanOJIHliTh>>
ii> y *miisiz > mys «Mhnuw>> (MH.tJ.)
ea > ie *eald + ira > ieldra «CTapllle>>
ea > Ie *heah + ira > hiehra «Bhillle>>
eo> ie *heordja> hierde «nacTyx>>
eo >Ie *leohtjan > !Iehtan «cBeTHTh>>
<f>OHeMbi (y), (y) 06pa30BaJIHCb B pe3yJTbTaTe neperJTUCOilKH, OCTaJTbHhle
)f(e pe3yJTbTaTbl i-yMnayTa COBnaJTH C y)f(e Cyt.QeCTBOBaBUIIIMH 8 ll3b1Ke cpo-
HeMaMH. K XII B. nony<JHBlllHeCll no nepemacoBKe .n;H<jnouru ic, Ie CTliHY-
JTHCb B l, I HJIH y, y.
§40 IlpeJIOMJTeHHe rJiaCHbiX- <PoHeTH<JeCKHH 11p01(CCC, npOHCXO-
.D;HBlllHH B nepBOH nonoBHHe VI B. IlpenoMncuuc 1TO H3MeHe-
HHe npocToro macuoro nepe.n;uero pH.n;a B .n;w<PTour no;~ HJIIt»tn1eM nocne-
.n;yiOI.QHX cornacHbiX h, I, r B coqeTaHHH c et.Qe o.n;u11M contacnt..tM HJIH ne-
pe.n; h B KOHQe CJIOBa. IlpoQeccy npeJTOMJieiiHll IIO,D.13Cp1'1111CI, rmlCIIbte e, re,
re, KOTOpbie B pe3yJTbTaTe npeBpaTHJIHCb B CJie.n;ytOI.Q~IC J\IHjl'I'OIIrH:
- e >eo *melcan > meolcan «.D;OHTh>> - nepe.n; I 1 coutacnt.tw; *herte >
heorte «cep.n;Qe>>- nepe.n; r + comacllhtii; *cncht ~ cncoht «MaJih-
<JHK>> - nepe.n; h + cornacHbiH; *feh > feoh «CKOn> nepe.n h Ha
KOHQe CJTOBa.
72
- re > ea reid> eald «cTapbiH>>- nepe.n; I+ comacHhrH; *rerm > earm
«pYKa>>- nepe.n; r + comacubrM:; *rehta > eahta «soceMh>>- nepe.n;
h + comaCHhtii; *sreh > seah «Bw.n;em>- nepe.n; h Ha KOHQe cnoBa.
- re>ea *nreh > neah «6JIH3K0)) - nepe.n; h Ha KOHQC CJIOBa.
§41
Et.Qe O.D;HH npOQeCC~ Ba)f(HbiH )l;Jill CTaHOBJieHHH CHCTCMbl rnac-
Hb!X .n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKOrO nepHO.D;a - Y.LIJTHHCHHC rnaCHbiX.
fJiaCHbie MOrJTH Y.LJ.JTHHHTbCH IIO pa3HbiM npH'IHHaM, O.D;HOH H3 KOTOpbiX
HBJTlleTCH Bbiiia)l;CHHC HOCOBbiX COrJiaCHbiX nepe.n; I.QCJTCBbiMH COrJiaCHbiMH
(B rpynnax HOCOBOH + ~eJieBOH). qT06bi KOMIIeHCHpOBaTI, BhlOaBlllHH CO-
maCHbiH, rnacHI>IH, CTOHBumH. nepe.n; HHM, y.n;JIHHHJTCH.
Br,ma.n;aJTH HOCOBblC m, n nepe.n; ll1,CJTCBblMH f, S, p, a TaK)f(C HOCOBOH n
nepe.n; h. HanpwMep: .n;a. dust «miJII>» (cp . .LJ.BH. dunst, HeM. Dunst), fif
«IIHTh» (cp . .n;BH. finf, HeM. fiinf), pohte «.n:yMam> (cp. 6onee paHHioro <Pop-
MY *ponhte).
TaK)f(e K y.n;nHHCHHIO rnacHoro npwso.n:wno BI>ma.n:euwe 3 nepe.n: d
(*sre3de > srede «rosopwm>), h Me)f(.n;y l H maCHhJM (*seolhas > seolas «no-
neHH») H h B HHTCpBOKaJTbHOH TI03HUHH (*seohen > SeOO «BH,D.CTb»).
IloMHMO 3Toro, B IX B. y.n;nHHHJTHCh rnacHhle nepe.n; rpynnaMH cornac-
HI>Ix ld, nd, mb: cild > cild «pe6eHOK». O.n;uaKo, ecnw rpynna cocTOHJia 113
Tpex COrJiaCHbiX, Y.LIJTHHCHHll He IIpOHCXO.D;HJTO: cifdru «.LJ.CTH».
CucTeMa corJiaCHbiX
CwcTeMa comacHhlX <PoHeM B .n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM H3hiKe 6I>IJia
§42 npe.n;cTaBJieHa lllCCTHa)J;l]aTbiO 6yKBaMH: b, C, d, f, 3, h, J, m, O, p,
r, s, t, p (0), w, x. HeKOTOphle H3 1-mx o6o3Hal:faJTH B pa3HI>Ix IIOJIO)f(CHHliX
pa3HI>Ie 3BYKH .
DYKBa C o603HaqaJia naJiaTaJIH30BaHHhll1 (MHfKHH) 3BYK (k') nepe.n; ne-
pe.D;HCll3bllfHbiMH cornaCHI>IMH, nma cild «pe6eHOK», w HenanaTaJTH30BaH-
HI>IH 3BYK [k) BO scex .n;pyrwx nono)f(eHHHX: caru «3a6oTa», cnawan «3HaTI>».
rnyxwe UICJICBbiC f, S, p (0) B llOJIO)f(CHHH MC)f(.D;y rJiaCHbiMH H 3BOHKH-
MH COrJiaCHblMH CTaHOBHJIHCb 3BOIIKHMH (CM. HH)f(C).
l>yKBa 3 Morna nepe.n;aBaTI> cne.n;yiOII1,He 3BYKH:
1. B Hal:fane cnosa H nepe.n; rnacHI>IMH 3a.n;Hero pH.n;a oHa nepe.n;asana 3BOH-
KHH [g]: 36d «xopoiiiHH», sin3an <<neTI>».
2.I1ocne cornacHhiX r HI H Me)f(.n;y 3a.n;HeH3I>IlfHI>IMH rnacHhlMH ona nepe-
.n;asana 3BYK (y): da3as «,D.HH», dra3an «THHYTI>», foi3ian «CJIC.D;OBaTI>».
73
 3. B HaLJane cnosa nepe.n; rnaCHI.IMH nepe.n;Hero pn.n;a, a TaK)l(e nocne mac-
Ynpomeuue rpynn na'la.TibHLIX corJiacnbiX
HI.IX nepe.n;Hero p».n;a 6yKsa 3 nepe.n;asana 3BYK [j]: 3ear «ro.n;», dre3

§45
«.n;eHI.», 3iefan «.n;aBaTb».
K KOHUY .n;pesHeaHmHHCKoro nep11o.n;a HaLJaJibHbiH h nepecTaeT
,[(11rpa<P c3 nepe.n;asan nanaTaJIH30BaHHhiH 3BYK [g' ]: sec3an «cKa3aTb», npOH3HOCHThCH nepe.n: COHOpHI.IMH COrJiaCHhlMH r, ll, 1: .n;a. hr6f
bryc3 «Moen>, ec3 «Kpafi».
«Kpi.Illla» > rof/roof, hnutu «opex» > nute, hliid «rpoMKHH» > lud/ loud.
EyKBa x 3aMeH»eT coLJeTaHHe cs.
O.n;naKo rrepe.n; conopHbiM w naqani.HbiH h coxpaHneTCH B BH.n;e rrpH,D,hl-

§43 Ba)I(HI.IM <PoHeTHLJeCKHM npoueccoM B CI1CTeMe comacHI.IX

.n;peBHeaHrJI11HCKOrO R3hiKa RBJIReTCR 03BOI1Lfelll1e myXHX ll.(eJie-
xanHH H B cpe.n;neanmHHCKHH nepHo.n; 3TO coLJeTaHHe nmueTCH wh. Cp . .n:a .
hwret «LJTO» > ca. what, .n;a. whit «6eJII.IH» > ca. whit.
BhiX <Pol-reM B 3BOHKOM OKpy)l(eHHH.TaK, cl>oHeMhJ (f), (s), (0) 03BOHLJaJIHCh B
HHTepBOKaJihHOH ll0311l(HH HJIH B IIOJIO)I(eHHH Me)l(.n;y rJiaCIIblM 11 3BOHK11M rpaMM8TH'IeCKHH CTpOH ,npeoueaurJlHHCKOrO H3biKa
comacHI.IM. TaKI1M o6pa3oM, cpoHeMa [f] 11MeJia anno<Pou [v], cpoHeMa [8]
HMena amm<PoH [o], a cpoHeMa [s] 11Mena annocpoH [z]. Ha OI1CbMe .n;aHHI.Ie
annocpoHI.I H11KaK He pa3JIHLJaJII1Ch. Cp. drifan «ruaTb», steorfan «yMI1- CocTaB cJiooa B .npeouerepMancKHX HlbiKax
paTI.», CWeOan «rOBOp11Tb», weoroan «CTaTI.>>, wesan «6bJTb», r!san «BeTa-
BaTh», bosm «rpy.n;I.>>.
lfMeHHO B pe3yJII.TaTe .n;aHHOrO 03BOH'feHI1R B aHrJII1l1cKOM OOHBHJIHCb
§46 .Ll:peBHerepMaHCKHe H3biKH HMeJII1 CBOH MO.pci>OJIOrHLJeCKHe OC0-
6eHHOCTH. TaK, cymecTBHTeJII.HI.Ie B .n;annhiX H3I.IKax cocTOHJII1
qepe.n;yiOII.(ReCH ci>OpMbi e.n;I1HCTBeHHOrO 11 MHO)I(eCTBellHOrO '-111CJia Cyll.(e- 113 Tpex qacTeH: KOpHH, OCHOB006pa3yror:uero cycpcpHKCa 11 cpneKCHR (OKOH-
CTBI1TeJibHbiX Tl1rra life - lives, leaf- leaves, wolf - wolves. "'aHHH). KopeHh HBJIHJICH nocHTeneM neKCH"'ecKoro 3HaLJeHH» 11 ne cpynK-

§44
UHOHHposan KaK OT.n;eJII.HaH CaMOCTOHTeJibHaH e,D,HHRI.(a, a TOJihKO KaK
EoJibiiioe 3HaLJei-me .n;nn .n;pesHeaHm11HCKoro R3biKa 11Meno TaK-
LJacTI. nonnoCTbiO ocpopMnetmoro cnosa. B 3aBI1CHMOCTH OT ocnosoo6pa-
)I(e RBJieHHe nanaTaJIH3aUHH, T.e. CMRr'-leHI1» 3a.n:ue»3bi'-IIIhiX co-
3YIOIUero cycpcpHKCa see cyiUeCTBHTeJibHhie .n;eJIHJIHCb Ha rpynnhi.
maCHI.Ix [k], [g], KOTOpble cHaLJana nepeiiiJIH B cpe.n:uen3bJlJHbJe [k'] 11 [g'],
,[(pyran OC06eHHOCTh .n;peBHerepMaHCKHX H3hiKOB - HaJIH"'He B CHCTe-
a 3aTeM B HeKOTOpbiX cnyLJanx B rrepe.n:HeR3hiLJHbie [!f) 11 (dJ]. [k] nepelllJIO
Me marona .n;syx crroco6os o6pa30BaHHH cpopM rrporne.n;rnero speMeHH.
B (k'] H 3aTeM B [!f) nepe.n; maCHI.IMI1 rrepe.n;Hero pn.n:a. TaK cild > child,
llpoiiie.n:rnee speMH marona Momo 6hiTI. o6pa3osano rryTeM LJepe.n;osanHH
ceowan > chewen. lloMHMO :noro, [k] nepelllno B [!f), ecn11 uaxo.n:HJIOCI.
Kopnesoro macnoro HJIH nyTeM npH6asneHH.si K OCHOBe .n:enTaJihHOro cycp-
nocne rnacHoro [i]: .n;a. stice > ca. stiche «cTe)I(OK», .n:a. cirice > ca. chirche
«uepKOBh». ci>HKCa -d- (-t-).

[g) rrepelllno B [j] nepe.n; rnacHhiMH nepe.n;11ero pn.n:a: *gaert > 3eard
CncTeMa HMenu cymecTBHTeJibHOro
«.n:sop», *gefan > 3iefan «.n;aBaTb». ,[(o XII B. 3TOT 3BYK ua OI1ChMe o6o3Ha-
qancn KaK 3, a no3.n;Hee KaK y: yard.
CoLJeTaHHe *gj nepelllno B .n:onmH" cpe.n;HeH3bi'-IIIbti1 [g'] , a 3aTeM B acp-
cppHKaTy dJ: *brugjo > .n;a. bryc3 > ca. bridge, *wagja3 > .n;a. wec3 > ca.
§47 B .n;pesHeaHmHHCKOM, KaK H B .n:pyrHx repMaHCKHX .si3hiKax, cy-
mecTBHTeJibHhie HMeJIH rpaMMaTHLJeCKHe KaTeropHH na.n;e)l(a,
wedge. 'l.HCJia H po.n;a.
KaK H B cospeMeHHOM aHrJIHHCKOM, y cymecTBHTeJihHOro 6hiJIO .n;sa
O.n;HospeMeHHO c o6pa3oBaHHeM a¢<PPHKaT [!f), [dJ] COYeTarme [sk'] ne-
lJHCJia: e.n;HHCTBeHHOe H MHO)I(eCTBeHHOe.
peiiiJio B [JJ: fisc > fish «phi6a», sceorte > sherte «py6all1Ka», sceacan >
KaTeropH.si po.n;a HOCHJia <PopMaJihHhiH xapaKTep, 11 no cTpyKType cyiUe-
shaken «TpHCTH». TaKHM o6pa3oM, K KOHUY .n:pesHeaHrJIHi1cKoro nepHo.n:a
CTBHTeJihHOro He BCer.n:a MO)l(HO 6hiJIO IIOHHTh, K KaKOMy po.n;y OHO OTHOCHT-
B CI1CTeMe COrJiaCHI.IX IIOHBHJIHCb cl>oHeMbJ (!f), (dJ), [j}
C.si. B ocHOBHOM po.n: cyiUeCTBHTeJibHoro MO)I(HO 6hiJIO yJnaTb rro comacye-
74 75
 §49 K
MbiM C HHM npHJiaraTeJibHbiM H MeCTOHMeHHHM. Po,n;OB B ,n;peBHeaHrJIHi-J- ocHoBaM Ha -6- np11Ha,n;ne:lKaJII1 cymecTBI1TeJibHhie )l(CHCKor~
CKOM 6biJIO TpH: My)l(CKOi-J, )l(eHCKHi-f H cpe,n;HHH, O,n;HaKO OHH He BCer,n;a po.n;a. EcJIH B KOpHe y TaKoro cym:ecTBI1TeJibfiOro 6hiJI KpaTK11H
COBna,n;aJIH c 6HOJIOfH4eCKHM TIOJIOM. TaK, CJIOBa m6dor «MaTb» H dohtor CJIOr, TO B HMeHHTeJibHOM na,n;e:lKe e,n;I1HCTBeHI-IOrO '-IHCJia OliO HMCJIO OKOH-
«,n;Olfb» OTHOCHJIHCb K )l(eHCKOMy po,n;y, HO CJIOBO wlf «:lKeHII:(HHa»- K cpe,n:- qaHHe -U. ECJIH )l(e B KOpHe 6hiJI .ll:OJlfHH CJIOr, HJ111 KOpeHb/OCHOBa COCTOHJI
HeMy, a wlfman «:lKeHuuma»- K MY)l(CKOMy.
H3 .ll:BYX CJIOfOB, TO OKOH'faHHH He 6biJIO BOo6me. CM. CKJIOHCHHe cyme-
IJa,n;e)l(HaH CHCTeMa ,n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKOfO H3hiKa COCTOHJia H3 lfeTbipex CTBHTeJIJ>HhiX feoer «nepo>>, :lK.p. H 3iefu «.n:ap», )l(.p.
na,n;e:lKeH: HMeHHTeJibHOfO, pO,n;HTeJibHOrO, ,n;aTeJibHOfO H BHHI-ITeJibHOfO.
IIpH 3TOM ,n;aTeJibHhiH na,n;e)l( BKJII04HJI B ce6n 3Haqem1H cym:ecTBOBaBrne- E,n;. lfHCJIO MH. lfHCJIO
ro paHee TBOpHTeJibHOfO rra,n;e)l(a, a BHHHTeJibiibiH na,n;e)l( BO MI-IOfHX CJiy- HM. rr. feoer 3iefu HM.n. feoera 3iefa
qanx 6biJI OMOHHMH'feH HMeHHTeJibHOMY na,n;e)l(y. Po,n;. n. feoere 3iefe Po,n;. n. feoera 3iefa
IJo THrry OCHOB ,n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKHe cyll(eCTBHTeJibiibie ,n;eJIHJIHCb Ha )],aT. n. feoere )],aT. n. feoerum
3iefe 3iefum
TPH CKJIOHeHHH: cyll(eCTBHTeJihHhre c OCHOBOH ua maciibiH (cHJihHOe CKJIO-
B11H. n. feoere 3iefe BHH. n. feoera 3iefa
HeHHe), cym:eCTBHTeJibHhie COCHOBOH Ha COrJiaCHbiH (cna6oe CKJIOHeHHe) H
cym:ecTBHTeJibHhre c KOpHesofi ocHOBOH.
§50 fpynna OCHOB Ha -i- BKJIIO'faJia B Ce6H cym:eCTBHTCJlhHblC BCCX
Tpex po,n;OB. JTH Cyll(eCTBHTCJihHhiC HMCJIH Te )l(C OKOH'faHHH,
CymecTBHTeJJbHbte c ocuoooli ua rJJaCnbtH 4TO H cymecTBHTCJihHble MY)l(CKoro H cpe,n;Hero po,n;a c ocnosoii ua -a- HJIH
(CHJlbHOe CKJJOHeHHe) cym:ecTBI1TeJihHhie )l(eHcKoro po,n;a c ocnosofi Ha -6-. B Ka4eCTBe np11Me-
poB MO:lKHO npHBeCTI1 CKJIOHeHHe cyi.QeCTBHTeJihHhlX hyll «XOJIM», M.p.;

§48 Cym:ecTBHTeJihHhie c OCHOBOH Ha rnacnhrii rrpwHa,n;Jie)l(aJIH K

CHJihHOMy CKJIOHeHHIO. B .n:pesHeaHrJIHHCKOM 3TO 6biJIH CJIOBa c
spere «KOnhe», cp.p.; ben «npoch6a», :lK.p.
E,n;.lfi1CJIO MH.4HCJIO
OCHOBaMH Ha -a-, -6-, -i-, -U-. qaCTHhie CJiylfaH CKJIOIIeiHtH OCIIOB Ha -ja,
-Wa, -j6, -W6 3,n;eCb He npHBO.ll:HTCH. HM.n. hyll spere ben HM. rr. hyllas speru ben a
K OCHOBaM Ha -a- OTHOCHJIHCb cym:eCTBHTeJibHb~e My)l(CKOfO H cpe,n;He- Po.n:. n. hylles speres bene Po.n;. rr. hylla spera ben a
ro po,n;a. Cp. rrapa,n;HrMy CKJIOHeHHH cyll(eCTBHTeJibii hi X sHin «KaMeHh», )],aT. n. hylle spere bene )],aT. n. hyllum sperum benum
M.p.; scip «Kopa6Jih», cp.p.; word «CJIOBO», cp.p.
BHH. rr. hyll spere bene BHH. n. hyllas speru ben a

§5 1
E.n;.lfHCJIO MII. 411CJIO B 4HCJIO OCHOB Ha -U- BXO,ll;I1JIH cym:eCTBI1TeJihHbie My)l(CKOfO 11
HM.n. sti:in scip word HM. rr. sti:inas scipu word )l(eHCKOfO po,n;a, OKaH4HBaiOII:(I1eCH na -U 11JII1 Ha O.ll:HH H 60Jiee CO-
Po,n;. rr. stiines scipes wordes Po,n;. n. stan a rJiaCHbiH. I1p11 3TOM OKOH'faHHH o6oHx po,n;oB coBna,n;anH. Cp. napa,n;HrMy
scipa worda
)],aT. n. stiine scipe worde )],aT. rr. CKJIOHeHHH cym:eCTBHTeJihHbiX sunu «ChiH», M. p.; duru «,n;Bepb», )l(.p.; feld
stanum scipum wordum
BHH. n. stan scip «TIOJie», M.p. .
word BHH. rr. stan as scipu word
E,n;. lfHCJIO MH. lfHCJIO
CymecTBHTeJihHoe word HMeeT ,n;oJirHH KopueBoii cJior, co3,n;aBaeMhiH
colfeTaHHeM macHhiH + ,n;sa comacnhrx. IIpH .n:onroM KOpiieBoM cnore y HM. n. sunu duru feld HM.ll. sun a dura felda
cym:ecTBI1TeJibHhiX cpe,n;Hero po,n;a (cp. TaK)l(e sceap «OBua», cp.p.) B 11Me- Po,n;. n. sun a dura felda Po.n:. rr. sun a dura felda
HI1TeJihHOM 11 BI1HHTeJibHOM na,n;e)l(aX MHO)l(eCTBeHI-IOrO 'UICJia OKOII4aHI1e )],aT. n. suna dura felda )],aT. n. sunurn durum feldum
OTCYTCTByeT.
BHH. n. sunu duru feld BHH.ll. sun a dura felda

76 77
 Cyll(eCTBHTCJILHble c ocuooou ua corJiaCHbiH E~. 'IHCJIO MH. 'IHCJIO

§52 B ~pesHeauniHiiCKOM 6biJII1 cyiQeCTBHTeJibHhie c ociiosaMH Ha

-n-, -es-, -r-. CyiQeCTBHTeJibHhie c ocHosoii Ha-n- nptma~Jie)l(aJIH
J1M. n. freder
Po~. n. freder/
brMor m6dor
brMor m6dor
YIM. n. frederas
Po~. n . fredera
brMor
br66ra
m6dru/m6dra
modra
K CJia6oMy CKJIOHeHHIO. B Hero BXO~HJIH HMeHa BCeX Tpex pO~OB, npH4eM frederes
na~e)I(Hhie OKOII4aHH11 MHOrHx <PopM 6biJIH OMOHHMH'JHhi ~pyr ~pyry. CM.
.LJ:aT. n. freder brMer meder .LJ:aT. n. frederum brMrum modrum
cKnoueuHe cyiQeCTBHTeJibiihix nama «HM11», M.p.; heorte «cep~ue», )l(.p.;
eare «yxo», cp.p. 81-m. n. freder brMor m6dor BHH. n. frederas brMor modru/modra

E~. 'JHCJIO MH. lfHCJIO Cyll(eCTBHTCJILHble c KopueBbiMH ocuooaMu

I1M. n. nama heorte eare HM.n. naman heortan ear an
K noii rpynne npHHa~Jie)l(aT cymecTBHTeJibHoie, y KOTOpbiX He
Po~. n.

.LJ:aT. n.
naman
naman
heortan earan
heortan earan
Po~. n . namena heortena earena §55 6hiJIO OCHOB006pa3yiOIQero cy<P<l>HKCa, H OKOH'IaHHe npHCOe~H­
.LJ:aT. n. namum heortum earum H1!JIOCb Henocpe~cTseHHO K KOpHIO. B ~pesHeaHrnHHCKOM HX 6biJIO 6onb-
Bm1. n . naman heortan eare BHH. n. naman heortan earan me ~BYX ~eC1!TKOB, H HeKOTOpbie H3 HHX COXpaHHJIH OC06eHHOCTH CKJIOHe-

§53 OcHosy Ha -es- HMenH scero lfeTbipe cyiQeCTBJ.1TeJibHhix, o6o3Ha-

lfasumx ~eTeHbiiiieii: cild «~HT1!, pe6eHOK», cealf «TeneHOK»,
HH$1 ~o HarnHx ~neii. K :noii rpynne OTHOC11TC11 HMeHa MY)I(CKoro H )l(eH-
cKoro po~a. TaKHe KaK mann «lfenoseK, MY)I('IHHa», M.p.; fot «Hora», M.p.;
lamb «HHeHOK», re3 «11HUO». Bee OHM npHI-Ja~Jie)l(aJIH K cpe~IIeMy po~y. H tOp «3y6», M.p.; ac «~y6», )l(.p.; hnutu «opex», )l(.p.; boc «KHHra», )l(.p.; 36s
so scex HHX cornacHhiH ocHosoo6pa3yiOIQero cy<P<PHKca nepemen H3 -s- B « ryco», )l(.p. H ~pyrHe. IlpH cKnouenHH s <PopMe ~aTeJioHoro na~e)l(a e~HH­
-r- no 3aKoHy poTaQH3Ma. E~HHCTBeHHhiM nepe)I(HTKOM ~armoii rpynnoJ CTBeHI-I oro 'IHCJia, HMeHHTeJihHOrO H BHHHTeJihHOrO na~e)l(eH MHO)I(e-
cyiQeCTBHTeJioHbiX B COBpeMeHHOM aHrJIHHCKOM 1!3biKe 11BJI11eTC1! CJIOBO CTBeHHOrO lfHCJia cymeCTBHTeJibHbiX ~ai-IHOH rpynnhi o6napy)I(HBaiOTC1!
children «~eTm>. HMeHa c ocHosoii Ha -es- s e~HHCTBeiiitOM lfHcne CKJIOH11- pe3yJibTaTbl nepernaCOBKH. 04eBH~HO, B 3TH X <PopMaX panee cym:eCTBOBa-
JIHCh TaK )l(e, KaK HMeHa Cpe~Hero po~a C OCHOBOH Ita -a-. .LJ:n11 npHMepa JIO OKOH'IaHHe -i (4TO llO~TBep)l(~aeTC1! aHaJIOfH'lHhiMH <l>opMaMH B JiaTHH-
MO)I(HO npHBeCTH CKJIOHeiiHe CJIOBa ciJd «~Hn, pe6eiiOK»; Cp.p. CKOM H rpeqecKOM 1!3hiKax), KOTopoe Bhi3hiBano yMnayT. Cp. KOpHeaoe
E~. 'IHCJIO CKJIOI-Iemte Ha npHMepe cymecTBHTeJioHhiX mann «'lenoaeK, MY)I('iHIIa»,
Mu. lfHCJIO
ilM. n. M.p.; Iot <<HOra», M.p.; b6c «KHHra», )l(,p.; miis «Mbllllb», )l(.p.
cild ilM. n. cildru
Po~. n. cildes Po~. n. E~.'IHCJIO MH. 'IHCJIO
cildra
.LJ:aT. n. cilde .LJ:aT. n. cildrum 11M. n. mann fot hOc mus ilM. n. menn Iet bee mys
BHH. n. cild BHH. n. cildru Po~. n. mannes fotes boce muse Po~. n. manna fota boca musa

§54 K 'IHcny cyiQeCTBHTenoHhiX c ocHosoii ua -r- npHIIa~ne)l(aT sce-

ro ll1!Tb CJIOB, 0603Ha'JaiOIQHX KpOBIIOe pO~CTBO . JTO HMella
.LJ:aT. n. menn
B111-1. n. mann
tet
fat
bee mys
boc miis
.LJ:aT. n . mannum fotum bocum musum
B111-1. n.menn tet bee mys
MY)I(CKOro H )l(eHCKoro po~a: modor «MaTh», )l(.p.; fredcr «OTel(», M.p.;
dohtor «~O'Ib», )l(.p.; br66or «6pan>, M.p.; sweostor «cecTpa», )l(.p. B pyc- HMH npuJiaraTeJILuoe. CKJioueuue npuJiaraTeJILHMX

§56
CKOM 113btKe HM COOTBeTCTBYIOT aHaJIOfH'IHhie CyiQeCTBHTCJJhllbJC TaK)I(e C
fipHnaraTeJibl-lbie B ~eBHeaHrJIHHCKOM 1!3biKe HMeJIH rpaMMaTHlJC-
OCHOBOH Ha-p-: MaTb- MaTepH, ~O'Ib- ~O'IepH, CeCTpa CCCTpbl. Y He-
CKHe KaTeropHH po~a, lfHCJia H na~e)l(a H COrJiaCOBhiBaJIHCb llO 3THM
KOTOpbiX CyiQeCTBHTeJibHhiX B ~aTeJioHOM na~e)l(e e~H IICTBCII II OrO lfHCJia
KaTeropHSIM c TeMH cymecTBHTerrbHhiMH, KOTOphie OHH onpe~eJijjJIH. Ka)l(,noe
npOH30llieJI YMJiayT: modor «MaTh», )l(.p.; br66or «6pan>, M.p.
npHnaraTCJibHOe MOrJIO BbiCTynaTb B <PopMe CHJibHOrO H CJia6oro CKJIOIIeJIH$1.
78 79
 CHJibHOe CI<JIOHem1e npHnaraTeJibHhiX coana~ano c napaMrMow CKJIOHeHHH
CTeneuu cpasaenHH npuJiaraTeJibHbiX
MeCTOHMeHI111. Cna6oe CKJIOHeHHe nO'ITH nonuocTbiO coan~ano co CKJIOHeHH-
eM cy~eCTBHTeJibHbiX COCHOBOH Ha-n- 3a HCKmO'IeHHeM <f>opMbJ pO~HTeJibHO­ B ~peaueaHrnHiiCKOM Jl3brKe, KaK H a coapeMeHHOM aHnmi1CKOM,
ro n~e)J(a MHO)J(eCTBeHHOro 'IHCna, r~e 6biJIO OKOH'IaHHe -ra, a He -ena. §59 npHnaraTeJihHhie HMenH TPM cTeneHH cpaaueHmi: nOJIO)J(HTeJib-
J1pHJiaraTeJibHOe CKJIOHHJIOCb no CHJibHOMy CKJIOHeHHIO, eCJIH OHO HyiO, cpaBHHTeJibHYIO H npeBOCXO~HyiO. llpHIIaraTeJibHhie B nOJIO)J(HTeJib-
onpe~enHno cy~eCTBHTeJibHOe, He HMeswee ~pyrHx onpe~eJIHTenew H HOH <f>opMe He HMeJIH KaKoro-m16o oco6oro Mop<J>onont'IeCKoro o<f>opMne-
ynoTpe6neHHOe a o6o6~eHI-IOM CMbJCJie. Ecn11 )J(e y cy~eCTBHTeJibHOro HHH H, KaK 6biJIO CKa3aHO Bbiiiie, MOfJIH CKJIOHHTbCH no CMJihHOMY HJIH CJia-
6biJIH ~pyme onpe~eJIHTeJIH (yKa3aTeJibHhie, npHUI)J(aTenhiihie HJIH Heo- 6oMy THny. CpaBHHTeJibHaH CTeneHb ~peaHeaHrmtiiCKHX npHnaraTeJihHbiX
npe~eneHHhie MeCTOHMeHHH) 11 OHO OnHCbiBaJIO KOHKpeTHbiH, H3BeCTHb!H o6pa30Bbraanacb nyTeM np116aanermH K KOpHIO cy<f><f>HKca -ra: 3lred «Bece-
npe~MeT, TO onpe~eJIHaruee ero npHnaraTeJihHoe CKJIOHHJIOCb no cna6oMy JibiH» - 3lredra «aecenee», hwret «xpa6pbri1, 6biCTpbiH» - hwretra.
CKJIOHeHHIO. HanpHMep, 30d cwen «~o6paH )J(eH~HHa)) (aoo6~e), HO seo <l>opMbl cpaBHI-ITeJibHOH CTeneHH CKJIOHHJIHCb no CJia6oMy CKJIOHeHHIO.
36de cwen «~o6pa5! )J(eH~HHa» (~aHHaJ!), wise lareowas «My~pble Y'IHTe- l13Ha'IaJibHO a ~peaHerepMaHCKHX H3biKax cpaamneiibHaH CTeneHb
JIJI)), uo pa hal3an lareowas «CBJ!ThJe Y'IMTeJIJI».
npHJiaraTeJihHbiX o6pa30BbJBaJiaCb nyTeM npH6aaJieHHH K KOpHIO cy<f><f>MK-
§57 HH)J(e npMBO~HTCH npHnaraTeJibHOe 36d «xoporuHi1» so acex
Tpex po~ax, ynoTpe6nemwe a <f>opMax CHJibHOro CKJIOHermJI.
COB *-iza, *-oza. Co speMeHeM OHM no~aeprnHCb ~eiicrsMIO poTal(H3Ma
(*-iza > *-ira, *-oza > *-ora) 11 pe~yKL(HH nepaoro rnacHoro, 11 TaKHM o6-
pa30M CJIHJIHCb B 0~111-1 ~peaHeaHrJIHHCKHH cy<f><f>HKC -ra.
My)J(cKoH: po~ Cpe~HHH po~ )J{eHCKHH po~
llpeBOCXO~HaH <f>opMa npHnaraTeJibHblX o6pa30BbiBaJiaCb nyTeM npH-
E~. 'I. MH. 1
1. E~. 'I. MH. 'I. E~. 'I. MH. 'I. 6aBJieHHH K KopuiO cy<f><f>HKCOB -est, -ost: 3lred - 3lredra - 3lredost,
MM. n. 36d 36de 36d 36d 36d 36da hwret - hwretra - hwatost. ITpHnaraTeJibHhie a npeaocxo~HOH cTeneHH,
Po~. n. 36des 36dra 36des 36dra 36dre 36dra KaK npaaHno, CKJIOHHJIHCh no cna6oMy CKIIOHeHHIO. Cy<f><f>HKC -est o6pa3o-
.[(aT. n. 36dum 36dum 36dum 36dum 30dre 36dum aancH H3 6onee ~pesHero cy<f><f>HKCa *-ist npH ocpe~Hemm rnacHoro -i-.
fnaCHbiH B cy<f><f>HKCe -OSt TaK)J(e MOf nO~BepraTbCSI ocpe~HeiiHIO B -e-.
BHH. n. 36dne 36de 36d 36d 36de 36da
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 6onee ~pesHHe <J>opMbi cy<f><f>HKCOB cpaBHHTeJibHOi1 11
§58 J1a~e)J(Hble <f>opMbl npHJiaraTeJibHOrO npM Cna60M CKJIOHeHHH
6biJIH cne~yiO~HMH:
npesocxo~Hoi1 CTeneHeii cpasHeHMH npHnaraTenbHhiX co..a;ep)J(aJIH 3BYK -i-
(*-ira, *-ist) 11 Bbi3biBaJIH nepe~HeH3bi'IHYIO nepernacosKy KOpHesoro rnac-
Horo. KaK cne~CTBMe, KOpHeaoii rnacubrii a cpaBHHTenbriOii 11 npesocxok
E~MHCTsemme 'IHCno MHo)J(eCTsemwe 'IHcno Tpex po~oa
HOH <f>opMaX HeKOTOpbiX npHnaraTeJibHbiX OTJIHlfaJICH OT KOpHeBOfO rnac-
My)J(. p. Cp. p. )J{eu. p.
HOfO s noJIO)J(HTeJibHOii cTeneHH 3THX npHnaraTeJibHbiX. HanpHMep:
MM. n. 36da 36de 36de 36dan lloJIO)J(HTeJibHaH cTeneHb CpasHHTeJibHaH CTeneHb llpesocxo~HaH cTeneHb
Po~. n. 36dan 36dan 36dan 36dra eald «CTapbiii» ieldra ieldest
.[(aT. n. 36dan 36dan 36dan 36dum 3reat «6oJibllloii» 3rietra 3rietest
BMH. n. 36dan 36de 36dan 36dan Jon3 «~JIHHHbiH» lefi3ra lefi3eSt
Cne~yeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha OKOH'IaHHe -ra B pO~HTeJibiiOM na~e­ sceort «KOpOTKHH» scyrtra scyrtest
)J(e MHO)J(eCTBeHHOrO 'IHCJia BCeX Tpex pO~OB. 0HO 6b!JIO 3aHMCTI30BaHO H3 stron3 «CHJibHbiH» stren3ra strefi3est
CHJlbHOfO CKJIOHeHHJI npHJiaraTeJibHbiX H BbiTeCHHJIO OKOII'-IaJJHe -ena,
6oJBruee pa1-1ee Ha ero MeCTe. 3e0n3 «MOJIO~OH» 3in3ra 3ifi3est
heah «BhlCOKMH» hlehra hiehst
80
81
 ·§6Q HeKOTOphie .D:pesHeaHmHHCKI1e npHnaraTeJihHI>Ie o6pa30ShiBaJIH Muo)J(eCTBeHHoe qHcno
<j>OpMbl cpasHeHI1.H cynnneTI1SHhiM rryTeM (T.e. OT pa3HbiX KOp- 1-e JIHIJ,O 2-e JIHQO 3-e JIHIJ,O
HeH). TaKHe np11naraTeJihHhie .HSJI.RIOTC.H caMhiMI1 .D:pesHI1M11, TaK KaK HX hie/hy/h! «OHH)>
l1M. II. we «Mbl)) 3e «sbm '
<j>opMI>I cpasHeHH.R 6biJIH o6pa30BaHhi s TO speM.H, KOr.D:a ell.(e He cyll.(e-
iire «Hao> eower «sac>> hlora/hiera/hyra «HX>>
CTsosano cy<j><j>HKCOS cpaSHHTeJibHOH 11 npeSOCXO.D:HOW CTerreHH: Po.D:. 11.
)l,aT. n. US «HaM» eow «BaM» him «HM»
IloJIO)J(HTeJihHa.H CTeneHb CpaBHHTeJihHa.H CTeneHh Ilpesocxo.D:Ha.H CTeneHb
BHH. n. iis/usic <mac» eow/eowic «sac» hie/hy/hi «HX»
36d «XOpOIIIHH, .D:06pblH» betera betst
yfel «nnoxoi1, 3JIOH» w1ersa Cne.D:yeT o6pannb BHHMaHHe, qTo JIHqHbre MecTOHMeHH.R 1-ro H 2-ro JIH-
wierest
micel «60JihlllOH» ua e.D:. H MH. qJ1CJia HMeiOT cyiirrJieTHSHYIO napa.D:HfMy, T.e. HMeHHTeJibHbiW
mara mrest
11a.D:e)J( npOHCXO.D:HT He OT TOfO KOpH.R, OT KOTOpOrO rrpOH30lllJIH KOCBeH-
Iytel «ManeHhKHH» lressa I rest Hbie na.D:e)J(H (TaKoe )J(e .RBJieHHe cyll.(ecTByeT B pyccKoM .R3biKe). )l,pyroi1
MecTOHMenuB. Jluquhte MeCTOHMeuuB oco6eHHOCThiO 6hiJIO TO, qTO y MeCTOHMeHHH 3-ro JIHIJ,a MY)J(CKoro, )J(eH-

§61
cKoro H cpe.D:Hero po.D:a 6hiJia O.D:HHaKOBa.R <j>opMa BO MHO)J(eCTBeHHOM qHC-
B .D:pesHeaHrJIHHCKOM .R3hiKe 6hiJIH cne.D:yiOll.(He SI1.D:hi MeCTOHMe- Jie. <l>opMa ,ll,BOHCTBeHHOfO qHCJia BCTpeqaJiaCb pe.D:KO H OKOHqaTeJihHO OT-
HHH: JIHqHhie, yKa3aTeJihHhie, sonpocHTeJihHbie, Heonpe.D:eneH-
Mepna B cpe.D:HeaHrJIHHCKHW nepHO.D:.
Hbie. IlpHT.H)J(aTeJibHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH He 6biJIO, HX 3HaqeHHe SbinOJIH.HJia
<j>opMa pO.D:HTeJibHOro na.D:e)J(a JIHqHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH.
YKaJaTeJihHbte u sonpocuTeJihHble MeCTOHMeHHB
JlHqHbie MeCTOHMeHH.H HMeJIH KaTeropHH q11cna, 11a.D:e)J(a H po.D:a.

§62
MecTOHMeHH.H 1-ro 11 2-ro JIHQa HMeJIH <j>opMbi e.D:HIICTBeHHoro, .D:BOi1- YKa3aTeJihHhie MeCTOHMeHHH s .D:pesHeaHmHi1CKOM H3biKe HMe-
CTseHHOro H MHO)J(eCTBeHHOfO qJ1CJia, HO He H3MeHHJIHCb 110 pO.D:aM. JIH KaTerOpHH pO.D:a, qJ1CJia (e.D:HHCTBeHHOfO H MHO)J(eCTBeHHOfO)
MecTOHMermn 3-ro JIHIJ,a HMeJIH <j>opMbi My)J(CKOro, )J(eHcKoro H cpe.D:Hero H na.D:e)J(a, npHqeM rra.D:e)J(eH y HHX 6hiJIO 5 (rrHThiH - TBOpHTeJibHblH).
po.D:a H .D:se <j>opMhi qHcna: e.D:HHCTseHHOe H MHO)J(eCTBermoe.
3TH MeCTOHMeHH.R .D:eJIHJIHCh Ha .D:Be rpyrrllbl. Y O.D:HOH 113 HHX (se -
E.D:HHCTseHHoe q11cno TOT, seo- Ta, pret- To) yKa3aTeJibHoe 3HaqeHHe 6hiJIO ocna6neHHhiM.
]-e JIHIJ,O 2-e JIHQO
3-e JIHIJ,O, M.p. 3-e n., cp.p. 3-e n., )J(.p. <l>aKTHqeCKH 3TH MeCTOHMeHH.H ynoTpe6JIHJIHCh B pOJIH 011pe.D:eJieHHOf0
HM. 11. IC «.R» pii ((TbJ))
he «OH» apTHKJIH. Y MeCTOHMeHHH .ll:PYfOH rpyrrrrbl (pes <OTOT», peos <OTa»,
hit «OHO» heo «OHa»
Po.D:. 11. min «MeHn» pin «Te6.H» his «ero» pis «3TO», pas «3TH») yKa3aTeJihHOe 3HaqeuHe 6biJIO CHJibHhiM. MecTo-
his «ero» hire «ee»
)l,aT .II. me «MHe» 11MeHHH BTOpOH rpy1111bl ynoTpe6JI.HJIHCh pe.D:KO.
pe «Te6e» him «eMy» him «eMy» hire «ei1» Cp. CKJIOHeHHe MeCTOHMeHHH c ocna6neHHbiM yKa3aTeJihHbiM 3HaqenHeM:
BHH. II. me/mec pe/pec hine «ero» hit «ero» hie «ee»
«MeH.H)) «Te6.R» E.D:. qi1CJIO MH,qHCJIO

)l,BOHCTBeHHOe qHCJIO M.p. )1{, p. Cp. p.

1-e JIHIJ,O HM.Il. se seo r pret pa
2-e JIHIJ,O 3-e JI11QO
HM. II. wit «Mhl o6a» Po.D:. n. pres prere pres para
3it «Sbi o6a» OTCYTCTsyeT
Po.D:. II. uncer <<Hac o6oHx» )l,aT. n. prem prere prem prem
incer «sac o6oHx» OTCYTCTsyeT
)l,aT. II. unc «HaM o6oHM» BHH. n. pone pa pret pa
inc «BaM o6oHM» OTCyTCTByeT
BHH. 11. unc/uncit «Hac o6oHx» Tsop. n. py/pon prere py/pon prem
inc/incit «sac o6owx>> OTCYTCTsyeT
82 83
 <f>OpMbl MHO)f(eCTBeHHOrO 'HfCJia 6niJIH O)l;HHaKOBhiMH .ll;JIH BCex Tpex
po.o;os. nep11o,na -liche yTpa<JJ.maeT BTOpoii cnor -che, a -li > Ha. -ly: ca. frendli-
che > frendli > Ha. friendly.
YKa3aTeJibHbre MeCTOHMeHHH c CHJibHbrM yKa3aTeJinHhfM 3Ha<JeHHeM
CKJIOHHJIHCb CJie.o;yiO~HM o6pa30M: Cy<}l<}lHKC -e K Ha<JaJiy HOBOaHrJIHHCKOfO nep110,na HC<Je3aeT B CBJI3H C
o6~eH TeH,neHQHeH K OTna,neHHIO KOHe<JHOrO -e. 3TO npHBeJIO K OMOHH-
E.o;. 'JHCJIO
MH. 'JHCJIO MHH <}lopM npHJiaraTeJibHbiX H COOTBeTCTBYIO~HX HM Hape•HIH: hard, fast,
M.p. )J{. p. Cp.p. long - npwnaraTeJibHhie H hard, fast, long - Hape<JHH.
liM. n. ]:>es ]:>eos ]:>is pas Cy<}l<}lwKc -es npo.o;OJI)f(aeT wcnoJib30BaThCH ,nnH o6pa3oBaHHH HapelfHii:
Po.o;. n. ]:>isses .o;a. sippan «c Tex nop KaK» > ca. sithens > Ha. since,
]:>isse ]:>isses ]:>is sa
!.: ~~- ,na. hwanon «OTKy,na» > ca. whannes > Ha. whence.
-- - bissum
HapelfHH once «o.o;Ha)f(_nbm, twice «.nsa)f(.ll;bi», thrice «TpH)f(.ll;bi» TaK)f(e
I:> as bis
6biJIH o6pa3osaHbi c noMO~biO -(e)s: ones< one, twies <two, thries < thrie.
Op<}lorpa<f>wH :nwx 11 Bhnue.o;aHHbiX cnos c -ce Ha KOHQe BMeCTO -s ycra-
HOBHJiach JIHllih B HOBOaHrmiHCKHH nepHO.ll;.

liHCJIHTCJibHbiC

§65 KonHlfeCTBeHHbie lfHCJIHTeJihHbre OT o,nHoro .no Tpex CKJIOHHIOT-

CH no na_ne)f(aM H 113MeHHIOTCH no po,naM. qHCJIHTeJibHble OT lfe-
TbipeX .ll;O )l;eBHTHa)l;QaTH He CKJIOHHIOTCH.
HapequH qHCJIHTeJibHOe an «O.ll;HH» CKJIOHHeTCH KaK CHJibHOe npHJiaraTeJihHOe C

§64
.. 1
( ~1 r ''· r ,"10. · Y• ,. .ll;OJifHM KOpHeBhiM CJIOfOM, twe3en 11 ):>reo CKJIOHHIOTCH no-.o;pyroMy (HH)f(e
0CH0BHOH <f>yHKQHeH Hape<JHH HBJIHeTCJI <f>yHKQHH 06CTORTeJib-
OHM ,naHbl B HMeHHTeJihHOM na)l;e)f(e). qHCJIHTeJihHbie OT 2 .ll;O lO HMeJOT
CTBa. ):lpesueaHrJIHHCKHe Hape<JHJI 6bfJIH OpOCTbiMH 11 npOI13BO-
cne,ny10~11e <}lopMhi:
.ll;HbiM11. K npOCTbiM OTHOCHTCH Hape<JHH MeCTa (hwrer «r.o;e», ):>rer «TaM»,
hwanan «OTKy.o;a») 11 speMerm (hwanne «Kor.o;a», ]:>anne/]:>an «Tor.o;a», hwiie 2 - twe3en (M.p.), tii/twa (cp.p.), twa ()f(.p.)
«B TO BpeMH KaK», SODa «CKOpO, BCKOpe»). 3 - prie/pri/pry (M.p.), prio/preo (cp.p. 11 )f(.p.)
IIpoH3BO.ll;Hbre Hape<JHH o6pa3oBbiBaJIHCb nocpe.o;cTBOM cy<f><f>HKCaQHH: 4-feower
1) c noMo~hiO cy<f><f>HKca -e o6pa30BbiBaJIHCh Hape<JHR o6pa3a .o;eii- 5-fif
CTBHR OT OpMJiaraTeJibHhiX, HanpHMep: Wtd-e «UI11p0KO», heard-e 6- siex/six/syx
<<TBep.o:o», lon3-e «.o:onro»;
7- seofonlsiofon/syfon
2) COOMOllJ,hlO -lice o6pa30BhiBaJIHCb Hape<JHJI OT cy~eCTBHTeJihHblX: 8-eahta
freond-lice «.o;py)f(eCTBeHHO», luf-lice «mo6osJio»;
9-ni3on
3) C llOMOllJ,hlO cy<f>cf>HKCa -es (11CTOpM<JeCKH OKOJI<JaHHe pO.ll;HTeJib-
10- tTen/tyn
HOrO na.o;e)f(a CyiQeCTBHTeJibHbiX My)f(CKOfO po.o;a -a- OCHOB): niht-es
qHCJIHTeJihfibie 11 11 12 o6pa30BhiBaJIHCh cynnneTHBHo: endleofan,
«HO<JbiO», dre3-es «.o;HeM», hamweard-es «.o;oMoii».
twelf. qHCJIHTeJibHhre oT 13 .no 19 o6pa30BhiBaJIHCh .no6asneHHeM cy<}l-
B .o;anLueiiweM pa3BHT1111 Ka<JeCTBeHHbiX Hape<JHH Ba)f(Hyro ponb Cbi-
<P»Kca -tene (-tTen/-tyne), COOTBeTCTBYIO~ero lfHCJIHTeJibHOMY «)l;eCHTb».
rpano Bbi.ll;eJieHHe cy<f>cf>HKca -lice >ca. -liche. K Ha<Jany HOBOaHrnHiicKoro
HanpHMep: fiftene (fiftTen/fiftyne), sextene (sextyne).
84
85
 .LJ:ecnKH o6pa30BblBaJIHCb nyTeM npH6asneHHH cycpcpHKCa -ti3. lfHCJIH-
TeJibHbie, BKJIIOLJaJOIJ..(He LJHcno 100 (;:J;a. hundteonti3, hund, hundred), HMe-
JIH cno:>I<HYIO CTpyKTypy, HanpwMep: hundfifti3 (one hundred and fifty).
lfHCJIHTeJibHbJM an «O;:J;HH» H twe3en «;:J;Ba» COOTBeTCTBYIOT OC06ble cpop-
Mbl nopH;:J;KOBbiX 'fHCJIHTeJibHMx: fyresta «nepsMih>, Boer «BTopoil». OT ':IHC-
JIHTenr,Horo prie «TpH>> COOTBeTCTBYIOIIJee nOpH:;:J;KOBOe 'fHCJIHTeJibHOe 06-
pa3yeTCH nyTeM npH6asnemtH cycpcpHKCa -da, HBJIHIOIIJefOCH 3BOHKHM BapH-
aHTOM cycpcpwKca -pa: pridda HJIH c MeTaTe3oil comacHoro r pirda «TpeTHH».
rnaroJI
§66 B ;:J;pesHeaHmHHCKOM, KaK H s ;:J;pyrwx ;:J;pesHerepMaHCKHx H3bi-
Kax, rnaron HMen cne;:J;yiOIJ..(He KaTeropww:
- 'lHCJia: e;:J;HHCTBeHHOe H MHO)KeCTBeHHOe
- nwu:a: nepsoe, BTopoe H rpene
- HaKJioHeHHH: H3bHBHTeJibHoe, nosenHTeJibHOe H cocnaraTeJibHOe
- speMeHH: npoiiie;:J;IIIee H HaCTOHIIJee.
I1pw cnpH)f(eHHH marona H3MeHeHHH 'feTKo npocne)f(HBanwcr, s cpop-
Max e;:J;HHCTBeHHoro LJHcna, a so MHO)f(eCTBeHHOM LJHcne see TPH JIHQa
HMeJIH O)J;HHaKOByiO cpOpMy.
Y ;:J;pesHeaHmHHCKoro rnarona 6biJIO TOJibKO ;:J;Be speMemJbiX cpopMbi:
HaCTOHIIJero H npoiiie;:J;IIIero speMeHH. Ecnw Heo6xo;:J;HMO 6r,wo nepe;:J;an
3Ha'feHHe 6y;:J;yiiJero BpeMeHH, OHO nepe;:J;aBaJIOCb 06CTOHTeJibCTBaMH B
npe)J;JIO)f(eHHH, a maron ynoTpe6JIHJICH B HaCTOHLL(eM BpeMeHH. 0;:J;HaKO
y)f(e s :noT nepHO;:J; maronbl sculan «;:J;OJI)f(eHcTsosaTb» H willan «XOTeTM>
HaLJaJIH ynoTpe6JIHTbCH BMeCTe C HHcpHHHTHBOM )J;JIH nepe;:J;aLJH 6y;:J;yll.(ero
BpeMeHH (npH 3TOM HX MO;:J;aJibHOe 3HaLJeHHe OCJia6JIH:JIOCb). 3TO ;:J;aJIO Ha-
'faJIO pa3BHTHIO aHaJIHTHLJeCKHX cpOpM 6y;:J;yiiJero speMeHH.
§67 l13oHBHTeJibHOe H noseJIHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHH ynoTpe6~HJIHCb
B L(eJIOM TaKHM )f(e o6pa30M, KaK H B COBpeMeHHOM aHrJIHHCKOM.
CocnaraTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe wcnonb3osanocr, o6bi'fHO s npH;:J;aTOLJHbiX
npe;:J;nO)i(eHHHX, oco6eH~o-s KocseHHOH pe'IH. BepOHTHO, TaKHM o6pa3oM
fOBOpRIJ..(HH CHH~IaJI cce6H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a sepHOCTb nepe;:J;asaeMbiX
'fY)f(HX CJIOB.
§68 Y marona s ;:J;pesHeaHmHMCKHM nepHo;:J; 6biJIO TPH uenHLJHbiX
(HMeHHbiX) cpopMbJ: HHcpHHHTHB, npH'faCTHe I H npH'faCTHe II.
ITpe;:J;nonaraeTcH, 'ITO HHcpHHHTHB npoH30IIIen OT cyiiJeCTBHTeJibHoro, TaK
86
KaK OH H3MeH.HJICH no na;:J;e)KaM . .LJ:pesaeaHrJIHMCKHH HHcpHHHTHB HMeJI )J;Ba
na;:J;e)Ka: HMeHHTenhHblH H ;:J;aTeJibHbiM. B HMeHHTeJibHOM na;:J;e)f(e HHcpH-
Intrn_a_oKiilftiwaanc.H Ha ~ · HanpwMep, sin3-an «neTh», ber-an «HecTH».
B ;:J;aTeJibHOM na;:J;e)Ke HHcpHHHTHB oKaHLJHaancH Ha __:e!l!!£: sin3enne,
berenne. OLJeHb qacTo HHcpHHHTHB ynoTpe6n.HJICH nocne npe;:J;nora to 11
o6o3Ha'fan o6cTOHTeJibCTBO QenH: He com to sin3enne «0H npHmen, LJT0-
6hi neTM>. Bnocne;:J;CTBHH TaKoe HCnOJib30BaHHe ;:J;ano Ha'fano cospeMeH-
HOM LJ:aCTHQe HHcpHHHTHBa to: to sing, to bear.
I1pHLJaCTHH s ;:J;peaHeaHrJIHHCKOM Bbipa)f(aJIH KaTeropHIO 3anora. TaK,
npHLJaCTHe I HMeno aKTHBHOe 3HaLJeHHe (o6o3HaLJano ;:J;e.HTenH). 0Ho oKaH-
y:wsanocr, Ha -ende, HanpwMep, 3ripende «xaaTaiOIJ..(HM», writende «nHIIIy-
r.u:wii». IlpHLJaCTHe II Bbipa)f(aJio naccHaHoe 3HaLJeHHe. 0Ho oKaHLJHBanocr,
Ha -en: 3e3ripen «cxsaLJeHHbiH», 3ewriten «HanwcaHHbiH».
§
69 BH;:J; marona HMen neKCHLJecKoe, a He rpaMMaTHLJecKoe sbtpa)f(e~
HHe. OH nepe;:J;aaanc.H npH noMOIIIH npecpHKCOB 3e-, a-, be-, for-
H T.;:J;., qaiiie acero npecpHKCa 3e-. IlpHcoe;:J;HHH.HCb K marony, onH npH;:J;a-
saiilf eMy 3HaLJ:enHe 3aKOHLJ:eHnoro ;:J;eMCTBH.H: faran «exaTb», 3efaran «npH-
exaTb». 3TOT npecpHKC qacTO npHcOe;:J;HH.HJICH K npnqacTHHM II, HanpH-
Mep: 3ecoren «Bbi6paHHbiH».
IlpnY:aCTHe I 11 npHY:aCTHe II CKJIOHHJIHCb no o6pa3QY npHnaraTeJibHbiX.
.LJ:peaHeaHnmiicKHe maronr,I ;:J;eJIHJIHCb na ;:J;Be rpynnr,I: CHJibHbte rna-
r onhi (rnaronr,I c Y:epe;:J;osaHHeM no a6nayTy) H cna6r,1e rnaronhi (maronhi
C cycpcpHKCaQHeH).
CuJibHble rJiaroJibl
CHJibl-lbie rnaronhi ;:J;eJIHJIHCb Ha ceMb Knaccoa B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT
§70 THOa qepe;:J;OBaHHH rnaCHOH B KOpHe 11 ;:J;pyrHX cpoHeTHLJeCKHX HB-
JieHHH.
fnarOJibl nepBbiX nSITH KJiaCCOB HMeJIH ;:J;peBHeMIIIee Y:epe;:J;OBaHHe i -
a - Hynr,, rnaronhi IIIecToro Knacca HMenn qepe;:J;oaarme a - o - Hynr,,
a rnaronbi ce;:J;bMOro Knacca o6pa30BbiBann cpopMbi nporue;:J;IIIero apeMeHH
H npnqacTHH II nyTeM y;:J;soeHHH (pe;:J;ynnHKaQHH) ocHOBbi.
Y rnaronoa I Knacca 3a qepe;:J;yiOIIJHMCH rnacHbiM KOpHH cne;:J;o-
§71 aan eiiJe O;:J;HI-1 KOpHeBOH rnaCHbiH (i]. IlO;:J; B03;:J;eHCTBHeM pa3JIH'l-
HbiX cpoHeTHLJ:eCKHX npou:eccoa TaKoe coLJeTanne ;:J;aeT cne;:J;yiOIIJee qepe-
;:J;OBaHHe:
87
 IiH<pHHHTI1B, ITpoiii. sp. I1p11'IacTI1e II 3Ha'feHI1e I1pH'Iacnie II 3na'IeHHe
npH'faCTHe I, 111-l<j>HHHTHB, ITpow. sp.
<j>OpMbl HaCT. Bp. e.L\. lf. MH. lf. rrp!ilf. I, <f>opMbl
J-IaCT. Bp. e.L(. 'I. MH. lf.
i+i=I *a + i = *ai > a HYJib + i = i HYJib + i = i
bid an
. bact bidon biden )I( .[laTh
i + HOCOB. +
IIIYMH.I
a+ HOCOB. +
IIIYMH.I
U + HOCOB. +
IIIYMH./
U + HOCOB. +
IIIYMH./
drifan draf drifon drifen rHaTb ea+ I+ u+I+ u > o+
*e +I+ IIIYMH.I
writan wrat writon writen ll11CaTb *e+ r> IIIYMH.I IIIYMH.I I+ IIIYMH.I
risan ras eo + r + IIIYMH. *a+ r > u+r+ u > o+r+
rison risen BCTaBaTb
ea + r + wyMH. IIIYMH. IIIYMH.

§72 rnaronni II Knacca 11Meror s KopHe macH niH [u] rrocne rnacHoro
lfepe.L(oBaHHR. ITonylfHBIIIHecR .LIH<j>ToHrH npeo6pa3osan11cr, B
swim man
sin3an
swamm
san3
swummon
sun30n
swummen
sun3en
nnasaTb
neTI>
.L\peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM 6naro.L(apR pa3JIHlfHbiM <j>OHeTHlfeCKHM rrpOQeCCaM. heIpan heaip huipon holpen noMoraTI>
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 3TH maronni HMeiOT cne.LiyiOIQHe <f>opMni:
meItan meait muiton molten TaHTb
11H<}>11HI1THB, ITpoiii. Bp. I1p11lfaCTHe II 3Hal.feHHe beorcan bearc burcon borcen JiaHTb
npHlfaCTHe I,
<j>OpMbi HaCT. steorfan stearf sturfon storfen yMHpaTI>
e.[\. 'f. MH. 'L
Bp.

i + u = iu >eo *a+ u =au> ea HYJib + u = u HYJib + u = u > 0

beodan
§74 BCOHOpHbiH
IV Knacce maronos Ja macnniM qepe.LIOBaHHH TaK)l(e cne.[lyeT
comaCHbiH (r], (I] 11JIH HHOr.L(a (m], 0.[\HaKO Henocpe.[I-
bead bud on boden CTBeHHO llOCJie Hero HeT 60Jibiiie HHKaKHX COrJiaCHbiX.
npHmawan
ceosan ceas HH<j>HHHTliB, ITpoiii. sp. ITpHlfaCTHe II 3Ha'IeHHe
curon coren Bbi6HpaTb
sceotan npH'I. I, <f>opMbi
sceat scuton e.L\. 'f. MH. 'I.
scoten CTpeJIHTb BaCT. Bp.
freosan freas fruron froren e + l(r)/ re + l(r)/ ce + l(r)/ u > o + I(r)
Mep3HYTb
*e > i +m *a > o + m *a>o+m *u+m

B <f>opMax rrpoiiie.L(wero speMeHH MHO)l(eCTsemwro •-mcna H rrpwia- beran brer breron boren HOCHTb
CTHR II maronos ceosan 11 freosan Ha6nro.L(aeTCR .[leiicTswe JaKOIIa BepHepa stelan strel strelon stolen KpaCTb
11 p0TaQH3Ma, T.e. 3BYK (s) > (z) >(r).
niman nom nomon numen 6pan
§73 Y maronos III Knacca nocne macHoro qepe.L\OBaHI1R s KOpHe Ha-
XO.L\HTCH COHOpHblH COrJiaCHblH (I), (m), (n), (r) liJIH (h), 3a KOTO-
cuman com comon cum en npHXO.[\HTb

§75 rnarOJibJ
pbiM cne.LiyeT eiQe O.L\HH comacHniH - IIIYMHI>IH. B JaBHCI1MOCTH or Toro,
V KJiacca HMeiOT TaKHe )l(e 'Iepe.[lyiOIQHeCH rJiaCHbie,
KaKOH 113 rrepelfHCJieHHbJX COrJiaCHbJX CJie.L(OBaJI 3a rJiaCHbiM lfepe.[IOBaH11R,
KaK y maronos IV Knacca, o,nnaKo Ja HHMH cne.[lyeT wyMHbiH co-
3TOT rJiaCHbiH MOr IIO.L(BepraTbCR HJIH He llO.L(BepraTbCR 113MeHeHHHM.
macHbiH. <l>opMbl 3THX rnarOJIOB CJie.[lyiOilllfe:
88
89
 l1H<PHHHTHB, ITpoiU. sp. ToJibKO HeCKOJibKO maroJIOB u3 VII KJiacca coxpaHHJIH cJie.D,bi pe.n;y-
ITpH'faCTHeii 3Ha'feHHe
npH'f. I, <PopMhi nJiuKa~uu B CBOHX <PopMaX - )J,OllOJIHHTeJibHblH COrJiaCHbiH, llOBTOpj{JO-
HaCT. Bp. e.n;. 'f. MH. 'f. UlHH nepBbiH comaCHbiH KOpHjf,
e + lliYMH. re + IIIYMH. re + IIIYMH. l1H<PHHHTHB, ITpoiii. sp. ITpnqacTHe II 3Ha'fenne
e + IIIYMH.
sprecan sprrec sprrecon npuq, I, <PopMbi
sprecen rosopHTb e.n;. 'f. MH. 'f.
tredan HaCT. Bp.
trred trredon treden cTynan. haten Ha3biBaTb
hiitan heht > het hehton > heton
we san
wres wreron - 6brn.
B <PopMe wreron Ha6mo.n;aeTcj[ nepexo.n; [s) > [z] > [r) no JaKoHy BepHepa CnpHaceuue CHJibHbiX rnaronoo
H pOTa~H3My.
B HJ'hjfBHTeJihHOM naKJIOHeHHH B .n;peBHeanmn:HcKOM j[JhiKe 6hi1IO
§76 qepe.n;osaHHe B VI KJiacce HMeeT BH)J, a - o - HYJih H OTJIH'faeT-
Cji OT 'fepe)J,OBaHHji B npe.D,bi)J,YIII.HX fij{TH KJiaCcax.
§78 .n;Ba BpeMeHH - HacTojfmee u npoiiie.n;IIIee. B HacTojfmeM speMenu
e)J,HHCTBeHHOM 'fHCJie CHJibHbJe rJiarOJibl HMeJIH CJie.D,yiOil(He OKOH'faHHj{:
HH<PHHHTHB, ITpoiU. sp. ITpH'faCTHe II 3Ha'feHHe
1-e JIHUO e
npH'f. I, <PopMbi
HaCT. Bp. e.n;. 'f. MH. 'f. 2-e JIHUO est

a 3-e JIHUO ep
6 6 a l13Ha'faJibHO B OKOH'faHHH 2-ro H 3-ro JIH~a HaCTOjill(erO BpeMemt 6hiJI
· faran for f6ron faren exaTb 3BYK (i], ll03TOMY KOpHeBOH maCHhiH B CHJibHbiX maroJiaX B 3THX JIH~ax
dra3an dr63 dr63on no.n;Beprcj{ nepe.n;nej13hi'fHOH nepemacOBKe.
dra3en Tall(HTb
scacan Bo MHO)!(eCTBennoM 'IHCJie y scex Tpex JIHU 6hiJIO o.n;m.:mKoBoe OKOH'fa-
scoc scocon scacen TPjiCTH HHe - ap. Cp. cnpjf){(eHHe B uacTojfmeM speMeHH Ha npnMepe marOJIOB
stan dan st6d stodon Standen CTOjiTb 3ripan «xBaTaTh» H ceosan «Bhi6npaTh».

§77 fJiaroJihi VII KJiacca o6pa3yiOT <PopMbi npoiiie.n;IIIero speMeHH

H npH'faCTHji II nyTeM y.n;soeHHjf (pe.n;ynJIHKa~HH) OCHOBbi. 1-e 11.
e.n;. 'f.
3ripe
MH. 'f.
3ripap
e.n;. 'f.
ceose
MH.
ceosap
l{,

K .n;pesHeaHmH:HcKoMy nepHo.n;y pe.n;ynJIHKa~Hjf nO'fTH HCYe3Jia. fJiarOJihi 2-e 11 • 3ripest 3ripap ciest ceosap
.n;aHHoro KJiacca HMeioT <PopMbr:
3-e 11. 3ripep 3ripap ciesp ceosap
HH<PHHHTHB, IIpoiii. sp. ITpH'faCTHe II 3Ha'fetme EcnH nopji,li,OK CJIOB B npe.n;no){(eHHH 6hJJI HHBepTnpoBaHHhiM H no.n;ne-
npH'f. I, <PopMbi
e.n;. 'f. MH. 'f. ){(amee cTOj{JIO nocne cKa3yeMoro, TO B l-oM H 2-oM nuuax MHO){(eCTBeHHO-
HaCT. Bp.
ro 'IHcna HaCTOjfmero apeMeHH OKOH'IaHHe 3aMeHj{JIOCb na -e.
blowan bleow bleowon blowen .L\YTb IJpjiMOH nopji)J,OK CJIOB 11HBepCHj{
en awan cneow cneowon en awen 3HaTb we 3fipap 3ripe we
feallan feoll !eo lion 3e 3ripap 3ripe 3e
feallen na.n;an.
healdan heold heoldon B 1-oM H 3-eM nnuax npome.n;IIIero BpeMeHH cHnhHhie rnaronhi He liMe-
healden .n;ep)!(an,
JOT JIH'IHbiX OKOH'faHHH, B 3THX <PopMaX HCllOJih3yeTCH KOpeHh marona C
90 91
 H3MeHeHHhiM no qepe,D,oBaHHIO macHhiM. Bo 2-oM JIHUe rrpoiiie,D,rnero spe- 82 I KllaCC COCTO.R:JI H3 rrpOH3BO,ll,HhiX rnarOJIOB, o6pa30BaHI-IhiX OT
Memr OKOHIJaHHe -e, a KOpHeBOH maCHbiH COBIIa,D,aeT C maCHbiM B cpopMaX
MHO:lKeCTBeHHoro 'IHCJia rrpoiiie,D,rnero speMeHH. Bo MHO:lKeCTBeHI-IOM 'IHC-
§ cymecTBHTenoHhiX, rrpHnaraTenhHbiX HJIH CHJihHbiX Henepexo,D,-
HbiX rnaronos. HanpHMep: deman «cy,D,HTh» OT dom «Cy:lK,D,eHHe», fyllan
ne y BCeX JIHL( O,ll,HHaKOBOe OKOH'laHHe -On.
<<HaiiOJIHHTh>> OT full «IIOllHhiH», settan «IIOMeCTHTh>> OT sittan «CH)J,eTh»,
e,D,. 'I. MH. 'I. e,D,. 'I. lec3an «IIOJIO:lKHTh» OT lic3an «ne:lKaTh». Bee rnaroJihi :noro Knacca 6oiJIH
MH. 'I.
1-e n. 3rap 3ripon nepexo,D,HhiMH. Y:lKe B ,D,pesHeaHrnHHCKHH nepHo,D, 3TOT Knacc He nonon-
ceas curon
2-e n. 3ripe 3ripon cure curon li.R:JICH HOBhiMH rnaronaMH H 6hiJI HeiipO,D,YKTHBHblM.
B rnaronax I Knacca Bhi,D,eJI.R:I-OTC.R: ,D,Be rpynnhi: npaBHJihHnie H Henpa-
3-e n. 3rap 3ripon ceas curon
BHJibHhie. Y npaBHJihHblX fJiafOJlOB rnaCHhiH KOpH.R: IIO,D,BeprCH yMnayTy
§79 .z::J:peBHeaHrJIHHCKHe fJiarOJibl B COCJiaraTeJibHOM HaKJIOHeHHH
yrroTpe6n.R:JIHCh B ,D,Byx speMeHax: uacTO.R:IL(eM H rrporne,D,IIIeM.
ell.(e B ,ll,OIIHCbMeHilhlH rrepHO,ll, II03TOMY rnaCHbiH COCTaB O,ll,HHaKOB BO BCeX
cpopMax rnarona:
B nacTO.R:IIJ;eM speMeHH e,D,HHCTBeHHOM 'IHCne see JIHL(a rnarona HMenH O,ll,H-
HH<l>HHHTHB, llpow. sp. llpH'IaCTHe II 3Ha'leHHe
HaKosoe OKOH'laHHe -e, a BO MHO:lKeCTBeHHOM 'IHCJle - OKOH'lamre -en.
E,D,. 'I., 1-e, 2-e, 3-e JIHL(O- 3ripe, ceose npH'I. I, cpopMoi
HaCT. Bp.
MH. 'I., 1-e, 2-e, 3-e nHuo- 3ripen, ceosen
deman demde demed cy,D,HTh
B rrpoiiie,D,IIIeM speMeHH cocnaraTeJioHOro HaKJIOHei-Hf.R: JIH'IHhie OKOH-
qaHH.R: fJiafOJIOB TaKHe :lKe, 'ITO H B HaCTO.R:IL(eM BpeMeHH, O)J,HaKO KOpHeBOH si3lan si3lde si3led IIJihiTh
maCHMH COOTBeTCTsyeT maci-IoMy KOpi-I.R: B <PopMe rrporne,D,rnero speMei-m nenan nerede nered cnacaTh
MHO:lKeCTBeHI-IOfO 'IHCJia.
B rpynne HenpaBHJihHhiX rnaronos 1 KJiacca nony'IHJIOCh TaK, 'ITO
E,D,. 'I., 1-e, 2-e, 3-e JIHuo- 3ripe, cure
rnaCHhiH [i), npHCOe,ll,HHHBIIIHH cy<P<l>HKC K KOpHI-0, ycneJI Bhi3BaTh H3MeHe-
MI-I. 'I., 1-e, 2-e, 3-e JIHUO- 3ripen, curen HHH B maCHOM KOpHH TOJibKO B OCHOBe HaCTOHII.(efO BpeMeHH, a B ,D,pyrHX

§8Q B nosenHTellhi-IOM I-IaKJIOI-IeHHH CHJihi-IMe rnaronoi HMeJIH cne,D,y-

IOIUHe <PopMhi: 2-e JlHL(O e,D,HHCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJia - OKOI-I'laHIU He
OCHOBaX- HeT. B pe3yJihTaTe cpopMbl HH<l>HHHTHBa H HaCTOHII.J.efO speMe-
HH H npH'IaCTHH J CTaJIH OTJIH'laTbCH Ka'leCTBOM KOpHeBOfO fJiaCHOfO OT
6oiJIO, HCIIOJib30BaJIC.R: rrpOCTO KOpeHb fllarona: 1-e JIHL(O MI-IO:lKeCTBeHI-IOfO cpopM npoiiie,D,IIIero speMeHH:
'IHClla COBIIa,D,aJIO C HH<l>HI-IHTHBOM, 2-e JIHL(O MHO:lKeCTBeiiHOfO 'IHCJia HMe- llpHqacTHe II 3Ha'1eHHe
IiJH<l>HHHTHB, llpoiii. sp.
JIO TaKyiO :lKe <PopMy, KaK MHO:lKeCTBei-IHOe 'IHCJIO H3b.R:BHTeJibfl0fO HaKJlO-
HeHH.R: B HaCTO.R:ll.(eM BpeMeHH. npH'I. I, cpopMbi
nacT. sp.
E,D,. 'I. 2-e JIHuo - 3rip, ceos
secan sohte (3e)soht HCKaTb
MI-I. 'I. 1-e JIHUO- 3ripan, ceosan
MH. 'I. 2-e llHuo -3rTpap, ceosap o6yqaTb
trec(e)an tahte Uiht
CJiaOhie rJiaroJibi penc(e)an pohte poht ,D,yMaTb

§8} Cna6oie maronoi IIO.R:BHJIHCh II03,D,Hee, qeM CHJihHhie. 0HH o6pa-

30BhiBanH cpopMhi npoiiie,D,IIIero speMeHH H npH'laCTH.R: II npH-
tellan tea1de tea1d paccKa3biBaTb
Cna6bie rnarOJihi II Knacca o6pa30BbiBaJIHCh nyTeM npH6asne-
6asneHHeM ,D,eHTallbHOfO cycpcpHKCa -d, -t. 3TH rJiafOJibi, B CBOIO O'Iepe,D,b,
,D,eJIHJlHCb Ha TpH KJiacca.
§83 HHH cy<P<l>HKCa -ian B J1H<l>HHHTHBe HaCTOHII.(efO speMeHH, cy<P-
<l>HKCa -ode B npoiiie,D,IIIeM speMeHH H cy<P<l>HKca -od B npH'IaCTHH II.

92 93
 rnaronbi :noro Knacca 6bWH rrpoH3BO.D.HbiMH OT maronos 11 HMeH cyme- J13'b.IISHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHI-le
CTBHTeJibHbiX. OHM MOrJIH 6J>ITJ> rrepexo.n.HbiMH 11 Herrepexo.n.HbiMH. 3ToT
KJiacc rnaronos 6J>IJI rrpo.n.yKTHBHbiM, no .n.amioMy o6pa3QY o6pa30BbiBa- HacT. sp. flporn. sp.
JIHCh HOBbie rnarOJihi. E.n.. '1., 1-e JIHI.(O dem-e, fremm-e dem-de, frem-e-de
HHcpHHHTHB, E.n.. 'I., 2-e JIHI.(O dem-(e)st, fremm-est dem-dest, frem-e-dest
ITpom. sp. flpH'IacTHe II 3Ha4eHHe
npH'I. I, cpopMJ>I E.n.. '1., 3-e JIHI.(O dem-(e)p, fremm-ep dem-de, frem-e-de
HaCT. Bp. Mn. '1., see JII11..\a dem-ap, fremm-ap dem-don, frem-e-don
lufian lufode CocnaraTeJIJ>HOe HaKnoHeHHe
lufod JIJ06HTh
andswarian HacT. sp. flpom. sp.
andswarode andswarod OTSe'faTb I
E.n.. 4., see JIHI.(a deme, fremme demde, fremede
hopian hopode hopod
I
Ha,ll.e.IITbC.II !
Mn. '1., see JIHI.(a demen, fremmen demden, fremeden
§84 III Knacc maronos y)J(e B .n.~esneaurnwiicKoM nepHo.n.e 6biJI Bbi-
MHpaiOIJ..(HM. ,ll;o Hall1HX ,li.HeH 113 Hero ,li.OlliJIO TOJihKO TpH maro-
floBeJIHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe
dem, freme
E.n.. '1., 2-e JIHI.(O
Jia. 06IIJeH HX 'lepTOH 6biJIO TO, 'fTO y HHX 6J>IJI Y.li.BOeHHbiH COrJiaCHbiH B
KOpHe. Mn. '1., 1-e JIHU:O deman, fremman
Mn. '1., 2-e JIHI.(O demap, fremmap
HHcpHHHTHB, ITpom. sp. ITpwqacTwe II 3HaqeuHe
npH4. I, cpopMbi Crrp.II)J(eime cna6biX rnaronos II KJiacca noKa3ano Ha rrpHMepe
HaCT. Bp. §87 maronos macian «.n.enaTh», lOcian «CMOTpeTh».
habban hrefde hrefd J13'b.IIBHTeJibi-IOe HaKJIOHeHHe
HMeTb
lib ban lifde HacT. sp. flpom. sp.
rl lifd )J(HTh
sec3an E.n.. 'I., 1-e JIHI.(O macie, locie/l6ci3e macode, locode
sre3de sre3d CKa3aTb E.n.. '1., 2-e JIHI.(o maeast, l6east macodest, locodest
E.n.. '1 ., 3-e JIHI.(O maeap, locap macode, loeode
CnpHjf(euue CJJa6blx rJJaroJJoo
Mn. 'I. , see JIHI.(a maciap, lociap maeodon, locodon

§85 CnpH)J(eHHe cna6biX rnaronos IIO'ITH nonnocTbiO cosna.n.ano co

CIIp.II)J(eHHeM CHJibHhiX marOJIOB. ,ll;pyrHMH 6biJTH OKOH'faim.ll
CoenaraTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe
HaeT. sp. ITpom. sp.
rrpome.n.mero speMenH: 1-e 11 3-e JIHI.(O e.n.. '1. - (e)de, 2-e JIHI.(O e.n.. '1. - macie, loeie/l6ci3e macode, locode
E.n.. '1., see nwua
(e)dest, MHO)J(eCTBeHHOe 'fHeJIO - (e)don. rnaCHbiH BKOpiie He IIO,li.Bepran-
Mn. '1., see JIHU:a maeien, l6ci3en macoden, locoden
C.II H3MeHeHH.IIM. 3ByK [e) B OKOH'faHHH MOr Bhiiia,ll.aTb IIOCJie ,li.OJirOrO
enora. ITosemneJIJ>Hoe HaKnonenHe

§86 Crrp.II)J(eHHe cna6bJX maronos I KJiacca MO)J(HO paccMoTpeTh

na rrpHMepe enos deman «cy.n.HTb, nonaraTJ>» 11 fremman «.n.e-
E.n.. '1. , 2-e n11uo
Mn. 'I., 1-e JIHU:O
mac, loca
maeian, locian
naTb».
MH. 'I., 2-e nHuo maeap, lociap
94
95
 §88 CnpJDKeHwe ena6oiX maronos III KJiaeea HMeno ene.n,yro~we oeo-
6eHHOeTw: s HHtPHHHTHse, npH4aeTHH I, s cpopMe 1-ro JJHQa KJiacc
Hnctm-
HacT. HacT.
flpowea. " flpuqac-
e.n,. 4. H s cpopMax MH. 4. 6oiJI y.n,soeH eornaeHoiH, a so 2-M H 3-M nuqax rJia- Bp., ea. Bp.,MH. 3naqenue
IIHTHB BpeMH •· THe II
fOJIOB 'IHCJIO 'IHCJIO
e.n,. 4. y.n,JIHHeHHH eomae1-1oro He 6owo, KaK He 6omo HyMnayTa. j.f

CnpH)!(eHue ena6oiX maronos III KJJaeea HMeno ene.n,yro~HH sH.n, (Ha I witan wilt witon wisse/wiste witen 3H3Tb
33an 33 3300 3hte 33en HMeTb
npHMepe rnaronos habban «HMeTI>», libban «)!(HTb», see3an «eKa3aTI>»):
II dii3an dea3 du30n - - fOJ.IHTbCJI
J13'bHSHTeJioHOe HaKJIOHeHHe
HaeT. sp. III unnan ann unnon ii6e unnen naposaTb
Tlpow. sp. cunnan cann cunnon cii5e cii6/cunnen 3HaTb
E.n,. 4., 1-e JJHQo hrebbe, libbe, see3e J:mrfan pearf purfon porfte - HY)KJ.IaTbCJI
hrefde, lifde, sre3de durran dearr durron dorste - CMeTb
E.n,. 4., 2-e JIHQo hafast/hrefst, liofast, sa3ast/sre3st
hrefdest, lifdest, sre3dest IV sculan sceal sculon sceolde - ,1\0n)KeHCTBOBaTb
E.n,. 4., 3-e JIHQo hafajJ/hretp, liofap, sa3ajJ/sre3p
hrefde, lifde, sre3de munan man munon munde munen llOMIIHTb
MH. 4., see nuua habbap, libbajJ/lif3ap, see3(e)p
hrefdon, lifdon, sre3don v ma3an mre3 ma3on meahte - MO'!b
CoenaraTeJioHoe HaKJIOHerme - 3eneah 3e0U300 3enohte - XBaTaTb
HaeT. sp. VI - mot m6ton moste - MO'!b
flpOUI. sp.
E.n,. 4., see nuua hrebbe, libbe, see3e
hrefde, Iifde, sre3de
M1-1. 4., see JIHI.(a hrebben, libben, see3en Cnps~euue npeTepuTo-npeJeHTHbiX r JJaroJJOB
hrefden, lifden, sre3den

§9Q CnpR)!(eHHe
TlosenuTeJJbHOe HaKJIOHemre npeTepHTO-npe3eHTHbiX maronos noKa3aHo Ha
E.n,. 4., 2-e nuuo hafa, liofa, sa3a
npHMepe witan, eunnan, seulan, ma3an H rnarona «M04h», He
MH. 4., 2-e nuuo habbap, libbap, see3eap HMeswero HHct>MHMTHBa.
J13oRSHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe, HaCTORD.J,ee speM.R
llpeTepuTo-npeJeHTHhle rJJaroJH,J
E.n,. 4., 1-e nuu,o wat eann seeall mot mre3
§89 ey~eeTsosana
B .n,pesHeaHrnuifeKoM, KaK H so seex .n,pesHerepMaHeKHX H3biKax,
oeo6aH rpynna rnaronos - npeTepHTO-npe3e~n­
E.n,. 4., 2-e nHu,o wast canst seealt most meaht/miht
E.n,. 4., 3-e n»uo wat cann sceal mot mre3
Hble. Bee OHM HMeJIH OTTeHOK pe3yJII>TaTHSHOeTH, T.e. .D,eHeTSHe, eosepWei:I-
HOe S llpOUIJIOM, soenpHHHMaJJOeb KaK ero noene.n,eTSHe S HaeTOH~eM. MH. 4., see JIHQa witon cunnon sculon moton ma3on
B eBH3H e 3THM npowe.n,wee speMH .n,aHHbiX rnaronos (T.H. npeTepuT), o6pa- l13oRBHTenhHoe uaKJIOHeHHe, npowe.n,rnee speMR
3osaHHoe no o6pa3uy eHJJbHbiX maronos- e 4epe.n,osaHHeM, nepeoeMoie- E.n,. 4., 1-e JIHQO wiste/wisse eU:pe sceolde moste meahte/
JIHJJOeo H eTaJJo SOenpHHHMaTbeH KaK HaeTOR~ee speMH. A HX npowe.n,wee mihte
speMR 6omo o6pa3oBaHo no o6pa3uy npowe.n,Uiero speMe~m ena6oiX maro-
E.ll,. 4., 2-e JJHQO wistest/wissest ciijJest sceoldest mostest meahtest/
nos - e noMo~biO .n,eHTanorwro eycpcpuKea. 113-3a 3Toro rnaronbi H nony- mihtest
4HJJH Ha3SaHHe npeTepHTO-npe3eHTHbiX, T.e. nporne.n,we-uaeTOH~HX.
B .n,pesHeaHrnuifeKoM 6oiJio 12 no.n,o6HbiX rnaronos, KOTOpore .n,enH- Ell.. 4., 3-e JIHI.(O wiste/wisse ciipe sceolde moste meahte/
JIHeb Ha 6 KJiaeeos. L(o HaeToH~ero speMeHH .ll,OUIJIH 6 npeTepuTo-npe- mihte
3eHTHbiX rnaronos. Mu. 4., see JIHI.(a wiston/wisson ciipon sceoldon moston meahton/
mihton
96
97
 CoenaraTeJihHoe naKJIOHemte, HaeTonmee speMn TipH'iaCTHe I OT marona «6hiTh» - beonde, wesende, npH'IaCTHe II -
Et~.. 'I. wite eunne seulelseyle mote mre3elma3elmu3e 3ebeon.
Mn. 'I. witen eunnen seulenlseylen m6ten mre3enlma3en rnarOJI 3an HMeJI CJIMYIOll{He <tJopMbi:
CoenaraTeJibiiOe HaKJIOHeHHe, npolllet~,wee speMn lf3'bHBHTeJihHOe HaKJIOHemJe
Et~,. 'I. wistelwisse eupe seeolde m6ste meahtelmihte HacT. sp. Tiporn. sp.
MH. 'I. wistenlwissen eiipen seeolden m6sten meahtenl mihten Et~.. 'I., 1-e JIHUO 3a eode
ilOBeJIHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe Et~.. LJ., 2-e JIHUO 3rest eodest
Et~.. 'I. wite «3Haih> unne «t~,apyii» a3e «BJiat~,eH» Et~.. LJ., 3-e JIHUO 3rep eo de
Mn. 'I. witap «3HaHTe» unnap «t~,apyiiTe» MH. LJ., see JIHUa 3ap eo don
Y t~,pymx npeTepHTO-npe3eHTHhiX rnaronos <PopMhl HMnepanma He CocnaraTeJihHOe HaKJIOHeHHe
3aeBHtJ,eTeJibeTBOBaHbl. HacT. sp. Tipow. sp.
Et~.. LJ., see nHua 3a eo de
CynnJieTHBHhie rnaroJihi
MH. LJ., see JIHUa 3an eoden

§91 B t~,pesHeaHrJIHHeKoM »3biKe eymeeTsosana rpynna eynnneTHB-

HhlX fJiarOJIOB, T.e. marOJIOB, 06pa3yiOll{HX eBOH <tJopMbl OT pa3-
Et~.. 'I., 2-e nHuo 3a
iloBeJIHTeJihHOe HaKJIOHeHHe

HhiX KOpHei1:. 3To beon HJIH wesan «6biTb» 11 3an «Ht~,TH». KeTaTH, B pye-
eKOM »3biKe 3TH rnaroJihi TaK)J{e eynnneTHBHhl. MH. 'I., 2-e nHuo 3ap
rnaron beon HMen napannenhHhie <tJopMhi t~,JI» Ka)J{t~,oro nHua uaeTon- TipH'IaCTHe I - 3an3ende, npHLJaCTHe II - (3e)3an.
mero speMeHH, o6pa3oBaHHhie OT pa3HhiX KOpHei1:, a TaK)J{e eynnneTHBHhie
<PopMbi npolllet~,rnero speMeHH, o6pa3oBaHHbie OT marona wesan. Oco6euuocTH .llpeBueaurnuncKoro cuuTaKcuca
tb'bHBHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeHHe
t~,pesneaHmHHCKHH

Et~,. 'I., 1-e JIHUO

Et~,. 'I., 2-e JIHUO
Et~,. 'I., 3-e JIHUO
MH. LJ., see JIHUa
Et~.. LJ., see nHua
MH. LJ., see JIHUa
HaeT. sp.
eom, beo
Tipolll. sp.
wres
§92 B OTJIH'IHe OT cospeMeHHoro aHrJIHHCKoro,
6hiJI npeHMymecTsenHO CHHTeTHLJeeKHM H3hiKOM. HaJIH'iHe
<tJneKCHH H pa3BHTaJI CHCTeMa rpaMMaTH'ieCKHX <tJopM (nat~,e)J{HhiX <tJopM y
eart, bist wrere HMeH H JIHlJHbiX H BpeMeHHhiX <tJopM y rJiafOJIOB) tJ,eJiaJIH eMhiCJIOBble CBJI-
is, bip wres 3H Me)J{t~,y cnosaMH JICHbiMH H noH»THhiMH. Enarot~,apn. 3TOMY nopRt~,OK
sint I sindon, beop wreron CJIOB B npet~,JIO)J{eHHH 6hJJI OTHOCHTeJihl-10 eso60tJ,llblM H He HMeJI pemaiO-
CoenaraTeJihHOe HaKJIOHeHHe ll{efO 3Ha'ieHHH tl,JIH onpet~,eJieHHJI CBH3eH LJJieHOB npet~,JIO)l(eHHH Me)J{t~,y C0-
HaeT. sp. Tiporn. sp. 6oi1:. 0H 3aBHCeJI OT JIOfH'ieeKHX H CTHJIHCTH'ieCKHX 3at~,aLJ, eTOJIBlllHX ne-
pet~, rosop»lUHM. Ot~.HaKo y)J{e B 3TO speMn npeo6nat~,an np»Moi1: nopRt~,OK
sie I sy I si, beo wrere
enos (noJIO)J{eHHe not~,Jie)J{all{ero nepet~, eKaJyeMhiM).
sien I syn I sin, beon

§9 3 B
wreren
uenoM, B t~,pesH:aHrJIHHeKovM cyiUeeTBosano ~pH THna ~opRt~,­
ilOBeJIHTeJibHOe HaKJIOHeH He
Ka CJIOB- np»MOH, o6paTHbiH H eHHTeTHLJeCKHH. llpHMOH llOpR-
Et~.. LJ. beo, wes
tl,OK eJIOB 06hiLJHO BeTpeLJaJieJI B TeX enyqanx, KOftJ,a npet~,JIO)J{eHHe Ha'IHHa-
MH.lJ. beop, wesap JIOeb e not~,Jie)J{all{ero.

98 99
 He wres mid prem fyrstum mannum on prem Iande. - 01-1 6biJI c nepsbi-
MH JIIO,D,bMH Ha Tow 3eMne.
CKa3yeMoe wres uenocpe.ncTBeHHO cne.nyeT 3a no.nne)f(aiQHM he.
§94 06paTHhiH nOp»,D,OK CJIOB HCOOJib30BaJIC», KOr,D,a B HaYane npe,D,-
JIO)f(eHH» CTO»JI BTOpOCTeneBHbiH 'lJieH, 06hi YHO 06CTO»TeJJb-
CTBO BpeMeHH pa «TOr,D,a», nu «Tenepb», ponne «3aTeM», 06CTOHTeJJhCTBO
MecTa J:>rer «TaM», her «3.nech» HJIH OTPHI.IaHHe ne.
J:>a si31de he J:>onan suorihte be Iande. - Tor.na nOOJihiJI 01-1 OTTy.na Ha IOr
B.ll;OJih 3eMJJH.
CKa3yeMoe si3lde s 3TOM npe.n;no)f(eHHH Haxo.n;HTCH nepe.n no.n;ne)f(a-
IQHM he.
§95 CHHTeTHYeCKHH nop».n;oK cnos npe.ncTaBn»n co6oi1 nono)f(eJme
CKa3yeMoro nocne no,n;Jie)f(aJ.Qero, O,D,HaKo CKa3yeMoe npH 3TOM
OT,D,eJJeHO OT OO,D,Jie)f(aJ.Qero ,D,pyrHMH 'IaCT»MH npe,D,JJO)I(eHHH - 06CTOH-
TeJihCTBOM HJIH ,ll;OOOJilleHHeM.
Beornas 3earwe on stefn sti3on.- BoHHbi s .nocnexax Ha Hoc Kopa6n»
B30lliJIH.
Me)f(.ny no.nne)f(aiQHM beornas H CKa3yeMbiM sti3on uaxo,D,HTC» o6cTo»-
TeJibCTBO MecTa on stefn.
CHHTeTH'IeCKHH nopH,D,OK CJIOB YaCTO BCTpeyaeTC» H B npH,D,aTO'IHbiX
npe,n;JIO)f(eH H»X.
Ohthere srede his hlaforde lEifrede cynin3e pret he ealra Norpmonna
norpmest bude.- OxTxepe CKa3an csoeMy rocno,D,HHY Kopomo Anbcppe.n;y,
'ITO OH )f(HJI cesepHee BCeX CKaH,n;HHaBOB.
3.necb s npH,D,aTO'IHOM npe.nno)l(eHHH no.nne)f(amee he OT,n;eneuo OT cKa-
3yeMoro bude 06CTO»TeJibCTBOM.
§96 B sonpocHTeJibHbiX npe.nno)f(eHH»X nop»,D,OK cnos scer.na
HHBepTHpOBaHHbiM.
6biJI
Hwret sceal ic sin3an?- qTO ,D,OJJ)f(eH H cneTb?
Hwanon ferti3eao 3e frette scyldas? - 0TKy.na se3eTe Bbi KpenKHe
IlU!Tbi?
B o6oHx npe.nno)f(eHHHX cKa3yeMbie (sceal H ferti3eao cooTBeTcTsenHo)
HaXO,ll;HTC» nepe,D, llO,ll;Jie)l(aiQHMH (ic H 3e COOTBeTCTBeHHO).
Cso6o,D,HbiH nop»,n;OK cnos na6niO.nancH ne TOJibKO s nopH,n;Ke cne.nosa-
HH» '{JieHOB npe,D,JIO)I(eHH», HO H B B03M0)f(H0CTH ,ll,HCTaHTHOrO paCOOJIO)I(e-
HH» rpaMMaTH'IeCKH CBH3aHIIhiX 3JieMeHTOB, KOr,n;a Me)f(,n;y CBH3aHIIbiMH 00
100
CMbiCJIY H rpaMMaTH'IeCKH 3JieMeHTaMH (cymeCTBHTeJibHblM Hero Onpe,D,e-
Jiei-!HeM, npeTepHTO-npe3eHTHbiM rnarOJIOM H HHcpHHHTHBOM) HaXO,ll,HTCH
.npynte qneHhi npe.nno)f(eHHH.
§97 0TpHUaTeJJhHhie npe,D,JIO)I(eHHH CTpOHTCH npH OOMOII.I,H IJaCTJ.fUhl
ne «He», KOTopaH CTaBHTCH nepe.n rnaronoM HJIH nepe.n oTpHua-
TeJihHbiM MeCTOHMeHHeM (HanpHMep, nan «HHKTO», naht/noht «HH'ITO»).
B .npesHeaHrnHikKOM H3biKe .n;onycKanach nocTaiiOBKa HeCKOJihKHX oTpH-
uaHHH B O,ll,HOM npe,D,JIO)f(eHHH, KaK B npHBe,D,eHHOM HH)f(e npHMepe (ne H
noht- ,D,Ba OTPHUaHH»).
Ne con ic noht sin3an. - .5I He Mary HH'Iero cneTb.
.[(JIH OOCTpOeHH» CJIO)f(HhiX npe,D,JIO)f(eHHH HCnOJib30BaJIHCb CJie,n;yiO-
IQHe COJ03bi: and «H», ac «HO», 000 «HJIH», 3if «eCJJH», pret «'ITO», 00 «,D,O»,
SWa «TaK», OOOe ... OOOe «HJIH ... HJIH», ne ... ne «HH ... HH», pa ...pa «KOr,D,a ...TOr-
,D,a», panne ... panne «Kor.na ...Tor.na», swa ... swa <<Kai< ...TaK, TaK ...YTO».
CJiosapHbiH cocTaB ,a:pesueaurJiuifcKoro HJbiKa
CTpyKTypa cJiosapuoro cocTasa
§98
B cnosapHOM cocTase Ka)f(,n;oro H3hiKa ecTb ocHOBHOH cnosap-
HhiH cpOH,ll, - Ha6op CJIOB, 0603Ha'IaiOII.I,HX OCHOBHble, 6a30Bhie
noHHTH» s )f(H3HH qenoseKa. OH o6bi'IHO O'Iei-Ih ycTOH'IHB H .naeT ocHosy
,ll,JIH o6pa30BaHHH HOBblX CJIOB.
0CHOBI-IOH CJJOBapHhiH cpOH,ll, .n;pesHeaHrJIHHCKOrO H3hiKa B OCHOBHOM
O,ll,HOpO,D,ei-1. 0CHOBHYI0 ero qaCTb COCTaBJJHIOT 0611.1,eHH,D,OesponeHCKHe
CJJOBa H o6merepMaHCKHe CJJOBa, eCTb TaK)I(e He3HaYHTeJihHOe KOJII.f'ieCTBO
Yl.fCTO aHrJII.fHCI<HX CJJOB.
06mel.fH,D,OeBpOneHCKHe CJJOBa npOHCXO,ll,HT H3 HH,D,OesponeHCKOrO
npaH3biKa. 0Hl.f HBJIHIOTCH 06IQHMH ,ll,JIH pa3JIHYHhiX HH,D,OeBpOneHCKI.fX
H3bii<OB l.f MOry COBOa,D,aTh B TaKHX H3hiKaX, KaK aHrJII.fHCKHH, pyCCKI.fH, He-
MeUKHH, JiaTbiHh, rpeYeCKI.fH H T.,ll,.
06meHH,D,OeBpOneHCI<He CJIOBa B ,D,peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM 0603Hai.JaJJH:
TepMHHbi po.ncTsa: freder «oTeu» (cp. naT. pater, Ta,D,)f(. na.nap), modor
«MaTh» (cp. pyc. MaTh, MaTeph, Ta,D,)f(. Mo.nap), dohtor «,D,OYh», sunu «chum,
sweostor «cecTpa».
qacTH Tena: heorte «cep.nue», nosu «Hoc», too «3y6», fat «Hora».
0CHOBHbie UBeTa: read «KpaCHhlH».
101
 Pa3Mephi: mycel «60JihlllOH».
0CHOBHble ~eHCTBJUI H COCTOjiHJ1jJ: beon «6biTb», standan «CTOjiTb», sit-
tan «CH)l,eTb)>, etan «eCTh», lic3an «Jie)f(aTb».
K o6~eHII)l,OeBponeifcntM cnoBaM npHHa)l,Jie)f(aJIH TaK)f(e '!HCJIHTeJib-
Hhie OT l )],0 100, MeCTOHMeiiHjJ ic ((jJ)), pii «Tbi», we «Mbl», Se «TOT»,
hwa «KTO».
06~erepMaHCKHe CJIOBa BCTpeLJaiOTCji B pa3JIH4HblX repMaHCKHX jJ3bl-
KaX, HO He BCTpe'!alOTCji B CJiaBjJHCKHX, pOMaHCKHX H T.)l,. B )l,peBI-IeaH-
rJIHHCKOM OHH 0603HaLJaJIH:
qaCTH Tena: heiifod «ronosa», hand «pyKa», fifi3er «naneQ».
feorpaqmLJeCKHe llOHjiTJfji: land «3eMJijJ, CTpaHa»; Sre «Mope».
)I{JfBOTHhiX: fox «JIHCa», cealf «TeJieHOK».
PacTeiiHjJ, speMjJ, npHpO)J.Hhie jJBJieJ-IHjJ: 3ear «rO)l,», wicu <<He)l,eJijJ», ti-
ma «BpeMjJ», dre3 «)l,eHh», sumor «neTo», winter «3HMa».
)I{HJIH~e: hiis «)],OM», rum «KOMHaTa».
U:seTa: 3ren «3eJieHhiH», bleo «rony6oii».
Pa3Mepbi: lytel «ManeHhKHH», heah «BhiCOKHH».
):(eHCTBHji, CBji3aHHhle C BOCllpHjJTHeM HI-I<}lOpMaQHH (hleran «CJibl-
lllaTb», Se6n «BH~eTb») If rOBOpeHHeM (sprecan «rOBOpHTb», andswarian
«OTBeLJaTb»).
Co6cTsenno aHrJIHHCKHe CJIOBa- TaKHe, KOTOphte ne npe)l,cTaBneHbi B
)J.pyrHX jJ3biKaX, eCJIH TOJlbKO He 6hiJIH 3aHMCTBOBaHbl 113 aHrJIHHCKOrO.
B ~peBHeanrJIHHCKOM TaKHMH 6biJIH B OCHOBHOM CJIO)f(Hble CJIOBa: wim-
man «)f(eHI:QHHa» (oT wlf «)f(eJ-Ia, )f(eH~HHa» H man «LJeJIOBeK»), hliiford
«rocno)l,HH» (oT hliif «xne6» H weard «xpaHHTeJib»), ealne we3 «Bcer)l,a»
(oT eal «BeCh» H we3 <<nyTh»).
llonoJtuenue CJIOBapuoro cocTasa
JlpesneanrJIHHCKoro H3h1Ka
§99 HoBbie CJIOBa B )J.peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM jJ3biKe llOjJBJijJJIIfCb cne)l,yK>-
~HMH nyTjJMJf:
- CJIOBOnpOH3BO)l,CTBOM npH llOMOIQH a<}l<}lHKCaQHH
- CJIOBOCJIO)f(eHHeM
- LJepe)l,OBai-meM 3BYKOB
- llOjJBJieHHeM HOBblX 3HaLJeHHH y CTapbiX CJIOB
- 3aHMCTBOBaHHeM.
102
A«Jl«JluKcau.uH
§100 06pa30BaHHe HOBbiX CJIOB npH llOMOll.IH a<}l<}lHKCaUHH 6biJIO
O)l,HHM H3 HaH60Jiee npO)J.YKTHBHbiX nyTeH llOllOJIHeJ-IJfjJ CJIO-
BapHOrO COCTaBa ~peBHeaHrJIHHCKOrO ji3hiKa. IlpH 3TOM K HCXO)l,HOMy CliO-
BY npH6aBJijJJICjJ cy<}l<}lHKC (cy<}l<}lHKCal.{HjJ) HJIH npe<}lHKC (npe<}lHKCaQHjJ).
):(JijJ C03~aHJ1jJ HOBblX cymeCTBHTeJibHhiX B )J.peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM ji3biKe
'faCTO HCllOJib30BaJICjJ cy<}l<}lHKC -ere, 0603HaLJaBlllHH JIIO~eif llO po)J.y )l,ejl-
TeJihHOCTH. <l>opMa -ere HcnOJih30Banach )l,Jijl cymecTBHTeJibflhiX MY)f(CKO-
ro po~a, ~JijJ )f(eHcKoro po)l,a HCnOJih30BaJicjJ cy<}l<}lHKC -estre:
fiscere «phi6aK» (oT fisc «pbi6a>>)
brecere «neKapb» (oT bacan «neLJb»)
b6cere «KHH)f(HHK» (OT boc «KHHra»)
wrltere «nHceQ» (oT wrltan «nHcaTb»)
brecestre «)f(eHll.IHHa-neKapb» (oT bacan «neLJh»)
hearpestre «ap<}lHCTKa» (oT hearpe «ap<}la»)
webbestre «TKa'!HXa» (oT wefan «TKaTb»)
A6crpaKTHbie cymecTBHTeJibHhle '!aCTO o6pa30BbiBaJIHCh npH noMOIQH
cy<}l<}lHKCOB, npOH30llle)l,lllHX OT OT)l,eJibHbiX llOJIH03HaLJHbiX CJIOB H COXpa-
HHBlllHX C HHMH CBji3b. K HX LJHCJIY OTHOCjiTCji d6m «pOK, COCTOjiHife, Cy)f(-
)l,eHHe», SCipe «BJiaCTb, llOJIO)f(eHHe», had «COCTOjJHJfe, 3BaHHe, Cll0C06»:
wisdom «My)J.pocTb» (oT wls «My)J.phlif»), freodom «cao6o)J.a» (oT freo
«cBo6o)l,HbiH»), freondscipe «)J.py)f(6a» (oT freond «)J.pyr»), cildhiid «)J.eT-
CTBO» (OT Cild «pe6eHOK»).
CymecTBHTeJibHhie, o6o3HatiaK>mHe )l,eHCTBHe HJIH ero pe3yJihTaT, o6-
pa30BbiBaJIHCh OT marOJIOB nyTeM npH6aBJieHJfjJ cy<}l<}lHKCOB -in3 H -un3:
leornun3 «ytieHHe» (oT leornian «YtiHTb»), warnun3 «npe)J.ynpe)f()l,eHHe»
(oT warnian «npe)J.ynpe)f(~aTh»).
Cy<}l<}lHKChi -ness/-nis HCnOJih30BaJIHCh )l,Jijl o6pa3oBaHHjJ a6cTpaKTHhiX
cyiQeCTBHTeJibHbiX OT npHJiaraTeJibHbiX: bysi3nis «3aHjJTOCTb)) (OT bysi3
«3aHjiTOH»), swetnes «CJia)l,OCTh» (OT swete «CJia)l,KHH»).
TaK)f(e a6cTpaKTHbte cymeCTBHTeJihHbte o6pa30BhiBaJIHCh OT npHnara-
TeJibHhiX npH llOMOll.IH cy<}l<}lHKCa -U. l-hHatiaJibHO 3TOT cy<}l<}lHKC 3BytiaJI
KaK -in H ll03TOMy Bbl3biBaJI nepe)l,He.sl3b1LJHYI<> nepemaCOBKY B KOpHeBOM
macHoM Hoaoro cymecTBHTeJihHOro. Kor)l,a cy<}l<}lHKC noMeJ-IjJJI caoe 3By-
103
 qamte H HanHcaime, nepemacosKa ocTanacb: brredu «nmpHHa» (oT brad
«lllHpOKHH»), Jen3u «~JIHHa» (OT Jon3 «~JIHHHh!H))).
Cy~eCTBHTeJihHhie c yMeHhllli1TeJihHo-nacKaTeJihHhiM 11JIH yMeHhlll11-
TeJihHO-npe3pHTenr,HhiM 3Ha'feHHeM o6pa3osr,manl1cr, npH6asneHHeM
cy<P<PHKca -lin3: deorlin3 «mo6HMei})) (oT deore «~oporoii, mo6HMhifb)).
~JIH C03~aHHH HOBbiX npHJiaraTeJibHbiX B ~pesHeaHrJII1HCKOM HCfiOJib-
30BaJICH cy<t><t>HKC -i3, KOTOpbiH npHCOe~HHHJICH K cy~eCTBHTeJibHbiM.
HanpHMep: mihti3 «Mory~eCTBeHHhiH)) (oT miht «Mo~r,, Mory~ecTB@).
IIo~o6HoiM )f(e o6pa3oM 11cnonr,3osanc» cy<P<PHKC -lie: freondlic «~py)l(e­
CTBeHI-IhiH)) (oT freond «~pyn)), rerlic «paHH11H)) (oT rer «paHhllle))). TaK)f(e
lllHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHeHI1e nony'fi1JIH cy<P<PHKChi -ful(l) H -leas, 11cnonh-
30sasumec» ~JIH o6pa3oBaHH» Ka'feCTBeHI-rhiX npHnaraTenhHbiX: cearfull
«3a6oTJII1BhiH)) (oT caru «3a6oTm)), help leas «6ecnoMOIIIHhiH)) (oT help «no-
MO~h))).
OniOCHTeJihHhie npHnaraTeJihHhie, o6o3Ha'faiO~He npHHa~ne)I(HOCTb K
onpe~eneHHOMy Hapo~y. o6pa3osr,manHcr, npH noMO~H cy<P<PHKca -isc:
En3lisc «aHrJIHHCKHH)) (oT En3le «aHrnr,m), Frencisc «<PpaHKCKHH, cppau-
l(y3cKHih) (oT Franke- «<PpaHK))).
§101 IIpe<!>HKCal(I1H TaK)I(e Hcnonr,Josanacr, s ~pesHeaHrJIHHCKOM
~JIH C03~aHI1H HOBhiX CJIOB. 0~H11M Jf3 pacnpOCTpaHeHHhlX
npe<t>HKCOB 6r,m mis-, npHcoe~HH»sumiic» K cyiiieCTBI1Tenr,HhrM 11 rnaro-
naM 11 npH~asasumii HM 3Ha'feHHe HenpasHnhHoro 11JIH ~yprroro ~eii­
CTBH»: misdred «~ypHOH nocTynOK)) (OT dred «~eHCTBHe, fiOCTynOK))),
misdon «nnoxo ~enaTb 'fTO-Jm6m) (oT don «~enaTh))), misfaran «C611BaThC»
c nyTm) (oT faran «exaTb))).
IIpecp11Kc un- npH~asan cy~eCTBHTeJihHhiM H npHnaraTeJibHhiM OTp11-
l(aTenhuoe 3Ha'feHHe: unfrTO «spa)l(~a. BOHHa)) (oT friO «M11p))), unfre3er
«HeKpaCI1Bh!H)) (OT fre3er «KpaCHBh!H))).
IIpe<t>HKC 3e- npH~asan rnaronaM H npH'faCTHHM 3Ua'feHI1e JasepllleH-
HOCTH ~effcTBHH: 3emetan «BCTpeTHTb)) (OT metan «BCTpe'faTb))), 3eseon
«ysH~eTb)) (oT seon «BH~eTb))).
CJIOBOCJIO)Keuue
§102 ~BYX) Cnosocno)l(eHHe, T.e. coe~m-IeHHe ocHos HecKonoKHx (o6hi'fHO
CJIOB, 6biJIO ~OBOJihHO npo~yKTHBHbiM CnOC060M o6pa3o-
BaHHH HOBhiX cy~eCTBHTeJibHhiX, np11naraTenbHhiX H uape411H. HanpHMep:
104
hiis «~OM)) + honda «)I(HTeJib)) = hiisbonda «X03HHH ~oMa))
folc <mapo~)) + to3a «TOT, KTO se~en) = folcto3a «BO)f(~r,))
hwrel «KJ1T)) + hunta «OXOTHHK)) = hwrelhunta « KHT060H))
tun3ol «3Be3~a)) + wite3a «y'feHhiH)) = tun3olwite3a «acTponon)
hali3 «CBHTOH)) + dre3 «~eHh)) = hali3dre3 «npa3~III1K))
MHorHe cymecTBHTenhHhie o6pa3osanHCh nyTeM npH6asneHHH cyiiie-
CTBHTenbHoro man «'feJIOBeK)): Sre «MOpe)) + man = Sreman «MOpHK)), rreden
«cosen) + man = rredesman «coseTHHK)), 3leo «pa~oCTh, secenr,e)) + man =
= 3leoman «rycnHp)).
IIo~o6HhiM )l(e o6pa3oM C03~asaJIHCh H npHnaraTenhHhie:
+ ceald «xono~HhiH)) = Isceald «xono~HhiH KaK ne~))
Is «ne.n.,))
stip «CHJihHhiH)) + mod «xapaKTep>) = stipmod «xpa6pbiH))
ohiJIH B ~pesHeaHrJIHHCKOM H CJIO)I(Hhre Hape411H:
Drop «KanJIH)) + mrelum (~aT. n., MI-l. 'f. OT mrel (('faCTb)>) = dropmrelum -
Kann» no Kanne
On «B» + we3 <<nyTh, ~opora» = onwe3 «npO'fh)>
To «K» + eacan (~aT. n. e~. 'f. OT eaca «~o6asneHHe») = to-eacan «K To-
My )l(e, B ~o6asneHHe)).
3aHMCTBOBaHHH
§103
B l(enoM, cnosapHhJH cocTas ~pesHeaHmHficKoro H3hiKa 6hiJI
O~HOpO~HhiMno npOHCXO)I(~eHHIO , H CO~ep)l(aJI TOJihKO He-
60JiblllOH npoueHT 3aHMCTBOBaHHhiX enos. O~HaKo cnosa, npH!lle~!llHe s
~pesHeaHmHHCKHH H3 .u,pyrHx H3hiKOB, TaK)I(e sa)I(Hhi. Bo-nepsbrx, MHO-
rHe H3 HHX aCCHMHJIHpOBaJIHCh, COXpaHI1JII1Ch .!1,0 HaUII1X .U,HeH H BOlllJIH B
OCHOBHOH: cocTaB H3hiKa. Bo-BTOphiX, Hccne.u,osaHHe JaHMCTBosaHHOH: neK-
CHKH MO)f(eT CKa3aTb MHOrOe 06 HCTOpHH Hapo.u,a H ero KOHTaKTaX C .u,py-
rHMH HauH»MH 11 KYJihTypaMH.
HaH60Jih!llee KOJIH'feCTBO 3aHMCTBOBaHHH npHlllJIO B .u,pesHeaHrnHi:f-
CKHH H3 JiaTHI-ICKOrO H3biKa, 'fTO rOBOpHT 0 Ba)I(H0CTI1 CBH311 .u,pesHeaHrJIHH-
CKHX nneMeH c PHMOM H o BJIHHHHH pHMCKOH Kynr,Typr,r. Y'fenr,re no.u,paJ.u,e-
nHIOT naTHHCKHe 3aHMCTBOBaHH» s .u,pesueanmHHCKOM Ha ~sa cnoH. IIepBbiH
CJIOH COCTaBJIHIOT CJIOBa, nepeHHThie repMaHCKHMH nJieMeHaMH eme Ha KOH-
105
 nmeHTe, ,n;o nepecenemu1 B EpHTamno (T.e. B nepBI.Ie BeKa Harneif 3pbi). Manchester, Gloucester (s aHrJICKHX ,n;HaneKTax naTHHCKoe castra nepe,n;a-
C10,n;a OTHOCHTCH 6I.ITOBI.Ie cnosa, o6o3Ha4asume coopy:JKeHHH, nosce.n;HeB- BaJIOCh KaK caster, s caKCKHX KaK ceaster > chester).

§104
IIhie npe.n;MeTI.I, 4TO-JIH6o, CBH3aHHOe c Toprosneif. HanpHMep,
BTopo~ cn~H naTHHCKHX 3aHMCTBosaHHH npHrnen a ,n;peBHe-
.[{pesueaHrn. JiaTbUih 3Ha4eHHe Hosoaurn. aHrJIHHCKHH nocne npHHHTHH xpHCTHancTBa B KOHI.(e VI B., H
cycene coquina KYXHH CBH3aH c penHni03HhiMH TepMHHaMH, o6pH,n;aMH. B VII B. Ha4aJIH noHB-
kitchen
disc discus ,li;HCK JIHThCH MOHaCTbipCKHe lliKOJihl, 4TO CllOC06CTBOBaJlO pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO
dish
cytel catillus MHCKa HOBOH sephl H pa3BHTHIO npocsemeHHH. Bee 3TO oTpa3HJIOCh Ha neKCHKe
kettle
ceap H3biKa:
caupones co,n;ep:JKaTeJII. cheap
TasepHI.I )l,pesHeaHrn. JiaTI.IHh 3Ha4eHHe Hosoanrn.
stni:t strata via papa papa nana Pope
MOllJeHaH street
,n;opora pHMCKHH
we all vallum cTena biscop biscop enHCKOll bishop
wall
myln molina preost presbyter CBHllJeHHHK priest
MeJII.llHIIa mill
port portus rasaHI. munuc monachus MOHaX monk
port
pund pondo BeCOM munster monasterium MOHaCTblpCKaH minster
pound
(no secy) IJepKOBb
mil millia TbiCH4a altare altare anTapi. altar
mile
passum rnaros creda credo sepa creed
TaK:JKe repMaHCKHe nneMeHa 3aHMCTBOBaJIH H3 JiaTHHCKoro ua3BaimH scol schola liiKOJla school
MHO:JKeCTBa pacTeHI·fl1 H npo,n;yKTOB llHTaHHH, C KOTOpblMH OIIH He 6bJJIH candel candela cseqa candle

§105
3HaKOMbl paHee:
B ,n;pesHeaHrnHHCKOM 6biJIH TaK:JKe KeJibTCKHe 3aHMCTBOsa-
win vinum BHHO wme HHH. KenbTbl :JKHJlH Ha TeppHTOpHH EpHTaHCKHx ocTposos eiiJe
ciese case us Cblp ,n;o BTOp:JKeHHH Ty,n;a repMaHCKHX nneMeH. Ha 6onblllei1 qacTH TeppHTOpHH
cheese
butere butyrum MaCJIO OHH 6biJ1H Bb1TeCHeHbl aHrJlaMH, caKCaMH H IOTaMH, H HX Jl3biK He OKa3aJI
butter
pere 3Ha4HTeJlbHOro BJIHHHHH Ha ,n;pesHeaHrnHHCKHH. O,n;HaKo 6biJIH OT,n;enb-
pi rum rpywa pear Hble 3aHMCTBOBaHHH H3 KeJibTCKOrO:
mint menta MHTa mint )l,pesHeaHrn. 3Ha4eHHe HosoaHrn.
piper piper nepel.( pepper binn napb, MycopHoe se,n;po bin
bete beta cseKJia beet
dunn 6ypb1H dun
plume prunum CJIHBa plum
dun XOJIM down
3a nepHo,n; csoero rocno.n;cTsa s EpHTamm pHMJIHHe nocTpOHJIH pa3-
assa ocen ass
JIH4HI.Ie yKpenneHI-II.Ie narepH, Ha3saHHe KOTOpblx - castra «narepi.» -
TaK:JKe qepe3 nocpe,n;cTBO KenbTCKoro npHrnno s aHrJIHHCKHH cnoso
CTano qacTI.IO MHOrHx aHrJIHHCKHH reorpaqmqecKHX Ha3saHHH: Lancaster,
cross «Kpecn> (oT JiaTHHCKoro crux).
106 107

MHor11e Ha3saH11H 6pHTaHCK11X peK, ropo.nos 11 rop 11MeiOT KenhTCKoe
npOHCXO)f(.ZJ.eime. TaK, ua3BaH11e peK11 Avon np01130lllno OT cnosa «peKa»,
Ha3BaH11H peK Esk, Exe, Usk npo1130UinH OT KenbTCKoro cnosa uisge «so-
.na», OT KOToporo TaK)f(e o6pa3osanocb cyUI;eCTBHTenhHOe whisk(e)y.
§106
0 CnaBHHCKO-aHrnHHCKHX KOHTaKTaX B aKa.ZJ.eM11:eCK~H DHTe-
paType He ynOMI1HaiOT, HO aHaDI13 .npeBHeaHrJII111CKOH neKCI1-
KI1 fi03BOnHeT fOBOp11Tb 06 O'leBI1.ZJ.HblX aHrJIO-pyCCKHX napannenHX, 'ITO
CBI1.ZJ.eTeni:.CTsyeT o uam1'li1H no.no6HbiX KOHTaKTOB. HanpHMep: .na. hrof
«KpbiUia» 11 pyc. «Kpos», .na. *wopian «nnaKaTb» 11 pyc. «BOTIHTh», ,na.
sweotol «HCHbiH» 11 pyc. «cseTnbiH», ,na. esol «ocem> 11 pyc. «ocem>, ceapian
«riOKynaTb» 11 pyc. «KyriHTb».
Cpe.uueaunmiicKuii nepuo.u
Op<t»orpa<t»uH cpe.uueaurJJuiicKoro nepuo.ua
§107 Op<florpa<jmH cpe,nHeaHrJII1HCKoro nep11o.na 6hma O'leiib uey-
CTOH'li1BOH 11 Henocne.nosaTenhHOH. 3To o6bHCHHeTCH, so-
nepBhiX, IIaDH'lHeM 60nblll0f0 KODH'leCTBa MeCTHblX .ZJ.HaneKTOB, KOTOpbie
HMeDI1 pa3DI1'l11H B np0113HOUieHHI1 11 Ha Ka)f(_nOM 113 KOTOpbiX 6binl1 HariH-
CaHbl pa3nl1'lHbie n11TepaTypHbie npoH3se.neHI1H. EJ.U;e o,nHOH npH'lHHOH
6bwo OTCYTCTBI1e e.ZJ.I1HOH o6J.U;eH3hiKOBOH HOpMhi. HaKoHell, B cpe.nneaH-
rJII1HCKHH nep110_n np01130lllDH 11 3aKpenHDI1Ch 3Ha'lHTenhHhie 113MeHeHHH
B aHrJII1HCKOH op<florpa<flH11, o6ycnOBneHHhie TeM, 'ITO nepenHCbJBaHI1eM
KHHf, HaTII1CaHI1eM .lJ.OKyMeHTOB 11 T.n., CTanH 3aHHMaTbCH HOpMaH.ZJ.CKHe
fii1Cllbl. 0HI1 np11BHeCn11 B aHffli1HCKI1H HaTIHCaHHe MHOfHX 6yKB, xapaK-
TepHOe .ZJ.DH <flpaHIIY3CKOfO H3biKa, 11 MH0fl1e 113MeJJeHI1H COXpaHHD11Ch .ZJ.O
Halll11X ,nHeH.
HanpHMep, .nnH o6o3Ha'leHI1H Me)f(3y6HI:.Ix 3ByKos [8], [o], KoTophiX He
6hJnO BO <flpaHI.I.Y3CKOM, CTafll1 HCTIODb30BaTb .ZJ.11rpa<fl th BMeCTO p 11 o: pret >
that, wio >with. EIIIe o,nHII .ZJ.Hrpa<fl, noHBHBUIHHCH s 3TO speMH,- ch (tch):
clld >child. )J,nH o6o3Ha'leiiHH 3ByKa [J16bin sse.neH .ZJ.Hrpa<P sh: scip >ship.
)J,nH 0603Ha'leHI1H 3ByKa (ct3) CTan 11Cfi0Jlb30BaTbCH .ZJ.Hrpa<fl dg: bryc3 >
bridge. B cnosax, 3ai1MCTBOBaHHbiX 113 <flpaHUY3CKoro, 3TOT 3BYK o6o3Ha-
qancH 6yKBOH j 11J111 .ZJ.a)f(e i: joye, ioye «pa,nOCTb». IlOMHMO 3TOfO, 3BYK [ct3]
MOr nepe.nasaTbCH 6yKsoi1 g, ecrr11 OHa cToHna nepe.n rnaCHhiM nepe,nHero
pH.na: gender.
108
Boo6IIIe, 11CTIOJlh30BaHHe 6yKB C, g 113MeHI1DOCh B cpe,nHeaurmfi::fCKI1H
nep11o.n. Ecrr11 paHI:.Uie 6yKsa c so scex crry'la.llx o6o3Haqana TOnbKO 3BYK
[k], TO c XI-XII B. B aHrrrHHCK11H 6hiJIO 3a11MCTBOBaHO <PpaHUY3CKOe npa-
BI1JIO np0113HOUieHI1.11, corrraCHO KOTOpOMY 6yKBa C nepe.n rrraCHbiM11 ne-
pe,nHero pH.LJ.a o6o3HaiJaeT 3BYK [s], a 3BYK [k]- TOJibKO nepe.LJ. rrraCBbiMI1
3a,nHero p.s~,na. Cp. certain, city, HO care, cold. )J,rr.11 o6o3Ha'leHI1.11 3ByKa [k]
nepe.n. rrraCHbiM11 nepe,nuero p.s~.n.a sserrH 6yKsy k: cepan > keepen «xpa-
HHTh», ceorfan > kerven «pe3aTh». ITo TaKHM )f(e npas11rraM 11CTIOJTb30Ba-
nach 6yKsa g, np11Uie.ZJ.Uia.ll Ha cMeHy .npesueaHrJII1HCKOH 3: ca. god/good,
HO ca. gentilman, gender.
<l>paHUY3CKHe TI11CUbi BBenl1 HeCKOflbKO npaBI1fl op<Porpa<fl1111, O.ZJ.HO 113
KOTOpblX Ha3I:.IBaJIOCb np11HIIHTIOM OpHaMeHTaJTbHOCT11. 0HI1 113MeH11Jl11
Hall11CaHHe HeKOTOpbiX aHfJII1HCK11X 6yKB 11 6yKBOC04eTaHI1H, 4T06hi Te
Bbirn.s~.nemt, no 11x MHeHI1IO, Kpac11see. TaK, ,npesHeaHrJTHHCKOe co'leTaHHe
cw 6biJIO 3aMeHeHo Ha qu: cwen > queen, cwicu > quike - «)f(I1BOH, 6bi-
cTpbii1». Co4eTaH11e hw 6b1JTO 3aMeHeHo Ha wh, np11 3TOM co4eTaHHe npo-
H3HOCHJTOCb no-cTapoMy [hw]: hwret > ca. what, hwit >ca. whit(e), hwlle >
ca. whil(e) «speM.Il». TaK)f(e 6yKBa w cTana 11CriOJTb30saTbC.Il sMeCTO .npes-
HeaHrJII1HCKOH 6yKBhl p (wyn), o603Ha'-laBUieH 3BYK (w].
BMecTo 6yKBhi u nepe.n 6yKBaM11 m, n, v, u <flpaHUY3CKHe nHCUbi Ha'-la-
mt HCTIOJib30BaTh 6yKBY 0, TaK KaK coce,nCTBO CDHUIKOM MH0f11X 6yKB, CO-
CTaBJieHHblX 113 sepT11KaJihHblX naJIO'-leK, 3aTpy_nH.IIJIO BOCTipH.11TI1e. IlpH
3TOM npoH3HOllleHI1e caMoro 3ByKa He H3MeHI1JTOCb: cuman > ca. comen
['kum;)n], sunu >ca. sone ['sun;)], lufu > ca. love ['luv:}].
,lJ.OJifi1H 3BYK (u:], o603Ha'laBWHHC.Il B .n.pesHeaHfJIHHCKOM KaK U, CTaJII1
0603Ha'laTb 6yKBaMI1 OU, OW. Ilp0113HOWeH!1e ero OCTaJIOCb npe)f(HHM:
hUs > ca. hous [hu:s], nU > ca. now [nu:].
ComacHo np11HUHriY opHaMenTaJibHOCTH, 6yKsa i He Moma CTO.IITb Ha
KOHUe CJTOBa, ee 3aMeH.IIJII1 Ha 6yKBY y, C'lHTaBUiyiOC.Il 6orree KpaCHBOH:
mi >ca. my [mi:], dre3 >ca. dai/day. EyKBY y ynoTpe6n.llrrH H B cepe,nHHe
crrosa, ecrr11 HY)f(HO 6bWO nepe,naTb .norrr11ii 3BYK [i:]: wif > ca. wyf «)f(eH-
UI;I1Ha».
EyKsa f, o6o3naqaswa.11 B HHTepsoKarrbHOii no3HUI1H 3BYK [v], 6blrra 3a-
MeHeHa 6yKBaMH V, U, o6e 113 KOTOpbiX B cpe_nueaHfJli1HCKOM MOfDH o6o-
3Ha'laTb 3BYK [v]: drifan >ca. driuen/driven «rHaTh», ofer >ca. over.
EyKBa S, KOTOpa.ll TaK)f(e B HHTepBOKaJibHOH TI031111HH 0603Ha'laJia
3BOHKI1H 3BYK (z], npO,LI.OJI)f(aJia HCf10Jlb30BaTbC.Il .ZJ.D.Il ero 0603Ha'leHH.Il:
109
 risan >ca. risen «BCTasaTb». HHor.L(a, npas.L(a, ee 3aMeHHJIH na 3aHMCTBO-
BaHHYIO H3 <Ppauu.y3cKoro 6yKsy z: freosan > ca. freezen <<3aMep3aTb)).
.ll:JIH 0603Ha'leHHH <t>oneMbi (x] H ee MHrKOrO BapHaHTa (x'] HCDOJlb30-
BaJICH .L(Hrpa<P gh BMeCTO npHMeHHBlllei:fcH paHee 6yKBbi h: br6hte <<npH-
HeC)) > broughte, seah «BH.L(em) > saugh.
.ll:OJirHH rJiaCHbiH e CTaJI 0603Ha'laTbCH KaK ee: feet, been, yeer «rO,L()).
ilOMHMO :nora, ,L(JIH nepe,L(a'IH :nora 3ByKa HCDOJib30BaJIOCb CO'IeTaHHe ie,
3aHMCTBOBaHHOe H3 <!>paHU,y3CKOrO (chief, brief) H HCDOJlb3yeMoe TaK)f(e B
HeKOTOpblX HCKOHHO aHrJIHHCKHX CJIOBax: field, shield, thief
.ll:onrHif 6 TaK)f(e CTaJIH nepe.L(aBaTb y.L(BOeHHeM 6yKBhi- oo: foot, boot,
tooth.
DhiJIH H .L(pyrHe sapHaiiThi o6o3Ha'leHHH .L(OJirHx maCHhiX B cpe.L(neaH-
rmrifcKHH nepHO.L(. TaK, .L(JIH OTKphnoro 3ByKa [:):] HCDOJih30sanocb eme co-
'leTaHHe oa (boat «JIO.L(Ka))), HJIH npocTo 6yKsa o (nose, hopen «Ha,L(eHTb-
CH))) . .ll:oJirHH 3BYK (e:] MOr nepe,L(aBaTbCH 6yKBaMH ea (dead, read) HJIH ei
(receiven «nony'laTb)), deceiven «06MaHhiBaTM). TaKHM o6pa3oM, nepe.L(a-
qa 3THX !(0Jlfi1X 3BYKOB Ha UHChMe 6biJia ,L(OBOJibHO HeDOCJie,L(OBaTeJibHOH.
HJMeueuuH B cucTeMe r naCHbtX
§108 Cl1cTeMa rnacHbiX B cpe.L(HeaHm11HCKHH nepHO.L( npeTepnena
31-Ia'IHTeJibHbie H3MeHeHHH. 0,L(HHM 113 HHX CTaJIO OCJia6JieHHe
6e3y.L(apHhiX macHbiX B KOIIe'IHhiX cnorax, oco6eHHo B OKOH'IaHI1HX. B pe-
3YJibTaTe 3Toro npou.ecca pa3JIH'IHbie macHbie, TaKHe KaK [a], [o], [u], [e],
CTaJII1 npOI13HOCHTbCH Mer-ree OT'IeTJIHBO 11 CO BpeMeHeM 3aMeHHJIHCb Ha
r-reifTpaJibHhrif rnacr-rhrif [~]. TaKoe ocna6nen11e macnhrx 11Meno Ba)f(Hbre
llOCJie,L(CTBHH ,L(JIH BCero aHrJI11HCKOrO H3biKa. 0Ho Dp11BeJIO K TOMy, 'ITO na-
,L(e)f(Hbie OKOH'IaHI1H CyrU,eCTBI1TeJibHbiX, npHJiaraTeJibHbiX H JlH'IHbiX
<PopM maronos cosrranH no npoH3HOilleHI1IO, T.e. pa3Hhie rra,L(e)f(Hbre <Pop-
Mhi CyiU,eCTBHTeJibHbiX, rrpHJiaraTeJibHbiX H pa3Hbie JTH'IHbie OKOII'IaHHH
marOJIOB CTaJTH OMOHHMH'IHbiMH. B ,L(aJibHeHlUeM 3TO npHBeJIO K UOJIHOMy
OTITa.L(eHHIO CJia6oy.L(apHbiX OKOH'IaHHH, H MOp<!>OJIOrHH aHrJIHHCKOrO H3bl-
Ka rrpH6mt3HJiaCb K COBpeMeHHOH: OTMepJTH na,L(e)f(H CyiU,eCTBHTeJibHbiX
(KpOMe pO.L(HTeJibnoro rra.L(e)f(a ua -(e)s), npHJiarareJThHOe crano HeH3MeHH-
eMoif 'laCTbiO pe'IH (e.L(HHCTBeHHOe B03MO)f(HOe H3MeHeHHe -ITO CTeneHHM
cpasHeHHH), a maron yrpaTHJI paJJIH'IHe <PopM JIHU.a H 'IHCJia (KpoMe 3-ro JIH-
u.a e.L(. '1. H3bHBHTeJibHoro HaKJIOHeHH»). HarrpHMep: stanas > stones «KaM-
nm), sunu > sune/sone «ChiW>, helpan > helpen «noMoraTb>).
110
Ocna6neHHe OKOH'IaHHH H o6pa3oBaHHe HeifTpaJThHOro [::>] rrpHBeJIH K
H3MenenHIO pHTMa pe'IH. CymecTsosaslUaH a .L(pesHeaHrJIHikKOM .L(OJiroTa
fJiaCHbiX, 0603Ha'laBU1aHCH 'lepTO'IKOH Hal( 6yKBOH, HC4e3Jia, KaK H ee o6o-
3Ha4eHHe. Terrepb ,L(OJirOTa CTaJia 3aBHCeTb OT nma CJIOra - OTKpbiTbiH
HJIH 3aKpbiThiH .
B OTKpbiThiX cnorax KpaTKHe macHbie HH)f(Hero H cpe.L(Hero ITO.L(beMOB
(e), (0), (a) y.L(JIHHHJIHCb, eCJIH OHH CTOHJIH rrepe.L( O,L(UHM COfJlaCHhlM.
[a] > [a:] nama > ca. name [a:] «HM1m; talu > ca. tale [a:] «paccKaJ)>;
baoian >ca. bathen [a:] «KynaThCH)).
[e)>[~>:] sprecan >ca. speken [~>:] «rosopHTb)); mete> ca. mete [~>:] «rri1-
IU,a)>; beran > ca. beren [~>:] «HOCHTb)).
[o] > [~:] hopa > ca. hope [~:] «Ha,L(e)f(,L(a)); open > ca. open [~:] «OTKpbi-
TbiH)); nosu > ca. nose [~:] «HOC)>.
B cso10 04epe.L(h .L(OJime rnacHhJe s JaKpbiTOM cJTore nepe.L( rpyrrnoif co-
rnacHhiX COKpaiU,aJIHCb:
,[(a. slrepan- slrepte >ca. sl[e:]pen- slepte «crram> (KpaTKHH rnacHhiif);
,[(a. cepan- cepte> ca. k[e:]pen- kepte «.n;ep)f(am> (KpaTKHH macHbiH).
Cy)f(eHHe macnbiX raK)f(e JaMeTHO cKaJanocb Ha <PoHeTHKe 11 op<Porpa-
<!>HH CIIOB. Hanp11Mep: .n;a. ,Il;OJifHM (a:)> ca. ,D;OJTrHH OTKpbiTbiH (~:), o603Ha-
qaeMhiH Ha nHChMe o HIIH oo, a n03.L(Hee raK)f(e oa: .n;a. hliif > ca. lof/loaf
«xne6)>; 3an > ca. goon «XOAHTM>; ,[(a. ban > ca. bon/boan «KOCTb)).
.ll:OJifHH (a:) DO!( BJIH11HHeM ry6Ho-ry6noro (w) CY)f(I1BaeTC11 B ,L(OIIfHM
3aKpb1TbiH 3BYK (o:):
.n;a. twa > ca. two [two:] «.L(Ba)); !(a. hwa > ca. who [hwo:] «KTO)).
.ll:OJifHH (re:) > ca. (€:), KOTOpblH Ha UHCbMe H306pa)f(aeTCH 4epe3 e HJIH
ee, nOJAHee ea, HarrpHMep: ,[(a. sre >ca. se/sea «Mope)>, ,[(a. lretan >ca. leten/
leeten «D03BOJIHTb)),
KpaTKHH [re] rrepemen s KparKHH [a):
,[(a. brec > ca. bac/bak [bak] «CITHHa)), !(a. pret > ca. that [6at] «3Tm>,
!(a. wres >ca. was [was]- <<6him).
§109
MoHo<t>Tonnnau.H11 ApesneanrJIHMCKI1X .n;11<Pronros AaeT neo-
!(11HaKOBbie pe3yJihTaTbi B pa3HhiX AHaneKTax. HH)f(e np11BO-
,D;11TCH CaMbie 06IU,He CIIy4aH.
KpaTKHM .n;H<!>Tonr ea (qepe3 CTa.L(HIO [re]) nepemen B a:
!(a. eal > ca. all «BeCb)>, healf > ca. half «rronoBHI-Ia», 3eard > ca. yard
«.n;sop».
111
 .[(onmif ,l(HcpTOHr ea nepellleJI B,l(OJirHif OTKphiThiH (€:), o603Ha'-laeMhiH
Ha fiHChMe e HJIH ee:
.n:a. beam > ca. beem «.n:epeso», east > ca. eest/este «BOCTOK», dead > ca.
deed «MepTBhiH».
KpaTKHH eo ('-1epe3 cTa.n:vno[o]) rrepewen B e KpaTKHH:
.n:a. heorte > ca. herte «cep.n:lle», steorra > ca. sterre «3Be3.n:a», seofon >
ca. seven «ceMh».
.[(onmif eo nepeXO,l(HT B ,l(OJirHH 3aKpbiThiH (e:) (B HafiHCaHHH 06bi'-I-
HO ee):
.n:a. deop > ca. deep «rny6oKHH», ceosan > ca. chese/chesen «Bhi6H-
pan», dear > ca. deer «oneHh».
.[(HcpTOHr eo (KaK ,l(OJirHH, TaK H KpaTKHH) nepeXO,l(HT Bi nepe,l( CO'-IeTa-
HHeM ht (eoht > ight):
.n:a. leoht > ca. light «csen>, feohtan > ca. fighten «cpa)!(aThCH».
BoJHHKHOBeHue HOBbiX .[(Hci>TOHros
§11 Q pe3yJihTaTe
HoBbie .n:HcpToHrH B cpe.n:HeaHrnHifCKOM H3hiKe B03HHKaiOT s
BOKaJIH3aliHH COrJiaCHhiX (y), [j), (w) B fiOJIO)!(eHHH
nocne rnaCHhiX:
.n:a. re + j >ca. [ai]: dre3 >ca. dai/day [dai] «.n:eHh», mre3 >ca. mai/may
[mai] «Mary», sre3de >ca. saide [said~] «CKa3am>;
.n:a. e + j >ca. [ei]: we3 >ca. wei/wey «.n:opora», se3l >ca. seil «napyc»;
3re3 >ca. grey «cepr,Iif»;
.n:a. a+ y >ca. [au]: la3u >ca. lawe [lau~] «3aKOH», dra3an >ca. drawen
[drau~n] «TaiiiHTh»;
.n:a. a:+ w >ca. [ou]: cnawan >ca. knowen [knou~n] «3HaTh», snaw >ca.
snow [snou] «CHen>;
.n:a. o + y >ca. [ou]: bo3a >ca. bowe [bou~] «nyK» (opy)!(He);
.n:a. a: + y >ca. [ou]: ii3en >ca. owen [ou~n] «co6cTBeHHhiif»;
.n:a. eo:+ w> ca. [eu]: cneow >ca. knew [kneu] «3Ham>.
llHOr,l(a ,l(HcpTOHr B03HHKaJI B pe3yJihTaTe CKOJih)!(eHHH 3ByKa Me)!(,l(y
.n:onrHM rnacHhiM 11 rnyxHM IIIeneBhiM h. HanpHMep:
o: + x > ca. [ou]: bohte >ca. boughte [bouxt~] «noKynam>, s6hte > ca.
soughte [souxt~] «HcKam>.
112
HJMeHeHnH s cucTeMe cpe,II,HeaurnuiicKHX cornacHbiX
111 OcHOBHOe H3MeHeHHe- 3TO 3aseprneHHe o6pa3osaHHH ruHnH-
§ U(I1X (lf], (Q3) 11 [f) 113 naJiaTaJII130BaHHhiX (k, g, sk) C COOTBeT-
CTBYIOIIII1MH 113MeHeH11HMI1 B Hanl1caHI111. Hanp11Mep:
cild > ca. child «pe6eHOK», ic > ich «»», hwilc > which «KaKoif», cirice >
chirche «llepKOBT>»;
bryc3 > ca. bridge «MOCT>>, ec3 > edge «Kpaii», wec3 > wedge «KJII1H»;
scip > ca. ship/schup «Kopa6nh», fisc > fish «pni6a», sceap > sheep «OBlla».
HaqanhHOe h oTrra.n:aeT nepe.n: cornacHhiMI1:
hnutu >ca. nute «apex», hrof> ca. roof «Kphima», hliiford >ca. !overed/
lord «rOCITO,l(I1H» .
B KOHlle XIV- Ha'-lane XV BB. rrpo11CXO.l(HT yTpaTa cornacHoro [x] 11
ero cpe.n:HeH3hi'-IHOro sap11aHTa [x'] B cepe.n:11He cnosa, rrpe.n:mecTByiOml1if
rnacHhiH np11 3TOM y.n:ni1HHeTCH. Hanp11Mep:
.n:a. riht > ca. right [rix't] > [ri:t] «npashiH, rrpasl1nhHhiif»; leoht > light
[lix't] > [li:t] «cseT», fiht > figt/fight [fix't] > [fi:t] «611TBa, cpa)!(eH11e».
CornacHhiH [x] B KOHlle cnosa .n:asan Heo.n:H03Ha'-IHbie pe3ynnTaThi.
C o.n:Hoii cTopoHhi, [x] yTpa'-111BaeTCH B a6coniOTHOM KOHlle. Cp . .n:a.
ploh > ca. plough [plu:] > Ha. plough [plou(x)] > Ha. plough [plau] <mnyr»,
.n:a. b6h >ca. bough [bou(x)] > Ha. bough [bau] «cyK».
C .n:pyroif CTOpOHbl, [x) B a6COJIIOTHOM KOHlle nepeXO,l(I1T B (f]. Cp.
.n:a.riih > ca. rough [ru:x] > [ru:f] > [ruf] > Ha. rough [rAf] «rpy6niih>, .n:a.
hliehhan > ca. lighen/laghen/laugh(en) [laux(~n)] > Ha. laugh [la:f] «CMe-
HThC»» .
H3MCHCHHH B MOpci>OJIOrH'ICCKOH CHCTCMC
112 BcTeneHHOMY
cpe.n:HeaHrJIHHCKI1H nep11o.n: Ha6niO.n:aeTCH TeH.n:eHIII1H K no-
§ OTM11paHI1IO 3Ha'-111TeJihHOH qaCTI1 rpaMMaTI1'-Ie-
CKI1X cpneKC11H (OKOH'-IaH11H) B CBH311 C pe.n:yKIII1eH rnaCHhlX, OKa3aBlli11XCH
6e3 y.n:apeHHH B KOHe'-IHOM fiOJIO)!(el-11111 B CJIOBe .
Pe.n:yKIII1» 6e3y.n:apHbiX rnacHhiX, KOTopan nsnneTCH caMhtM 3aMeTHhiM
HBJieHI1eM cpe,l(HeaHrJIHHCKOH cpoHeTHKH, np11sena K cymecTBeHHbiM 113-
MeHeHI1HM BMOpcponOfl1'-leCKOM CTpOe H3hiKa TOfO nepHO,l(a KaK BCHCTeMe
HMeHH, TaK 11 B CHCTeMe rnarona.
113
 §113 CYW,ECTBllTEJibHOE: IIoHBHJIOCh MHoro OMOHHMWIHhiX
<PopM na.n;e)f(HbiX OKOHllaHHH cy~eCTBHTeJibllbiX Cpa3HhiMH OC-
HOBaMH, B pe3yJihTaTe qero neyCTOHliHBaH y)f(e B .n;peBHHH nepHO.LJ: CHCTeMa
CKJIOHenmr cy~eCTBHTeJihHbiX cTana pacna.n;aThCH. CTepnoch pa3JIHliHe
Me)f(.n;y rJiaCHbiMH H COrJiaCHbiMH OCHOBaMH, liTO npHBeJIO K OCJia6JieHHIO
KaTeropHH na.n:e)f(a. OT qeTbipex na.n:e)f(ei1: B CHCTeMe cyiiieCTBHTeJII>Horo
OCTaJIOCb .n;sa: o6~HH, 06be.LJ:HHHBIIIHM npe)f(HHe HMeHHTeJibHbiH, .n;aTeJib-
HbiH H BlfHHTeJibHbiM, H npHTH)f(aTeJibHbiH (pO.L\HTeJibl-lblH) C cy<P<l>HKCOM
-es, KOTOpbiM BbiTeCHHJI BCe .n;pynre OKOHllaHHH B pO.LJ:HTeJibHOM na.n;e)f(e
e.n;HHCTBeHHoro liHCJia cy~ecTBHTeJibHhiX .n:pyrHx THnos OCHOB. Cp:
.n:a. HMeH. n., e.n;. ll. stan nama } goose - geese, tooth - teeth, mouse - mice, louse - lice. Cp. ,[(a. f6t -
.n;aT. n., e.n;. ll. stan naman } > ca. o6IIIHM n . ston
BHH. n., e.n:. ll. stane naman }
po.n;. n., e.n;. ll. stanes naman po.n;. n.
Bnocne.n;CTBHM OKOHllaHMe -es ynoTpe6nHeTCHH .n;nH po.n;MTeJI&Horo na-
.n:e)f(a MI-IO)f(eCTBeHHOfO liHCJia.
,.[(peBHeaHrJIMHCKOe OKOHllaHHe MI-IO)f(eCTBeHHOfO liMCJia -as, CBOHCTBeH-
HOe paHee CyllleCTBHTeJibHbiM C OCHOBOH Ha -a-, pe.n;yl(HpOBaJIOCb B -es 11
pacnpOCTpaHI1JIOCb Ha CyllleCTBHTeJibHhie BCeX OCHOB, XOTH TaK)f(e BCTpeqa-
JIOCh OKOHllaHMe -n y pH.n;a CyllleCTBHTeJibi-IbiX CJia6oro CKJIOHeHiiH.
Cp . .n;a. e.n;. ll. fisc MI-I. ll. fiscas ca. e.n;. ll. fish MI-I. ll. fishes
stan stanas ston
nama naman name
HeKoTop&re cy~ecTBHTeJihHbre cna6oro CKJIOHeHMH HCnOIIh30-
§114 BaJIM OKOI-IllaHHe -n (ca. e.n:. ll. shoo «60TI1I-IOK» > ca. MH. ll.
shoon, ca. e.n:. ll. eye «rna3» >ca. MH. ll. eyen) .n:o XVI B., 1-10 nOTOM CTaJIH
o6pa30BhiBan MI-IO)f(eCTBennoe liHCJIO no o6IIIeMy npaBHJIY (na. shoes,
eyes). <I>opMa oxen «6hiKH» coxpaHHJiacb .n:o naruHx .n;I-Ieii (.n;a. MH. ll.
oxan > ca. MI-I. ll. oxen > na. MH. ll. oxen). Heo6I>IliHOi1: B :noi1 CBH311 npe.n:-
CTaBJIHeTCH MCTOpHH <PopMbi children. ,.[(peBneaHrJIHHCKaH <PopMa MHO)f(e-
CTBeHHOfO liMCJia MMeHHTeJihi-Ioro na.n:e)f(a cildru (oT .n;a. cild «pe6ei-IOK»)
H3MeHHJiaCb B cpe.n;HeaHrJIHHCKOM (B COOTBeTCTBMM C <PoHeTI1lleCKlfMI1
npOI(eCCaMH TOrO nepHO.n;a) B childre, 1-10 -re, nO-BH.LJ:MMOMy, He BOCnpHHH-
114
MaJIOCb KaK noKa3aTeJih MHO)f(eCTBeHI-IOfO liMCJia, fl03TOMY childre nony-
qaeT ellle OKOHllaHMe -n, TaKMM o6pa3oM, o6be,[(MHHH B csoeH: <PopMe ,[(Ba
flOKa3aTeJIH MHO)f(eCTBeHHOfO lllfCJia -re H -n.
CyiiieCTBHTeJihHbie c KOpHeBhiMM OCHOBaMM B 60JibilllfHCTBe csoeM
yTpaliHBaJIM nepemaCOBKY (yMJiayT) 11 o6pa30BbiBaJIM MHO)f(eCTBeHHOe
liHCJIO npH noMOIIIH -es (Hnor.n:a -en). Cp. ,[(a. boc «KHIIra», MH.ll bee > ca.
book «KHHra», MH. ll. bookeslbooken (Ha. books).
.n;a. hnutu «opex», MH. ll. hnyte > ca. nute, MH. ll. nutes (Ha. nuts).
HeKOTOpbre cyiiieCTBMTeJibHhie coxpaHHJIM yMnayT KaK noKa3aTeJih
MHO)f(eCTBennoro liHCJia ,[(O cero,[(HHillHero .n;H.s~: man - men, foot- feet,
name HOra, MH. ll. let> Ca. foot, MH. ll. feet (Ha. foot - feet).
HecKOJihKO cyiiieCTBHTeJihHhiX (c ocHosoH: ua -a- cpe.n:nero po,ll,a) MMeJIM
stones names B ,ll,peBHeaHrJIMHCKHH nepHO,[( <PopMy MHO)f(eCTBeHHOfO liHCJia C HyJieBhiM
OKOHlJaHHeM, KOTOpyiO 01-IH coxpaHHJIH I1 B cpe,[(ueaHrJIHMCKHM nepHO.LI:
thing «Be~h, Beiiiii»; shep (ua. sheep) «OBI(a, OBUhr»; der (ua. deer) «oneuh,
onenm>; yer (1-1a. year) «ro.n:, rO,ll,hi»; hors (ua. horse) «norua,[(h», norua.n;H;
swin (Ha. SWine) «CBHHb.sl, CBHHhH». Il03,[(Hee 3TH CIIOBa, 3a HCKJIIOlleHHeM
sheep, deer H SWine, KOTOpbie I1 cerO,[(H.ll HMeiOT OMOHHMHliHbie <PopMbi
e,[(HHCTBeHHOfO H MHO)f(eCTBeHHOfO li11CIIa, CTaJIH o6pa30BbiBaTb <PopMy
MHO)f(eCTBenuoro liHCJia no o6IIIeMy npasi·IJiy: things, years, horses. TaKHM
o6pa30M, K uaqany XV s. -es oKa3biBaeTCH e,[(HHCTBeHHhiM a<P<l>HKCOM
stones
MHO)f(eCTBeHHOfO liHCJia CyiiieCTBHTeJihHbiX.
namen IlocTenenHoe OTMHpauHe KaTeropliH na,[(e)f(a cyiiieCTBHTeiihH&IX, npo-
(napH.n;y HCXO,[(HBIIIee C pa3HOM CTeneHhiO HHTeHCHBHOCTH B cesepHblX I1 IOJKHbiX
c names). )J.HaJieKTaX, conpOBO)I(.LJ:aeTC.sl OTMHpaHHeM na.n;e)f(HbiX OKOHllaHHM npHIIa-
raTeJihH&IX, yTpaTHBillHX cnoco6nocTh comacosaHHH c cymecTBHTeJihH&I-
MH, a TaK)f(e pa3pyruei-IHeM na,[(eJKH&IX <PopM comacyeMhiX yKa3aTeiihHhiX
MeCTOHMeHHM I1 onpe.n;eJieHHOfO apTHKJIH. 0)J.HOBpeMeHHO C I1Clle3HOBeHH-
eM CKJIOHeHH.sl apTHKJI.sl HClle3aeT I1 rpaMMaTHlleCKHM pO.LI KaK KaTeropH.sl.
115 IIPI1JIAfATEJlbHOE: IlpoHcXO,ll,HT oTMHpauHe scex na.[(e)f(-
§ HhiX OKOHllaHHH npiiiiaraTeJibHhiX, 3a HCKIIIOlleHHeM OKOHlla-
1-IH.sl -e MHO)f(eCTBeHHOfO lllfCJia neonpe,ll,eJieHHOM <PopMbl (cHJibi-IOfO CKJIO-
Hei-IH.sl) If oKoi-IqauHR -e onpe,ll,eneui-Ioii <PopMhi o6oHx liMCeJI (cna6oro
CKJIOHeHHR). Cp.: Heonp.4>., e.n;. "1,: a good man I ueonp. 4>., MH. q.: good-e
men. Onpe,ll,. 4>., e.[(. "1.: the good-e man I onpe.n:. 4>., MH. "1.: the good-e men.
115
 119 JII1.qHbiE MECTOI1.MEHI1..H: Ha cMeHy qeTbtpexna~e)l(HOH
§116 Pe~yKl(HH niaCHbiX Hey~apHbiX cnoroa 3aTpo11yna 11 cT:neHH
cpaaHeHHH npHnaraTeJihHbiX. Cy$$HKC cpaamnenMIOH CTe- § cwcTeMe npHXO~I1T ~ayxna~e)l(HaH, pa3nHqaiOmag <PopMbi
11MeHHTeJibHOf0 H o6'beKTHOf0 na~e)l(eH. <l>opMbl pOJl:I1TeJibHOf0 na,n:e)l(a
neHH -ra OCJia6JIHeTCSI B -re, BIIOCJie~CTBHH KOHeqHbiH 6e3y~apHbiH -e OT-
060C06JijiJOTCSI 11 npeapamaiOTCSI B npHTH)l(aTeJibHbie MeCTOHMeHHSI. Y Me-
na~aeT, a nepe~ -r pa3BHaaeTCH cna6biH rnacHbiH, T.e. -ra> -re> -r> -er.
CTOHMeHHH }-ro H 2-ro JIHI..(a HC'ie3aiOT $OpMbl )l:BOHCTBeHHOfO 'ii1CJia.
llocne BOKaJIH3al(HH (r] cy$$HKC cpaBHHTeJibHOH CTeiieHH $aKTHqeCKH
Y JIH'iHbiX MeCT011MeHHH 3-ro mma po~ coxpamieTCSI KaK neKCI1KO-CeMaH-
npespamaeTcH a [;:)].
TI1qecKaH KaTeropHg, B paMKaX KOTOpOH npOBOJl:HTCSI pa3JIHttl1e Me)l(,n:y
Cy$$HKC npeaocxo~noli CTeneHH -ost nocne pe~yKU.HH rnacHoro co-
)l(HBbiM, o,n:yiiieBJieHHbJM (My)l(CKOH H )l(eHCK11H po~), H He)l(HBbiM, HeO~y­
anan c cy$$HKCOM -est 11 c Tex nop coxpaHHeTCH a TOH )l(e <PopMe ~o Ha- rnesneHHblM (cpe,n:HHH po.n:). B pe3yJibTaTe CHCTeMa JIH4HblX MeCTOHMeHHH
WHX ~HeH.
np11HHMaeT CJie~yiO!l(HH BH~:

§117 CTeneHH cpaaneHHH c nepe~HeH3bJquoi1: nepernacosKOH (THna

long - Ienger - lengest) anocne~CTBHH BbipaaHHBaiOTCH no na~e)l( E.n:. 4.
3-e JIHU.O 1-e
MH.'i.
2-e 3-e
1-e 2-e
o6pa3l(Y ocuoaHoi1: <PopMbi npHnaraTeJihHOro. <l>opMbl c nepernacoaKOH JIHU.O
JIHI..(O JII11.(0 M. p. )1(, p. cp. p . JIHI..(O JIHI..(O
elder - eldest B 3HaqeHHH «CTapiilHH» H «CaMbiH CTaprnHH» COXpaHHIOTCSI
she hit we ye hi, they
(napH~Y c perynHpHbiMH older - oldest) TOJibKO y npHnaraTeJibHoro old. I1.MeHHT. ich> i[i:] thou he
Ero perynHpHbie <PopMbi ynoTpe6nHIOTCH a 3HaqeHHH «6onee cTap&IH» here hit us you hem
11
06'beKTHbiH me thee him
«CaMbiH CTapbiH» cynnneTHBHbie $OpMbl TaK)l(e H3MeJIHJIHCb:
ca. good - bett(e)re - best
MecTOHMeHI1e ich, yTpaTHB cornacHbiH [f), npespanwoch s ~onmi1: i [i:],
evil werse - werst KOTOpbiH Ha nHCbMe CTaJIH nepe~aaaTb 3arnaBHOH 6yKBOH 1 KaK 6onee 3a-
much(el)- more - moost MeTHOH no cpasHeHHIO CO CTpOttHOH 6yKBOH i B TeKCTe, IIHCaBUieMCH B TO
litel lesse - leest. speMg 6e3 npo6enos.
MecTOHMeHwe 2-ro nwua e~HHCTBeHHoro ttwcna thou cy3wno o6naCTb
Bnocne~CTBHH B COCTaBe 3THX npHnaraTeJibHbiX IIOMHMO 3BYKOBblX 11
CBOero IIpHMeHeHHSI H 6biJIO BbiTeCHeHO MeCTOHMeHHeM 2-rO JIHUa MHO)l(e-
rpa$HqeCKHX 113MeHeHHH np01130IIIJIH HeKOTOpbie JieKCHqeCKHe nepeMe-
CTBemJOrO ttltcna ye. Bnocne,n:cTBHH <PopMa HMeHHTeJibHoro na~e)l(a ye
Hbl. TaK, npHnaraTenhnoe bad BbiTeCHHJIO evil a noJIO)l(HTeJI&HOH <PopMe, 6blna BbiTecHeHa <PopMOH o6'beKTHoro na,n:e)l(a you. He ynoTpe6ngHCb a
HO cynnneTI1BHOCTb pH~a B U.eJIOM COxpaHHJiaCb. COBpeMeHHOM JII1TepaTypHOM ji3biKe, $OpMbl thOU H thee B TeppHTOpHaJib-

§118 B cpe~HI1H nep11o~ B03HHKaeT HOBbiH, auani1TI1qecKI1H cno-

co6 o6pa30BaHHSI CTeneHeH cpaBHeHHSI MHOfOCJIO)l(HbiX npH-
naraTeJibHbiX. llpHnaraTeJibHOe B IIOJIO)l(HTeJibHOH $opMe OCTaeTCSI 6e3
113MeHeHHH, HO ~JISI Bbipa)l(eHHSI cpaBHHTeJibHOH 11 npeBOCXO~HOH CTene-
IIeH nepe~ HHM ynoTpe6JIHIOTCSI $OpMbl CpaBHHTeJibl-IOH (more) 11 npe-
BOCXO~HOH (most) cTeneueii npHnaraTeJibHOro «6on&IIIOH» (~a. mycell
micel - mara - mrest), o6pa3yH auani1THqecKHe <PopMbi Tl1na more
interesting- the most interesting. Auanomquo 3TOMY o6pa3yiOTCH aua-
JII1ntqecKI1e <PopMbi co 3r-raqermeM MeHbiiiei1: cTeneHH KaqecTaa (less -
the least).
116
HbiX ,n:11aneKTax AI-IrnHH npo.n:on)l(aiOT cymecTsosaTb.
MecTOHMeHHe 3-ro n11ua )l(eHcKoro po~a heo nepernno s he (s pe3ynb-
TaTe CTH)l(eHHSI Jl:H$TOHra) H COBIIaJIO C MeCTOHMeHHeM My)l(CKOfO po~a he.
qTo6hi H36e)l(aTb nyTaHHl(bi a npouecce o6meHHH <PopMy )l(eHcKoro po.n:a
3aMeHHJIH $opMOH yKa3aTeJibHOf0 MeCTOHMeHHSI )l(eHCKOfO po,n:a SeO, KO-
TOpag c TetteHHeM speMeHH nepernna s she.
MecTOHMeHHe 3-ro nHua MHO)l(eCTBeHHoro qwcna hie H3MeHHJIOCb s hi,
KOTOpoe no 3BY"l:aHHI0 6biJIO IIOXO)l(HM Ha $OpMbl MeCTOHMei-IHH My)l(CKO-
ro (he) H )l(eHCKOfO (he< heo) poLJ;a eLJ;HHCTBeHHOfO 'ii1CJia. qT06bi H36e-
)l(aTb nyTaHHUbi s npouecce o6meuHH ua ero MecTe cTanw ynoTpe6nHTb
117
 §122
<f>opMy thei H3 CKaH,ll,HHaBCKHX H3biKOB. fi03,ll,Hee <f>opMa 06oeKTHOrO na.n.e- YKa3aTeJihHhie MeCTOHMeHHH s cpe,n;HHH rrepHo.n; Ha'I:HHaiOT
)l(a hem 6hrna 3aMeHeHa <f>opMoif them. rrpOTHBOIIOCTaBJIHTbCH 110 Bbipa)l(aeMOMY 3Ha'IeHHIO «6JIH30-

§120 flpHHI)I(aTeJibHhie MeCTOHMeHHH, OCHOBHOH <f>yHKUHeH KOTO-

pbiX HBJIHeTCH yKa3aHHe Ha IIpHHa,ll,Jie)I(HOCTb, pa3BHBaiOTCH
CTH» ca. this(< .n;a. pis)- thes [9e:s] (< .n;a. pes, peos) H «.n.arrhHOcnm ca.
that(< .n;a. pret)- thos[9:xs] (< .n;a. pas). l13 rpaMMaTH'IeCKHX KaTeropHif
H3 <f>opM pO.LJ.HTenbHoro na.n.e)l(a JIH'IHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH. B cpe.n.HeaHmHif- po.n;a, 'IHCJia H rra,IJ;e)l(a yKa3aTeJihHbie MeCTOHMeHHH COXpaHHJIH TOJihKO Ka-
CKHH nepHO.LJ. 3TH <f>opMbi npHo6peTaJOT cne.n.yrornHif BH.LJ.: TeropHIO ':!Hcna. ITo3TOMY MecTOI1MeHHH c 3Ha'IeHHeM 6rrH)I(HeH ,n;HCTaH-
UI1H CTaJIH IIpOTHBOIIOCTaBJIHThCH KaK <f>opMhl e,IJ;HHCTBeHHOfO H MHO)I(e-
E.n.. 'I. MH.'I. CTBeHHOfO 'IHCna: this «3TO», thes (Ha. these) «3TH». CooTBeTCTBeHHO npo-
1-e JIHUO 2-e JIHUO 3-e JIHUO 1-e JIHUO 2-e JIHUO 3-e JIHUO THBonocTaamirrHch MeCTOHMeHHH C 3Ha'IeHHeM ,n;aJibHeH ,IJ;HCTaHUHH: that
«TO», thos (Ha. those) «Te».
M.p. )!(. p. cp. p.
l13 yKa3aTeJihHOf0 MeCTOHMeHHH ,IJ;a. Se, KOTOpoe BbipaBHHBaeTCH ITO
min/mi thin/thi his her his our your aHaJIOfHH C,n;pyr11MH CBOI1MH IIa,IJ;e)l(aMH H H3MeHHeTCH B pe H IIOTOM B the,
here/their
o6pa3yeTCH onpe.n;erreHHhiH apTHKJih, HBJIHIOIUHHCH onpe.n;emneneM cyrue-
<f>opMbl MeCTOHMeHHH 1-ro 11 2-ro liHUa e,ll,HHCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJia min
CTBI1TeJihHoro. <I>opMa HMeHI1TeJihHOro na,n;e)l(a cpe,n;Hero po.n;a that cHa'Iarra
«MOH», thin «TBOH» H <f>opMbl 6e3 KOHe'IHOrO -n mi/my, thi/thy HCIIOJib30-
yiiOTpe6JIHeTCH B <f>yHKUI1H Orrpe,n;eJIHTeJIH HapH.D.Y C the, O,IJ;HaKO, Ha'IHHaH
BaJIHCb B pa3HhiX <f>oHeTH'IeCKHX ycnoBHHX. Ilepahre <f>opMbi ynoTpe6nH-
c XIV a., that 3aKpennHeTcH a rpynne yKa3aTeJihHhiX MeCTOHMeHHH.
JIHCh nepe.n. cnosaMH, Ha'IHHaBlllHMHCH c macHoro (HanpHMep: min ene- Heonpe.n.eneHHbiH apTHKJib pa3BHBaeTCH 113 ':IHCJIHTeJihHOrO .n;a. an
my), BTOpbie - nepe,ll, CJIOBaMH, Ha'IHHaBlll11MHCH C COrJiaCHOfO (HanpH-
«O,IJ;HH», KOTOpOe ynoTpe6JIHJIOCh H B 'IHCTO KOJIH'IeCTBeHHOM 3Ha'IeHHH
Mep: my freend «Moil .n.pyr»). C Te'Iei-IHeM speMeHH <f>opMbi my 11 thy CTaJIH (Tor.n;a OHO Hecno Ha ce6e y.n;apeHHe H coxpaHHrro .n;onroTy [a:n]), H KaK no-
YIIOTpe6JIHTbCH TOJibKO KaK Onpe.n.eneHHH, T.e. 11p11 HaJIH'IHH onpe,ll,eJIHeMO-
Ka3aTeJih HMeHH cyrueCTBHTeJihHOfO Co6o6m:eHHblM 3!-Ia':leHHeM (TOf,IJ;a OHO
ro cnoaa, a <f>opMbi min H thin ynoTpe6nHJI11Ch, ecnH 3a HHMH He 6hiJIO 6hrno 6e3y.n;apHhiM [an]). ComacHhfH [n] coxpaHHeTcH rrepe.n; maCHhiMH, ne-
onpe.n.enHeMoro cnoaa. MecTOHMeHHe 2-ro JIHUa thilthin «TBOH» (acne.n. 3a
pe.n; comacHhiMH oH oTna.n;aeT. TaK B03HHKaeT qepe.n;oaaHHe <f>opM Heonpe-
<f>opMoif thou «Thi», cy3HBllleif o6naCTb csoero rrpHMeHeH11H) 6hiJIO .n;erreHHoro apTHKJIH an H a a 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Haqana cne,n;yiOruero cnoaa,
BhiTeCHeHO <f>opMOH your.
KOTOpoe COXpaHHJIOCh ,IJ;O HaCTOHIUefO BpeMeHH. qHCJIHTeJihHOe an [a:n],
§121 B paHHeHosoaHmHifCKHH rrepHo.n. Ha'IHHaeT 'IeTKO pa3ni1'IaTb-
CH HCIIOJib30BaHHe MeCTOHMeHHH my, thy, his, her, our, your,
coxpaHHBlllee y.n.apeHHe, pa3BHBaeTCH Boon [::m] 11 rro3.n;Hee Bone [wAn].

their KaK <f>opM, 3aBHCHMhiX OT onpe.n.enHeMoro cnoaa, T.e. ynoTpe6nHeMbiX rJiafOJI. KaTeropuu JIHU3 H 'IHCJia
B <f>YHKUHH npen0311THBHoro onpe.n.eneHHH, 11 mine, thine, his, hers, ours,

§123
yours, theirs KaK caMOCTOHTeJibHhiX, cnoco6HbiX yrroTpe6nHThCH B a6co- B pe3ynhTaTe ocna6rreHHH 6e3y.n;apHhiX rrracHhiX crrpH)I(eime
JIIOTHOM KOHUe npe.n.no)l(eHHH, 11 noToMy a6coniOTHhiX <f>opM. A6comOTI-Ihie rnarOJIOB B HaCTOHIUeM BpeMeHH 3Ha'IHTeJihHO yrrpOCTHJIOCh.
<f>opMhi c -(e)s npe.n.cTaBnHIOT co6oif pe<f>neKChi TeH.n.eHU1111 o<f>opMnHTh 3To xoporno BH,IJ;HO Ha npHMepe cnpH)I(eHHH CHJihHoro rrrarona binden
npHTH)I(aTeJihHhie MeCTOHMeHHH Ha -r(e) c IIOMOIUbiO OKOH'IaHI1H po.n.H- «CBH3hJBaTb»:
TenhHoro na.n.e)l(a -es, .n.aaaH <f>opMbi her(e)s «ee», our(e)s «Balli}} H T..LJ.., KO- MH.'I.
E.n;. 'I.
TOphie 3aKpenHJIHCb s a6coniOTHOM KOHI.~e rrpe.n.no)l(eHI1H. MecTOHMeHHe
1-e JIHUO binde
cpe.n.Hero po.n.a his ynoTpe6nHeTcH Ha rrpOTH)I(eHHH acero cpe.n.HeaHmHif-
bindest/ binde } binden/binde
CKOro nepHO,ll,a 11 TOJibKO B paHHeHOBOaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO,ll, BbiTeCHHeTCH 2-e JIHUO
<f>opMOH its. bindeth/bindes
3-e JIHUO

118 119
 <l>OpMa 2-ro JIHQa e,ll;HHCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJia bindest BblXO,ll;HT I13 ynoTpe-
6JieHH.sl BMecTe c MeCTOHMeHneM 2-ro JIHQa e,ll;HHCTBeHHoro 'IHcna thou. Ee
MecTo 3aHnMaeT binde. B 3-eM JIHQe e,ll;HHCTBeHHoro qncna OKOH'laHne
-eth BbiTecH.sreTc.sr OKOHI.JaHHeM -es, npmue,ll;IIIHM H3 cesep1-1oro ,ll;HaneKTa.
Bo MHO)I(eCTBeHHOM 'IHCJie OKOHI.JaHHe -n HC'le3aeT K KOHQy cpe,ll;HeaH-
rJIHMCKOfO nepHO,ll;a, OCTaeTC.sl binde.
B HacTO.sriQeM BpeMeHn cna6ble rnaroJibi cnp.srraroTcH TaK )l(e.
<l>opMbl 3-ro JIHQa e,ll;HHCTBeHHOfO l.JHCJia hath H doth rnarOJIOB have H
do npO,ll;OJI)I(aiOT <l>YHKQHOHHpOBaTb B .sl3biKe ,ll;OCTaTOI.JHO ,ll;OJlfO, HO BTIO-
CJie,ll;CTBHH BbiTeCH.sliOTC.sl peryn.srpHbiMH <l>opMaMH has I1 does.
§124 Cnp.sr)l(eHHe CHJibHbiX H ~na6bJX rnaronos B npoiiie,ll;IIIeM spe-
MeHn HMeeT CJie,ll;yiOillHH BH,ll;:
binden «CB.sl3biBaTb» (cHJibHbiH rnaron), tellen «roBopHTb» (cna6biM
rnaron)
E,ll;. I.J.
MH.I.J.
1-e JIHQO bond, to Ide
2-e JIHQO bounde, toldest bound(en), told(en)
3-e JIHQO bond, tolde
KaTeropHH speMeHH cTaHOBHTc.sr 6onee CJIO)I(HOM 3a ci.JeT noHsneHH.sr
aHanHTHlfeCKOH <PopMbi 6y,11;yiQero BpeMeHH. Mo,ll;aJibHbie rnaroJibl shall H
will yTpai.JHBaiOT nepBOHa'laJibHOe JieKCHI.JeCKOe 31-!ai.JeJ:-IHe I1 CTaHOBHTC.sl
BCTIOMOfaTeJibHbiMH rnaroJiaMH. BMeCTe C OCHOBHblMH rnarOJiaMH OHH Ha-
lJHHaJ:-OT nepe,11;aBaTb rpaMManfi.JeCKOe 3Hai.JeHHe 6y,ll;yiQero speMetm:
Me thinketh that I shal reherce it here. - M1-1e Ka)l(eTc.sr, 'ITO .sr nosTopw
ero (:noT paccKa3) 3,1l;eCb.
§125 B 3TOT )l(e nepHO,ll; npoHCXO,ll;HT CTaHOBJieHHe nep<l>eKTa HnaccH-
sa. fnaroJlbi have H be B co'leTaHHH c npni.JaCTHeM II CMbiCJIOBO-
ro rnarona npHo6pemroT rpaMMaTHI.JecKoe 3Hai.JeHne nep<PeKTa. C rnarona-
MH ,ll;BH)I(eHHH HCllOJib30BaJIC.sl BCTIOMOfaTeJibHbiM rnarOJI be, C nepeXO,ll;Hbi-
MH rnaronaMn - scnoMoraTeJibHbiH rnaron have. B 3TO speM.sr nopH,ll;OK
cne,ll;osaHH.sr qacTeif aHaJIHTHI.JecKoii KOHCTPYKI.IHH ellle He )l(eCTKHii:
that hem hath holpen- KOTOpbiH HM TIOMOr (BCllOMOraTeJibHbiH rnarOJI
nepe,11; OCHOBHbiM)
In alle mine live that ich i-liued habbe- B Tei.JeHHe sceif csoeif )I(I13HH,
KOTopyw .sr npO)I(HJI (scnoMoraTeJibHbiM rnaron nocne OCHOBHoro).
120
126 BcnoMoraTeJibHbiM rnarOJI to be, KOTOpbiH HCTIOJib30BaJIC.sl C
§ rnaronaMH ABH)I(eHH.sr AJI.sr Bbipa)l(eHn.sr nep<l>eKTHoro 3Hai.Je-
HH.sr, HalJHHaeT HCTIOJib30BaTbC.sl C nepeXO,ll;HblMH rnaroJiaMH ,ll;JI.sl Bbipa)l(e-
HH.sl naccnsHoro 3HalfeHH.sl. Cp.: the duke Myloun was geven hys lyff-
fepQory MHJIOHY 6bma ,11;aposaHa )I(H3Hb. Bnocne,ll;CTBHH naccHBHbie <Pop-
Mbi Hai.JHHaJ:-OT o6pa30BbiBaTbC.sl He TOJibKO OT nepeXO,ll;HbiX, HO H OT
HenepeXO,ll;HblX rnarOJIOB, ynpaBJIHI:-OIQHX npe,ll;JIO)I(HblM ,ll;OllOJIHeHHeM.
127 B cpeAHeaHrJIHHCKHH nepno,11; no.srsn.sreTc.sr HOBa~.sr cwcTeMa rna-
§ ronbHbiX <PopM, Bbipa)l(al-OillHX ,ll;JlHTe!IbHOe ,ll;eHCTBHe H nony-
I.JHBIIIHX Ha3BaHne Continuous. B TeKcTax ,ll;peBHeaHriiHHCKoro nepHO,ll;a
scTpeqamtcb coi.JeTaHw.sr beon (wesan) + npH'IaCTHe I ocHOBHoro rnarona,
O,ll;HaKO OHH 6biJIH pe,ll;KH H ellle He npe,ll;CTaBJI.slJIH C060H rpaMMaTH30BaH-
Hbie <PopMbT Bbipa)l(eHHH ,ll;!IHTeJibHOro ,11;ei1cTBH.sr. B cpe,ll;HeaHrnHHCKHM
nepno,11; HalfimaeTc.sr KO!IHlfeCTBeHHbiH poeT colfeTaHHH rnarona ca. ben-
6hiTb + npw'IaCTHe I, npwi.JeM npnqacTHe I nonyqaeT Hosoe o<PopMneHHe c
llOMOillbiO cy<l><l>HKCa -ing(e) BMeCTO npe)I(J-J'efO -end(e). Jl:n.sr Bbipa)l(eHH.sl
,ll;!IMTeJibHOfO ,ll;eHCTBH.sl TaK)I(e MCTIOJib30BaJIOCb CO'leTaHMe fJiafOJia ben I1
o6CTO.slTeJibCTBa, Bbipa)l(eHHOfO repyH,ll;HeM (HHfOBOH <PopMOH) C npe,ll;JIO-
fOM in HJIH on: he is/was on huntinge- OH (eCTb)/6bm na oxoTe. B TelfeHHe
XV B. npe,11;nor pe,ll;yl.lnpyeTc.sr, npeBpallla.srcb B npe<l>nKc a- (he is/was
a-hunting), w snocneACTBHH yTpa'IHBaeTCH (he is/was hunting). Bo3HHK-
HOBeHwe Continuous KaK C!IO)I(HBIIIeifc.sr rnaronhHOH aHaJIHTH'leCKOH <Pop-
Mbi OTHOCHTC.sl K paHHeHOBOaHrJIHMCKOMY nepHO,ll;y.
128 CocnaraTe!IhHOe HaKJIOHeHHe H3MeH.sreTc.sr sMecTe c o6!l1HMH
§ H3MeneHHRMH B CHCTeMe rnarona. Cnel.IH<l>H'lecKa.sr <PopMa co-
cnaraTe!IbHoro HaKJIOHeHH.sJ: qeTKO coxpaH.sreTCH IIHIIIb ,11;n.sr rnarona ben:
HaCT. Bp. - be, ben I npoiii. Bp. - were, weren. <l>opMbi cocnaraTe!IbHoro
HaKJIOHeHH}I ,11;pyrHx rnaronos OKa3biBaJ:-OTC.sr B 6onhlllHHCTBe cnyqaeB O,ll;HHa-
KOBbiMH c <PopMaMw H31>}1BHTenhHOro HaKnoHeHH}I. HapgAY c CHHTeTwieCKH-
MH <PopMaMH COC!IafaTeJibHOfO HaK!IOHeHH}I ynOTpe6MJ:-OTCH aHaJIHTHlJeCKHe
<PopMbi c MO,ll;aJibHhiMH rnaronaMH should H might+ HH<l>HHHTHB: But that thou
sholdest trewely forthem me in every cas, I shal forthem thee. - EcnH 6hi Tbi
noMep)I(HBan MeHg BO scex cnyqaHX, TO g noMep)l(an 6hi Te6g.
YTpaTa MOAaJibHbiMH rnaronaMH co6cTBeHHoro neKcnqecKoro 3Halfe-
HM}I B CO'leTaHlfH C HH<l>HHHTHBOM CllOC06CTBOBaJia rpaMMaTH3aQHH ,ll;aH-
HbiX CO'leTaHHH KaK aHa!IHTM'leCKHX <PopM COCJiaraTeJibHOfO HaKJIOHeHH}I.
121
 131
§129
Cna6&Ie rnaronhi 6naro.n,apH pe.n,yKUHH macHoro s Hey.n,apHhlX
HH!pHIIHTHB yTpaqwsaeT pa3nHIJHe Me)l(.n,y HMeHwTen&HhiM w
.n,aTellhHhiM na.n,e)l(aMH, TIOCKOllbKY OKOHIJaHHJI -an/-ian H -enne § cnorax nonyqaroT e.n,wHoe ocpopMneHwe: OKOH4aHHe -en B ~mcpw­
II11TI1Be w -ede s npome.n,rneM speMeHH. CycpcpwKc nporue.n,ruero speMeHH
s pe3yn&TaTe pe.n,yKUHH ocna6nJ~IOTCJI B e.n,m-Iyio cpopMy -e(n). llpe.n,nor to
-ede cosnan c cycpcpwKCOM -ed npwqacTwJ~ll w, TaKHM o6pa30M, cpopMhi np11-
TepJ~eT csoe 3Ha4eHI1e uen11 w HaiJI1HaeT socnp11HHMaT&CJ~ KaK cpopMan&-
qacTH.JI w nporue.n,mero speMeHH cna6&IX rnaronos cTanl1 o.n,wHaKOBhiMH:
H&Ji1 TIOKa3aTenh 11Hcp11HHTHBa.

§13 Q
JIIHcp11HI1THB Tipom. sp. Tip11'-1aCTHe II
CHJThH&Ie maron&I cyl.l..(eCTBeHHO H3MemnoTCJI s cpe.n,HeaH-
rJTI1HCKHH nep11o.n,. ITo cnoco6y cpopMoo6pa3osaHI1JI coxpaHJ~­ love(n) loved(e) loved
eTCJ~ rueCTb KnaCCOB, HO HX OCHOBHhle cpopMbl TIO.D,BepraiOTCJI 3HaiJHTen&-
CoxpaHHBIIII1eCJI oT .n,pesHeaHrni1HCKoro cpopMbi c -t- wnw -d- w qepe.n,o-
Hh1M cpoueTH4eCKI1M H OpcporpacpH4eCKI1M H3MeHeHHliM. f'nafOllhl Ce.D,hMO- saHweM B&I.n,emiiOTCJI KaK oco6hlH nm cpopMoo6pa3osaH11li cna6&IX rnaro-
fO Knacca TepJ~IOT csoH: OCHOBHOH npH3HaK cpopMoo6pa3osaHI1JI w He
o6pa3yiOT e.n,HHOH rpynnhL nos. Cp.:
kept coxpaHJ~T&,.n,ep)l(aTh
H3MeHeHHJ~ s cpopMax rnarona cpe.n,HeaHmHHCKOro nep11o.n,a 3aKniOIJa- kepen kept(e)
told(e) told pacca3&rsaTh
IOTCJI B cne.n,y!Oll.l,eM. 0KOHIJaHHJI -en B HHcpHHHTHBe H B cpopMe nporue.n,- tell en
rnero speMeHH MHO)I(eCTBeHHOfO IJHClla OTTia)l,aiOT, -en COxpaHJieTCJI TOllb- thenken - thought(e) - thought .n,yMaTh
KO s npwiJaCTHI1 II HeKOTOpbiX cwnhHhiX rnaronos, r.n,e 0110 coxpauwnoch H meten - mett(e) - mett scTpe<IaTb(Cst)
B HOBOaHrJTI1HCKHH nepHO)l,. B pe3ynbTaTe BbipaBHHBaHI1li KOpHeBbiX rnac-
Y HeKOTOp&IX rnaronos s&ma.n,an cpe.n,wHUbiH cnor s cpopMax nporue.n,-
1-Ib!X MHOrHe cpopMbl OKa3&IBamtCh OMOHOMHY.HbiMH KaKI1M-nH60 .n,pyrHM
cpopMaM )l,aHHOfO rnarona, 'iTO npHBO)l,HllO K OTMHpaHHIO 0)1,1-IOH H3 1-IHX. mero speMeHH 11 npwqacTHJI II:
maken (.n,a. macian) - makede/made maked/made
3TOT npouecc 3aMeTHee BCero npOliBHllCJI B OTMHpaHHI1 0)1,1-IOH 113 cpopM
nporne.n,wero speMeHH w ycnuosneHHH o.n,wHaKOBhiX cpopM e.n,I1HCTBeHI-IO- haven (.n,a. habban) - havede/hadde haved/hadd
ro H MHO)I(eCTBeHHOfO l.J.HCna, B pe3ynbTaTe IJerO Y.eTblpexY.aCTHaJI CHCTeMa Cna6hie rnaron&I cTanw oco6eHHO npo.n,yKTHBHhiMH s csst3H c pacna-
cpopM cTana TpexiJaCTHOH. Cp. cnyLJal1 cosna.n,eHHJ~ ocnOB!lbiX cpopM rna- .n,oM cwcTeM&I rnaronos c qepe.n,osaHHeM. Bee B03HHKasmwe s :no speMJI
ronos pa3HbiX Knaccos: rnarOllbl, B TOM <IHCne 3ai1MCTBOBaHHbie H3 cppaHUY3CKOf0 HllH CKaH.D,H-
lfHcpmii1THB llpow. sp. llp114acTwe II HaBCKHX JI3biKOB, KaK npaBHllO, BKiliO<IallHCb B 3TOT Knacc.
H HaCT. Bp. E.n,. 4. MH. 4. 132 llpeTepHTO-npe3eHTHbie rnarOilbi TO)I(e 113MeHHllHCb B COOT-

risen I ros risen nsen BCTasaTb § seTCTBHH C 06ll.I,HMH <\>OHeTHKO-Op<\>orpacpH4eCKHMH H rpaM-

MaTH'-IeCKHMI1 3aKoHoMepHOCTJIMH cpe.n,HeaHrnHHCKoro nepwo.n,a. MHonte
chesen II ches chosen chosen BbJ611paTb H3 HHX nonyqwnH cTaTyc Mo.n,an&HhiX maronos, 3Ha4eHHe HeKoTop&rx
speken IV spak speken speken rosopHTb cHn&HO H3MeHHnoch. TaK, rnaron cunnen (HacT. sp., e.n,. 4. can; npom. sp.
shaken VI shok shoken shaken TpliCTI1 couthe) npHo6pen 3Ha4eHHe «MO'-Ih» sMeCTO «3HaT&», rnaron must- 3Ha-
IJeHHe «.D,Oll)l(eHCTBOBaTb» BMeCTO «M04b». fnaron must, HeCMOTpli Ha CBOe
KonwLJeCTBO Cl1n&H&rx rnaronos 3Ha4HTenhHO yMeH&rnl1noc&. I>on&ruaJI
npoHCXO)I()l,eHwe OT ca. moste - cpopM&I nporue.n,ruero speMeHH, cero.n,Hli
11x IJaCTh nepewna s cna6&IH THn, HanpwMep: climb, help, sleep. M1-1orwe
ynOTpe6nSieTCSI TOllbKO B 3Ha4eHHH HaCTOJill.l,efO speMeHH- «)l,Oll)l(eH)).
rnaronhi HCIJe3nH 113 JI3biKa soo61.1..(e, cpe.n,11 HHX TaKwe ynoTpe6wTen&H&Ie
fnaron a3an «HMeTh>) pa3sHnCJ~ s rnaron ca. owe(n) > Ha. to owe «6&IT&
KaK faren «exaTb», nimen «6paTh». Pa3pH.n, cwn&HhiX rnaronos nononHwncJI
)l,Oll)I(HbiM, 3a.D,On)l(aTb)). H3 npH4aCTHli II a3en o6pa3osanOCh npHnara-
3a ClJeT HeCKOllbKI1X cna6&IX (dig, hide, Stick, wear) H 3aHMCTBOBaHHbiX
TenbHOe own, OT KOToporo 6&In o6pa3osaH rnaron to own «HMeT&, ana-
(cppaH. strive, cKaH.n,. take) rnaronos.
123
122
 .n;eTJ>». <l>opMa npome.n;mero apeMeHH ahte pa3BHnacJ> s Mo.n;anJ>HJ>IM maron
ought (B OTJIH'fHe OT .n;pyrHX MO)l;aJIJ>HbJX marOJIOB C 'faCTHI.(eM to nepe.n;
HHqlHHHTHBOM) C 3Ha'feHHeM )l;OmKeHCTBOBaHHH.
Bee Mo.n;anJ>HJ>re maronJ>I yTpaTHJIH <}lopM!>I HH<}lHimTHBa H MHO)I(e-
CTBeHHoro 'fHCJia HaCTOHmero BpeMeHH, COXpaHHB <}lopMbi e)l;HHCTBeHIJOfO
'fHCJia HacTmnn:ero speMeHH H npome.n;mero speMeHH: can - couthe (Ha.
could), shal- sholde (Ha. should), may- mighte (Ha. might). rnaron shall
CTaJI 60JIJ>IUe HCIIOJib30BaTJ>CH KaK BCIIOMOraTeJIJ>HblM maroJI )l;JIH 06pa30-
BaHHH 6y.n;ymero speMeHH, HO H B KaKOM-TO Mepe COXpaHHJI CBOe MO)l;aJib-
HOe 3Ha'feHHe. rnaron dare (ca. durren) «cMeTJ>» se.n;eT ce6n: Heo.n;H03Ha'fHO:
C O)l;HOH CTOpOHbl, KaK BCe npaBI1JII>Hbie rnarOJibl OH 11MeeT OKOH'faHHe -S B
3-eM JIHU:e e.n;HHCTBeHHoro 'fHCJia 11 -ed s npome.n;meM speMeHH, c .n;pyroii
CTOpOHbl, KaK THIIH'fHbiM MO)l;aJIJ>HbJM rnaron, OH o6pa3yeT BOIIpOCI1TeJib-
HYIO 11 OTpHn;aTeJIJ>HYIO <}lopMbl 6e3 BCIIOMOraTeJibHOfO rnarona do.
§133 HenpasHJIJ>HJ>Je maronJ>r be (ca. been) «6J>ITJ>» H go (ca. goon)
«11)l;TH» COXpaHHIOT cynnJieTHBHYIO CHCTeMy <}lopM. fnarOJI
been coxpaHn:eT o.n;Hy napa.n;HrMy B HacTmnn;eM speMeHH: am, art, is .n;nn
Tpex JII1l( e.n;HHCTBeHHOfO 'fHCJia, been )l;JIH BCex JIHU: MHO)I(eCTBeHIJOrO
'fHCJia. B npome.n;meM BpeMeHH HCIIOJII>3YIOTCH was- weren, BOCXO)l;HII(He
K marony wesan, KOTOpbiM B cpe.n;HeaHrJIHHCKOM 6brJI yTpa4eH. Y rnarona
goon <}lopMa nporne.n;mero speMeHH eode > ca. yede 61>rna 3aMeHeHa <}lop-
MOM nporne.n;mero speMeHH cna6oro marona wenden «noaopa4HBaTJ>, Ha-
npasnn:TJ>CH» - wente.
§13 4 l13MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe CHHTaKCHCa H3biKa cpe.n;Hea~~JIHMCKOfO
nepHo.n;a 3aKJIIO'faroTCH B ycTaHosneHHH 6onee TBep.n;oro no-
pn.n;Ka CJIOB B npe.n;JIO)I(eHHH, 'feM B .n;peBHeaHrJIHHCKOM. IJpH TBep)l;OM llO-
pH.n;Ke enos no.n;ne)l(amee, Bblpa)l(eHHoe cyrn;ecTBHTeJIJ>HJ>IM B o6rn;eM na.n;e-
)l(e, IIOMern;aeTCH nepe.n; CKa3yeMJ>IM, 06hi'fHO B Ha'laJie npe)l;JIO)I(eHHH, a
npHMOe )l;OIIOJII-IeHHe, TaK)I(e Bbipa)l(eHHOe cyrn;eCTBHTeJIJ>HbiM B 06Il(eM na-
)l;e)l(e,- nocne CKa3yeMoro. HanpHMep: smale fowles maken melodye.-
ManJ>Ie IITH'fKH BJ>IBO)l;HT Meno.n;HH. TaKoii nopn.n;oK 'IJieHos npe.n;JIO)I(eHHH
IIOCTeneHHO CTaHOBHTCH rpaMMaTH'IeCKHM cpe.n;CTBOM pa3JIH'feHHH IIO)l;Jie-
)l(aiiJ;ero H npnMoro .n;ononHeHI1H. O.n;HaKo, a TeKcTax cpe.n;HeanmHMCKOro
nepHo.n;a BCTpeqaeTcn: MHoro cnyqaea OTCTynneHHH OT Tsep.n;oro nopn:.n;Ka:
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimage. - Tor.n;a )l(eJiaiOT JIIO)l;H H)l;-
TH B IJaJIOMHH'feCTBO.
124
She hir love him graunted. - 0Ha cso10 JII060BJ> eMy no.n;ap11na.
But certeinly no word ne writeth he - Ho, KOHe'fHO, HH (o.n;Horo) cnoaa
He IIHDieT OH.
My mooder yaf it me- MOH MaTh .n;ana 3TO MHe.
Fortune hath given us this adversitee. - Cy.n;J>6a nocnana HaM 3TY He-
B3ro.n;y.
He shal wei bee oon of the gretest men of my contree.- OH 6y.n;eT, na-
aepHo, 0)1;1-IHM H3 CaMJ>IX BeJIHKHX JIIO)l;eM MOeH CTpaHbl.
Com neer, and taak youre lady by the hond. - llo.n;oii.n;H no6JIH)I(e H
B03bMH CBOIO .n;aMy 3a pyKy.
Wel coude he sitte on hors - Xopowo yMen OH cH.n;eTJ> na KOHe.
Latus see the whiche of hem han spoken most resonably- llocMoTpHM,
KOTOpbre H3 HHX roaopHJII1 pa3yMHeii acero.
I shal it never telle to child ne wyf- .5I HHKor.n;a He cKa)l(y 3Toro HH pe-
6eHKy, HH )l(eHIIJ;HHe.
§135
CnoaapHbiH cocTaB aHrJIHMCKoro H3hiKa cpe.n;uero nepHo.n;a
3Ha'fHTeJIJ>HO H3MeHHJIC.!I BCJie)l;CTBHe MaCCOBhiX <}lpaHU:Y3CKHX
H CKaH)l;HHaBCKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, KOTOpble He TOJihKO 'faCTO BJ>ITeCH.!IJIH
HCKOHHJ>Ie CJIOBa, HO H CIIOC06CTBOBaJIH aKTHBH3aiJ;HH HCKOHHbiX CIIOC0-
60B cnoaoo6pa3oaan11.sr. ' ', , ' ( '1 "' ~ :
~-~~· ., <"
B cpe.n;ueaurnHiicKilli nep11o.n; cytJ.><}lkKChi cyrn:ecTBHTenJ>HJ>IX -er (hunt-
er), -ness (kindness), -ing'(winning) npo.n;on)l(aJIH 6hiTJ> npo.n;yKTHBHhiMH.
AKTHBH3Hpoaanc.sr nonycy<}l<}lHKC -man (gentilman, craftsman). Pe)l(e, HO
npO)l;OJI)I(aJOT HCIIOJib30BaTJ>CH cy<}l<}lHKCbl cyrn;eCTBHTeJihHblX -hood (broth-
erhood), -dom (kingdom), -shipe (lordshipe).
B CHCTeMe np11naraTeJI1>HJ>IX ruHpoKoe npHMeHeHHe uaxo.n;HT cy<}l<}lHK-
CJ>I -y < -i (angry), -ly < -liche < -lie (friendly), -less < -leas (helpless),
-ish < -isc (boyish). AKTHBHO HCIIOJib3YIOTC.!I npe<}lHKCbl mis- (misunder-
stand), un- (unjust).
lli11poKoe pacnpocrpauenHe nonyq11n 6eccy<}lHKcanJ>HhiM cnoco6 o6pa-
30BaHH.!I CJIOB (Ha3biBaeMbiM TaK)I(e KOHBepCHeif), B03HHKliiHH BCJie)l;CTBHe
3BYKOBOf0 TO)I()l;eCTBa KOpHH rnarona H cyrn;eCTBHTeJIJ>HOfO HJIH np11nara-
TeJIJ>HOfO. TaK, OT cyrn:ecTBHTenJ>HOro land «3eMnH, cTpaHa» o6pa3yeTCH to
land «BJ>rca.n;HTJ>C.sr ua 6eper (cyrny)», a OT marona to smile «yn~>r6aTE.C.sr>> o6-
pa3yeTCH HM.!I a smile «ynhr6Ka>>. Ho HeorpaHH'IenuyiO npo.n;yKTHBHOCTb
3TOT cnoco6 CJIOBOOpOH3BO,ll,CTBa OOJIY'fHJI B HOBOaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO)l;.
125
§13 6 Cno~ocJJ~)Kemre
6biJJO __ sechMa npo,n;yKTHBHhiM a cpe,n;HeaH-
rJJHHCKHH nepHO,LI. IlyTeM CJIO)KeHH.H OCHOB MOrJJH 6hiTh o6pa-
30BaHbl HOBbie cyw;ecTBHTeJihHhie (nma table + cloth > tablecloth «CKa-
TepTh», after+ noon> afternoon «BpeM.H nocne nony,n;HH», brek(en) +fast
> breakfast «3asTpaK»), MeCTOHMeHHH (nma every+thing > everything
«see», som(e) + body > somebody «KTO-To») H HapeiJHH (all + re(a)dy >
already «y)Ke», meen+whil(e) >meanwhile «TeM speMeHeM», before+ hand
> beforehand «3apaHee»).
§13 7 H3biKe
CKaH.n;HHaBCKHe 3aH~CTBOBaHHH ocTaBHJJH 3aMenibiH cne.n; a
cpe,n;HeaHrnHHCKoro nepHo,n;a. B pa3rosopny1o pe'Ih
CKaH,n;HHascKHe cnosa HaiJaJJH npoHHKaTh y)Ke a IX a. K HaH6onee pammM
3aHMCTBOBaHH.HM OTHOCHTCH:
CK. lagu > .n;a. la3u > ca. lawe > Jia. law «3aKOH»,
CK. hus-bondi > .n;a. hiis-bonda > ca. husbonde > Ha. husband «X03HHH
,n;oMa, MY)K»,
CK. kalla > .n;a. ceallian > ca. callen > na. call «3BaTh>>,
CK. taka > .n;a. tacan > ca. taken > na. take «6paTh>>.
IJo CBOeMy JieKCHKO-rpaMMaTH'!eCKOMy COCTaBy CKaH,LIHHaBCKHe CJJOBa
BXO,LI.HT B pa3JJH'!Hhle IJaCTH pe'IH.
Cyw;ecTBHTenbl-Ihie: ca. skye < cK. sky <<He6m> (Ha. sky),
ca. fellawe < CK. felagi «TosapHIIJ.>> (na. fellow),
ca. leg < CK. leggr <<Hora>> (Ha. leg),
ca. windowe < CK. vindauga «OKHO>> (Ha. window),
ca. egg < CK. egg «HHI.J.O>> (na. egg),
ca. sete < CK. sreti «MecTO>> (Ha. seat).
IlpHimraTeJJhHbie:ca. low< CK. lagr «HH3KHH>> (na. low),
ca. ill < CK. illr <<nJJOXOH>> (Ha. ill),
ca. wrong < CK. wrangr «HenpaBHJJhHhiH>> (na. wrong),
ca. ugly < CK. uggligr «CTpaiiiHhiH>> (1m. ugly).
fnaroJJhi: ca. casten < CK. kasta «6pocaTh>> (na. cast),
ca. liften < CK. lypta «no,n;HHMan>> (Ha. lift),
ca. dien/deyen < CK. deyia «YMHpaTh>> (Ha. die).
B anmHHCKOM .H3hiKe TOro nepHo,n;a yTsep,n;HJIHCb TaK)Ke 3aHMCTBO-
saHHhie H3 CKaH,LIHHaBCKOrO na,n;e)KHbie <}lopMbl JIH'IHOrO MeCTOHMeHH.H
3-ro JJHI.J,a MHO)KeCTBeHHoro '!Hcna: they< peir «OHM», their< peirra (po.n;. n.),
them< peim (.n;aT. n.).
126
finaro,n;ap.H CKaH,LIHHaBCKHM 3aHMCTBOBaHH.HM B .H3biKe llO.HBHJII1Ch
§13 8 TaK Ha3b!BaeMhie 3TI1MOJIOrl1'leCKHe ,n;y6JieThl, T.e. CJIOBa, npOHC-
XO,LI.HIIJ.He H3 O,LIHOrO HCTO'!IrnKa, HO DODaBIIIHe B .H3hiK pa3JIH'!HhiMH nyTHMI1
H pa3JJH'laiOII.J,I1eCH no cseMy 3B)'KOBOMY cocTasy H 3Ha'leHHJO. HanpHMep:
na. skirt «ro6Ka» < CK. skyrte «.LIJJHHHa.H py6aiiiKa»
na. shirt «py6aiiiKa» < .n;a. scyrte «.LIJII1HHas py6aiiiKa»
Ha. raise «DO,LIHHMaTh» < CK. reisa «TIO,LIHI1MaTb»
Ha. rear «TIO,LIHHMaTh, BbipaW:11BaTb)) < ,n;a. rreran «llO,LIHHMaTb,
BbipaiiJ.HBaTh».
Ha3BaHI1H pH.n;a aHrJJHHCKHX noceneHHH yKa3hiBaroT Ha wx cKaH,n;I1HaB-
cKoe npOHCXO)K,LieHHe:
by< CK. byr «.n;epeBHH» (Derby, Whitby- ropo,n;a B BOCTO'IHOH AHfJIH11),
thorp< cK. porp «.n;epesyiiiKa» (Althorp),
beck< CK. bekkr «pyqei:f:» (Troutbeck).
3aHMCTBOBaHH.H 113 <}lpaHI.J,Y3CKOrO .H3hiKa, npO,LIOJIJKaBIIIHeCH B
§13 9 TeiJeHHe XII-XIV as., nonoJJHHJIH neKCHKY aHmi1HCKoro H3hi-
Ka p.H,LIOM HOBbiX, ,LIOTOJie Hei13BeCTHhlX llOH.HTHH.
3TO npe)K,Lie scero ll0H51TH51 H TepM11Hhl, CB.H3aHHbie c:
a) rocy.n;apcTBeHHhiM ynpasneHI1eM 11 cy.n;onpoH3BO.LICTBOM: govern-
ment, parliament, state, country, power, people, judge, justice,
court, crime, prison;
6) HOBblMH OTHOIIIeHI1HMH Me)K,[l;y <}leo,n;aJJaMI1 H KpeCTb.HHaMH: manor
«noMeCThe», villain «6aTpaK, KpenocTHOH», peasant «KpecTh51-
HHH», baron «6apom>, duke «repi.J,on>;
a) soeHHbiM .n;enoM: army, battle, war, victory, peace, officer, captain,
lieutenant, general;
r) penHrweH:: religion, sermon, prayer, saint;
,n;) IIIKOJibHbiM o6yqeHHeM, HayKOH, HCKYCCTBOM: lesson, pen, pencil,
pupil, science, art, colour, music, image;
e) ToprosneH: H peMecnaMH: fair «HpMapKa», market, money, painter,
carpenter, tailor;
e) npe,n;MeTaMH 6blTa H pa3BJie'leHHHMH: table, chair, dinner, SUpper,
feast, pleasure, leisure;
)K) nosce.n;HeBHOR )K113HbJO: air, place, age, face, large, river.
Enaro.n;apH 3aHMCTBosaHHHM npOH30IIIJIO pa3Me)Kesanwe Ha3saHHH .n;o-
MaiiiHHX )KHBOTHbiX 11 M.HCa 3THX )KI1BOTHhlX 11Jll1 6JIJO.ll., np11rOTOBJJeHHhiX
127
H3 Hero: ox, cow - beef «rosH,n;HI-Ia», calf- veal «TenHTHHa», sheep -
mutton «6apaHHHa», swine, pig -pork «CBHHH.Ha».
Enaro,n;apH 3aHMCTBOBaHHHM 3aMeTHO nononHHnCH HHBeHTapr, cnoso-
o6pa3osaTenhHhiX a<lJqlHKCOB, KOTOphie MOfJIH npHCOe,IJ;HHHThCH KaK K
aurnHHCKHM, TaK H K <lJpaHIJ,Y3CKHM OCHOBaM, HanpH.Mep: -able (eatable,
readable, unbearable), -ment (agreement, movement), -ance (entrance,
hindrance); re- (reread, renew), en- (enrich, entrust) .
MHOfHe 3aHMCTBOBaHHH BMeCTe CHCKOHHblMH CnOBaMH COCTaBH.nH pH-
,ll;bi 3THMonorw-IeCKHX ,n;y6neToB TRna: yard - garden, ward- guard, fa-
therly - paternal 11n11 neKCH'-IeCKHX cynnneTHBOB THna: sun - solar,
mouth - oral, eye - ocular 11 no,n;.
Cne,n;yeT OTMeTiub H BnHHHHe <lJpaHUY3CKHX 3aHMCTBOBaHHH Ha 3BYKO-
syiO CTPYKTYPY aHrnHHCKHX enos, oco6eHHO Ha xapaKTep cnoBecHoro
y,n;apeHHH.
HoBbiH nepno)J;
§14Q HoBbiH nep11o,n; B HCTOPHH aHrnHHCKOro H3hiKa Ha'lancH : 3Ha-
'IHTenr,Horo npeo6pa30BaHH.H 3BYKOBOfO COCTaBa aHfJIHHCKHX
cnoB 11 cnoco6os HX rpa<lJR'lecKoro oTo6pa)l(eHHH. CaMhiM cymecTBeHHhiM
H3MeHeHHeM 3TOfO nnaHa 6bin TaK Ha3biBaeMbiH «BenHKHH C,ll;BH.f rnac-
HbiX», Bpe3ynbTaTe KOToporo Bee ,n;onrwe rnaCHbie no,n;seprnHCh cy)l(eHHIO
HnH ,n;R<lJToHrl13aUHH. C,n;BHr npoxo,n;wn BnepH.o,n; Me)l(,n;y XIV-XVI BB., xo-
TH oT,n;eJibHbie H3MeHeHHH MOrnH H.MeTh MecTo H B XVII B. CxeMani'leCKH
H3MeHeHHH llO C,ll;BHry MO)l(l-10 H306pa3HTh TaK:
[a:] > [ei] name [na:m] >name [neim], take [ta:k] >take [teik]
[i:] > [ai] my [mi:] >my [mai], five [fi:v] >five [faiv]
[u:] > [au] out [u:t] >out [aut], now [nu:] >now [nau]
Oco6biH cnyqaif: [u:] He ,n;H<lJTOHrH3Hposanocr, nepe,n; ry6HhiMH [p] H
[m]. HanpHMep: ca. stoupen >stoop [stu:p] <<Ham6aTbCH», ca. roum >room
[ru:m] «KOMHaTa».
0TKphiTbiH [::>:] > [o:] >[ou] ston/stone [sto:n] >stone [stoun], boot [bo:t] >
boat [bout]
[e:] > [i:] we [we:] >we [wi:], feele [fe:l] >feel [fi:l]
OTKpbiTbiH [E :] > [e:] > [i:] see [sr:] >sea [se:] > [si:]
[o:] > [u:] cool [ko:l] >cool [ku:l], doo(n) [do:(n)] >do [du:].
128
Oco6bJe CJiy'laH
141 cne,n;oBan
BnHHHHe nocne,n;yiO~ero[r]. EcnH s cnose 3a ,n;onrHM rnacHhiM
§ cornacHhiH [r), TO pe3yni>TaT c,n;swra oKa3biBancH
HHbiM: BMeCTO ,n;onrorO MOHO<lJTOHra llOHBnHnCH ,D;H<lJTOHf C [;:)] < [r), a BMe-
CTO ,D;H<lJTOHfa- TpH<lJTOHf C [;:)) < [r):
ca. care [ka:r;:)) > [kE:r)> Ha. [kE;:)) <<3a6oTa»
ca. poor [po:r) > [pu:r) > Ha. [pu;:)) «6e,n;HbiH»
ca. clear [klE:r) > [kli:r) > Ha. [kli~] «'IHCTI>Iib>
ca. fir [fi:r) > [fair) > Ha. [fai;:)) «OrOHI>»
ca. our [u:r) > [aur) > Ha. [au;)) «Ham».
142 Pa3BHTHe BCTaBO'IHbiX 3BYKOB Ha6niO,n;anocb B cne,n;yiOIUHX
§ cny'laHx:
3syK [o) pa3BHBancH B cnosax morwe «yTpo», narwe «y3KHH», sparwe
«sopo6eii» Me)l(,n;y [r) 11 [w) nocne oma,n;eHHH cna6oy,n;apHoro [;:)]. TaK no-
HBHnHCb Ha. morrow, narrow, sparrow.
3syK [w) pa3BHBancSJ nepe,n; na6HanH30BaHHbiM ,n;onrHM [u:) Bcnosax one
11 once. Cp.: ,n;a. an [a:n) > ca. oon [:m) > [o:n) > :na. [u:n) (XVI-XVII BB.) >
(wu:n) > (wun) >one (wAn]. CJIOBO once BOCXO,ll;HT K<lJopMe pO,D;HTeJihHOfO
na,n;e)l(a 'lHCnRTeni>:noro an: anes.
143 Pa3BHTHe rnac:nbiX B :ney,n;a.~HhiX KOHe'IHI>IX cnorax Bbipa)l(a-
§ noch s HX pe,n;yKUHH, npH'IeM rnac:nbie nepe,n;nero pH,n;a [a, e)
nepexo,n;HJIH s [i), HanpHMep: village, knowledge; a rnacHbie 3a,n;nero pH,n;a
[o, u) nepexo,n;HnH s [;:)): opinion, colour [kulu:r > kAl~).
CoKpameune )J;OJirnx rJiaCHbJX (u:} n (r:}
144 ,[I.OJifHH rnaCHbiH (u:) COKpaiiJ,anCSJ nepe,n; 3ByKaMH (v), (d) H(5),
§ a llOTOM nepeXO,ll;HJl B (A):
blood ca. [blo:d) > na. [blu:d) > [blud) > [blAd]
glove ca. [glo:v) > Ha. [glu:v) > [gluv) > [glAv)
mother ca. [mo:o;:)r) > :na. [mu:5~r) > [muo;:)r) > [mA5;:)(r)).
BTopoe coKpame:nHe [u:) npOH30illJIO nepe,n; cornacui>IM [k) H OT'laCTH
[t), [d):
book ca. [bo:k) > na. [bu:k) > [buk)
foot ca. [fo:t) > :na. [fu:t) > [fut)
good ca. [go:d) > :na. [gu:d) > [gud).
129
 ilOCJie)J,HHe CJIY'IaH He HOCHT CHCTeMHOrO xapaKTepa, nOCKOJibKY B,[J,py-
rHX CJIOBaX BaHaJIOrHYHhiX n03HQHHX )J,OJifHH [u:] COXpaHHeTCH: root [ru:t],
food [fu:d].
):(onrHH: OTKpbiThiH [£:] npoHBJIHJI ce6H rro-pa3HOMy. B O)J,HHX cnyYaHx
3TOT rJiaCHhiH H3MeHHJICH no CXeMe [E:] > [e: ] > [e) nepe)J, 3ByKaMH (t], [d),
[9], HanpHMep: ca. deed [d£:d] > Ha. dead [ded], ca. breeth [br£:9] > Ha.
breath [breS], ca. let(en) [l£:t(~n)] > Ha. let [let]. B ,[J,pymx cnylfaHx- no
cxeMe [E:] > [e:] > [ i:]: ca. reden [r£:d~n] > Ha. read [re:d] > [ri:d], ca. heeth
[h£:9] > Ha. heath [he:S] > [hi:S].
06pa3osauue HOBbiX )lOJirux r JiacubtX cJ>oueM
§145 CHcTeMa )J,OJirHx rnaCHhiX rrorroJIHHJiach HOBbiMH )J,OJirHMH
<PoHeMaMH [a:], [:-,:] [~:].
):(onraH [a:] B03HHKJia 113: [a] rrepe)J, [r] HmyxHMH IQeneBhiMH [f], [s], [9],
HanpHMep: part [pa:t], after [a:ft~]. glass [gla:s], path [pa:S], a TaK)!(e: [a] rre-
pe)J, [lm], [lf], HarrpHMep: calm [ka:m], half [ha:f].
<l>OHeMa (:>:] HMeJia HeCKOJihKO HCTOlJHHKOB B03HHKHOBeHHH:
1. [:>:] < [:>] rrepe)J, r (pe3ynhTaT BoKaJIH3aQHH): port [p:-,:t], lord [b:d];
2. [:>:] <[au]: law [lau] > [b:], cause [kauz] > [b:z];
3. [:>:] < [au] <[a] rrepe)J, l + cornaCHhiH HJIH l B KOHQe cnoBa: salt [sault] >
[s:>:lt], all [aul] > [:>:1], talk [tau(l)k] > [t:>:k];
4. [:>:]<[au]< [ou] < [:-,] Hepe)J, -ght [xt]: ca. boghte [b:>xt~] > boughte [bou(x)
t~] > Ha. bought [baut] > [b:>:t] «KYIIHJI».
):(onraH [~:] pa3BHBaJiaCh B pe3yJihTaTe BOKaJIH3aQHH (r] IIOCJie rnaCHbiX
[i], [e], [u]: bird ca. [bird] > Ha. [b~:d], fur ca. [fur] > Ha.[f~:], service ca.
[ser'vis] > Ha. ['s~:vis].
§146 6hiJIH
il3MeHeHHH KpaTKHX rnaCHhiX B <PoHeTHKe HOBOrO nepHO)J,a
He CTOJih 3HalJHTeJihHhi:
[a]> [re]: cat ca. [kat] > Ha. [kret], land ca. [land] > I-Ja. [lrend];
[a] > [:>] nOCJie 3ByKa [w], KOTOpbiH Ha IIHChMe MOr H306pa)!(aTbCH 6yK-
BaMH w, wh, qu: was [was]> [wn], what [hwat/wat] > [w:>t/hw:>t], quantity
(kw:>ntiti]. 3ByK (a] pa3BHBaJICH HHalJe B CJIOBaX wag [wreg] «BHJIHTh (XBO-
CTOM)», wax [wreks] «BOCK», quagmire [kwregmai~] «6onoTo».
[u] >[A]: run ca. [run]> Ha. [rAn], come ca. [kum] > Ha. [kAm], young ca.
[juiJ] > Ha. [jAl)]. Cp. TaK)!(e Bhiiiie)J,aHHhie cnylfaH THrra blood [blud] >
[blAd], glove [gluv] > [glAv].
130
IlpHMeYaHHe: MHOrHe cnoBa, HaYHHai-OIQHeCH c ry6Horo cornacHoro,
coxpaHHI-OT [u]: full, pull, bull, push, bush, put (vs. but, fun, bun).
147 (er] nepeXO)J,HT B (ar] C IIOCJie)J,yJOm:eJl: BOKallH3aQHeH (r], T.e.
§ [er] > [ar] >[a:]: ca. sterre [sterr~] > Ha. star [sta:], ca. ferre [ferr~] >
Ha. far [fa:], ca. herte [bert~] > Ha. heart [ha:t]. B HarrHcaHHH cnoBa heart
«cep.[(u;e» 6hma coxpaHeHa H 6yKBa «e» H 6hma BBe)J,eHa «a» )J,JIH oTpa)l(e-
HHH H3MeHeHHH 3ByKa.
~yrue cJ>oueTuqecKue HBJieuuH
B CHCTeMe rJiaCHbiX HOBOfO nepHO)l3
§14 8 l13MeHeHiiH cpe)J,HeaHfJIHHCKHX )J,H<PTOHfOB:
)J,H<PToHr [ai] qepe3 pH.[( nocne)J,osaTeJihHhiX H3MeHeHHH nepe-
xo)J,HT B [ei]. HanpHMep: )J,a. dre3 [drei] «)J,eHh» rrepexo)J,HT B ca. dai [dai] H
3aTeM- B Ha. day [dei].
)J,H<PTOHr [eu] qepe3 cTa)J,HH [iu] H [iu:] rrepexo)J,HT B [ju:]. HanpHMep: ca.
knew [kneu] > [kniu] > Ha. [(k)niu:] > [nju:] «3Ham>; ca. new [neu] > [niu] >
Ha. [niu:] > [nju:] «HOBhiH».
HJMeueuuH B cucTeMe cor JiaCHbiX
uosoro nepuo)la
149 B <PoHeTHlfeCKOH cHcTeMe HOBOro nepHo)J,a rnyxHe IQeneBhie
§ (f, 9), a<P<PpHKaTa (!f) H COlfeTaHHe (ks) BHey)J,apHOM IIOJlO)!(e-
S,
HHH cTaHOBHTCH 3BOHKHMH. B pe3ynhTaTe noro:
[f] > [v]: captif> captive, motif> motive. 06hiYHO 6e3y.[(apHhiH rrpe)J,nor
of rrpeBpaTHJICH B [~v], coxpaHHB npe)!(Hee HarrHcaHHe;
[s] > [z]: was [was] > [wn], foxes [foksis] > [foksiz];
[S] > [6]: the [Se] > [5~], this [Sis]> [5is], with [wiS] > [wio];
[!f) > [Q3]: ca. knowleche > Ha. knowledge [mliQ3], Greenwich [griniQ3];
[ks] > [gz]: exist [ig'zist], exam [ig'zrem], exhibit [ig'zibit] vs. exhibition
[eksi'bifn].
15Q YnpoiQeHHe rpynn cornaCHhiX 3aTpoHyno coYeTaHHH cornac-
§ HhiX Bpa3JlHYHOM IIOJlO)!(eHHH B CJIOBaX:
[mb] H [mn] yTpaYHBai-OT KOHelfHhie [b] H [n]: lamb [hem], bomb [b:>m],
comb [koum], autumn [:>:t~m], column [bl~m];
131
 CoqeraHHH [stl], [stn], [skl], [ftn] yrpa'IHBaiOT cpe,li,HHH comacHorH:: ca.
whistlen [hwistl::m] > Ha. whistle [wisl], ca. listnen [listn~n] > Ha. listen [lisn],
ca. muscle [muskl] > Ha. muscle [mAsl], ca. often [:>ft~n] > Ha. often [:>fn].
Co'IeTaHHH [kn], [gn], [wr] yrpa'IHBaiOT Ha'IaJJbHhiH cornacHbiH: ca.
knowen [knou~n] > Ha. know [nou], ca. gnat [gnat] > Ha. [met], ca. wrong
[wr:>IJ] > Ha. wrong [r:>IJ].
§151 06pa30BaHHe HOBbiX IUHllHII.J;I-fX HBHJlOCb CJle)J,CTBHeM aCCHMH-
JlHQHH anoseonHpHbiX comacHoiX [t], [d], [s] H [z] c nocne,ll,yro-
IUHM [j] B Hey,ll,apHOM nono){(eHHH. Anoseon»pHore CMbi'IHore s pe3ynorare
aCCHMHJJHUHH npesparuaJJHCb B a<P<l>pHKaTol, aJibBeOJJHpHoie rueneBoie -
B IIIHn»ruHe. HanpHMep:
ca. nature [na'tju:r] > 1-ra. nature ['nei!f~] «npHpo,ll,a»,
ca. souldiour [soul' djur] > Ha. soldier ['soulQ3;)] «con)l,an>,
ca. conscience [konsj'ens] > Ha. conscience ['bnf~ns] «cosecro»,
ca. plesure [ple'zju:r] > Ha. pleasure ['ple3~] «y,li,OBOJibCTBHe».
§152
BoKaJIH3aQHH [r], T.e. nepexo)J, comacHoro s macHbiH, npoHc-
XO)J,Hna B XVII-XVIII BB., Bbi3orBaH JIH6o y,li,JJHHeHHe rnacHoix
(bark [bark] > [ba:k] «JJaHTh», port [port] > [p:>:t] «nopn>, fur [fur] > [fd:]
«Mex»), JIH6o HX ,li,H<l>ToHrH3aQHIO (care [kc:r] > [ked] «3a6ora», beer [be:r] >
(bi:r] > (bid] «llHBO»).
llJMeuenuH B rpaMMaTuqecKoM CTpoe uoooro nepuo)J,a
§153 il3MeHeHHH B CHCTeMe HMeHH 6hiJIH cpaBHHTeJioHO He60JiblllHMH.
0HH 3aKJJIO'IaJIHCh B YHH<l>HKaUHH o6pa3osaHHH <PopM MHO){(e-
craeHHOro 'IHCJJa cyrueCTBHTeJJbHbiX C nOMOIIIblO cy<P<l>HKCa -eS, KOTOpoiH
CTaJJ 3BY'.JaTb KaK (iz] HJIH (dz] H ynoTPe6JJHJlCH nocne lllHllHII1l1X H CBHCTHIIIHX
3BYKOB (boxes, villages, branches). IIocne macuorx, cMoi'IHorx 3BOHKHX H co-
uopHorx cornacHbrx ynoTPe6JIHJIHCH aapHaHT [z] (toys, bells, dogs). 0Ka3oiBaHco
p»,li,OM c rnyxHM cornacHbiM, [z] ornyiiiancH (books, maps, boots). Ho HeKoro-
pore HMeHa COXpaHHJlH nepe){(HTO'IHI>Ie <l>opMbi MHO){(eCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJla (TH-
na: man - men, foot- feet, tooth -teeth). <l>opMa npHTH){(aTeJioHoro na)J,e-
){(a C cy<l><l>HKCOM -es, BOCXO)J,Hll1HH K npe){(HeH <PopMe pO,li,HTeJIMIOfO na)J,e){(a
cyruecrBHTeJibHorx MY){(CKoro H cpe,li,Hero po)J,a ocHos na -a, nononH»ercH no-
Ka3areneM npHHa)J,JJe)((HOCTH -S H3 <PoneTH'IeCKH ynpOCTHBlllefOCH npHTH){(a-
TeJlbHOfO MeCTOHMeHHH, T.e. his > is > S(THna Arthur his men= Arthur's men).
3uaK anocrpo<Pa ' cran npHMeHHTbCH c KOHQa XVIII B. IIocKOJioKy cy<l><l>HKC
132
MHO){(eCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJJa H cy<l><l>HKC npHHa)J,Jle){(HOCTH COBna)J,aJJH B3BYKOBOM
OTHOllleHHH, 3Ha'IeHHe npHHa)J,JJe){(HOCTH B <PopMaX MHO){(eCTBeiiiiOrO 'IHCJJa
cranH nepe,ll,aaaro 3HaKOM anocrpo<Pa '.
§15 4
B CHCTeMe JlH'IHbiX MeCTOHMeHHH OTMetiaeTCH COCYIQCC'rBOliO-
HHe <PopM ye H you BMeCTO thou, HO 3aKpenJIHeTCH you I<UK
e,li,HHCTBeHHaH, ynorpe6HrenoHaH B nHreparypHoM CTHne. MecTOHMCIIIIe
cpe,li,Hero po,ll,a hit- oHo nepelllno B it, oT Hero no3)J,Hee o6pa3oaanncb
<PopMa npHUDKaTeJlbHOfO na)J,e){(a its, BbiTeCHHB npe){(HIOIO <PopMy CpCJ~
Hero po,ll,a his. CKaH,li,HHascKaH <PopMa ,ll,aTeJioHoro na,ll,e){(a them- HM But·
TecmfJla HCKOHHYIO <PopMy hem. Ho B ycetieHHOM BH,ll,e em oHa npo.D;OJJ)f(n·
na Hcnono3osaTbCH, a KaK noKa3aTeno pa3rosopr-wro CTHJIH s o6opoTax
THna cut'em, tell'em acTpeqaeTCH H cero.D;HH.
§155
CHcTeMa rna ron~ no,ll,seprnaco caM hiM 3IIa'IHTeJJhHhiM H3MC-
HeHHHM B HOBbiH nepHO)J,. fipOH30lllJ10 ll04Tl1 llOJlHOe pa3py
llleHHe CHCTeMbl CHJibHbiX rnarOJJOB H nepeXO)J, MIIOfHX CHJlbl-IbiX rnarOJlOII
B cna6ore (a qacTHOCTH: grip «xaaraTb», lie «nraTb», help «noMoraTh»,
wash «MhiTh», walk «rymno»).
Mop<PonorH'IecKaH CTPYKTypa CHJJoHbiX rna r onoa ynpocTHnact •.
Bcne,IJ;CTBHe aorpaaHHBaHHH ornacoBKH nporne,IJ;IUero apeMeHH no rnacuo -
MY ,ll,pyrHx <PopM, OT ,li,Byx <PopM nporue,ll,wero apCMCIIH e,IJ;HHCTBeHHoro u
MHO){(eCTBCHI-IOTO 'IHCJ1a OCTaeTCH O,li,Ha - o6IQ£UI JIJHI e)J,HHCTBeHHOrO II
MHO){(eCTBeHHOfO 'IHCJJa npoiUe)J,IUero apeMCIH1 . ('paBHeHHe OCHOBII hi X
<PopM rnaronoa no nepHO)J,aM no3BOJIHeT Bhi,li,CJIIn" TPH B03MO){(HbiX CJJY
tiaH BbipaBHHBaHHH <PopM, KOTOpore, O)J,HaKO, IIIIKIIK IIC CBH3aHhi C npHIIII J ~
ne){(HOCThiO rnarona K onpe,ll,eneHHOMY Knaccy:
I. ca. risen «BCTaaaTb»- (ros - t risen)- risen I llll. rise - rose- risen :
BbipaBHHBaHHC npOHCXO)J,HJIO llO <PopMe C)llllll' lllCIIHOfO 'IHCJJa, B )~1111 •
HOM cnyqae oHa oKa3biaaeTCH ae,ll,ylll.eii. TnK MOI'JJ H H3MeHHTbCH llt.'Kil
TOpore rnaronoi I H III Knaccoa.
2.ca. binden «CBH3orBaTh» - (bond+-- bouallkll) bounden I Ha. bind
bound- bound: ae.D;yrueH: oKa3biBaercll •IHlJIMII npowe,ll,wero speMr'.' ''
MHO){(eCTBeHHoro 'IHCJJa y HeKOTOpblX t JIII tllHOB onHTh ){(e I, Ill 11
V KJJaCCOB.
3. ca. stelen «KpacTb» - (stal - stelen) .-. ,o;tolrn I ua. steal- stole "tio·
len: ae,ll,yrueH: oKa3hraaeTCH <PopMa np"'"" 11 111 II p».D;a rnaronnn II 11
IV Knaccoa.
133
 dog- canine. 3TO liBJieHHe HOCHT Ha3BaHHe JieKCH'IeCKOH CyiiiiJieTHBHO-
KaK HCKJUO'IeHHe, OTMe'IaeTc» BhipaBHHBaHHe <PopMhi npH'IaCTH» II no
CTH H npe~CTaBJilleTC.H He~OCTaTO'IHO HCCJie~OBaHHhlM C TO'iKH 3peHH5l OT-
<PopMe nporne~rnero apeMeHH HeKOTOphiX maronoa. HanpHMep, Ha. sit
«CH~eTh» - sat -... sat (ca. seten), stand «CTO»Th» - stood -... stood (ca. HOllieHHH CHHXpOI-IHOH IIpOH3BO~HOCTH.
KonoHHanhHall nonHTHKa AI-IrnHH H 3HaKOMCTBO aHrJIH'IaH c MHO)f(e-
standen), hold «~ep)f(aTh»- held-... held (ca. holden). Bee 3TH cnyqaH ro-
aop»T o pacna~e rnaronoa c qepe~oaaHH.HMH KaK CHCTeMhr.
CTBOM pa3JIH'IHbiX HOBhiX ~JI.H HHX npe~MeTOB H IIOH.HTHH B ~aJibHHX CTpa-

§15 6
HaX npHBeJIH K 3lla'IHTeJibHOMY IIOIIOJIHeHHlO JieKCHKH HOBhiMH CJIOBaMH (B
B rrpoTHBOIIOJIO)f(HOCTh HM maroJihi c cy<l><l>HKcauHew BhiCTy-
'IaCTHOCTH: potato, tomato, kangaroo). llpH 3TOM ~OCTaTO'IHO aKTHBHO HC-
rraiOT KaK 3JieMeHThl Ka'IeCTBeHHO HOBOH CHCTeMbl .H3hiKa, r~e
IIOJlb3YlOTC.H HCKOHHble cpe~cTBa CJIOB006pa30BaHHll: a<P<l>HKCaUH.H, CJIO-
rnarOJihl ~eJI.HTC.H Ha npaBHJihHbie H HenpaBHJihHbie. K rrepBbiM OTHOC.HTC.H
BOCJIO)f(eHHe, KOHBepCHll (6eccy<l><l>HKCaJibHOe CJIOB006pa30BaHHe) H a6-
ace rnaron&I, o6pa3yiOmHe CBOH <PopMhi no orrpe~eneHHOMy cTaH~apTy
6peBHai.(Hll.
(no npaBHny). fpynrra nerrpaBHJihHhiX rnaronoa BKJIIO'IaeT B ce6» 6hiBlliHe
llpe~CTaBJieHHbie MaTepHaJibl II03BOJI5llOT OTMeTHTb, KaK aHrJIHHCKHH
CHJihHhie rnaronhi (sing - sang - sung, let - let - let, bite - bit -
ll3hiK H3MeiUIJIC.H Ha npOT.H)f(eHHH CBOeH HCTOpHH. 3aMeTHee BCero OH 113-
bitten) 11 Te cna6hie rnaronhi, y KOTOphiX <PopMhi nporne~rnero apeMeHH 11
MeHHJICll B nnaHe caoew CTpyKTYPhl H THIIOJIOrHH. On YTPaTHJI OCHOBHbie
npH'IaCTH» II o6pa3yiOTC» uecTaH~apTHbiM nyTeM (THna keep - kept-
npH3HaKH .H3hiKa <PneKTHBHO-CHHTeTH'IeCKOrO T HIIa, KaKHM OH 6biJI B ~peB­
kept, feed - fed - fed, send - sent - sent, cost - cost - cost).
HeaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO.!l,, H pa3BHJI see npH3HaKH arrniOTHHaTHBHO-aHaJIH-
TH'IeCKOrO THIIa C OTCYTCTBHeM COrJiaCOBaHH5l H TBep~biM IIOpli~KOM CJIOB
Pa3BHTHe cJJooapuoro cocTaoa B npe~JIO)f(eHHH . I13MeHeHH.H , npOHCllie~rnHe B 3BYKOBOM COCTaBe ll3biKa,
8 HOBOaHI'JlHHCKHH nepHOA oco6eHHO B HOBOaHrJIHHCKHH nepHO~, He IIOJIY'IHJIH a~eKBaTHOrO OTpa)f(e-
HH.H B ero IIHCbMeHHOH <PopMe, II03TOMY cymeCTBYIOIUaR op<Porpa<l>Hll HO-
co3~aeT 6onbUIHe TPY~HOCTH ~Jill ycaoe-
§157 I13MeHeHH.H B CJIOBapHOM COCTaBe aHrJIHHCKOrO .H3hiKa HOBOrO
rrepHO~a 6biJIH nerrocpe~CTBeHHO CB.H3aHbl C pa3BHTI1eM KaiiH-
CHT HCTOpH'IeCKHH xapaKTep H
HHR. Enaro~ap.H HHTeHCHBHOMY 3aHMCTBOBaHHlO HHOH3bl'IHblX CJIOB, o6pa-
TaJIHCTH'IeCKI1X npOH3BO~CTBeHJ-IhiX OTHOllieHHH B CTpaHe, B03HI1KHOBe- 30BaHHblX pa3JIH'IHbJMH cpe~CTBaMH CJIOB006pa30BaHHH, B JieKCHKe
HHeM pa6oqero Knacca H ero 6opb6ow 3a ~eMoKpaTH'IeCKHe npaaa. aHrJIHHCKOrO H3blKa TaK)f(e npOH30lliJIH onpe~eJieHHbie H3MeHeHHR CH-
llO.HBI1JIOCh 60JiblliOe 'IHCJIO CJIOB, OTpa)f(alOli.(HX HOBbie peaJIHH, HanpH- CTeMHOrO xapaKTepa: IIOHBHJIHCb MO~eJIH CJIOB006pa30BaHHH C IIO~BH)f(­
Mep: working class, capitalist, republic, democracy, chartist movement, HbiM y~apeHHeM, a 6e3a<l><l>HKCaJibHall TpaHCII03HUH.H npH06pena HeOrpa-
trade union. Pa3BHTHe nayKH H np0113BO~CTBa 3Ha'IHTenbHO nononHHJIH HH'IeHHYIO npo~yKTHBHOCTb.
neKCHKY HOBhlMH CJIOBaMH, HaiipHMep: boiler «napOBOH KOTeJI», steamboat, Pa3BHTI1e np0113BOtJ.CTBeHHOH 11 BCHKOH HHOH ~eliTenhHOCTH aHn111H-
steamer «napoxo~». steam-engine «napoao3». Ha ocnoae rpeqecKHX H na- CKoro Hapo~a H pacnpocTpaHeHHe aHrnHHCKoro .H3hiKa 3a npe~enhi AHrnHH
THHCKHX KOpHeH C03~aBaJIHCb HOBbie TepMHHhl (atom, molecule) 11 Ha3Ba- CIIOC06CTBOBaJIH riHTepHaU110HaJIH3aUHH anrni1HCKOH neKCHKI1 qepe3 ee
JIH.H XHMH'IeCKHX 3JieMeHTOB, Bell.(eCTB, HOBhiX npe~MeTOB (oxygen, aKTHBHOe 3aHMCTBOBaHI1e ~pyr11MH ll3biKaMH 11 Hapo~aMH, 'ITO, Hapli~Y C
hydrogen, electricity, telegraph). ~pyrHMH <PaKTOpaMH, orrpe~eJIHJIO CTaTyC aHrJIHHCKOrO H3hiKa KaK rJI0-

§15 8 j:(JI.H JieKCI1KH aHrJIHHCKOrO .H3hiKa HOBOrO rrepHO~a xapaKTep-

HO IIO.HBJieHHe nap CJIOB, KaK npaBHJIO, cymeCTBHTeJibHhiX H
6aJibHOrO H3biKa B COBpeMeHHOM MHpe.

npHnaraTeJihHhiX, TeCHO CB.H3aHHhiX CeMaHTHqecKH, HO He HMelOIU11X <Pop-

MaJibHOrO cxo~CTBa. CymecTBHTenhHOe o6hi'IHO HCKOHHO aHrnHHCKoe,
CB.H3aHHOe C I-111M IIO CMhlCJIY npHnaraTeJibHOe <l>paHUY3CKOrO HJIH Heona-
THHCKOrO npoHCXO)f(~eHH.H: year- annual, town- urban, son- filial,

134
 IJopH~OK CJlOB
TIPE~METHbiH YKA3ATEJih 3syKOBbie H3MeHeHHH COrJlaCHblX
o6paTHbiH 94, 96
~a. nepHo~a 43, 44, 45
(Qu«i>phl o6oJuaiJaiOT naparpa4>hl B npuJio:iKeuuu) ca. nepHo~a 111 npHMOH 93
Ha. nepHo~a 149, 150-152 CHHTeTHqeCKHH 95
HHcpHHHTHB 129 IJpe~MeT HCTOpHH H3biKa 1
KopHesoe cnosoo6pa3osaHHe IIpenoMJJeH»e 40
(KOHBepCHH) 135 IlpHnaraTellhHbie 56, 57, 58, 115
JlHTepaTypHblH H3biK 22, 23 IlpHqacTHe 68, 69
JlOH~OHCKHH ~HaJleKT 17, 18, 19 BTOpOe 71-77, 82-84, 89, 91, 130, 132
A6nayT 36 fnaCHhie
MecTOHMeHH» nepsoe 68, 127
AncpaBHT ~a. nep11o~a 38
sonpocHTenhHbie 63 IJpOHCXO)I(~eHHe aHmHMCKOrO
rOTCKHH 6 ca. nep11o~a 108
JlHqHbie 61, 119, 154 H3biKa 9
~pesHeaHmHHCKHH 37 Ha. nepHo~a 145
npHTH)I(aTeJlhHbie 120, 121 Pa3BHTHe scTasoqHbiX 3ByKoB 142
naTHHCKHH 12 fOTCKHH H3biK 6
yKa3aTenhHhre 62, 122 Pe~yKUH» Hey~apHbiX rnacHhiX 108,
pyH»qecKHH 12 ,[(HaneKTbl H llHChMeHHbie OaMHTHHKH
AHrJlHHCKHH H3biK ~a. nep»o~a 12, 13 MoHocpToHrH3aUHH 116, 143
~a. ~HcpTOHfOB l 09 Po~ B cymecTBHTenhHOM 47
s AscTpanHH 29 ca. nep»o~a 18
HaKnoHeHHe B np»naraTenhHOM 57
s AMep»Ke 26 ,[(»rpacpbi 107
B IfH~HH 28 H3'bHBHTeJlbHOe 78, 86 B MeCTOHMeHHH 61, 62
,[(HcpTOHrH
B IIpnaH~HH 25 noseJIHTeJihHOe 80 PoTaU.H3M 32
~a. nepHo~a 38, 39, 40
cocnaraTenhHOe 79, 128 CeseporepMaHCKHe H3hiKH 7
s KaHa~e 27 ca. nep»o~a 110
Hapeq11e 64 C~sHr rnaCHhiX 110
s Y3nhce H illoTnaH~HH 25 Ha. nepHo~a 140, 141, 148
HenHqHhie cpopMbi 68, 69, 127, 129 CKa3yeMoe 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
ApTHKJlb ,[(»cpTOHrH3aU.HH CM. IIpeJJOMneHHe
HopMaH~CKOe 3asoesaHHe 15 CKaH~HHascKoe BTOp)l(eHHe 14
Heonpe~eneHI-Ihri1 122 ,[(llHTellhHbiH BH~ 127
06CTOHTeJlbCTBO 64, 94, 95 CKJIOHeH»e MeCTOHMeHHM 61, 62, 63
onpe~eneHHhiH 122 ,[(ononHeHHe 95, 134
03BOHqeHHe cornaCHblX 43, 149 CKnoHeHHe npHnaraTeJJhHbiX
Bse~eHHe KHHroneqaTaHHH 21 ,[(y6neThi 138
OpcporpacpH» ca. nep»o~a 107 CHJlbHOe 57
BH~ 69, 127 3aHMCTBOBaHHH
BmtHHHe [r] 141 Ocna6neHHe Hey~apHbiX cna6oe 58
KeJlbTCKHe 105
rnaCHblX 108, 116 CKnoHeHHe cymecTBHTellhHhiX
BoKanH3aU.H» comacHhiX 110 JlaTHHCKHe 103, 104
0cHOB006pa3ylOll.IHM KOpHeBbie OCHOBbl 55
BocToqHorepMaHCKHe H3hiKH 6 CKaH~HHaBCKHe 137
cycpcpHKC 46 OCHOBbl Ha -es-, -r- 53, 54
BpeM» 66, 71, 125, 126, 127 cppaHQY3CKHe 139
OTna~eHHe oKoHqaHHH 108 CHJlbHOe 48, 49, 50, 51
Bbma~eHHe cornaCHbiX 41 3aKOH BepHepa 32
OTp»uaHHe 97 cna6oe 52
fepMaHCKHe H3biKH 5, 6, 7, 8 3aKOH fpHMMa 31
CnosapHbiM coCTaB 98, 157
fepyH~HH 127 3anor 68 IlanaTanH3aUHH
comacHhiX 44 Cno)l(eHHe HaQHOHallbHoro H3hiKa 23
fnaronhi 3ana~HorepMaHCKHe H3blKH 8
Ilepsoe nepe~BH)I(eHHe Cnosoo6pa3osaHHe 99, 100, 101, 152
Mo~anhHhie 124, 132 3ana~HorepMaHcKoe y ~JlHHeHHe
comacHLIX 31 Cnosocno)l(eHHe 102, 136
HenpasHJlhHhre 133, 156 cornacHhiX 34
IlepernacosKa Ha -i- 39 CornacHhie 11, 42, 149, 150, 151, 152
npaBHJlhHhie 156 3syKOBbie H3MeHeHHH rnaCHblX
IlepHO~H3aUHH HCTOpHH CornacosaHHe 56, 114
npeTepHTo-npe3eHTHbie 89, 90, 132 ~a. nep»o~a 39, 40, 41
CHJlbHbie 70-77, J3Q, 155 aHrnHMCKOrO H3biKa 2 CoKpameHHe rnacHhiX 144
ca. nep11o~a 108, 109, 110
cna6bie 81-84, 130, 155 Ha. nepHo~a 140, 141-148 no~Jle)l(amee 93, 94, 95, 96 CocTaB cnosa 46

136 137
CoJ03bi 97 YMnayT CM. rrepernacosKa CJIOBAPh
CnpJ~)I(eHHe rnaronos 78 Yrrporue~me rpynn cornaCHbiX 45, 150
npeTepHTO-npe3eHTHbiX 89, 90 <l>oHeTHqecKHH CTpOH
CHJibHbiX 78, 123, 124 aa. nepwoaa 38-45
CJia6biX 85, 86, 87, 88, 124 ca. rrepwoaa 108-111
cyrrrrJieTHBHblX 91 Ha. nepwoaa 140-152 Cnosa pacrrono)l(eHhi B ampaBHTHOM nop)J,nKe.
CTaHoBJieHHe nep<l>eKTa qepeaosaHHe macJ-IbiX CM. A6nayT AmpasHTHhiH rrop)J.[{OK s cnosape cne,nylOJ.JJ:Hi1:
H rraCCHBa 125, 126 qHCJIHTeJibHOe 65 a, re-b- c - d - e - f - 3, g - h-i, y - k -1-m- n-
CTeneHH cpaBHeHHJI qHCJIO 0- p- r - S- t - p (o)- U - V - W - X - Z
npwnaraTeJibHOro 59, 60, 116. 117, l18 s marone 66, 70-80, 155
Umppbi 1, 2, 3 H T..[{. yKa3hiBaiOT Ha Knacc maronos.
CyrrnneTHBHOCTb 60, 91, 117, 153, 157 B MeCTOHMeHHH 6!, 62, 119, 123
THn OCHOBhl 0603Ha'!eH COOTBeTCTByiOJ.JJ;eH 6yKBOH, flOMeJ.JJ;eHHOH rre-
CymecTBHTeJibHOe 47, 48, 113 B IIpHJiaraTeJibHOM 56, 57, 1!5
pe,n yKa3amleM po,na: O-M = OCHOBa Ha -0-, MY)I(CKOH po,n; KOpH.-M = KOp-
YaapeHwe 33 B CynJecTBHTeJibHOM 47, 48-55, !13, 153
YanHHeHHe macHbiX 41 HeBa)J OCHOBa, MY)I(CKOH po,n; D-C= OCHOBa Ha-n-, cpe,nHHH po,n H T.fl.
513biKOBaJI HOpMa 24
llpHMOH flOJly)I(HpHbiH IllpHCpT Bhl.[{eJJ.SieT 3arOJ10BOK B ,naHHOH CTaThe H
OCHOBHbie sapHaHThl .[{aHHOrO CJIOBa B Ka)I(.[{OM H3 rrepHO.[{OB. TO'!Ka C 3a-
ITHTOH (;) OTrpaHH'IHBaeT tPOpMbl CJlOBa COOTBeTCTBYIOJ.JJ:HX rrepHO.[{OB, a
TaK)I(e pa3Hhre 3HaqeHHH cnosa s npe.nenax o,nHoro nepHo,na. BapHaHTHhie
<PopMhi pa3,nenHlOTCH Kocoli qepToi1 /.
CnoBa .[{aHbl B TOM 31-IalfeHHH, B KOTOpOM OHH ynoTpe6miJIHCb B H3hJKe
,na. HJIH ca. rrepHo,na.

A,JE andswarian c!l6. 2!1. 2 oTBeqaTh; ca.

answeren; 1-1a. answer.
iibidan CJIH. 2!1. 1 - O)I(H.[{aTb; OCTa- andswaru/ondswaru CYUI· o-JIC. OT-
BaTbCH B )I(HBbiX; ca. abyden; Ha. BeT; ca. answere; Ha. answer.
abide.
reni3 npu!l. KaKOH-HH6y.[{h; ca. eni/ani;
ac co/03 Ho; ca. ac/oc/ah.
Ha. any.
refre Hape'l. scer.[{a, KOr.[{a-Hw6y.[{h; ca.
reppel CYUI· u-M. H6nmw; ca. appel; Ha.
ever/evere; Ha. ever.
apple.
refter npei)JI. nocne, 3a; ca. after; Ha.
iirisan CJI/-1. 2!1. 1 IIO.[{I-IHMaTbCH, BOC-
after.
CTaBaTb, B03HHKaTh; ca. arisen; Ha.
ii3an npem.-npe3. 2!1. HMeTh, sna.[{eTb;
arise.
ca. owen/agen/o3en ; Ha. owe, ought.
ascian c!l6. 2!1. 2 cnpaumaaTb; ca.
relc Mecm. Ka)l(.[{biH, n106oii; ca. ale/
asken/axen; Ha. ask.
elch/rech/eech; 1-1a. each.
assa CYUI· n-M- ocen; ca. asse; ua. ass.
an 'IUCJI . U npU!I. O.[{HI-1, e.[{HHCTBeH-
I-IbiH; ca. oon/o; 1-1a. one. ret npeo. y, np11; ca. at; Ha. at.

139
iwacan CJ/H. 2Jl. 6 npOCblllaTbCH, TIO)l- besecan cJI6. 2ll. 1 yMonHTb; ca. bisech- brres cyU(. a-c. naTyHh, 6pOHJa; ca. ceapian cJI6. 2ll. 2 rroKynaTh; ca.
HHMaTbCH; ca. awaken Cll/1. u cJl6. 2ll.; en; Ha. beseech. bras; na. brass. cheapen.
Ha. awake. bel>yncan cJI6. 2ll. 1 KaJaTbCH, o6.a;y- brreO cy14. a-M. )J.&rxaHHe, .LlynoaeHHe, ceorfan CJIH. 2ll. 3 peJaTb, sbipeJaTh no
MhiBaT&; ca. bithynken; Ha. bethink. apoMaT; ca. breeth; na. breath. .a;epesy, KOCHTh, py6HTb; ca. kerven;
B brecan CJIH. 2ll. 4 noMaTh(cH), pa3py- Ha. carve.
bidan CJIH. 2Jl. 1 lK,D;aT&; OCTasaTbCJI,
rrpe6&IBaTb; ca. biden; Ha. bide. rnaT&CH;ca. breken;Ha.break. ceosan CJIH. 2ll. 2 sbr6HpaTb; ca. chese/
bacan CJIH. 2J/. 6 rre'Ib, sbmeKaTh; ca.
biddan CJIH. 2JI. 5 npOCHTb, M0Jli1Th; breost cyU(. o-JJC.Ia-c. rpy)J.&; ca. brest; chesen; Ha. choose.
baken; Ha. bake.
ca. bidden; Ha. bid. Ha. breast. cepan CJI6. 2Jl. 1 pa3biCKI1BaTb; Jaxsa-
brec cyU(. a-c. emma, Ja,ll,HHH cTopoHa, TbiBaTb, coxpaHHTb; ca. kepen; Ha.
cnHHKa;ca. bak;Ha. back. bindan CJ/H. 2ll. 3 CBHJ&rsaT&; ca. bind- breeth cy14. cM. brreO.
en; Ha. bind. keep.
bin cyU(. a-c. KOCTh; ca. boon; Ha. bryc3 cyU(. jo-JJC. MOCT; ca. brigge/
certeyn/certain npull . ysepeHHbiH,
bone. bisi3 npull. ,ll,CJlOBOH, JaHHThiH; ca. bridge; Ha. bridge.
Ha,D;C)I(HbiH, orrpe,LlerreHHbiH, HCKHH;
bisy/busy; Ha. busy. bryd cy14. i-JJC. HeaecTa; ca. bryde; Ha.
bit cyU(. a-M. rro.a;Ka, Kopa6rrh; ca. Ha. certain.
boot; Ha. boat. bitan CJIH. 2ll. 1 KycaTb(cH); ca. byten/ bride.
biten; Ha. bite. chef npull . masHbri1; Ha. chief.
bal>ian CJ/6. 2Jl. 2 KynaTb(CH), MbiTh, brin:san cJI6. 2ll. 1 rrpHHOCHT&; ca.
cild cy U(. r-c. pe6eHoK; ca. child; Ha.
OMhiBaTh; ca. bal>ien/bathen; Ha. blrec npull. qepH&ri1; ca. blak; Ha. bringen; na. bring.
black. child.
bathe. brynnan CM. beornan.
bletsian cJ/6. 2ll . 2 ocsJIIIIaTh, 6naro- cyle/ciele cyU(. i-M. xorro.a;; ca. chele;
beam cyU(. a-M . .a;epeso; ca. beem; Ha. bfian Henpae. 2ll . npe6bmaTh, lKHTh,
cnasnH&; ca. blessen; na. bless. Ha. chill.
beam. nacenHTh.
cynn cyU(. ja-c. po.a;, rrrreMH, Hapo.a;; ce-
beatan CJIH. 2ll. 7 6HTh(CH), rro611saTh; bletsun3 cyU(. o-JJC. ocsHmeHHe, 6rra- bfi3an CJIH. 2Jl . 2 HarH6aTbCH, KJlaHHTb-
rocrrosrreHHe; ca. blessunge; na. bless- MbH, pO,D;CTBO, ITOKOJICHHC; Ca. kyn/
ca. beten CJIH.Icll6.; Ha. beat. CH, ycTynaT&; ca. buwen/bowen; Ha.
ing. ken; Ha. kin.
bedd cyU(. ja-c. rrocTerrh, ca. bed; Ha. bow.
blind npull. cnerroi1; ca. blynd; ua. cynnin3 cyU(. a-M. Koporrb; ca. kyng;
bed. bfitan Haper;., rrpe)J.n. H coroJ cHapy-
blind. Ha. king.
bene cyU(. i-JJC. cKaMhH; ca. benche; )1(11, sHe, KpoMe, Ho; ca. buteo; Ha. but.
blOd cyU(. Kpos&; ca. blood; Ha. cyrice/cirice cyU(. n-JJC. IJ,epKosb; ca.
Ha. bench. a-c. buton cM. bfitan.
blood. chireche; Ha. church.
beodan cJIH. 2ll. 2 rrpHKaJbiBaTh, JaHs-
cyssan cJI6. 2ll. 1 IJ,enosaTb; ca. cussen/
JIHTh,rrpe.a;rraraTh;ca. beden; Ha. bid. blostma cyU(. n-M. IJ,BCTOK, rmo.a;; ca. c kissen; Ha. kiss.
beon Henpae. 2ll. 6hrTh; ca. been; Ha. blostme; Ha. blossom.
be. boc cy14. KopH.-JJC. KHHra; 6yKosoe .a;e- carian CJI6. 211. 2 Ja60THThCH, TIHTaTb chime npull. U Hapell. 'IHCTWH, 'iHCTO-
peso;ca. book;Ha. book. HHTepec; ca. caren; Ha. care. IlJlOTHbiH; rrycToii; ca. clene; Ha. clean.
beorht/briht npull. HpKHH, CBCTJiblH,
6rrecnm11i1; ca. bright; Ha. bright. bo3a cy14. n-M. nyK (opylKHe); ca. caru/cearu cyUf. o-JJC. Ja6oTa, rreqarr&; clal) cyU(. a-M. TKaHh, rrnaT&e; ca.
bowe; Ha. bow. ca. care; Ha. care. clooth; Ha. cloth.
beornan/byrnan/brynnan CJ/H. 2ll. 3
ropeTh; ca. bernen/brynnen; Ha. bosm cyU(. o-M. rpy.a;&, nono; naJyxa; cealf cy14. r-c. TeneHoK; ca. calf; Ha. clai)ian cJI6. 2ll. 2 O)J.esaTb(cH); ca.
burn. ca. bosem/bosen; Ha. bosom. calf. clothen/clol)en; Ha. clothe.
beran CJ/H. 2Jl. 4 HOCI1Th, pO)I(,D;aTb; ca. brad npull. umpoKHH, o6umpnhri1; ca. ceallian c116. 211. 2 JsaTh, HaJhJBaTb; cnafa cy14. n-M. MaJlb'IHK, crryra; ca.
beren; Ha. bear. brood/brod;na. broad. ca. callen; na. call. knave; Ha. knave.

140 141
cniiwan CJZH. 2Jl. 7 3HaTb, y3HaBaTo; ca.
knowen; Ha. know.
cneow CYUI· wa-c. KoneHo; ca. kne/
knee; Ha. knee.
coif CYUI· a-M. HO)I(; ca. knyf; Ha.
knife.
cniht CYUI· a-M. ManolfHK, cnyra, so-
HH; ca. knight/cniht; Ha. knight.
colour/color CYUI· QBeT; Ha. colour.
corage CYUI· cep.nue, .nyx; Ha. courage
My)l(eCTBO, Xpa6pOCTb.
creopan CJZ11. 21l. 2 non3TH; ca. crepen;
Ha. creep.
crop CYUI· o-M. KYCT, rpo3.no, no6er, KO-
noc; ca. crop; Ha. crop. noces, ypo)l(aH.
eli CYUI· KOp11.-JIC. Koposa; ca. cou/cow;
Ha. cow.
CUman CJlH. 2Jl. 4 npHXO.[{HTb, OpH6bi-
BaTo; ca. comen; Ha. come.
connan npem.-npe3. 2Jl. MOlfo; ca.
kunne/connen; Ha. can -could.
cwellan cJZ6. 2Jl. 1 y6HBaTb, no.na-
smno; ca. quellen; Ha. quell.
cwen CYUI· i-:Jic. )J(eH!llHHa; )l(eHa; ca.
quen/queen Koponesa; Ha. queen.
cwel»an CJZ11. 2Jl. 5 cnpaumsaTo, cKa-
3aTo; ca. quethen; Ha. queth.
cwic npUll. )I(HBOH, 6oiCTpbiH; ca.
quyk; Ha. quick.
D
dred cyU4. i-JIC. _neHCTBHe, OOCTYOOK,
no.nsHr;ca.deed;Ha.deed.
dre3 CYUI· a-M . .neHo; ca. dai/day; Ha.
day.
142
drel CYUI· a-c. .nonHHa; ca. dol/dole; Ha.
dale.
dielan cJZ6. 2Jl. 1 .nenHTb, pacnpe.ne-
mno; ca. delen; Ha. deal.
dead npuJZ. MepTBbiH, B}lllhii1; ca. deed;
Ha. dead.
deaf npuJZ. rnyxoi1; ca. deef; Ha. deaf.
deal) cyU4. a-M. cMepTD, 6e.ncTBHe; ca.
deeth; Ha. death.
deman cJZ6. 2Jl. 1 nonaraTb, .nyMaTo;
ca. demen; Ha. deem.
deop npuJZ. rny6oKHi1; ca. deep;
Ha. deep.
deoplic npwt. rny6oKHi1; ca. deepliche
Hape'l.; Ha. deeply.
deor CYUI· a-c. 3Bepo, )I(HBOTHOe,
oneHh; ca. deer; Ha. deer.
dyre npuJZ . .noporoi1; ca. dere; Ha. dear.
don 11enpa8. 2JZ. .nenaTb, cosepll!aTh;
ca. doon/do/doo; Ha. do.
dra3an CJ/11. 2!1. 6 Ta!llHTb, T}IHYTb, BO-
llOlfHTh;ca.drawen;Ha.draw.
drifan CJlH. 2!1. 1 rHaTo; Be3TH; .[{OBO-
.[{HTb; ca. driven/dryven; ua. drive.
drincan CJZH. 2Jl. 3 nHTD; ca. drynken;
Ha. drink.
droght(e) cyU4. CM. oa. drii3oi).
drii3o{)/ drii3M CYUI· o-M. 3acyxa, cy-
xocTo; ca. droght(e); Ha. drought.
du3an npem.-npe3. 2!1. ro.nHTbCjj; ca.
dowen.
dun CYUI· o-JIC. xonM, ropa; ca. dun/
doun; Ha. down.
durran npem.-npe3. 21l.; ca. durren
CMeTb, Hy)l(_naTbCjj; Ha. dare.
duru CYUI· u-JIC. .nsepo; ca. dore/
doore; Ha. door.
dust CYUI· a-c. nhinb, npax; ca. dust;
Ha. dust.
dwellan cJZ6. 2Jl. 1 yso.nHTb npo'lb, o6-
MaHbiBaTI>, oum6aTbCjj; ca. dwellen/
duelle )I(HTb, OCTaBaThC}I; Ha. dwell.
E ende cy UJ. ja-M. KOHeQ; ca. ende; Ha.
eac 11ape1J. TaK)I(e, TaK )l(e KaK; ca. ek/
eek; Ha. eke.
ea3e CYUI· n-c. rna3; ca. eie/eye; Ha. eye.
eal/al MeCm. U Hape!l. BeCb, BC}I, BCe,
see; ca. al; Ha. all.
ealand cyU4. a-c. OCTpOB.
eald/ald npuJZ. cTapoiH, npe)I(HHi1; ca.
eld/old; Ha. old.
ealmihti3 npwz. sceMorymHi1; ca.
almihti/almihty; Ha. almighty.
ealne3 11ape~J. scer.na (ealne3 + we3);
ca. alwey; Ha. always.
eal-swii 11ape~J. u co103 no.no6HI>IM o6-
pa30M, TO'IHO TaK, TaK)I(e; ca. alswo;
ua. also.
i!al-t0-3adere 11ape'l. BOOnHe, BCeQe-
no; ca. altogedere; Ha. altogether.
ealu CYUI· co2Jl.-c. mmo, :mh; ca. ale;
Ha. ale.
eare cyU4. n-c. yxo; ca. ere; ua. ear.
earm cyU4. a-M. pyKa; ca. arm; Ha.
arm.
east npU!I. U 11ape'l. BOCTO'IHDIH; Ha
socToK; ca. eest/este; Ha. east.
ec3 CYUI· jo-)1(. Kpai1, ocTpHe; ca. egge;
Ha. edge.
143
eek/eke 11ape~J . u co/03 = eac.
efn/efen npwz. poBHwi1; 6ecnpH-
CTpacTHhii1; ca. evene/evyn; Ha. even.
efne 11ape~J. poBHO, T01.fHo; ca. evne/
evene; Ha. even.
i!3 CM. ea3e.
elles 11ape ~J . eme, KpoMe; ca. elles; Ha.
else.
end.
endian cJZ6. 2!1. 2 KOHl.fan,(cjj); ca. en-
den; Ha. end.
engendren cJZ6. 2Jl. 2 nopo)l(_naTo; Ha.
engender.
eori)e cyU4. n-JIC. 3eMnjj; ca. erthe; Ha.
earth.
esol CYUI· a-M. ocen.
etan CJ/11. 2JZ. 5 ecTh; ca. eten; Ha.
eat.
F
freder CYUI· r-M. oTeu; ca. fader; Ha.
father.
fre3ere Hape'l . KpaCHBO, opH}ITHO, MH-
no; ca. feir; Ha. fair.
faran CJ/11. 2Jl. 6 H.[{TH, exaTo; ca. faren ;
Ha. fare.
frest npu!l. npo'1Hhri1, KpenKni1; ca.
fast ; Ha. fast.
feallan CJ/11. 2Jl. 7 na.naTD, CHH)I(aTI>C}I,
sna.naTo; ca. fallen; Ha. fall.
feaw npu!l. u 11ape1J. HeMHOrHe, He-
MHoro; ca. fewe; Ha. few.
fi!dan CJ/6. 2!1. 1 llHTaTbC}I, naCTH(Co);
npOH3BO.[{HTo; ca. feden; Ha. feed.
felawe cyU{. Tosapwru, KOMnaHhOH, na-
peHh; Ha. fellow.
feld cyU{. u-M. none; ca. feld; Ha. field.
feoh cyU{. a-c. CKOT, RMyruecTBo,
,a;eHhrR; ca. fe; Ha. fee.
feohtan CllH. 2ll. 3 cpa)l(aThCH, 6opOTh-
cH; ca. fighten; Ha. fight.
feor/feorr Hape'l. u npull. ,a;arreKo, ,a;a-
rreKRH.; ca. ferre/fer; Ha. far.
feower 'IUcll. 'leThipe; ca. four; Ha.
four.
fet)er cyU{. o-:Jic. nepo; ca. fether; Ha.
feather.
fifti3 'IUCJ/. ll11Th.D;eCHT; Ca. fifty; Ha.
fifty.
fiht cyU{. a-c. 6oH., 6wTsa, cpa)l(eH11e;
ca. fight; ua. fight.
fyllan Cll6. 2ll. 1 HanorrHHTh, Jasep-
ruaTh; ca. fillen; Ha. fill.
findan CJ/H. 2ll. 3 Haxo,a;HTh, o6uapy-
)I(HBaTh, o6ecne'!!1BaTh; ca. fynden;
Ha. find.
fin:ser cyU{. a-M. narreQ; ca. fynger; Ha.
finger.
fyr cyU{. a-c. oroHh; ca. fur/fir; ua.
fire.
fyrn/firn npull. rrpe)I(HHH, cnpHH-
HhiH; ca. fern.
fyrst npull. u Hape'l. rrepe.n;HHH, rrep-
BhiH; ca. first; ua. first.
fisc cyU{. a-M. phr6a; ca. fissh; Ha. fish.
fiscat)/fiscot) cyU{. o-M. phi6HaH rrOBllil.
fiscere cyU{. a-M. phr6aK; ca. fisher;
Ha. fisher.
fyst cyU{. i-:JIC. KynaK; ca. fyst; Ha. fist.
144
fiJ>ele cyU{. n-:JIC. cKpHrrKa; ca. fiJ>ele/
fithele; Ha. fiddle.
flresc cyU{. i-c. MHco, nrroTh; ca. flresh/
flessh; Ha. flesh.
fleo:,san CllH. 2n. 2 nenTh; ca. fleyen;
Ha. fly.
fleon CllH. 2ll. 2 6e)l(aTb; ca. flean/
fleen; Ha. flee.
flyht CYUf. i-M. 6erCTBO, OTCTynrreHHe;
ca. flight; Ha. flight.
flod cyU{. a-M. TIOTOK, peKa, MOpe; Ca.
flod/flood; Ha. flood.
flour cyU{. QBeToK; Ha. flower.
foda cyU{. n-M. rrHma; ca. fode, ua.
food.
folc cyU{. a-c. Hapo.n;, rriO,a;l-1, apM1111; ca.
folk; Ha. folk.
fol:,sian c!l6. 2ll. 2 crre,a;osaTb, no,a;'II1-
HHTbcH; 3aHHMaThC11 'leM-JII160; Ca. fol-
wen/folowen; Ha. follow.
fon CJ/H. 2ll. 7 CXBaThiBaTh, JIOBHTh,
6paTb, .n;ocTasaTh; ca. fon/fongen CllH.
U Cll6. 2Jl.
fore/for npeO!l. u co/03 .n;o, nepe,a;; ,a;n11,
TaK KaK; ca. for/fore; Ha. for.
forleosan CllH. 2ll. 2 TepHTh, noKH.n;aTb,
ocTaBrrHTb; ca. forlesen/vorleosen; Ha.
forlorn.
forst/frost cyU{. a-M. Mopo3; ca. forst/
frost; Ha. frost.
fort) Hape'l. snpe.n;h, ,a;anhllle, snepe,n;,
rrpO'Ib; HenpephiBHo; ca. forth; Ha.
forth.
fowel/fowl cyU{. = fu:sol.
fot cyU{. KOpH.-M. CTYTIH11, HOra; ca.
foot; Ha. foot.
fremman Cll6. 2ll. 1 npoABHraTh, cno-
co6cTBOBaTb, COBeplllaTh; npHHOCHTh
norr&Jy; ca. fremmen.
freo-dom cyU{. a-M. cao6o,a;a, ocao-
6o)l(,a;eHHe; ca. fredome; Ha. freedom .
freond cyU{. nt-M. ,n;pyr; ca. freud; Ha.
friend.
freondlice Hapet~. CM. freond.
freondscipe cyUJ. i-M. ,a;py)l(6a; ca.
frenship/friendship; Ha. friendship.
fryhtu/fyrhto cyUJ. n-:JIC. CTpax, y)l(ac;
ca. fryght; Ha. fright.
frost cyU{. cM. forst.
fu:,sol cyU{. o-M. mHQa; ca. fowel/foul;
Ha. fowl AOMaliiH1111 JITHQa.
fu) npUll. U Hape'l. JIOJIHhlH, COBCeM,
O'leHb; ca. ful; Ha. full.
fii) npull. rp113HhiH, OTBpaTHTeJibHbiH,
no,a;rr&rH:; ca. foul; Ha. foul.
J,G
:saderung cyU{. o-:JIC. co611paH11e, co-
6paHHe; ca. gat)ering/gadering; Ha.
gathering.
:,san Henpa6. 2ll. HATH, nepeABHraTbCH;
ca. goon; Ha. go.
Jiist cyU{. i-M. ,a;yx, ,a;yllla; ca. gost/
gast; Ha. ghost.
:,sear cyU{. a-c. ro.n;; ca. yer/yeer; Ha.
year.
:,seard cyU{. a-M. JaroH, orpa,a;a; .usop,
)I(HJIHme; ca. ieard; Ha. yard.
:,seat cyU{. a-c. .useph, nyTh, aopoTa; ca.
gate/gete; Ha. gate.
:,semynd cyU{. CM. mynde.
145
:semon:s cyU{. u npeiJJI. cpe.uw; ca.
imong/emonge; Ha. among.
:se-noh/:se-no:s npull. u Hape'l . .uocTa-
TO'IH&rH:; 06HJibHbiH; ,UOCTaTO'IHO; ca.
inoh/ynough; Ha. enough.
:seoc cyU{. a-c. 11ro, HpMo; ca. yok; rm.
yoke.
:seon:,s/:,sun:,s npwr. Mono,a;oH:, He.n;aa-
HHH.; ca. young; Ha. young.
:sesreliJiic npull. c'iaCTJIHBbiH:; ca. sely/
seilie; Ha. silly.
:sesund npull. J,n;opoBhiH, KpenKHii; ca.
isund; Ha. sound.
:,se~Jeode cyU{. ja-c. pe'lb, H3biK.
:siefan/:,syfan CllH. 2ll. 5 ,a;asaTb; ca.
yeve/yiven; Ha. give.
3iernan cJI6. 2ll. 1 )l(eJiaT&, Tpe6osaTh;
ca.yernen;Ha.yearn.
Jyldan CJI6. 2ll. 1 30JlOTHTb, yKpalllaTh;
ca. gilden; Ha. gild.
:,siond npeOJI. u Hape'l. qepe3; Ty.ua; ca.
yond; Ha. yond.
:sod cyU{. a-M. 6or; ca. god; Ha. god.
30d npull. xopoliiHH; ca. god/good; Ha.
good.
:,sodcund npuR. 6o)l(eCTBeHHhiH.
:,sold cyU{. a-c. JorroTo; ca. gold; Ha.
gold.
:,sos cyU{. Kopu.-:JIC. rycb; ca. goos; H,a.
goose.
:sreat npull. 6onhliiOH; ca. grete/greet;
Ha.great.
:srene npull. JerreHhrH:; ca. grene; Ha.
green.
3retan cn6. 2n. 1 npwseTCTBosan,, o6-
paru;aT&C51, npH6JIH)I(aT&CH; ca. greten;
na. greet.
3ripan CJlH. 2Jl. 1 XBaTaTb, JIOBHTb; ca.
gripen; Ha. gripe.
3rund CYUJ· a-M. 3eMJI51, ,LlHO, OCHOBa-
HHe;ca.ground;na.ground.
H Ha. ladder.
habban cn6. 2n. 3 HMeT&; ca. haven;
na. have.
hre3ol CYUf· a-M. rpa.Ll; ca. hail; na.
hail.
hrelan cn6. 2n. 1 HCt~eJIHT&, H3JieqH-
saT&; ca. helen; na. heal.
hali3 npun. CB51TOH, CB51lll;eHHbiH; ca.
holi/holy; Ha. holy.
halwe cyUf. = hiili3
ham cyUf. a-M. .LlOM, )I(HJIHru;e, noMe-
CThe; ca. boom; Ha. home.
hand/bond cyUf. u-:JIC. pyKa; ca. bond;
na. hand.
han3ian cn6. 2n. 2 BHCeT&; ca. hongen;
na. hang.
hrerfest cyUf. a-M. oceH&; ca. hervest;
na. harvest.
hat npun. rop51qwi;f, )l(apKHi1; ca. hot/
hoot; Ha. hot.
hatan cnH. 2n. 7 Ha3biBaT&,
npHKa3biBaT&; ca. hoten.
hretu cyUf. in/8-:JIC. 'Kap; ca. hete; na.
heat.
brei) cyUf. i-M.Ic. cTen&, nopocrna.ll
sepecKoM; sepecK; Heo6pa6oTaHHa51
3eMnH; ca. heeth; na. heath.
146
he Mecm. 3, eO. '1. OH; Ca. he/ha/e; na. hieran/hyran cn6. 2n. 1 cn&IIIIaTb, hun3or cyUf. a-M. rono.Ll; ca. honger;
he. cJiyruaTbC51, no.LlqHH51TbC51; ca. buren/ na. hunger.
heren; na. hear. huni3 cyUf. a-c. Me.Ll; ca. bony; na.
heafod cyUf. a-c. roiiosa; ca. heved/
hliif cyUf. a-M. xne6; ca. lhof/loof; na. honey.
heed/hed;Ha. head.
loaf. hunta CYUf· n-M. OXOTHHK; ca. hunte;
heah npun. BbiCOKwi1; ca. heigh/high;
hlaford cyUf. a-M. X0351HH, rocrro,LlHH; Ha. hunter.
na. high.
ca. lhovered/lovered/lord; na. lord. huntoiJ cy Uf. a-111. oxoTa; .L\H%; ca.
healdan/haldan cnH. 2n. 7 ,Llep)l(aT&(cH),
hlredder cyUf. necTHHua; ca. laddere; hunteth.
Bbi,Llep)I(HBaTb, y,Llep)I(HBaT&, C,Llep)I(H-
hils CYUf· a-c. .LlOM; .LlOMarnnee X0351H-
BaT&; noJiaraTh; ca. heeldan/hoolden;
Ha. hold. hliehhan/hlyhhan cnH . 2n. 6 cMeHT&- CTso; ca. boos; Ha. house.
cH; ca. lighen/laghen/laughen; Ha. hiisbonda cy Uf . n-M. x03HHH .LlOMa,
bealf cyUf. i5-:Jic. rronOBHHa, qacT&,
laugh. rnasa ceM&H; ca. husbonde; Ha. hus-
CTopoHa; ca. half; na. half.
hlystan cn6. 2n. 1 cnyrnaTb, npHcny- band.
beard npun. TBep,LlbiH, TJI)I(eJI&IH,
IIIHBaTbCH; ca. lusten/listen/listnan; hwii Mecm. KTO; ca. who; na. who.
TPY.LlHbiH; ca. hard/herde; na. hard.
na.listen. hwanne/hwrenne Hape'l . KOr,Lla; ca.
hearm cyUf. a-M. spe.Ll, rope, 3Jio; ca. hliid npWI. rpoMKHH ; ca. loud; Ha. loud. wanne/whanne; na. when.
harm; na. harm.
hnutu cyUJ. KopH.-:JIC. opex; ca. note; hwrer Hape'l. r)J.e, r,Lle-nH6o; ca. quer-
hebban CJlH. 2Jl. 6 ITO,LlHHMaTb; Ca.
na. nut. fore, wber; na. where.
heven cnH. u cn6. 2n.; Ha. heave.
holt cyUf. o-c. ,Llepeso; Jiec, poru;a; ca. hwre()er Mecm., Hape'l. u co103 KOTo-
beeth cM. hre(). holt porna; na. holt poma, necHCTbiH pwH: 113 il.Byx; ca. whether; na. wheth-
helpan cnH. 2n. 3 rroMoraTb; ca. bel- XOJIM. er.
pen; na. help. hopa cyUf. n-M. na,Lle)I(,Lla; ca. hope; na. hwret Mecm. c. eonpocum. u Heonpeo.
heofon cyUf. a-M. ne6o, ne6eca; ca. hope. qTo; ca. what; na. what.
heven; Ha. heaven. hopian cn6. 2n. 2 na.LleHTbCH, O)I(H,LlaTh; hwilcMecm. eonpocum. u Heonpeo. KO-
heord cyUf. a-:JIC. nacTyx, CTa,Llo; 3a6o- ca. hopen; Ha. hope. TOpbiH, KaKoH:; ca. which; na. which.
Ta, noneqenHe; ca. herde nacTyx, cTa- hors cyUf. a-c. norna,Ll&; ca. hors; na. hwit npun. 6en&Ii1; ca. whit; Ha. white.
.LlO; na. herd. horse. hwy Hape'l . noqeMy; ca. why; na. why.
heorte cyUf. n-:Jic. cep.Llt~e; ca. herte; hrin3 cyUJ. a-M. KOn&uo, Kpyr; ca.
Ha. heart. ryng; na. ring. I, y
her Hape'l. 3.Llec&; ca. beer/here; Ha. hrof CYUf. a-M. Kphlrna; ca. roof; Ha. roof.
here. hil Hape'l. KaK; ca. boo/bow; na. how. ye CM. ea3e.
hi/hie Mecm. 3, MH. '1. 01111. hund cyUJ. a-c. co6aKa, oxoTHHq&H co- yfel npun. 3noH:, nnoxoii; ca. uvel/yvel/
6aKa; ca. hound;Ha. hound. evel; na. evil.
hydan cn6. 2n . 1 npHTaTb(CH),
CKp&IBaTb(cH); ca. huden/hiden; Ha. hund 0-C. CTO, 6 CJlOJ/CflblX CJl06aX ,Lle- iJlond/i3land cyUf. a-c. ocTpos; ca.
hide. CliTOK; ca. hund. ilond; Ha. island.
147
inspiren/enspiren cfl6. Zll. 2 BtJ;hiXaTh,
BtJ;OXHOBJUITh; Ha. inspire.
irnan/rinnan CllH. Zfl. 3 6e)J:(aTb, Tel.fL;
ca. rynnen/rennen; Ha. run.
y-ronne npu'-1. 2 CM. rinnan.
is Haem. 3 eo. K wesan; ca. is K been;
na. is.
iu Hape'-1. Ot:~Ha)J:(tJ;bi.
J leaf cyU{. ii-:JIC. oTnycK, pa3pe1IIeHHe,
joye cyU{. pat:~ocTI>; Ha. joy.
L Ha. lie.
lredan cll6. zll. I secn1, se3TH, HecTw;
ca. leden; Ha. lead.
Jrefan CJl6. 2Jl. 1 flOKHt:(aTb, OCTaBJHI.Th;
npesocxot:~HTL; ca. Ieven; Ha. leave.
Ia3u cyU{. o-:JIC. 3aKoH; ca. lawe; Ha.
law.
Iamb/lomb cyU{. r-c. .HrHeHoK; ca.
lomb; Ha. lamb.
land/lond cyU{. a-c. 3eMmi, cTpaHa; ca.
lond; na. land.
Ian3 npull. tJ;JIHHHbiH; ca. long; Ha.
long.
Ian3ian cJl6. Zll. 2 Bhi3biBaTb cTpacT-
Hoe )J:(eJiaHwe; rrpwnat:~Jie)J:(aTb, OTHO-
CHThcl!; ca. longen cTpacTHO )J:(enaTL,
rrpHHatJ;JJe)J:(aTb; Ha. Jong CTpaCTHO )J:(e-
JiaTb, TOCKOBaTb.
liir cyU{. o-:JIC. yqemw, w3y1.fenwe, se-
pa; ca. lore; na. lore.
Ires npull. MeHLIIIe, MeHLIIIe scero; ca.
Jesse/lees; Ha. less.
148
Jret npull. MetJ;JieHHbiH, TI03t:(HMH; ca.
lat; na. late.
lretan CJlH. 2Jl. 7 OCTaBJll!Tb, TI03BO-
Jll!Tb; nycKaTL,3acTaBnl!Tb; ca. Ireten/
leten; Ha. let.
Iec3an cll6. Zll. I KnacTI>; ca. leyen; na.
lay.
Ien31>u cyU{. o-:JIC. t:~JIHHa; ca. lengthe;
Ha. length.
npwswnenu, npeHMymecTBo; ca. leve;
Ha. leave oTnycK, n03soneHHe.
leo3an CllH. Zll. 2 nraTb; ca. legen/Iien;
leoht cyU{. a-c. cseT, oroub; ca. light;
Ha.light.
leornian c;z6. Zll. 2 Y'-IHT&, I13y'laT&; ca.
lernen; Ha. learn.
libban cJl6. Zll. 3 )J:(HT&, cymecTOBaTL;
ca. livie/lyven; Ha. live.
lic3an CllH. ZJJ. 5 ne)J:(aTh; ca. Iyen; Ha.
lie.
licour/licur cyU{. )J:(H.liKOCTh, snara,
COK, CnHpTHOH Hai.IHTOK; Ha. liquor
HaUHTOK, CriHpTHOH HaUHTOK.
IIehtan/lyhtan cll6. ZJJ. 1 ocsemaTL,
3a)J:(HraTb, cseTHTI>; ca. lighten; na.
light.
IIf cyU{. a-c. )J:(H3Hb; ca. Iif; Ha. life.
lyft npull. He HMeiOI.IIHH l.(eHbi; cna-
6biH; ca. lift/left neBbiH; Ha. left.
lytel npull. ManeHLKHii; ca. lutel/litel;
Ha. little.
JOcian CJl6. 2Jl. 2 CMOTpeTh, Ha6niO-
t:~aTb,
3a6oTHTbC}J:; ca. Iocan/loken; Ha.
look.
lucan CflH. Zfl. 2 3aKpLIBaTL, 3anHpaTL;
ca. Iokken; Ha. lock.
lufiJan/lufian cJl6. 2ll. 2 ni06wTI>; ca.
Ioven; Ha. love.
Iuflice Hape'-1. n106osHo; ca. loveliche;
Ha. lovely.
Iufu a-:JIC. u Iufe n-:JIC. mo6osh; ca.
love; Ha. love.
M
rna cpasH. CT. oT micle Hape'l. MHoro.
macian cfl6. Zll. 2 .nenaTL; ca. maken;
Ha. make.
ma3an npem.-npe3. Zll. MO'IL; ca. mow-
eo; Ha. may, np. sp. might.
mre3den cyU{. a-c. t:~esyi.I.IKa;
mayden; Ha. maiden.
man cyU{. KopH.-M. qenoseK, qenose-
qecKoe cymecTso; ca. man/mon; Ha.
man MY)J:('IHHa, qenoseqecKoe cyme-
CTBO.
maniJ npull. MHOrO'-IHCJieHHbiH, MHO-
me; ca. many; Ha. many.
mara/mrera npHn. cpasH. cTen. OT mi-
cel npull. 6on&I.Iloii; ca. mare/more;
Ha. more.
meaht1 Haem. 2 eO., CM. ma3an.
meaht2 cyU{. i-:JIC. MOI.Ilb, cHna, snacTL;
ca. myghte; Ha. might.
med/meord cyU{. o-:JIC. Harpat:(a, B03-
MemeHHe; BbiKyn; ca. meed/mede; Ha.
meed.
melodie cyU{. Menot:~Hll, Menot:~H'-1-
HOCTL; Ha. melody.
meodu/medo cyU{. u-c. Met:~; ca. med;
Ha. mead.
meoiC CJU{. KOpH.-:JIC. MOJIOKO; Ca.
mylk; Ha. milk.
metan CJl6. 2Jl. 1 BCTpeqaTb(Cll),
Haxot:~HTL(cll); ca. meten; Ha. meet.
mete cyU{. i-M. rrmua, et:~a; ca. mete;
Ha. meat.
mecel/mycel npull. 6oJILI.IIOH, seJIH-
Kwif; ca. michel/muchel; Ha. much.
mid npuH.cpe,nHHH, cpet:~HHHhiH; ca.
mid (a CJIO)J:(HbiX cnosax H Bbipa)J:(eHH-
}J:X); na. mid.
middre t:~aT. nat:~. OT mid npull. cpe.n-
HHif; ca. mid.
micel/mycel npull. 6onhi.IIOH, senH-
Kwif; ca. michel/muchel npull. u Hape'-1.
ca.
60Jihi.IIOH, BeJJHKHH, MHOrO, OlJ:eH&; Ha.
much MHoro, O'leH&.
mylen/myln cyU{. M.I:JIC. Men&HHUa,
)J:(epnos; ca. mylle MeJILHHua; Ha. mill.
mynde cyU{. i-:JIC.Ic. naMHTh, MhlCJIL;
yM, pa3yM; ca. mynde; ua. mind.
myre cyU{. jn-:JIC. K06hiJia; ca. mere;
ua. mare.
modor cyU{. r-:JIC. MaTh; ca. moder; Ha.
mother.
mona cyU{. n-M. JiyHa; ca. mone; Ha.
moon.
mona~ cyU{. t-M. MeCl!LI; ca. moneth;
na. month.
mor3en cyU{. a-M. yTpo, 3aBTpa!IIH HH
.neH&; ca. morwen/morne; Ha. mor-
row/morn.
mor~or cyU{. a-M.Ic. y6HRCTBO,
cMepT&; ca. morther; na. murder.
149
*motan npem.-npe3. 2JJ. HMen, B03-
MO)I(HOCTh; ca. moot; Ha. must.
mus cyUJ. KopH.-JIC. Mhilllh; ca. mous;
Ha. mouse.
mu~ cyUJ. a-M. poT, ycThe; ca. mouth;
ua. mouth.
N priken CM. prician.
nacioun cyUJ. Hai.{HOHaJibHOCTh; Ha-
poJ.~HOCTh; Ha. nation Hai.{H.H.
nrefde = ne hrefde, CM. habban.
nrefre Hape'i. HHKOrJ.~a; ca. nevre/ne-
vere; Ha. never.
nama cyUJ. n-M. HMH, Ha3BaHHe; ca.
name; Ha. name.
nation cyUJ. CM. nacioun.
nature cyUJ. npHpOJ.~a, uaTypa, xapaK-
Tep; Ha. nature.
nat= ne wiit, CM. witan.
neah npull. U Hape'i. 6JUI3KH.H; 6JIH3KO;
6m-J)I(aHll!HH, crreAyiOJ..UHif; ca. neb/
nigh/neer; Ha. nigh/near 6rrH3Ko;
s6JIH3H, next crreJ.(yiOJ..UHM.
neah-3e-bur cyUJ. a-M. ca. neighbour;
Ha. neighbour.
nearu npuJJ. y3KHi1; ca. narwe; Ha.
narrow.
nyd cyUJ. i-JIC. HY)I(J.~a, 3a6on, TPYA-
HOCTh, 6orrh; ca. need/nede; Ha. need.
ni30nti3 1/UCJI. J.(eB~I.HOCTO; ca. nigenty;
Ha. ninty.
niht/heaht cyUJ. KOpH .-JIC. Ho%; ca.
nyght; Ha. night.
niman CJIH. 2JJ. 4 6paTh, xsaTaTh; ca.
nymen.
150
niwe npuJJ. HOBhiM; ca. newe; Ha. new.
nor~ npull. u Hape'i.cesepHhii1; Ha ce-
sep; ca. north; Ha. north.
nosu cyUJ. ulo-:Jic. Hoc; ca. nose; Ha.
nose.
nu Hape'i. Terreph, ceif'!ac; ca. nou/
now; Ha. now.
0 profian cJI6. 2Jl. 2 AOnycKaTh; J.IOKa3hi·
ofer Hape'i. u npeiJJl. BbiCOKo; HaA; qe-
pe3; no TY cTopoHy.
offrian cJ/6. 2Jl. 2 )l(epTBosaTb; ca. of-
fren; Ha. offer.
oft Hape'i. qacTo; ca. oft; Ha. oft/often.
on3innan CJ/H. 2Jl. 3 HaqHHaTh; ca.
begynnen; Ha. begin.
open npull. OTKpbiThiw; ca. open; Ha.
open.
O~~e C0/03 HJIH.
Mer J.~pyrow, sTopow; ca. other; Ha.
other J.~pyrow.
oxa cyUJ. n-M. 6hiK; ca. oxe/ox; Ha. ox.
p siiul/siiwol cyUJ. o-JIC. Aywa; ca. sawle/
palmere cyUf. narroMHHK; Ha. palmer.
percen cJJ6. 2JJ. 2 npoH3aTb, npOThi-
KaTh; Ha. pierce.
pilgrymage cyUf. nanoMHHqecTso; Ha.
pilgrimage.
ple3a cyUJ. n-M. 6hlcTpoe J.(BH)I(eHHe;
6opb6a; Hrpa; ca. pley; Ha. play.
ple3ian cJJ6. 211. 2 TpeHHposaThC»; cpa-
)l(aTbCH, COCTH3aTbCH; 3a6asnHTbCH,
HrpaTb; ca. pleyen 3a6asrrHThCH,
HrpaTh; Ha. play HrpaTb.
ploh cyUJ. a-M. scnaxaHHa» 3eMJIH,
nrryr; ca. plough/plow; Ha. plough.
prician C116. 2Jl. 2 KOJIOTb, )l(aJIHTb,
npoH3aTh; ca. priken; Ha. prick KO·
JIOTb, npoKaJibiBaTb.
saTh, nposepHTh; ca. proven; Ha.
prove.
pond cyUJ. a-c. <l>YHT; ca. pound; Ha.
pound.
R rub npull. rpy6wif, ll!epoxosaThlH; ca.
riid cyUJ. o-JIC. aepxosu e3J.(a, nyTe-
ll!eCTBHe;J.~opora;ca.rood;Ha. road.
ned cyUJ. a-M. coseT, peweHHe; ca.
reed; Ha. rede.
rreran CJIH. 2Jl. 1 OOJ.(HHMaTh; BbipamH·
BaTh; C03J.(aBaTh, ycTaHaBJJHBaTb; ca.
rreren; Ha. rear.
read npu11. KpacHhiif; ca. rede/red/
reed; Ha. red.
reccan cJI6. 211. 1 paccKa3hiBaTh,
TOJIKOBaTb;J.IOCTHfaTb,OpOCTHpaTbCll;
ca. recchen.
re3n cyUJ. a-M. J.IO)I(J.Ih; ca. rein/rayn;
Ha. rain.
reht/riht npull. npaBhiH, np»Moii; ca.
right; Ha. right.
resoun cyUJ. AOBOA, apryMeHTai.{HH;
npHqHHa, ocHoaamte; pa3yM, paccy-
J.IOK; Ha. reason npHqHHa, OCHOBaHHe;
pa3yM, paccyAOK.
151
rest CYUJ· jo-JIC. OTJ.(blX, MeCTO OTJ.(bi-
Xa; ca. reste; Ha. rest.
rice1 cyUJ. ja-c. srraCTh; uapcTsosaHHe;
KoponescTso; ca. riche/reche.
rice2 npull. MorymecTseHHhiii; 6ora-
Thiif; ca. riche; Ha. rich.
ridan cJJH. 2Jl. 1 exaTb sepxoM; ca.
riden; Ha. ride.
riht cyUJ. a-c. npasa» CTopoHa; npaso;
cnpaseAnHBOCTh;3aKoH; npaaHno; ca.
right; Ha. right.
risan CJIH. 2Jl. 1 IIOJ.(HHMaTbCH; BOCCTa-
BaTb; HaqHHaTh; ca. risen; Ha. rise.
rote cyUJ. KopeHh; Ha. root.
rough; Ha. rough.
rum cyUJ. a-c. KOMHan; npocTpaHcTao;
B03MO)I(HOCTh; ca. rilm; Ha. room.
s
sre cyUJ. i-M.IJIC. Mope, 03epo; ca. se/
see; Ha. sea.
sretern-dre3 cyUf. a-M. cy66oTa; ca.
sateresdai; Ha. Saturday.
soule; Ha. soul.
scacan/sceacan CJIH. 211. 6 TpHCTH(Ch),
6hiCTpO J.(BHraTb(CH), IIpHCTynaTb; ca.
shaken; Ha. shake TpHCTH(Cb).
sceap cyUf. a-c. osua; ca. sheep; Ha.
sheep.
sceawian cJI6. 2Jl. 2 noKa3hiBaTh; ca.
schewen; Ha. show.
sceotan cllH. 2Jl. 2 cTperrHTh; ca.
sheten; Ha. shoot.
scinnan c111-1. 211. 1 csentTb, CHHTb; ca.
shynen; Ha. shine.
scip cyU/. a-c. Kopa6nb; ca. schup/
ship; Ha. ship.
scol cyU/. ii-:Jic. UIKona; ca. scole; Ha.
school.
scomu/sceomu CYUI· o-:Jic. CTbt_n; ca.
sham/shame; Ha. shame.
scort/sceort npu11. KopoTKHH, KpaT-
KHii; ca. short; Ha. short.
sculan npem.-npe3. 211. 6biTb B .nonry,
6biTb BblHY)I(.QeHHhlM; ca. HaCT. Bp. e_n.
'i. l H 3 n. schal, sceal; 2 n. schalt, salt;
HaCT. sp. MH. 'i. schullen/shall; npoUI.
sp. e.n. 'i. sculde/shollde; npoUI. sp.
MH. 'i. scolden/scolde; Ha. shall,
should.
scfir CYUI· o-:JIC. u a-M. mmeHb; ca.
shour Hana.neHwe, unypM; nwseHb; Ha.
shower.
sealt CYUI· a-c. u npu11. COJib, coneHbiH;
ca. salt; Ha. salt.
secan c116. 211. 1 nocemaTb, wcKaTb; ca.
sechen/seken; Ha. seek.
sec3an c116. 211. 3 CKa3aTb, rosopHTb;
paccKa3biBaTb; ca. seyen/sayen; Ha.
say.
se3l CYUI· a-M.Ic. napyc; ca. sayl; Ha.
sail.
sel npu11. XOpOUIHH, UO'iTeHHbiH;
cqacTJIHBbiH; ca. sel/sele xopoUIHH,
C'iaCTJIHBbiJ1.
sellan/syllan c116. 211. 1 spyqaTb, .na-
saTb;ocTaBnMTb,6pocaTb;npo.nasaTb;
ca. sellen npo.nasaTb; Ha. sell.
152
sendan c116. 211. 1 nOCbJJiaTb; ca. send-
en; Ha. send.
seofon 'IUC11. ceMb; ca. seven; Ha. sev-
en.
seolc CYUI· a-M. rnenK; ca. silk; Ha. silk.
seolfor cyU/. a-c. cepe6po; ca. silver;
Ha. silver.
seolh CYUI· a-M. TtoneHb; ca. sele; Ha.
seal.
seon c111-1. 211. 5 sH.neTb; ca. sen/seo/see;
Ha. see.
settan c116. 211. I «3acTaBnl!Tb cH.neTb»,
UOMeiiiaTb, KJlaCTb; yqpe)I(.QaTb,
Ha3Ha'iaTb; COOpy)l(aTb, COCTaBJIHTb;
ca. setten noMemaTb, KnaCTb;
Ha3Ha'iaTb; oueHHBaTb; Ha. set.
shour CYUI· CM. scfir.
si3lan cl/6. 211. 1 u se3Iian c116. 2!1. 2 H.n-
TH no.n napycaMH, rmasaTb; ca. seilen;
Ha. sail.
syndri3 npull. OT.nenbHbtH; qacTHbiH,
oco6biH, pa3nH'iHbiJ1; ca. sundri/son-
dry pa3JJH'iHbiH; Ha. sundry pa3JIH'i-
HbiH, neCKOJibKO.
sin3an CJ/H. 211. 3 neTb; ca. singen; Ha.
sing.
sixt 'IUC11. UiecToii; ca. sextet/sixte; Ha.
sixth.
slean C11H. 211. 6 y_napHTb, 6HTb, y6H-
BaTb; ca. sleen/slayen; Ha. slay.
smrel npu11. He6onbUIOH, y3KHH, TOH-
KHH; ca. smal; Ha. small.
sniiw/snii CYUI· wa-M. CHer; ca. snaw/
snow; Ha. snow.
soote npu11. u Hape'l. CM. swete npull.
sona Hape'l. cKopo, HeMe.nneHHo; ca. straunge npwz. HHOCTpaRHbiH, CTpaH-
sone; Ha. soon. HbiH, TPY.QHbiH; Ha. strange cTpaH-
sondry npu11. CM. syndri3. HhlH, qy)I(OH.
sped cyU/. i-:JIC. ycnex, y_naqa; 6oraT- stream CYUI· a-M. UOTOK, Te'ieHHe; Ca.
CTBo,snacTb;cKopoCTb;ca. spede;Ha. strem; Ha. stream.
speed. stren31>u CYUI· o-:JIC. cuna; ca.
strengthe; Ha. strength.
spedi3 npu11. CM. sped.
sum Mecm., npu11. HeKOTOpbiH; onpe-
sprrec/sprec CYUI· o-:JIC. pe'ib; ca.
.neneHII&Iii; ca. som; Ha. some.
speche; Ha.speech.
sumer/sumor cyU/. u-M. neTo; ca.
sprecan c111-1. 211. 5 rosopHTb; ca. spek-
somer; Ha. summer.
en; Ha. speak.
sumhwret Hape'l. HeCKOJibKO, HeMHO-
sprin3an c111-1. 211. 3 npbrraTb; 6paTb
ro; ca. somwhat; Ha. somewhat.
Ha'iano; ca. spryngen; Ha. spring.
sunne CYUI· n-:JIC. conHue; ca. sonne;
stan cyU/. a-M. KaMeHb; ca. ston; Ha. Ha. sun.
stone.
sunu CYU/· u-M. ChlH; ca. sune/sone;
standan C11H. 211. 6 CTOII:Tb, 3aHM:MaTb Ha. son.
MecTo; ca. standen; Ha. stand.
sOl> cyU/., npu11. u Hape'l. ror; JO)I(HbiH;
stelan C11H. 211. 4 KpaCTb, KpaCTbCH; Ca. Ha ror; ca. south; Ha. south.
stelen; Ha. steal. swii/swre Hape'l., co103 u '1acmu71a TaK
steorfa CYUI· M.p. cMepTb; Mop; 3UH- KaK; TaK 'iTO; ca. swa; Ha. so.
.neMHH. sweolc/swelk/swilc Mecm. TaKoii; Ta-
steorfan c111-1. 211. 3 yMwpaTb; ca. ster- Kosoii; ca. swich/swuch; Ha. such.
ven; Ha. starve. sweotollice 1-wpe'l. MCHO, 'iHCTo; ca. su-
steorra cyU/. n-M. 3Be3.na; ca. sterre; teliche.
Ha. star. SWerian CJ/1-1. 211. 6 KJI51CTbC51, 3aCTaB-
sticce/stycce CYUI· )a-c. KycoK, UITyKa; JHITb KJI51CTbCH; pyraTbCM; ca. SWeren;
ca. sticche/stuche. Ha. swear.
stycce-mrelum Hape'l. no qacTMM, B swete npu11. cna.nKuii; ca. soote/swetej
KycKw; 3.necb w TaM; ca. stucche. Ha. sweet.
stow CYUI· wo-:Jic. MecTo, MeCTHOCTbi swich Mecm. CM. sweolc.
ca. stowe; Ha. stow. swimman CJZH. 211. 3 nnasaTb; ca.
stran3 npu11. CHJJbHbiH, )l(eCTOKHH; ca. swymmen; Ha. swim.
strong; Ha. strong. swii) npull. CHJibHblH, cypOBbli:f, )I(C-
strret CYUI· 6-:JIC. .nopora, ynHua; ca. CTOKHH; ca. swith.
strete; Ha. street. swii)e Hape'l. CHJibHO, O'iCIIb.
153
 T tun CYUI· a-M. oropo)l(eHHoe MecTo,
tacan CJIH. 2Jl. 6 6paTb, xsaTaTh; ca.
taken; Ha. take 6paTb, 3aXBaTbiBaTb.
trecan cJ/6. 2Jl. I Y'HITb, o6y'laTh; ca.
teche; npow. ep. tahte/taughte/taute;
Ha. teach; npow. ep. taught.
tiicen CYUI· a-c. 3HaK, npH3HaK; ca. to-
ken; Ha. token.
talu CYUI· o-:JIC. 'IHcno, pat(; paccKa3,
OOBeCTBOBaHHe; Ca. tale; Ha. tale.
tea3or CYUI· a-M. cneJa; ca. ter; Ha.
tear.
tellan cJ/6. 2Jl. I C'IHTaTb, paccMaTpH-
saTb, OT'IMTbiBaTb; paCCKa3biBaTb; ca.
tellen; Ha. tell.
tendre npull. MHrKHH, He)I(Hhiif; Ha.
tender.
teonti3 'lUCJl. CTO.
teran CJIH. 2Jl. 4 psaTh, pa3pbiBaTh; ca.
teren; Ha. tear.
tid CYUI· i-Jic. speMM, speMM ro.[(a, qac;
ca. tid(e) MOpCKOH npHJII1B, BpeMM; Ha.
tide.
tima CYUI· n-M. speMM; ca. tyme; Ha.
time.
tol> CYUI· Kopn.-M. Jy6; ca. tooth; Ha.
tooth.
toweard npull. roTOBhiH coseprnaTb,
cnoco6HbiH, npe.[(CTOMIUHH, 6y.[(yiUHH;
ca. toward; Ha. toward.
tredan CJ/H. 2Jl. 5 rnaraTb, H.[(TM; TOO-
TaTb, HacTynaTb,.[(aBHTh; nepeceKaTh;
ca. treden; Ha. tread.
treo CYUI· wa-c. .[(epeso, .[(posa; ca. tre/
tree; Ha. tree.
154
yca.[(b6a; .[(epeBHM, ropo.[(; ca. toun; Ha.
town.
tun3e CYUI· n-:JIC. M3biK; ca. tunge/
tonge; Ha. tongue.
twrelf 'lUCJl. .[(BeHa.[(uaTh; ca. twelf/
twelve; Ha. twelve.
twenti3 'lUCJl . .[(Ba.[(uaTh; ca. twenty;
Ha. twenty.
IJ, 0
pii nape'l. u co103 TOr.[(a; KOr.[(a, TaK
KaK; ca. tho
panan/ panon/ panone Hape'l. c Toro
BpeMeHHfMeCTa; OTTy.[(a; OTKy.[(a; ca.
t>anene; Ha. thence oTTy.[(a, OTCJO.[(a.
prerfor C0/03 003TOMy, CJie.[(OBaTeJib-
HO; ca. therfore; Ha. therefore.
J>rer-in rtape'l. 3AeCh, TaM; s HeM; ca.
therinne; 1m. therein.
pencan cJ/6. 2Jl. I AyMaTh, C'IHTaTh,
HaMepesaTbCH; ca. thenchen/thenken/
thynken .[(yMaTb, HaMepesaTbCH; Ha.
think .[(yMaTb.
J>eah C0/03 XOTH, HeCMOTpH Ha; TeM He
MeHee,Ho;ca.though;Ha.though.
J>eod cyUI. 0-:J/C. OJieMM, Hapo.[(; 06-
JiaCTb,CTpaHa;ca. thed.
peof CYUI· o-M. sop, npecTynH»K; ca.
theef sop; Ha. thief.
pider nape'l. Ty.[(a; ca. thider; Ha.
thither.
pyncan cJ/6. 2Jl. I KaJaTbCH, npeACTas-
JIHTbCH; ca. thynken; Ha. methinks.
pin3 cyUI. a-c. BeiUb, np.11'1HHa, .[(eno;
ca. thyng; Ha. thing.
l>yrst/thyrst CM. t>urst.
l>yrstan cJ/6. 2Jl. 1 )l(a)l(.[(aTh; ca.
thyrsten; Ha. thirst.
l>oht cyUI. a-M. pa3MbiiiiJieH.I1C, MbiCJib,
pa3yM; ca. thought; Ha. thought.
t>onan nape'l. CM. t>anan.
t>onne/l>anne Hape'l. u co103 TOr.[(a,
KOr.[(a; ca. thanne/thenne; Ha. than;
then.
l>riiwan CJ/H. 2Jl. 7 nosopa'IHBaTb, sep-
TeTh; ca. throwen rrosopa'1.11BaTh, 6po-
caTb; Ha. throw.
l>ridda 'lUCJl. TpeTHif; ca. thridde; Ha.
third.
prote cyUI. n-:JIC. ropno, ropTaHh; ca.
throte; Ha. throat.
l>ii Mecm. 2 Jl., ei'J. 'l. Tbi; Ca. thow/thou;
Ha. thou.
piinor cyU{. a-M. rpoM; ca. thoner; Ha.
thunder.
t>urh Hape'l. u npei'JJl. qepe3, CKB03o;
nocpe.[(CTBOM; ca. thurgh , thorough
npei'JR.; Ha. through, thorough; npei'JJl.,
npull.
purst cyUI. i-M. )l(a)l(.[(a; ca. thyrst; Ha.
thirst.
pus nape'l. TaK, TaKHM o6pa3oM; ca.
thus; Ha. thus.
l>iisend cy6cmaH. 'lUCJl. ThlCM'Ia; ca.
pusend/thousand; Ha. thousand.
u wealcan CJIIt. <'ll. 7 uporymlltlll hCH; xo-
under Hape'l. u npeOJl. HH)I(e, BHM3;
no.[(, cpe.[(»; ca. under; Ha. under.
155
understand an CJ/H. 2Jl. 6 nony'laTb, Ja-
Me'laTb, noHHMaTo; ca. understonden;
Ha. understand.
unnan npem.-npe3. 2Jl. 6narosonHTh,
)l(eJiaTb,.[(aposaTb;ca.unnen.
urnan CM. irnan.
fit Hape'l. BOH, Hapy)l(y, H3BHe, CHapy-
)I(H; ca. out; Ha. out.
v
veyne CYUI· 6oiJII1HKa, )I(HJJKa; Ha. vein.
vertu CYUI· A06neCTb, cwna, .[(OCT0-
11HCTBO, .[(06po.[(eTeno; Ha. virtue.
w
wa CYUI· u Me:JICOOM. rope; ca. wo; Ha.
woe.
wacan CJIH. 2Jl. 6 npo6y)l(.[(aTbCH; ca.
waken; Ha. wake.
wreccean CJ/6. 2-7. 3 60ApCTBOBaTb,
CTOpO)I(HTb, H86JIIO):(aTb; ca. wacchen;
Ha. watch.
wacian CJ/6. 2Jl. 2 6oapCTBOBaTh, IIU•
6nro.[(aTb cM. wacan.
wandrian cJ/6. 2/l. 2 6poa11 rh, '336JI y·
AHTbCH; ca. wandren; 11a. wander.
was can CJIH. zll. 6 M1.n h, pa·sM "'""' .. ;
ca. wasshen; na. wash.
wreter cyU{. a-c. ooaa; ca. wnter; 1111.
water.
AHTh; ca. walkcn; ua. walk.
weaiJ cyUf . a-.M. 88Jl, 3CMJIHHOC
yKpCriJICIII1C, CTcua; ca. wal; Ha. wall.
wearm npuJI. Tenm,Ji1; ca. warme; Ha. win cyUJ. a-c. BRHo; ca. win/wyn; Ha. CllHCOK JIHTEPATYPhl
warm. wine.
wec3 CJUJ. ja-M. Kmm; ca., Ha. wedge. wind cyUJ. o-M. seTep; ca. wynd; Ha.
weder cyUJ. a-c. noro,na, mTopM; ca. wind.
weder; Ha. weather. winter cyUJ. u-M. 3HMa; ca. winter/
wynter; Ha. winter. I. ApaKHH B.,[(. HcTopH» aHnmifcKoro H3biKa: yqe6. noco611e I no,n pe.n..
we3 cyUJ. a-M. ,nopora, rryn.; ca. wey/
M.,[(. Pe3seuosoif.- M.: <l>H3MATJIHT, 2011.
wei/way; Ha. way. wyrcan cJI6. zJI. 1 pa6oTaTh, cosep-
maTh, ,nenaTh; ca. worken/werken/
2. HsaHoBa H. II., qaxo»H JI.Il., Eennesa T.M. HcTopH» aurmtHCKoro
wei Hape'l. xopomo, oqeHh; ca. well
were; Ha. work. »3hiKa: yqe6HHK; xpecToMaTml; cnosapb.- CII6.: JlaHb, 1999.
well; Ha. well.
wis npu!l. My,npwi:f, OIThiTHhJH; ca. 3. HsaHosa H.Il., qaxon1 JI.Il., Een»:esa T.M. IlpaKTHKYM no HCTOpHH
wendan cJI6. 2Jl. 1 rrosopaqHsaTh, Ha-
wyse; Ha. wise. aHmHHCKoro H3biKa: yqe6. noco6He. - CII6.: AsanoH: A36yKa-
npasn.HTh, H3MeH.HTh; ca. wenden; Ha.
wend.
KJiaccHKa, 2005.
wisdom cyUJ. a-M. My,npoCTb, Y'IeHHe,
OIThJT; ca. wysdom; Ha. wisdom. 4. HnhHIII B.A. HcTopiUI aHmHHCKoro »:3biKa. - M.: BbiCIIIaH IIIKona,
weori)an CJIH. 2Jl. 3 CTaHOBHThC.H, rrpe-
1968.
spamaTbC.H, cnyqaThC.H, RMeTh MecTo; Wit CJUJ. ja-C. ITOI-IHMaHHe, CMblCJI, C0-
ca. worthen/werden; Ha. worth. 3Hai-IRe, ocTpoyMHe, pa3yM; ca. wit; 5. JlHHCKHH C.C. C6opHHK ynpa:»memtif no HCTOpHH aHmHHCKoro
wepan CJIH. 2Jl. 7 )l(aJIOBaTbC.H, ITJJa- Ha. wit. H3biKa.- JI., 1963.
KaTh; ca. wepen; Ha. weep. wit Mecm. I Jl. oeoiicme. '1. Mhl, o6a; 6.MaTseesa E.A. HcTopH» aHrnHHCKoro H3biKa: yqe6. noco6He.- M.:
wesan CJIH. ZJI. 5 cynnJiemuBHbtU 6hnh; ca. wit. HBH-TE3AYPYC, 2007.
ca. HacT. sp. e,n. q, am, art, is, MH. q, wita cyUJ. n-M. My,npeu; ca. wite. 7. CMHpHHUKHH A.H. JleKUHH no HCTopHH aHmHHCKoro H3biKa (cpe,nHHH
are; nporu. sp. e,n. q, was, MH. q, were; witan npem.-npe3. ZJI. Ha6mo,naTh,
H HOBbiH nepHo.n.). - M.: ,[(o6pocseT, 2000.
Ha. am, are, is, was, were. 3I-IaTh, noHaMaTb; ca. witen; Ha. wit. 8. CMHpHHUKHH A.H. XpecTOMaTHH no HCTOpHH aHmHHCKoro H3biKa c
westen cyUJ. ja-c. nycThiH.H, ,nHKa.H VII no XVII B.- M., 1998.
wiO-iitan Hape'l. u npeo!l. CHapy-
MeCTHOCTh; ca. westen/westenne. )I(H; KpoMe, 6e3; ca. withouten; Ha. 9. lvanova J.P., Belyaeva T.M. A Reader in Early English.- Leningrad,
Wician 2 )I(HTb, npO)I(HBaTb.
CJI6. 2Jl. without. 1980.
wicu cyUJ. n-JIC. He,nemi; ca. weke/ wran3 cyUJ. a-M. ymep6, 3no; np11n. 10. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. - M.: BbiCIIIa» IIIKona, 1983.
wike; Ha. week. HenpasanhHhiM, ,nypHoll:; ca. wrong; 11. Reznik R.V., Sorokina T.S., Reznik I.V. A History of the English
wid npuJI. lliRpOKRH, o6mHpHbiH, ,na- Ha. wrong. Language.- M.: <l>JIHHTA: HayKa, 2001.
neKRH; ca. wide; Ha. wide. writan CJIH. ZJI. 1 nHCaTh; ca. writen; l2.Robinson O.W. Old English and its Closest Relatives. A Survey of th"
wif CJUJ. a-c. )l(eHIURHa, )l(eHa, ,naMa; Ha.write. Earliest Germanic Languages.- Stanford, California, 2005.
ca. wife; I-Ja. wife. wundrian cJI6. ZJI. 2 HHTepecosaTbC.H, 13. Strang B.M.H. A History of English. - London, 1974.
wifmann cyU{. KopH.-M. )l(ei-JIUHHa; ca. y,nasrr.HThC.H, nopa)l(aThc.a; ca. won-
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