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Yli,K 811.111.1 (075.8) fle•wm.Jemat 110 pewemtJo Y•w6Jw-Memoim'lecJwzo
EEK 81.432.l-99JI73 u Per)w<:t{UOWtO -u3rJameJlbCKozo coeemoe MFOY PREFACE
f67
The purpose of this book is to present a systematic study of English modal
Aamop: verbs from the point of view of their semantics.
E.B. ropoyHosa- KaHAllAaT <}l11JlOnOrH4eCK11X !·WyK, upo<}leccop Ka¢e.upbl There is a new approach in the investigation of modal verbs, an attempt to
aHnmiicKoii ¢11JIOJIOri111 tUl11MK MrOY describe at first the meanings and then modal verbs which are used to express
these meanings.
Pet(i!HJelltnbt:
It is intended for linguistic departments of colleges and universities, for
JJ.A. llepHhiiiJeBa- ,nOli.'I'Op <}l11;lOJIOrH'leCK11X HayK, llj)O<peccop
schools and for individual work.
MtXKOBCKoro rocy}J,apcTBCHJ-IO:ro yrumepcHTcra Ily'Tdi coofilltCHIUl
Our aim is to improve their knowledge on the problem of modality, to
HMneparopa HHKOJiaglJ: develop students' abilities to differentiate the meanings and the shades of
H..O. Ma3HpKa -· .noKTop !l)luo;ronr'IeCKI1X HayK, npo1peccop meanings of English modal verbs and to teach them to use modal verbs in their
MocKOBCKoro rocy,napcTBeHHOf'O o6;lacrHoro yHusepcvJTC'ra written and oral speech properly.
Modality and its expressions have always formed an important part of every
language. Modal verbs or modals are widely used in English. The suggested
rop6yaosa, E.B. description is very essential because it supplies the student with such
r67 Cel\faHTHKa MOl!aJihHhlX r.riar0;10B aamniicKoro ;I3h1Ka : Y"IeOHOC
information which will help him to explain the diftcrence in the use of modal
noco6He no rpaMManm:e aHrJJHikKoro ~nMKa I E.B. fop6yH<JBa. verbs.
M. : fillY Ml"OY, 2020 -56 c. The book includes the description of different points of view on the problem
ISBN 978-5-7017-2669-5. of modality, general characteristics of modal verbs, their meanings, the shades
of meanings and set-phrases with modal verbs. But it is necessary to remember
;J,IlHHOe llOCOOHC HOCBll.UWHO Ci.'M3HUI'!CC.KOMY <!CflCK'l.y M.OJ\a.ilhHbiX
rna.t'OJ!OB mu·nnilcKoro Jl:Jh!Ka. B H'3;:(:lf.Um npe.'IGHLBneH r<pa:rKHii o6·Jop
that the knowledge of grammar material isn't equal to the knowledge of the
IHl'l'CpaT)'Phl HO lWTCT'O]Jfm MOJlaJThHOCUI', paCCMO'rpeHhl xapaKTCpH.blC L!Cpl'b!
language, that is, mastering the language. So to support the educational use of
MOI\aJI'I>flb!X .l"JlaJ'OJ!OB HllTJ!JifHCKOl'O ll3b!Ka, Bhl,[JCJleHM OCHOllHI.>lC 3Ha4.CHI1.>l' f.f English modals, we give a lot of exercises and keys to them.
OTrCHKR 3Ha<JCHI!H M.Ol(lJihHblX L1al'OJ!OB II OC06eHHOCTH. HX ynOTpefiJICHHH., il Somematerials illustrating the meanings of the modal verbs have been
TaKJKC 011pel(CJleHhl JCTOH<Il'fll&le ll'WproKCHH.>l' C 'MOI\aJlhH'WM\1 l'!l3l'OJllMll. L{Jill collected from the literary works of British and American writers.
3<1KpeUJ!CHHll Mll'l'Cpv!aJ!a ,UaHhT Tf>CH.II'pO!>O'I'HhlC ynpaJK.HClUl.!! !if KJ.HO'l\1 KO BCCM
We believe that consideration of modal verbs introduced here will give an
HM,UaM ynpmKnem.ril. B p.>rLW ynpmKHeHnii Hcmuu:\o!laH.bi rrpexmll<eHH.>r rn
opportunity to analyse and compare their meanings and to improve competence
XYJ~Wll<CCTBeH.HhlX lljJOJBBC.UeHH.ii m -mro-aMeprrKaHCKHX aBTopos.
IhuaHHe npe;ru·Ja<JHa'l.eno ,'IJJH cTy;:(enros ~miOJJOT'H4ecliliX cneuna:tbHOCTefi ,
in this field.
l.llKOJJbHHKOB H l'lJXjJOKOHl Kpy.ra '111'niTCJTCi1, ·wly'ml<.llll.HX anr,>HikKH!-i JBblK.
Y,llK 811.111.1(075.8)
li5K 8 L432.l-99K73
Bee MaTepnaJihl uy6;mKYJOTCH B asmpcKoM peLUlKmm.
3a CO,'ICplKaJUfC MilTepHaJ!OB OTBCTCTBCHHOCTb HeCeT ill!TOTJ.

lSBN 978-5-7017-2669-5 «::; MocKOBCKlu1 rocy.napcTBCHHhii'l

o6naCTHoi1 ym1BepcHTeT, 2020
© OrpopMJJCHHC. I1I1Y MfOY, 2020

3
 l II
THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY
The tenn modality has often been used in the descriptions of many different
languages. 1bat is probably one reason why its definition is vague and
comprehensive. According to J. Lyons modality is regarded as having to do with
possibility or probability, necessity or contingency, rather than merely with truth
or falsity.
Investigating modality we distinguish between objective and subjective
modality. Objective modality is concerned with verifiability in terms of•'facts".
Subjective modality refers to the speaker. We cannot look at the linguistic fonn
of the sentence to establish whether the modal auxiliary is used objectively or
subjectively, but we must analyse the whole situation in which the sentence
occurs. For example, it is much more likely that the sentence "It must be
raining'' is objective if it is uttered by a meteorologist than if it is uttered by a
person who is not an expert on the weather. The meteorologist bases himself on
iacts relating to what is shown by weather maps, the technical equipment
available, conceptions about what is nonnal weather at this time of the year, etc.
ln the subjective interpretation ''lt must be raining'' is an inference of the
speaker.
Some linguists such as L.A. Davidova, L.S. Ermolaeva, E.A. Zvereva, G.A.
Zolotova and others distinguish 2 types of modality: 1) subjective modality a)
the relations between the subject of the action and the action, b) the attitude of
the speaker towards the contents of the statement; 2) objective modality - the
attitude of the contents of the statement towards reality. The main peculiarity of
the subjective modality (a) is that it doesn't characterize the whole sentence but
shows only the relations \vithin the sentence and represents the action as not
performed, there is a possibility of performing it. ln the subjective modality (b)
much attention is paid to the role of the speaker because the degree of cettainty,
doubt or uncertainty of the speaker concerning the contents of the statement
towards reality is expressed here. ln the objective modality '.Ve can see the
opposition oflndicative (real) modality and the Non-Indicative modality. In the
Non-Indicative modality there are different degrees of discrepancy of reality
beginning from the modal meaning characterizing the action as non-completed
through the modal meaning of supposition and ending with the meaning of
absolute irreality. The common feature of all types of modality is that all of
them express the relations between the contents of the statement (or the action)
and reality and that these relations are determined by the speaker.
We will consider them in the next chapter.
4 5
MODAL VERBS AND THEIR GENERr-\L CHARACTERISTICS
Modal verbs are the verbs which don't express the action but only the
attitude of the speaker to the action or the contents of the statement that is
di1Terent shades of modality and which perfonn only one ftmction in the
sentence - the function of the first member of the compow1d verbal modal
predicate.
Most linguists consider that there are the following modal verbs in English:
can, may, must. shall, should, will, would, ought, need, dare and the verbs to
have to and to be to in the modal meaning though a number of linguists exclude
some modal verbs from this list.
According to the meaning modal verbs unlike notional verbs express not the
action but modal meanings of necessity, possibility, probability, desirability of
perfonning the action and different emotions: surprise, doubt, etc.
According to their role in the sentence they are functional. They are never
used as separate members of the sentence as they express only modal meanings
but not the actions. Modal verbs are always used with the infinitive which can
be in the non-petfect, pe1fect. active, pa;;sive, non continuous and continuous
forms.
According to the form modal verbs are defective because all of them (except
"dare" and "need") lack verbals and analytical fonns. Some of them, e.g."can,
may, musf' have only forms of mood and tense. Others e.g. "shall, should, will,
would, ought" have only one form. The verbs "need" and "dare" are used as
notional and modal. When they are used as notional verbs they have all
necessary forms. When they are used as modal verbs they arc defective: "need"
has only one fonn.. "dare"- the fonns of the p1·esent and the~ast tense.
• • lA UA \A.CI.C t"
Accordtng to thcrr etvmology most modal verbs are pr ente present verbs.
The absence of the ending "-s" in the third person singular of the present tense is
explained historically: modem forms of the present tense were fonns of the past
tense or more exactly Indo-European perfect fonns which denoted past actions
having the connection with the present moment and the third person singular of
the past tense had no ending. Modal verbs "will" and "ought" don't have the
ending "-s" in the third person singular of the present tense of the Indicative
mood because these forms were the fonns of the Conjunctive mood which don't
have the ending "-s·· in the third person singular. R
Modal verbs have the following peculiarities: C\.l'Mer
l. Their interrogative and negative forms are built up without the auxiliary
verb "do"
2. They arc followed by the infinitive without the particle "to'' with the
exception of"ought (to), to be (to) and to have (to)"
3. Modal verbs lack verbals
4. Forms "could, might, should, would" can denote unreal actions
 j..\e G V\l:l8- 7. C\ Hc..>-
5. They are not conjugated
6. They are not used in the Imperative mood
7. Modal verbs can be used in the answer to the question
8. Modal verbs are used to fonn disjunctive questions
9. AU of them show that a certain action is represented as necessary,
possible, tmdesirable, etc. from the point of view of the speaker is why they are
widely used in colloquial speech.
Besides, Martin Joos considers that there are 3 kinds of difference in
meaning among the modals. Each is either ade.~quate or contingent, and either
casual or stable, and each either assures the event or specities that it is potential.
Ca~ual modals (will, shall, can, may) take their relation from the minimal social
matrix of events, where the detennining factors are the resultant of chance and
operating upon the itenL<; that populate the factual world of accepted reality, but
the stable modals (must, ought to, dare. need) find that relation in the maximal
social matlix of event~, where the dctennining factors arc eternal and
omnipresent: they arc the community mores. Accordingly stable modals exclude
remote tense. Adequate rnodals (will, can, must, dare) derive their force from
completeness in the set of detennining £.1ctors; but the contingent modals (shall,
may, ought to, need) get their weakness from some deficiency in the
detennining factors.
In most cases the usc of modal verbs is independent of the structure of the
sentence because the use of the modal verbs is determined by the attitude of the
speaker towards the facts contained in the sentence. ln this case we speak about
independent use of modal verbs. If the use of the modal verbs depends on the
stmcture of the sentence, mainly on the type of the subordinate clause and on the
lexical character of the verb in the principle clause, we mean structurally
dependent usc of modal verbs. When the use of modal verbs is structurally
dependent, their meaning sometimes becomes weakened as they beeome rather
part of the sentence than bearers of individual meaning .
In our work we'll consider only structurally independent use of modal verbs.
6 7
III
THE MEA.'I'INGS OF THE MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs express a great va1iety of meanings, moreover, every main
meaning has a lot of shades of meanings.
The logical modalities constitute various systems cons1stmg of mutually
exclusive forms such as: the deontic system based on the notion "obligation",
the epistemic system referring to knO\vledge (belief) and the alethic system
corresponding to "possible" (the tr'dditional Aristotelian modalities).
Due to these systems we may distinguish the following main meanings of the
modal verbs: obligation or necessity, probability, possibility and besides such
meanings as will, request and pennission, prohibition.
1. The meanin2 of necessitv
The meaning of obligation or necessity is expressed by means of the modal
verbs "must, should,ought, shaH, need" and the verbs "to have to" and "to be to''
in the modal meaning. 11>
1. Inevitabilicy~1t~ction, . something which is destined to happen is
expressed by the verbs "must" and "to be to". "Must" is used if the action hasn't
happened yet, but "to be to" is used if the action has already happened.
e.g. If you must come to grief, you must.
He was to be my friend for many years to come.
2. If the necessity to perform an action is caused by objective reasons the
verbs "must, to be to, to have to. should" are used.
"Must" is more categorical than other verbs, it denotes compulsion,
requirement, sometimes duty, it is a little, rude and so it isn't desirable to usc
this verb addressing an older person.
e.g. You must come at once.
He must obey me.
Sometimes "must" is found in those cases when the speaker adds his support
or approval to the existing external authority.
e.g. A fellow must live his 0\-\'11 life.
"Must" is used in past-time context only in reported speech.
"He said he must call her." ·- "Must" in this meaning isn't used with the
perfect infinitive.
"To have to" expresses objective necessity caused by undesirable
circumstances. It means to be obliged because it is one's task, it is the only thing
to do.
e.g. Your friend the Buccaneer has made a fool of himself, he will have to
ill!Y for it. "Had to" is used when the action is realized in the past due to some
circttmstances.
e.g. I had to leave the university because of my work.
...__
 ''To have to'' can be replaced by "to have got to" not only when it means to
be bound, but also when it means to possess actually at a given moment.
e.g. The govemment must have power to hold the town to its plan when it
has got to it.
"Should'' is used in instructions and corrections.
e.g. Insulators should be kept very clean on their surface.
''To be to" is used when the action is previously arranged according to some
plan or in orders and instructions.
e.g. I was to meet Mr. Forsyte here at noon about the farm.
All soldiers are to do their duties.
"Was/were to" is used \vith the non-perfect infinitive when the action isn't
realized in the past and the question remains open if it will take place or not.
<.\g. l was to call on his place.
When the verbs "must" and "need" are used in questions, they have the
following shades of meaning:if the speaker hopes to get a positive answer, he
uses "must"; if the speaker hopes to get a negative answer, he uses "need".
e.g. Now can we ruly on the cabled refusal or must we wait till after
Christmas to give hin; a chance to have written - that's the point isn't it? \je~ > j0 4
Need l gQ, mother? 1\)o, ~au.. n eC'. d" t VVllA sf
3. Necessity caused by the qualities of the person in question or by the
peculiarities of the given situation or moral obligation is expressed by "ought to"
e.g. We don't thitik, you ought to let him, dear!
You ought to see your sick friend.
4. If the action had to take place but wasn't realized, the verbs "should,
ought to, to be to" are used with the perfect infinitive. The verbs "should" and
"ought to" in this meaning are interchanged. They often express regret. The verb
·'to be to" is used when the plan wasn't fulfilled.
e.g. You should have seen little Bobson!
You ought to have put a spoke in the wheel of their marriage.
He (Soames) came to watch with secret pride the building of the housethat
house which was to have been the home of him and her from whom he was now
going to seek release.
5. The absence of necessity is expressed by means of the negative forms of
the verbs "need" and "to have to", which have their shades of meaning.
"Needn't" is used when the speaker gives authority tor the non-performance
of some aciion, "don't!doesn't have to" is used whenabsence of necessity is
based on external circumstances and when a habitual action is reterred to.
e.g. I'll just go in. You needn't huny, Mrs Soames.
You don't have to translate !his text now, your lecture will be only in two
days.
You don't have to get up so early, your lessons are atlO o'clock.
6. If the action has been carried out though it was undesirable "should'' and
"ought to'' arc used with the perfect infinitive in the negative fonn.Ifthe action
8 9
has been carried out though it was unnecessary. i.e. waste of time, ·'need" is
used with the perfect infinitive in the negative form.
e.g. They shouldn't have let him out.
· Oh! Then I suppose, I oughtn't to have told you!"
You ncedn 't have expressed your point of view everything wa<; clear enough.
7. The meaning of obligation in sentences expressing promise, tt eat or
warning is rendered with the help of the verb "shall" with the second and third
persons. It is used in affmnativeand negative sentences.
e.g. You shall have the money tomorrow.
"It shall come down tomorrow", said Bosinney.
Besides, in negative sentences "shall" mean..<; a.n assurance that, so far as it
depends on the speaker. the other person will not succeed in doing this of that.
e.g. Positively. you shan't escape.
8. Intention is expressed by the verbs "must'' and "to have to" with thefirst
person.They are interchanged.
e.g. l must go to bed, Jo. Come along to lunch, l have to get home quick.
Sometimes ''to have to" is used for habitual actions.
e.g. I have to be at my office at 9 every day. r
9. Expep diency is rendered by the verb "ought to". '-1~F-:;1"-0cTh
e.g. A young man and a young womanought never to be trusted
together.
10. Advice is rendered by the verb "should".
e.g. You should visit the exhibition. Emphatic advice is rendered by the verb
"n1ust".
e.g. "You must come and see our show"-said the young lady.
1 I. Wish is rendered by the verb "ought to".
e.g. You ought always to wear it with black.
2. The meaning of probability
Probability is the notion which detennines the degree of possibility of some
event which may occur or not occur.
If we investigate the meaning of probability in English we can say that it is
expressed by the modal verbs "will, should, would, must, ought, may, can". We
may represent themas a scale from absolute confidence to improbability: ~
1) absolute probability is expressed with the help of the modal verb ~
which very often has: CO.V'I ~ dose~ve
a) a shade of prediction about something the speaker_£!!~) presently observe.
The speaker has ·'superior" knowledge which makes it possible to make a
confident statement without being a witness himself
e.g. I've been lamed with orange-peel once, and I know orange \.,.·ill be my
death at last. It will, sir: orange peel \\--:ill be my death, or I'll be content to eat
my own head, sir.
 b) An element of scheduk or expectation can be present as well
e.g. The milk will be in the refrigerator.
When we usc "'will" wemean that the refrigerator is the place where one
would expect the milk to be.
In the sentence "Death may come any day but it will come someday" we see
the generally accepted truth claim based on evidence.
c) Assurance that eve1ything will be the same
e.g. Boys will be boys.
d) Assurance in the meaning of sarcasm lo ex ress that somethin<• was to be
expected is expressed with the help of the modal verb woul '. It is used in
aft:im1ative and negative sentences.
e.g. "He failed the exam. He would fail. He didn't prepare the m3-tcrial
properly."
2) almost absolute confidence is expressed with the help of themodal verbs
''must, ought, should, will, would"; 'must' expresses more categorical
probabiliiy in comparison wiih "ought, s 10u ,would". In the sentt·nce "The
milk must be in the refrigerator" the speaker uses "must" if he has looked
eve1ywhere and has not been able find the milk. In the sentence ''The milk
should be in the refrigerator" should' is appropriate when the speaker hasput
the milk in the refrigerator himself but is not sure that someone else has not
taken it away. i.e. based on thc_personal opinion nf the speaker . cQ.,u .~r-10 ,..,.. bf',.. , • •:]J,
·~ is often used when thestatement is .~ssocia~ed with heai·s'?y evidence ~ ·
~d ought to bevery dear about there , he sa1d.
~· is used to express a less categorical confidence based on the
subjectnre opinion of a person-
e.g. But perhaps she would recoil from a plot to take the life of Sikes and
that was one of the chief ends to be attended.
3) supposition is expressed with the help of the modal verb may, might"
This meaning is found with the second and the third persons -·' ... the octor says
Mr. Brownlow may come in to see you this morning and we must set up our best
looks because the betterwe look. the more he'll be pleased."
4llf we compare the verbs "will", "must" and "may" the difference will be
the following:
e.g. "He will be at home" ·· I'm sure because I have just called him.
"He must be at home"·- I see the light-> in his window.
"Ht· may be at home"-- He promised to be at horne at ihattime but l'm not
sure.
. S)unc~rtainty, doubt is expressed with the help of the modal ve1:h~,i n
mterrogattve sentences- '-.:7'!
e.g. Can you really believe rhat this delicate boy has been the voluntary
associate of the worst outcasts of society?
~ implies more uncertainty.
e.g. Could a man own anything prettier than the woman who sat at it?
10
6)~1probability is expressed with the help of the modal verb ~ in
negative sentences-- ~-
e.g. l don't thi · it is the boy. indeed, I'm almost certain that it isn't.
It can't be. ' Could' makes the statement less categoricaL
e.g. ·'He coul n t lie."
If we compare the modal verb "can" in this meaning with the modal verbs
"will, must, may" in the sentence "He can't beat home" we draw the conclusion
that l~e is n~-o~e. on theba~is of:he fact that his car isn't outside the house.
Note. ~ 1sn t used Vv'lth reference to the future. Instead of "must" we
use modal words.
e.g. He will probably help me tomorrow.
"Must" isn't used in the interrogative and negative forms. ln this case
probability with negative meaning is rcnde.red by means of verbs with negative
meaning, negative prefixes and negative adverbs.
e.g. He must have failed to call me yesterday.
He must have misheard you.
He must never tell the truth.
3. The meaning of possibilitv
The meaning of possibility is expressed by means of the modal verbs "can",
"may" and the verb "to be".
l) Mental possibility which results from the abilities of mind is expressed by
the verb ''can/could".
e.g. You can imagine what that will mean to her and to all of you a11er this.
2) Physical possibility which results from the natural order of things is
expressed by the verb "can/could''.
e.g. She complains, she can't sleep.
3) Logical possibility which proceeds from an incomplete knowledge of the
necessity and sufficient conditions for an event's occmTence and of their state of
fulfillment is expressed by the verbs ·•can/could, may/might".
e.g. l don't take her, she can say all she wants there.
She might make a scene - she might introduce those two children- shewas
capable of anything.
These three meanings of the verb "can" may also be expressed by "to be
able".
4) Possibility due to circumstances is expressed by the verbs "can, may and
to be".
The verb "can" may be changed by "to be able to". The verbs "can" and "to
be" are interchangeable, but "to be" is followed by the passive infinitive. The
difference between "can" and "may" is the following. "Can'' expresses inherent
possibility whereas ''may" expresses contingent possibility. Besides, "can"
implies possibility as the result of something in the subject of the statement such
11
as strength, capacity or knowledge; "may·· implies possibility as the result of the
absence of extemal hinderance, especially through the interference of others.
e.g. That's genuine old lacquer, you can't ~et it nowadays.
"No second for me", sail Nicholas. You never know what you mav catch."
At last, having seen all that was to be seen he came out again at the door
where he had gone in.
It is necessary to note that "may'' occur only in affirmative sentences, "can"
may occur in all kinds of sentences. ''May" refers only to the present or the
futun.~. "might" is used in contexts referring to the past only in reported speech.
"Can/could" refers to the present, past and future. Thus ·'can'' is used more o11en
than "may".
Note. ''Could" is used when it denotes the ability or possibility of performing
an action. When an action was carried out in the past, it is expressed by the
verbs "to manage, to succeed''. When an action wasn't carried om in the past, it
is expressed by the verbs "to fail or to manage, to succeed" in the negative fom1.
e.g . Ht~ managed to translate this difficult text.
He failed to pass the exam.
He didn't succeed to become a writer.
5) The verb "may" is used to express possibility in the meaning of wish, it
marks the clause as optative.
e.g." ... and make him as a little lamb again, that he may find !avour in Thy
sight."
6) Unrealized possibility expressing reproach, regret tor the non-
performance of an action is rendered by the verbs " could, might" with the
perfect infinitive.
e.g. She might have kept it young and strong. \Vith her old fingers, her
trembling kisses -·· a little longer, alas! Not even aunt Ann could tight \vith
nature.
He could have borne it better under St. Paul's standing in the gutter, offering
his balloons.
4. The meaning of will
The meaning of will is expressed by means of the modal verbs "\\<ill , would''
and "dare".
l) Determination. courage to do something is expressed by means of the
modal verb ''dare" which has the present and the past tense forms. It is often
used in excl.amations and negative sentences.
e.g. How dare you speak like this! ... and Winifred dared not go to her father
ior more money. ,
2) Consent, willingness. desire, persistence, promise and treat in the
categorical fonn is expressed by the modal verbs "will, would" in affim1ative
sentences usually with the first person.
12
e.g. l want to help him and I will (help).
I said I would do everything for him.
I will tell you some other day.
Consent, willingness to perform an action is expressed by the verbs "will,
would'' in the negative tom1 in disjunctive questions.
e.g. You will dance with him, won't vou?
3) Will of the person who pertorrns habitual or recurrent actions is express.cd
by the verbs "will, would" in affirmative sentences, but ·'will" is seldom used in
this meaning.
e.g. Year after year, week after week he went to Timothy's and in his
brother' s front drawing room would sit watching the family pot simmer, the
cream rising to the top; and he \VOuld go awav shelt.::red, refreshed, comforted
with an indefinable sense of comfort.
4) Intention is expressed with the help of the modal verbs "will, would" with
the first person, "would" expresses intention i.n a more cautious form.
e.g. I will now ask you at firsthand an account of this painful matter.
I would urge the author to be more careful in using data.
5) Willingness, desire to perfonn an action which wasn't realized is
expressed by the modal verb "would" with the perfect infinitive.
e.g. Under normal conditions Winifred would merely have locked her doors
and let him sleep it off, but torturing suspense about her pearls had caused her to
wait up for him.
6) Capacity of the subject to pertorm an action is expressed by the modal
verhs "v..i.ll, would" in atlirmative sentences.
e.g. The hall will scat one hundred people.
His pen would write again.
7) Inability of the subject to perf01m an action is expressed by the verbs
'\viii. would'' in negative sentences.
e.g. The car won't stop.
These artificial limbs wouldn't bear me.
8) Refusal , determined unwillingness is expressed by the verbs "will, would"
in negative sentences to perfonn an action.
e.g. I won't believe a word of it.
He wouldn't see them and let the old bitterness, the old longing rise up
within him.
9) Satisfaction concerning the past that an undesirable action wasn't realized
in the past is expressed by the verb "would" in 1lle negative fonn with the
perfect infinitive.
e.g. I wouldn't have had it in a different way .
13
 5. The meaning of request and permission
The meaning of request and pennission is expressed by means of the modal
verbs "can, may, shall, will, would" and the verb "to be"'. · in comparison with ''can" and "may".
I) Request or polite proposal is expressed v..1th the help of the verbs
"will/won't, would/ wouldn't" in interrogative sentences and sometimes in
affim1ative sentences in the sense of"let us". '"Would'' is used when the speaker
is less sure that his request will be performed or his proposal will be accepted.
e.g. Will you gg! me a quite plain parasol?
"Won't you sit down?'' - said Fleur.
Would he tell the court that that was English?
Wouldn't vou like to travel and v.,:rite poetry?
We will leave her for some time.
2) Polite request is expressed by the verbs "can (may), could (might)"in
interrogative sentences. "Could (might)'' is used when a more polite request is
expressed. "May" is more fom1al than "can".
e.g. Can I speak to you for a minute, uncle Jolyon?
Could you show him my card?
May l ask the name of the gentleman who has given us that striking piece of
intom1ation?
Might l see your wife for a minute?
3) Request expressing importance or annoyance is rendered by the verb
"will".
e.g. Will you please leave my room?
It is used in interrogative sentences.
4) Pennission is expressed by the verbs "can, may", in reported speech
·'could, might" in affirmative sentences.
e.g. "You can go to bed. Parfitt'', said old Jolyon. Old Jolyon said that Parfitt
could go to bed.
You may take that from me, Mr. Soames. Hemmings told Soames that he
might take that from him.
5) Pem1ission to pcrfonn an action depending on some objective reasons is
expressed with the help of the verb "to be".
e.g. "So you say!"- he said. "Am I to have those details?"
6) Permission to perform an action depending on the will of the person
addressed is expressed by the verb "shall'' with the first and the third persorL'i.
e.g. Shall we take a tum round?
Shall he Illi!Y himself?
6. The meaning of prohibition
The meaning of prohibition is expressed by means ofthe modal verbs '·can",
"rnay", "must", "should", "ought" and the verb "to be".
14
1) Prohibition. order not to pertorm an action is expressed by the verbs "can,
may, must". Can" is characteristic for colloquial speech. '·may'' is used more in
formal speech, "must" is used in all styles of speech. "Must" is more categorical
e.g. The times are very peculiar, we mustn't take any unnecessary risks.
You can't stay at this hotel because of the absence of vacant places.
You mayn't call him late at night.
If a question contains the modal verb "may" it is possible in the answer to
use the modal verbs "can, may, must" in the negative fonu, The answer with
'·may'' smmds very blunt as it means that "I'm an obstacle, I don't want to do
it".
e.g. "Mav 1 stav here?-No, you tna}11 't. 1 don "t want to see you anymore."
The answer with "must" is milder because prohibition is due to the fact that
it isn't allowed to do it.
e.g. ''May l smoke here? No, you mustn't. It isn't allowed to smoke in the
office.''
The answer with '·can" is the mildest one because the idea: "I don't forbid,
you could do it but because of some obstacles. you can't do it" is expressed
here. If the speaker adds "l 'm sorry", the answer will be polite.
e.g. "May I ring him .!ill?-l'm sorry, you can't. His mobile phone IS
inaccessible".
2) Instmction not to perform an action is expressed by the verb "to be".
e.g. Some materials are not to be recommended here.
3) Advice, recommendation not to perform an action is expressed by the
verbs "should".
e.g. You shouldn't go out till you recover.
4) Wish not to pe1fonn an action is expressed by the verb ''ought".
e.g. In this situation she oughtn't to be left alone.
15
 IV
SET PHRASES WITH MODAL VERBS TOBE
To be to do, to be to become - 4To _n:e,1aTh? KaK 6wTh? 4To cTaHeTCll c KCM-
There arc set phrases which can't exactly express this or that meaning of the
TO?
modal verb. e.g. But where was he..!.Q_gQ by himself?
CAN (COULD)
OUGHT
I) Can't help doing ···· He MOIJ y,nep)f(aTbCll OT . .. , He Mory HC )l:CJlUTh 'lCm- Somebody ought to know it - npe,n:nonaraeTcx, 'iTO KTO-To ,n:omKcH :no
;m:6o.
'lHUTh.
e.g. [couldn't help Irene's having no money . e.g. Don't you know he has already come? You ought to know it.
2) Can't but do something .... IHPrero ,n:pyroro ue ocTaeTCSI, KaK . .•
e.g. He couldn' t but fear- he said - that his client had met \vith an accident.
WILL, WOULD
3) What (where) can somebody do? is used in special questions for 1) Won't have anybody do anything .... ne .n:onycTHTt>, •rro6ht "'TO-To
emotional colouring to express puzzlement, impatience.
cny•uwocb.
e.g. What else could they be? e.g. "No, no, Dad, I'll just drce my weird . .. ", "I won't have it", he
ejaculated.
'tv1AY (MIGHT) 2) Would rather (would sooner) mean ''to prefer". lt is used with the non-
1) May as well (might just as well, might just as well) +infinitive is perfect infinitive to refer the action to the present and with the perfect infinitive
used to express an intention.
to refer the action to the past.
e.g. lt would run into hundreds and might just as well be poured down the e.g. I'd rather be t1ving again.
gutter. r.Q much rather have held my tongue.
2) It might have been worse- Momo 6hi OhJTb 11 xy:>Ke. 3) Would . . . mind doing something means to object. It is used in
e.g.It might have been worse.
interrogative and negative sentences.
She might haveflared up. e.g. Would you mind saying I had to scoot.
3) He might have been a ... - ero MO)KHO 6hwo 6bl npumnh 3a .. .. OH I wouldn ' t mind visiting this club again.
6hli1 llOXO:>K Ha ...
e.g. Her costume was rather fashioned, she wore glasses and had a bag with
DARE
a lot ofbook:s. She might have been a teacher. I dare say .... ocMemoci, cKa3aTh, no)lmnyi1, nonararo;
4) [f I may say so ... - ecmt MO:>KHO TaK Bhipa3MThcx; e.g. "I dare say you have got business to talk over." he said.
e.g. If I may say so, his speech wasn't considered.

MUST
l) Must needs - •no-To HenpeMeHHO ,n:oJDKeH •no-To c,n:e,laTh;
e.g. This tellow had no money but she must needs become engaged to him.
2) I must be going, I must be off- MHe nopa yxo,'l,HTh;
e.g. "Well. 1 must be going"-he said.
3) I must tell you that. 1 must say- ,n:on:>KeH saM cKa3aTh.
e.g. ''I must tell vou tbatyou arc not right".

HAVE
Had better - .nyqme 'ITO-TO c,n:enaTh.H is used with the infinitive without
''to";
e.g. We' d better get home.

16 17
 'V
TRAINING EXERCISES
1. The meaning of necessity m· obligation
tx.l . Translate rhe following semences and stare the meaning of the modal
verbs.
1. Thi llOJDKHa no6cJHTb Ha copenHoBaHHliX. HHI<TO B :noM ne COMHeBaCTCJL
2. 0H He 3HC1;1 B TO BpeM.ll. 'iTO 60JlbliJC ee HIIKOf.Ua He YBHIUiT.
3. Tbi .UOJDKHa o6.lnarenhHO npHCYTCTBOBaTh Ha co6paHHH. 5I rpe6y10 no.
4. )I COBCeM Ja6bU1a 0 TOM, 'ITO Mbl C T060H il0fOBOpHJ1HCh UMeCTC IlOliTH B
6H6nuOTeKy nqcpa. M.bl nomKHhi 6hUJH Ham-teaT& JlOKJiaLl.
5. Ka)!()J.hlH nooi)!(eH 3a6oTI1ThC>I o ce6e caM .
6. I1pH .!l,aHHhiX o6CTOJITCHhCTBaX Te6e npH.UCTCR llQOJaTh MaWI-IHY.
7. B1>1 nomKHhl xpaHHTh onoum H (PPYKThi B XOJIOJJ;H;1hH.HKC. HnaLJc OHH.
6hiCTpo acnopnrTCli.
8. HeCMOTpl! Ha TBOC ri;10XOC HaClpOeHHe. Thl ll,Q,1)!(Ha 06»·3aTeJibHO
nonpomaThCR c HllMrrepe.a OT'hC3.iiOM.
9. Bhi liOJDKHhi 6&Imm61l3aTcJihHorroceTHTh Jiynp. BM 61>1 rrony<JHJUl
6oJrbwoe ynosoJrhcrsac oT ~noli noe3.UKH.
10. Te6e He HYJKHO nosTopHTb Man~pHa;r ncpe.IJ. ')fcJaMcHOM. Thl H TaK see
3Haelllh.
1.1. 3MMe He npHJlCTCSl HllH! B Mara.3nH. 3runpa rrpne.[lyT po~rne.m H
IIpHBC3YT BCC npOL!YKThi Ha M3llllUH.~.
12. Te6e He cnenosano eMy rosopHTh o6 '3TOM. OH oqeHh pacC1pOMJIC».
13. Hy)K}!o H11. coo6maTb 6pa1-y o nponaJKe? Her, Be HYIKHO. MaMa caMa eMy
CKaJKCT Ob cHOM.
14. <<Thl 6y,uerub HaKa3aH 'Ja CBOC IIOBe)leHHC>>,- CK.a3aoi.!I.Hpeh.10p.
15. Bbl MCHH 3H3CTe O'ieHb XOpOillO. I1o'3TOMy, » ~WM3Kl, BUM HC y,UaCTC»
MCH>I 06MaHVrh.
1.6 ..H noJDKCH cpaJy eMy no3.BOHHTh.
17. <<HyJKHO ;lH .ll0(;faBJ1Tb :)TH 6yMarH CCI'OJUIS!'?>>- «.[{a, OH 6y.IJ.eT IK.[IaTb>>.
18. BaM He cne;wer no6npaThC» ry .ua Ha noe1.ue. TioeJ.[IKa Jai1MCT MHoro
.speMeHJI. BaM nyqwe noexaTh T)'Jl.a na asTo6yce MJIH. Mammte.
19. Bhl non.lim:&J o6snarem.uo nocMorpcTh HOBYlO nr.ecy. AKrcpM H.rparoT
BCJIHl<O;lCHHO.
20. Tb1 ,UOJI)!(eH 6h!Th onTHMHCTOM. Tor;:I.a Te6e .ace 6y.aer y.[lasaThC».
Ec2 Fill in the blanks with modal verbs.
1. You _ _ to be with him. Then I shan't be worried.
2. You _ _ to call him today. In this case he will prepare everything
beforehand.
3. You _ _ come and sec the new lybom Kate. She is so charming.
18
4. My lessons begin at half past eight. I ___ be at the university at this
time.
5. She .................. apologize to him. I promise you .
6. l don't want you to take part in the competitions. I promise you .......
take part in them.
7. You _ _ lose the game. Everything is against you .
8. You _.........- ... to come to England again and .................. live in the same house.
9. ''The manager .................. stay here till Monday"- the directorsaid.
10. One to choose sooner or later
11 . Her birthday _ _ to be celebrated on Saturday.
12. You ................. decide everything yourself, you are already grown-up.
13. You ___ _disassemble the TV set yourself. lt is dangerous.
14. l _ _ to speak to him on Sunday. We arranged it beforehand.
15 . You _ _ to take care ofthis little kitten. Otherwise he will die.
16. You ................. have poured flowers. You see, they have withered.
I. 7. You __ _ have gone to the confen~nce . Your colleagues were present
there and learnt everything.
18. The teacher _ _ to revise the rules. Pupils remembered it at once.
19. You .................. use cvc1y oppommity to earn money . Your family is very
poor.
20. You _ _ to leave the village for some time. The weather is very cold
and your house is dilapidated.
Ex.J. Paraphrase the following semences using the modal verbs expressing
obligation or necessity.
1. It happened so that he was my friend for many years to come.
2 . It is necessary for him to come to my place tonight.
3. It is demanded that you should observe all the rules of using this device.
4. It is necessary to meet the manager at 5 o'clock. We agreed beforehand.
5 . It is necessary to go to the shop, because we have no bread at home.
6. It is necessary to remind him of the meeting. He is so absent-minded .
7 . It's a pity that you didn ' t see the play. English famous actors took part in
it.
8. l forgot about my promise to make a report for the conference on
Monday.
9. It is necessary to visit Mike in hospital. He is your friend.
l 0. There is no necessity to worry about this incident. Your mother
loves you and she \Vtll forgive you.
J 1. There is no necessity to pour flowers in the garden. lt is going to
rain tonight.
12. 1t was undesirable that he came to om place. We weren't ready to
discuss this problem with him.
13 . I promise to punish you for your tricks.
19
 14. l warn that it is necessary for her to make a program of our concert
todayor it will be late. 2. He d be at his mother's place. He told me yesterday that he would
15. I want you to wear this ring. Let it be my present and talisman for come to her place the next day.
. 3. Good -~ ----L- always win. IJ.JO'-' d~~~1
1
you.
~ 4. He didn't get higher education. He ................. get.
2. The meaning of probability 5. My teacher ~ evidently make a report tomorrow.
6. My parents already knew about this meeting. They fl\ll~) have been
Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences and state the meaning ol the modal informed about it beforehand.
verbs. \.0,\\ 7. The film ~-~~:.... to be thrilling, I've heard opinions of it.
l. 5I 3H3.10, ero MaTh 6y,;J,eT np11'l.11HOM HX pa3BO.n,a. 5I 'l.YBCTBY.IO ::no. 8. This 5 "0-A ~ benetit her as she has become a different person.
2. -~ .O.~'MafO, 'ITO :!anHCHall KHHil\Ka RaXOJlHTCll y HCfO B CTOJIC. 0H TaM 9. We ~ come to the South this summer. I will have my holiday in July.
06hi'IHO xpaHHT CBO~fH'lHhiC BCU{H. n 10. Perhaps, my friends ~~-~-~:.?... help me to overcome the difficultie-s.
3. Bee ocraeT&lno-npe)l<Hervry. s'nou\J.[ ~st ll. They •IJJ..I :J have forgotten about me. They even didn't call me.
4. Cy.n.st no o6CToj!TcJlbCTBaM, 3TO .aomKHO 6J>JTh C.lJ.HHCTBCHHoe npasH;ThROe 12. C:.:___ she solve the problem herself? She is so helpless.
pcll!CHHC. U ~ +caMoii 13. 1 allow her to go for a walk. She cc· ~.... fall ill, she has a wann coat.
5. KaK cqunn{)T 1pure.nJJ. na aKTpHca SIBg.Hcitst HO!J.XOJV!UICH ):(:ui 14. He ..__~.'!:~---··- like sttch plays. His mother says that he often goes to the
):(aHHOH,pOml. wo~A\d theatre.
6. Cne~:~.1aKJ1h .!lOJDKeH OhiTh O'iCHh J1HTepecHhiM, rax KaK OH nocTaB.JlcH no ! S.tilll\r\ she have done it herself? I think. no.
npowmc.n.eHJHIM AraThl KpHCTH: ~s'nov.\J 16. We ~ have dinner together. I'm not short of time .
-~ HO-BI11lHMOMy, H CCTb
7 . -.:>tO, U.U5 -
H, · hiH HaM
-
OaHK. 17. They say the reputation of this actress<?.J..;}~-~ -- to be ruined .
8. OH He noMor csoeMy .upyry npeo):(OJieTh CJIOlKHBIIJyJOcSJ c.wryauHro. 3To 18. He has spoiled her life #!:H-. Hc V-Jou\6 spoil.
H CJie,UOBU;TO OlKH.UUTh. WOL(\ ~
'""'(A('
~ 19. She \.P J.J.:.i be waiting for her mother. She hasn't come home yet.
9. OH coqmu1er npcKpacuyJO MY3h1Ky. .Bo3MOlKHO, qTo OH cTam:i" 20. John co._V\ ~ have cmmnitted the crime. He wasn't at home at that
H3BeCTHhiM KOMfl03HTOpOM. IAJ,)'\'v,-\ moment
10. BnOiiRC B03MO:iKHO, 'l.TO OH HH'iCfO HC 3HaeT 06 ee OTCVTCTBI111.
u •rr. lrl -
11. Hcy:iKC..TI! Thl MO:iKCII!h IlOBCQMTh 3TI1M Cil;JCTHjiM? 5l ysepeH, 'iTO OHa HC Ex.3 Paraphraw the following semences using tht! modal verbs expressing
BHHOBaTa. f'i\
1
• probahility.
12. 0Ha He Mor;la ero npenaTh. Bee 3HatOT, ttTo oHa ero o'ieH& JIJ06HT. 1. 1 suppose that it is his only decision.
13. HasepHo, po.n.nTeJm yJKe np11exan11 ):(OMoi1. MaiiJHHa oTua CTOHT y 2. She is his younger sister. My mother told me about it.
fi0.1J.'bC31l3. " , >, 3. He was late for the concert again. It's just what was to be expected ofhim.
14. 0Ha, ll0Jl){\H0 6b!Tb, I:IC C!l8J1a 3J<3aMeH, Tal< ImK Ol.fCHb paccrpoeHa H HC 4. She is probably his sister. They arc so alike.
XO'lt-'T Hli C J<eM pc-13I'OBapHBaTb. 5. She is certainly so light-'m.inded. You never know what to expect ofher.
- 0 H, sepOHTHO.
l :::.. •JJ <Q J . D - "
ttaTIOMHHT o ceoe, ~r.ua :no eMy oy):(CT HY:iKHO. 6. They say this writer had two wives.
16. 5J :maiO, 41'0 MOSl HJJ.eil o6peqena Ha Hp0BlL1, 11. HHKTO HC MO)KCJ MHe 7. Perhaps they have mixed up the addresses.
ilOMOl.fb. 8. May be, this is the church we have been looking for.
17. On TaK 11 He noJBOH.HJI HaM. '..ho c;Je11osa.1o oJKu.mn~>. 9. Aunt Mary evidently didn't manage to come to the wedding party of her
18. 0Ha He MO.;_eT ITCTh. "'.a'-~
Y HCC o
HCT MY3hiKUiihHOrO CJIVXa.
., niece.
19. HcyJKeJJH ona Morna raHucsaTb secr, nettcp? Oua BClih yJKc 1:1e MOJJOJJ.a. 10. Don't you like flowers? You have always gro\vn only vegetables.
~S't
I<) I

20. Ou, IJOJJ:iKRO OhiTh, :~as'Tpa rrpMHcccT TBOJO KHHry. CerO!l.HSJ ou Ol.fCHh 1.1. I know that this elderly man isn't my friend's father. His father died
3aH}lT. some years ago.
l2 . Possibly, my uncle has \vritten this letter. It is not to his taste, but now
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs. we can't leam about it.
1. My friend \).), \\ win this competition: J consider. 13. The forecast runs the weather will be sunny.
14. Didn't he change his decision? 1 know him so well.
20
2l
 15. He is unhappy with her. She doesn't love him.
3. He was very experienced and 0•' <\ translate any article from Russian
3. Tbe meaning of possibility into English.
4. This cake ......;.......- to be cooked easily because you needn't so many
J tx.l. Translate rhe jhllowing sentences and stare the meaning of the modal ingredients.
verbs. 5. He goes in for swimming and co.r. dive very deeply.
6. She .fill:L call at any time and tell about her problems.
1. MaJih'iHK yiKe 6oJlhrnoJ.i, OH caM MO)KeT vcwatb
7. My mother -~~~ go to the country today. The weather is tavourable.
33.AU'lU.
2.
0Ha y)j(e MOI"Jta rrncaTb, Kor.ua di 6bt;10 6 JICT.
8. I .f.9:o'L. help him to solve the crossword.
9. You 'MO.~ become a great actress. You are talented and unusual. J wish
3. OH Mor Obi noJBOHJ1Th MHe, ec.JIH JaxOTen OhL
4. MHllla MOr 6bl paccKa3aTb BCC caM, HO OH 60SL1CR CBOeH CCC1phl ll you luck and sutx:ess.
10. The house __ j.:?....-.. to be built by Janumy, if the weather is good.
TI01TOMY nepc,l).yMa.n.
rou-.\6 - 11. She ~_ have gone to Italy and have improved her health, but she
5. I\-1aMa HC MOI".:1a BbiriOJIHS!Tb CTOJibKO .[{eJI O.[{HOBpeMCHHO.
thought only about her work.
6. 0Ha CMO)KCT pa3BUBaTb CBOH YMCTBCHHhie CTIOC06HOCT11, CCJIH 6y,nCT
12. The driver VAD:n,ttto overcome the distance for only one hour in spite of
y'iWthC>l s ·.noii. mKone.
the traffic jam.
7. 3Ta B36fu1MOWHaSI .UCB'iOHKa MOiKeT IIOCXaTb h.y.D.a yrO;I.HO O.!IHa 11
13. He ~u.~ have been a great scientist hut for his serious illness.
HIJKOMY 00 "YfOM HC CKaJaTh.
14. He .a:r:o._ make it up with her. He isn't unforgiving and they ~ be
8. ORa MOr;la 6bl norpaTHTh see ,LJ.eHhrl1, ec.111 Obi d! LJTO-TO noHpasu;lOCh B
friends again.
MafaJHHC.
15. We .C..Q.!:'_.. cook dinner if mother is absent.
9. 0H CMOr IIpCOilOJlCTh BCC Tpy,D.BOCT11, HeCM01}1>f Ha ero CJ!a6oe 3.[{0p0Bhe.
A o"' -t - 16. He ___ to answer all the questions and get a satisfactory mark.
I 0. Tbl MOlf\CUlb CHOKOHHO nponomKaTb mtcaTb CBOf<l KRHry CCfOilHR. )lent
yexam1 a .[{epeaHfO.
t.A-0'1\0.3 f' 17. Co)
you discuss this question wifh him yourself?
18. She o \et, to tel! him about it. He was so upset.
I I. Bhi MOiKCTe o6'be11H.HHTt.. ycHJJHH H cn;paB!HhCll c :-nHM ca~m .
19. We w.o.~ be late. The road is blocked with SllOW.
12. IlttOHhl 11 Jll1JIJ1H xoporno 6hlJJH Bl!llHhJ H3 OKHa noMa.
20. ShecDv.\C\ understand the language of animals and speak to them.
13. Oreu, CKa3aJl , 4TO MO)KeT cerO;J.IDI "Jaihu B Mara3M.R, TaK KaK OH CMO)KCT
y:ihu c pa6oThT nopaHbme.
./Er.3 Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs expressing
14. OH MmKcT naiiru xopomy10 paoory 1a py6ciKOM, llMCSI Tai<uc 3HaHH.l! s
:noii o6nacr11 .
possibilily. CO.'t1

15 . ORa Morna 6bJ HaKonurh MRoro .n.eHer H KynHTh KBapr11py, HO pemu.JJ.a

1. The child i!i SW',tleto do ditlicult sums.
2. She wt<s aefe to earn such a long poem by heart. <' ov.. \ d
flOM04b CBOCH MJia.illllCH CCC1pe BCTaTb Ha HOrn.
3. I wasfl't able tcr sleep in such good weather. cc.ou ld~o 'f
16. 0H HC CMOr no6CWHb Ha COpCBHOBUI-HI.liX, Tal< 1\aK 61,1;10 O<JCHh MHOfO "')'.- ,-? f'r)IJ 4. It Wt!S eharaeteristie efl:i!M' ta quanel with everybody without any reason.
5. -lt •\ tt~ cliffioMit far Rle to run in the morning after my disease. I e.ou \d"' ,4 Y'u't)
CHJihHbiX 11rpOKOB.
17. JI He MOry flCQCBCCTH 3TOT TeKCT 6hJCTpO, TaK KaK 8 HCM MHOro
C}lO)f(HhlX KOHCJPYKL\HH.
6. We willl?e aele-tovisit you tomonow .CCV\
7. ~ wisfi ye1:1 te marry him. <jOU. wo. ~
18. MmKemr, m1 Thl npo6c;Karh 'lTO paccTO.l!HHc "Ja 5 Mlmyr'.' -· 5I ue :maio.
8. ~itffi+sbe-e~ He wo~ld~t ha';{ lett. S'ne cov. \d 'no.ve co.\\( d
1

19. Thl MO)Kelllh .ilOCTH'lb cBoen ue:m:. Ha.uo TOJihKO sepHTb n :no.
9. It iii. w.}s~;ibl~: te nlalre p_vtes .U~/aa-y. Yt~vifl help you in your work.
20. Moll no.rq>yra Henpe.n.cKa1yeMa. 0Ha MO)f(eT co6paTbC.ll H yexaTb Ky.ila-
10. It l$1:1't po~l>ibleteg"et tllis book. It is lmique.
HH6yll;b Ja O,;IHH .iiCHh.
kt
11. +t-i,; pGssiMt 't~"e ~erund in this pattern according to the rules.
12. ~ she wt~<tiiNe believed him. But she knew him well enough.
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs.
\J
13. You w;u be ablc-tt:f~ake a report if it is necessary.
l. He ccu\:\ play the piano at his early age. . ' . CCI"' '~h h . .
14 . It ISR t IR my p6WOI to c ange t e srtuatwn.
2. She VY.'Jl.\)Q-:f'!o pass aU exams with excclknt marks and get an honours
15. It 'n'as pos~ible for het to convincttihim not to throw up the job. But she
diploma.
didn't do it. 3'ne cou. ,c\ "'o. lC'
22
23
 4. The meaning of will
11. This devise _ _ perf01m a lot of functions.
Ex.l. T!-anslate the following sentences and state the meaning ofthe modal 12. Our old knife _ _ cut.
verbs. 13. He promised this device for measuring pressure work in fi vc
I. OH HC ocMemmam:;SI pa3roaamtBaTh co CBOHM Ha'l.aJihHitKOM B TaKoM minutes.
TOHC. 14. When we came home, the door _ _ open.
2. KaK )Ke Thi ocMemmaellihC.!I npOCH.Tb pyKH Moei-1 .I\O'iepw noc,Te Toro, 'ITO 15. ln spite of the consequences I _ _ change my decision.
CJ1Y'IHJ10Cb! l6. His \vork was difficulr, but he····--·-······ refuse ii.
3. 5{ 06SI3aTCJibHO HOe.UV K MOpiO B JTOM ro.ny. 5I T3K pellUf:l. 17. He ·······-····-·· have agreed to make it up with her then. He had a lot of
4. 5{ fiOMOI')"J.'e6eBO LITO 6b! TO H11 CT<L10. troubles because of her.
5. 5f )j(C o6e~an, LITo pa:memy Te6e noexaTb 3a ropo11; Ha MoeH MamHHe. 18. He _ _ set riddles to entertain us.
6. 5f HCHJ?CMeHHO llOCTYfiJ1lO B Me,IIH.UHHCKHJi YHHBCpCHTCT H fum:: BpalfOM. 19. He-················ always help us in difficult situations.
7. 0H 06.b i'IHO Cll,!lCJI BC'!Cpal\1H OKOJlO KaMHHa .11 CJIYI.IlaJI K.'IaCCJf"'CCKYIO 20. I tell him about his mother's death at once.
MY3hiKy.
8. 51. 6yllV !lC;1aTb :->TH ynpaih"HeHHJI., ITOI\a HC ,I\OObiOCb pe3yJihTaTa. Ex. 3 Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs
9. RllyMaro, trro li no3souro eii Ha 3TOii He.neJie. expressing>vilf.
10. EMy 6bl orJeHb XOTC;lOCb HaBCCTIITb MaTh Ha npOlllJ10H Hen:ene, HO CMY L She didn't gather her courage to call him.
nplllliJIOCb yexaTb B KOMaH,!I,H.pOBKy. 2. He has no detem1ination to revenge his enemy.
11. 3TOT TCJleRIBOp CHOBa MO)J(CT pa6omn, ITOCJlC pCMOHTa. 3. I want to invite him to my birthday party.
12. MamuHa HHKaK He 3asomncJI.. 4. I promise to punish you if you don't attend your lessons.
13. IIIseM:HaJI MaWHHa Japa6onwa. 5. My brother, as a rule, went to the swimming-pool on Tuesday and Friday.
14. fiOLITa B 11HTepHCTC HH.KaK HC OTKpb!B<L1aCb. 6. I intend to visit him on Sunday.
.15. 5J HU 3a 'ITO HC flOCllY C T06o.ii B OTITYCK, Tbl MHC TaK Ha):(OC;1. 7 . I desired to learn to play the piano, but I had to earn money to keep my
16. OH cKa3an, 'ITO He xo•IeT ocTaBaTbCll 3D:CCb H.l1 MHHYThJ. sick mother and my younger sister.
17. 5{ 6bJ BCC paBHO He BblllL1a fib! 33 HC!'O 3aMV:iK TOr)la. l1 H HC )J((L1CIO 00 8. The rain didn't stop and we bad to return home.
JTOM. 9. There are five hundred seats in the hall.
18. 5I: cnporny Te6ll nOTOM o6 HX pemeHHH, xopomo? 10. The password didn't help to open the safe.
19. OHaHe ocMeJJHJJacb cKa3aTh eMy npaa.ny. ll. The dog doesn't stop barking. Probably, she feels that something is
20. Om1, 6wBano, peneTMpoBa;l11 J.nech no seqepaM. wrong.
12. She never agreed to my proposal. Jt is probably better.
E:r:. 2. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs. 13 . We insist on telling her about this incident.
1. She _ _ come to the concert in such a dress. 14. He used to compose poems when he was a child.
2. How _ _ you ask him about such a service! 15. She won't have courage to ask him this question, will she?
3. I ·---········· many him in spite of your dislike towards him.
4. I said I.--·····--···· grow these flowers in my garden. 5. The meaning of request and permission
5. We _ _ learn skating.
6. We will swim, sunbathe aud go on excursions, _ _ we? Ex. I. Translate the following sentences and swte the meaning of the modal
7. I ··--·--·---- tell your parent<> about your behaviour if you don't apologize. verbs.
8. When we gathered in his place, he usually _ _ read poems and play the l. He noJBOHHTe nn Bht CMY ell.(e pa1, l.fm6r.J HanoMHHTh o cosemaHHH7
guitar. 2. He 6y.:l;CTe JJH Bhl Tar< mo6e3Hbl pa3peunnh M.He npHihH K naM ua :{aHl!THC
9. I _ _ dismiss him if he is late. eme pa:f?
to. My mother .._.___have cooked this tasty cake, but the shops were closed 3. He Mor.nR 6hJ Bhl nepeA:Hb r.rne conr.,
and she didn't have necessary ingredients. 4. MO)[(HO JlH MHeyliTH C pa60Tbl HCMHOrO nopaHr.Uie? Y MCH.ll 3a60J1CJI
pe6euoK.
24
25
 5. B&t MO:lKe-re JaKOH'IHTh :rry pa60Ty Jas-rpa. CoseUlaiUtc nepeHccnu Ha
llOHe}:\eJlhHHK. 10. Do you want him to leave the room so that we could discuss this
6. MHe o6h.!ICHHTh 3TO npas1uo ew.e pa3? question in private'?
7. llasalirc o6cyJJ.HM :noT sonpoc Ltepe1 Henemo. ll. 1s it is possible for you to prepare all the material tomon:ow?
8. ITo:>Ka.'lyikra. nepecTaHbTe o6cy»GJ.aTb ee. :fro HenpmmLIHO. 12. [think you allow me to spend my weekend in the country.
9. Th! MO)l(eiUh 6biCTpO npHrOTOBHTh .!IH'UUUJ,y C BCT'UlHOH, eCJlH Thl 13. l allow you to call him. I think he will fvrgive you.
roponHllihC.ll. 14. I don' want you to speak English. Our delegates know only Ri.1ssian.
l 0. Bpaq CI\a'la.;1, "'TO Mbl MOJI<eM nHTh :-no neKaperso TOJKC. 15. Let's go on an excursion to this old town. The trip \.viii be interesting.
11. «Mory JIH .!1 IIOKa3aTb eMy MOH HOBhiH .UOM'?>> - <<)J;a, KOHe•IHO>>.
12. Xonne.,w Bhl, <tT06bi .!1 noKa3a;l saM, KaK roTOBUTh 3To 6.mop,o'? 6. Tbe meaning of prohibition
13. flo)l(a.JiyH:cra, cxonH 3a x.1e6oM.
14. floJKa.rryH:CTa, .Q.I!!9Th Ha Moil: sonpoc cpa:~y. Ex.l. Translate the .following sentences and state the meaning of the modal
15. Tbi Mm£<eWh cnaTh s mo6oi1 KOMHaTe, rnt~ 3axo•1ewh. verbs.
1. Bbl He 110JDK'Hhl nepeceKaTb ymmy B JTO.M MeCTe. 3TO :JanpCUlCHO.
Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs. 2. Bbl HC MO)l(CTC 6paTh ce C eo6oi-i: B noe·3.U.KY 3a rpaHl1ll.Y. Jl BaM HC
I. __· _do me a favour and remind him of our meeting? pa3pewaiD.

2. _ _ you tell me why you are late? 3. Thl He :MO)f(CD.Ih noo6enaTh ceJi•rac. Cyrr cure He roros.
3. _ _ you remember me to her? 4. <<Mory JJH .a nonpocnTh TC6_jf nepesecnr CTaTbro?>> - <<HeT, .a He 6yn,y
4. ·---------you pass her my present? noro .uerJaTh. Thi caM ee MO)!(emh nepeaeCTm>.
5. You _ _ go for a walk if you have done your homework. 5. <<Mory Jll1 ll BX0Jll1Th B xpaM B rOo10BHOM y6ope?>> - <<HCT, JTO

6. The plumber said that we _ _ use this tap. :mnpemeiiO>>.

7. We _ _ go abroad in July. 6. Morv r111 >t noexaTb .u.o ropo.na 3a Oill1H •<ac? -· HeT. Ha AOpore 6o; IbWa>t
8. You _______ take my hook for some days. 1 don't need it now. npo6Ka.
9. You _ _ to visit her in hospital. She feels better and can speak to you. 7. He.1b 3ll: CMU3h!BaTb 1IC'faJl11 B UlBCHHOH MaUHiHC JTOlf :lKllll,KOCTbiD.
10. _ _ she go home after her recovery? 8. Br.1 He nomKHbl pa:meruaTh pc6eHI')' rpy6HTh .saM. l1Ha'le oH 6y.TJ.CT
ll. You will have a hair-do tomorrow, _ _ you? HeBOCflf!TaHHhlM.
12. _____ ) speak to Mr Smith? 9. Bw He .'IOJl:lKHht npnxonf!Th ciDp,a 6onr,Uie. Br.r ee oqeHh o6up,eJIH.
13. Mother, _ _ I explain Mary this nile? 10. Thl HC llOmKCH ilHTh TUI\ MHOfO J1CKUpCTB. 3TO BpCJlHT 3):(0pOBbiD . .
14. _ _ I use your computer today? 1 1. JKUTCJ111 He JlOJDKHbi ycxpa111~Th MHTHHfH B 061H0CTBCHRblX M.ecTaX H
15. _ _ kiss me in parting? MCIUUTb .UBH)f(CHHID.
12 . Tbi ue MO:lKCllih npHihu K HeMy cditt.ac . Ero HCT noMa.
£"<.3 Paraphrase the jbllo1ving sentences using the modal verbs expressing 13 . BbJK.HIO'lll TCJJCB1i30p, ~ xoLty cnarr,.
request, pennission. 14. B narmo!i CHTyar~un Mbi He JJ.OJl)!(Ilhi ocra:saThCR 31leC& non~>me.
I. Don't you want to help me to take this heavy bag to lh.e station? 15 . ~1'ory JJH H pe!llHTb 3ry npo6neMy caM? HeT, Thl He MO>KC!llb. C1-rrya~H.H
2. Let's spend some days together. CJJHWKOM CJIO:lKHU~ .

3. Tell me please, what time it's now.

4. Show me please, where the building of the technical university is situated E"<. 2. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs.
in this street. 1. You _ _ eat so many sweets. rt is harmful for health and for your
5. I ask you very much to leave my daughter in peace. figure.
6. I allow you to watch TV if you do your homework. 2. You _ _ be late. Otherwise you will be excluded from this prestigous
7. The teacher said that he permitted me to use his books. university.
8. Do you allow me to open the window? It is very hot in the room. 3. My mother _ _ grow plants in this part of the garden. The plot isn't
9. Will you help me to get additional intormation about this young man? dug.
4. My daughter _ _ play the piano when I sleep.
26
27
 5. Seeds _ _ to be planted into dry soil.
6. You __ _ to wear tllis dress. It iiTitates me.
7. May I stay longer here?- No, you _ _ . I'm tired of you.
8. Your son ___ spoil his eyes and read in transport.
9. 'What is your opinion? May I win'! No, you _ _. Very strong players
take part in the competition.
10. May I swim here? No, _ _. There is a sign that the sea is very deep in
this place.
ll. One _ _ to plant tulips and narcissi together. They influence each
other badly.
12. You ·--- take so many things abroad. If you buy anything there, your
bag will be too heavy to carry it.
13. May 1 buy this book? No, you _ _. It is an exhibition copy. It isn't on
sale now.
14. May we leave the territory ofthe hotel? No, you _____ _, it is forbidden .
15. May I use your cream? No, you _ _ I've bought it only for myself
Ex.3 Paraphrase the following sentences using the modal verbs
expressingprohibition.
1. You had better not go there in the evening, it is dangerous.
2. It isn't recommended to combine tltese medicines. One may have negative
consequences.
3. I want not to remind her of this incident. It will be better.
4. It is prohibited to smoke in public places in our COWltry.
5. It is impossible for you to get your documents as tlley haven't been
checked yet
6. I don't allow you to take children to go fishing. I am responsible for them.
7. "1vlay I fmd a doctor here'?'' -"It is already late and the hospital is fur
away"
8. "May I get your blessing to marry your daughter?" - "You are not a
proper husband for her".
9. "May I call from this hotel free of charge?"- "It isn' t allowed according
to the rules of the hotel".
to. I advise you not to worry. The doctor is experienced. I hope the
operation will be successful.
1.1. I want you not to get up early during your holidays.
12. It isn't allowed to take the device to pieces. At first it is recommended to
switch it off.
13. It is banned to go out into the stn.-et drunk.
14. "May I live in this house?" -- "I don't think so, the house is unsafe".
15. "May I borrow some money one more time?'' - "I don't want to lend you
money any more. Earn yourself'.
28
7. Set phrases with modal verbs
Ex.l. Translate the following sentences using set phrases with modal verbs.
l. .5J HC Mory He CMCllThCll npH BU,J.e 3TOro KJIOYJia.
2. EMy HHqero ;npyroro HC OCTaCTC.ll, KaK flOHTH H BO BCeM npHlWlThCll.
3. qTO iKC eme OHH MOrJIH C;neJiaTh B :noli CHTyai~UK?
4. H, no:~Ka..lyH, coo6nzy eMy o aaweM peweHHH cerororn.
5. Thl He .LI.YM3CWh, 'ITO MOr.'IO 6hl 6h!Th H xy)f(e nocne TOro, KaK npoH30!llCJI
Hl.>cqacnrhlH cny•1a.H?
6. 3Ty :lKCHll.UtHY MO:lKHO 6.blJIO npniDlTb 3a ee MaTh. 0HU TaK DOXOiKH.
7. fu1H MO){(HO Tal\ Bhlp33HTbCII, OR He COBCCM a)J,CKBaTHhlU qe.noBCIC.
8. BM ~OJDKHhl HenpeMCHEIO pelliHTh ')T}' npo6neMy cpa1y, HHa'le 6y,11,e-r
noJ;nHo.
9. MHe nopa yxo;:J.HTh, YJKC n03,!l.HO.
}0. ,AOJI)l(eH BaM CKa3aTJ>, OH He mo6HT lllYMHhlX KOMnamdt
] l. Te6e 6hl Jl)"'IIJC He XO,l:UtTh Ha K8TOK 8 TaJcylO MOpo:JHYJO noro.n,y.
12. qTo CO MHOfO CT8HCT, CCJlH .II HC npHMY peUICHMC CCH•Iac'?
13 . .si y.LUismnoch, noqeMy Bhl c;nenann OlllHOKy B ;nHKTaaTe. Bhl ,!l.OJJ:lKHhl
'lHaTJ> no npaBHJJo.
1.4. .sl He ;J.Oll)'mY, 'IT06hl Bbl H8K8'3 hiBaJIH CfO, CCJUI OH He BltHOBaT.
15. .si 6oJ DpelinO'ICJI, 'lTOObl Tbl TOI'~ MOJI'la.JJ.
16. He 6y,11,eTe JIH Bhl so3piDKaTb DpOTifB Toro, 'IT06hl norocTHn. y uac eme
HC)J,eJtlO?
17. 0cMCJUOCh CKaJaTh, Bhl TOT C8Mhllt MO.liO.i.J;OH tfCJlOBeK, KO'TOphiH c;nemUI
npe;nnoiKeHHe Moeii .uoqepH.
18. qTO OH MOr HaTBOpUTh 6eJ MeH.ll'?
I. 9. 0HH He MOrna He Tlut~eBan., C.1yui8.ll Tai\)10 BCCC.'I)'lO MY3hl.KY.
20. Bw HcnpeMeHHO ll;OJI:lKHhl noJBOHHTh eMy ceromu II y3HaTo, 'IT O
C.il)"!H.JIOCh.
1 .Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks l-l'ith modal verbs.
1. She _ _ help telling her friend about her new fellow.
I 2. He _ _ but leave this work.
3. What __ ____ they advise her? Only wait.
4. You _____ as well send the letter in the evening.
5. She left the university and began working. It _ _ have been worse.
6. He wore a beautiful suit and expensive shoes. He _ _ have been taken
for a gentleman.
7. I _ _ tell you that you arc mistaken. This bag is not in my style.
8. You _ _ better hurry up. It looks like rain.
9. Ifl _ _ say so, your decision isn't quite reasonable.
to. My brother _ _ needs enter some technical university. He is good at
mathematics.
29
 VI
Ll. J _ _ bc off. l can miss my train. GENERAL EXERCISES
12. What I to do? How can I take my exam if I am not ready yet'?
13. He has been ill for a Long time. You arc friends. You ·······-····-- to know it. Ex.J. Translate t.hefollowing sentences using modal verbs.
14. I _______ have her many him. I. Ec..1H HM C)'IK.n,CHO OhlTb BMCCTC, 3TO TaK H 6y1ICT.
15. She _ _ rather grow tlowers. But her mother asks her to grow 2. EMy cy:iK,UeHo 6hm.O rrpO:iKHTh s :n oii: c-rpaHe .uorrme ro)lhJ, HCCMOTpH Ha
vegetables. ero :iKCJlaHJ-IC sepHyThC}l Ha pO,UHHY.
16. I ___________ mind cooking dinner myself today . 3. Thl )lO...'l:iKCH CJlYU13ThCH MCIHI, HHaqe H TC6SI OTIIpaB.mO )lOMOH.
17. I ··--------······ say, you haven't invited me to this restaurant yet. 4. Mhl JJ,orosoplillHC& c Hei1 noexaTb 3a rpaHHUY n :noM ro.11.y, ecJm MHe
L8. My TV set has burnt. It _ _ have been worse. 1Ia.ilY'I' JICTOM OTllYCK.
19. She _ _ but ask for his help. 5 . .5I He Mory noronopHTh c m6oii: ceii:qac. MHe rrpHACTC51 o6C,'JY:iKHnan.
20. You needs apologize to her. You are not right. noKynaTerre:H, TaK KaK Mara3HH eme He 3aKp&JT.
6. llepc11 TCM, KaK K.;1aGTh .rrpo,UyKTbl B HOBhiH XOJ10.1J,H.m.HHK, CfO Ha1IO
CHa'laJUt BblMblTb.
7. Mhl JJ,OJl:iKI:Ihi 6hmH corrpoBO:iK.LJ.aTb Hamcro npe.ll.CTaRJ-nemt: $HpMbi, HO OH
noexan O.n,HH, TaK KaK HaM npHU1JIOCh BCpHyTLCll 3a 1IOKyMCHTaMH.
8. He pacc-rpaMBaHCJI. Te6e HC H)'ii<HO pa60TaTb BMeCTO HCC CCI'O,li.Hll. }J
BhliTOJIHIO TBOIO pa60T)!.
9. Te6e He Ha,ll.o 6hmo noMoran, ':bHc, ona TaK351 He6,'Jaro.D.apHIDI.
I0. Thl 6y.11.crnh :iKaJit.'Th o csoeM pemerum, .ll re6.ll npeD.}'Ilpe)KJI;aiO.
11. 5l.uo;1:iKCH o6:iKanosaTb :no pernemrc B cy.11.e, no B03MO:iKHOCT.M cr;:opee.
12. fip11 ,UaHRb!X 06CTOUC;1hCTBaX BaM. He C..'IC1IYCT exaTh BMCCTC. JTO
6yncT I\a1aTbC51 ll0,.1\03pHTCJlhHhiM.
13 . M3pH Ha,UO paCC;1a6HTbCSI, 060 BCCM 3a0biTL H OT.UOXH}"fb.
14. Eclli! OH 6y,UCT BCCTU TaKOH o6pa3 :iKH3HH, OH CKOpo OKa:iKCTCH B
T!OphMC.
15. BcpOJ!TiiO, OH rrpOHrpan BCC CBOC COL'TOSIHHC B KapTbf, IlHa':IC 6bl OH HC
npoc~m y TCO.)I 1ICHCr.
16. KaK yKa3hJB3JIOCh s oTqeTe, reppuropH.a B 3TOM paiioHe, ,li.OJ[)KHO 6htTb,
OY.CHb 3arp.li3HCHa.
17. fosop}!T, qro oua, nepol!THO, pa1BO.LJ.HTC.ll c .MJ:iKCM H co6.npacTC.ll yexaTh
3a rpaHHUy.
18. HeyX<CJUI Bbl BCpHTC CllJlCTHHM H HC HMCCTC CBOCrO C06CTBCHHOrO
MI:ICHHli?
19. Ona HHKaK. He MO.fJla f'IO :noro ,li.O;zyMaTbCli car.m, I(TO•TO eii ITO.LJ.CKa3aJI.
20. Mo:iKCT 6wTh, Te6e nose1eT 1-1 Thi swHrpaelllh B ;rorepe10.

Ex.:!. TJ·an.slate the following sentences using modal verbs.

1. 0H MO:iKCT COJJraTh U o6MaHyTh TC6.ll B mo60H MOMCHT H _npH ::rrOM
Ka3aT&Gll HeBHHHhiM.
2. Y HCC YHJHG\JihHh!C CllOCOOHOCTH. 0Ha MO:iKCT npe;J.BH,!J.eTh 6y,li.}'1UCC U
npc;wnpcxqan. o6 onacHocrn.

31
30
 5. "you _ _ blame me if you don't get on with him", he said. "I know
3. ~rty OOJJe3Hb MOIKJJO OIIpe,J;eJIHTb TOJJhKO IIO COOTBeTCTBYKlUIHM
8HaJlH3a.\1. nothing more of him than I have learned from meeting him occasionally in the
4. Bhi MOjJ(CTe OTI\a3aThCH or csoero peweHH.li, ec.mJ y sac H3MCHHTC.H laboratory." (Conan Doyle)
06CTOHTC11hCTBa. 6. "You ··-·····-····-· take him to the mortuary now", he said. "There is nothing
5. flojJ(apH<U!. MalllHHa M.orna 6hi rrpH6MTh pm.thUIC H noTyunnh noJKap. no more to be learned''. (Conan Doyle)
7. "Had he a whip in his hand?" - "a whip-no". ''He have left it
COCClUI He ll03BOHl1;1lt BOBpCMJI.
behind", muttered my companion. (Conan Doyle)
6. 0H CMOr IIOMJlpHThC.li U)laJKe OCTaThCH. C Hcii .npy3hHMH.
7. 51 06ll3aTCJlhHO COWhfO CCbe Tal\OC IIJiaTbC. :JTO MOll f.jlaCOH. 8. "There····-·······--· be any number of Injuns here" said the elderly man who
appeared to be in command. "We have passed the Paronees, and there are no
8. KaK TI.I ocMc.mmaClllhCH Bhl.i-\BHra:rh TaKHe rpe6onamur! Tr,I 'l.i-\eCb HHKTO.
other tribes until we cross the great mountains". (Conan Doyle)
9. ,llCHb 33 Jl,HeM )J,JKepyma llHCa.:na l1HChM8 H CO'U1HeHl1.li H
COBepilleHCTBOBaJTa CBOH HaBhiKH. 9. "······-·-·······!go forwru·d and see, Brother StangersonT asked one of the band.
(Conan Doyle)
10. 0H HHK3.K He XO"!CT ony6JJHIWBaT.h CBOIO \..'TaTF>!O, TUK l\aK tlyMaCT. 'ITO
!0. They _ _ see tl1e lonely watcher fingering his gun, and peering do\\-n
OHa MOiKeT Bhf3B8Tb OYpHU,aTeJlhHYffi peal\U.H]{}.
at them as if dissatisfied at their reply. (Conan Doyle)
II. He Monm Obi Bhl ycTynnTh MHe li<WCTO? Y IvtcHll O'JeHh KPY)KH.TCji
1 l. The wage of his awakened instinct of fatherhood was strong upon him.
ronoBa.
He _ _ find meat. (Jack London)
l2. floiKa.n.yil:cra, npeKpaT.HTe 3TOT cnop. 51 yna.;1a OT sac.
12. He _ _ do nothing to deft~nd hin1self. If this man-animal intended
l3. Thl MOiKemh rrpoao_nflTh ee .uoMoi1. B :noT pa3 SI Te6e pa3pemaro.
harm, White Fang knew that he _ _ not escape it. (Jack London)
14. MHe pa36y.nnTh Te6.li s 7 'lacos?
15. <d-lyiKHO .m1 MHe aapHTh Ha 3aBTpaK I<arny?>> - <<Her, cero.nHSI Jl. peillHml 13. He···-·-·-······ to know fear many times in his dealings with man, yet it was a
token of the fearless companionship with man that was ultimately to be his.
opn.rOTOBHTh SIH'lHHU.Y C BeT'UUIOih>.
(Jack London)
16. Bhl He .no_;I)f{Hbl HHKOMY coo6maTh o CBOeM pememm. 51 Bac
14. White Fang, seeming to sum up strength in all his qualities, nevertheless
npe;.~,ynpe)K_;J,aro.

l7. Mory nH » f.jloTorpaq>uposaTh B ')TOM MyJee? HeT, 3JlCCh He suffered from one besetting weakness. He ······-·-·-·· not stand being Jaughed at.
(Jack London)
pa3pemacTCjf lienaTh <fiOTorpa<lmH.
15. "He has lost nearly all the blood in his body. There is a large likelihood
18. CornacHo peu.enTy, Bhl He MOJKCTe npuroTOBiHh 3TOT TO}Yf 6e3 KOHb.HKa.
of internal injuries. He _ _ have been jumped upon. To say nothing of three
19. Thl rre ,.'lOJiiKCH npoBO,'l.liTh CTO.'lbl\O speMeHH 3a KOMIIbiOTepoM. Tt.I
bullet holes cleru· tl1rough him. One chru1ce in a thousand is really optimistic. He
Hcnopnmih 1pem1e.
hasn't a chance in ten thousand." "But he _ _ lose any chance that _ _ be
20. BM He JIOJJJKHh.I npHBhiKaTh K Yi'J.06CTBaM. Crwpo Bee JBMemncH.
of help to him", Judge Scott exclaimed. (Jack London)
16. "He ran through the desert; he ron through the motmtains; he ran through
Er. 3. Fill in the blanks with modal verbs.
the salt-pru1s; he ran through the reed-becl<~. He··-··----··-· (Rudyard Kipling)
l. "Oh, I feel some concern for my future"- "All right. Sure. but not too
17. "You _ _ better take him home", said the Stute Fish to the Whale''. I
much, I guess. You _ _ old Spencer said." You _ _ boy. You _ _ when
_ _ to have warned you that he is a man of infinite-resource-and-sagacity".
it's too late. (J.D. Salinger)
(Rudyard Kipling)
2. That was one good thing about Strandler. You didn't ··············-· to explain
every goddam little thing with him, the way you ___ to do with Ackley. (J.D. 18. "Yes," said the Zebra, "but this itisn't the High Veldt-···---····· you see?" "I
_ _ now", said the Leopard. But I _ _ all yesterday". (Rudyard Kipling)
Salinger)
19. "Excellent!''- said Stickly-Prickly; "but I _ _ do any more just now."
3. I _ _ hear you. Go to bed now. l _ _ to go. Call me tomorrow. (J.D.
(Rudyard Kipling)
Salinger)
20. "And ifi say two words in my praise?"- said the Cat. "l never
4. l have a tecling that you're riding for some kind of a terrible, tenib.le fall.
said the Woman, "hut if you say two words in your praise? You _ _ sit by the
It _ _ be the kind where, at the age of thirty, you sit in some bar hating
fire in the Cave".(Rudyard Kipling)
everybody who comes in. (J.D. Salinger)
21. "I'll give them a new pair of books every Christmas. They--·-·· go by
the carrier," she thought. (Lewis Carroll)

33
32

22 .... she sat down and began to cry again. ''You __ _ to be a<>hamcd of
yourself', said Alice, "a great girl like you". (Lewis Carroll)
23. I'm sure I-------·- be Mabel, for 1 know all sorts of things, and she, ohl
She knows such a very little! (Lewis Carroll)
24. 1 really _ _ be getting home; the night air doesn't suit my throat!
(Lewis Carroll)
25. "Not the same thing a bit!'' said the Hatter. "Why you ____________just as well
say that "1 see what 1 eat", "is the same thing as "I cat what I see!" (Lewis
Carroll)
26. '"I _ _ stand him around here anymore. You get that fellow off this
place or I'll run him off myself. (Irving Stone)
27. ·'Is there a house on it, Andrew?" - '"No. just an old blockhouse that wa'>
turned into a trading past". •·_ _ we go see it?" --- "l ___ move you there. It
hurts my pride." (Irving Stone)
28. "You __________ go on leave. You-----------· go to Rome. Naples, Cicily.'' '"He
_ _ visit Amalfi," said the lieutenant. "1 will write you cards to my family in
Amalti." (Ernest Hemingway)
29. "Where have you been?" - "l've been out on post"- "You _ _ have
sent me a note?"- ''No," - I said "Not very well. I thought 1 was coming back"
"You ____ to have let me know, darling'' (Ernest Hemingway)
30. "I'm so sorry. I hope she's no! ilL" - "She's not awfully well" " _ _
you tell her how sorry 1 am?" "Yes, I _ _" (Ernest Hemingway)
31. The porter stood by the bed. "You _______________ go," I said to him. "You -·-------- --
go too, "1 said to the nurse. (Ernest Hemingway)
32. You know 1 don't love anyone but you. You shouldn't mind because
someone else loved me."- "l do'' - "You _______________ be jealous of someone ...
who's dead when you have everything" (Ernest Hemingway)
33. "You _ _ be a captain because you know the Italian language well
enough", Ettore said. "You ___ talk but you _ _ read and '-VTite well
enough." (Ernest Hemingway)
34. I looked around but I ____________ not find anything to eat." We ___ ___________ to lie
up in the bam," 1 said. "Do you think you ___ find anything to eat, Piani, and
bring it up there?"{Ernest Hemingway)
35. "I ·-------------- hold the umbrella", Catherine said. "We···---------- sail with that
with the wind"-" _ _ you steer?" ·- "I think so". (Ernest Hemingway)
36. "Mary can1e in and said there was a body in the library?" - "Yes" - "But
there _ _ be,'' said Colonel Bantry. "No-no. I suppose not." said Mrs Bantry
doubtfully. ·'But then why did Mary say there was?''- ·'She _______________ have"-- "She
did"."You _ _ have imagined it."- "1 didn't imagine it." (Agatha Christie)
37. And you _ _ think I was treating them shabbily. As I said, I divided
up my estate at the time my children married. (Agatha Christie)
34
38. "1 _ _ have made a fuss!" said Mrs Bantry. "WelL frankly speaking,
we weren't entitled to make a fuss. It was Jeff's money. We weren't his t1esh
and blood. (Agatha Christie)
39. "Good morning;' said Miss Marple briskly and cheerfully." "------------- I
just come in lor a minute'!" (Agatha Christie)
40. Superintendent Harper said, "That is, assuming the girl was killed before
midnight." - "Hay dock said she was. He's a very sound fellow in police work.
If he says a th.ing it's so." -- ''There ________ be re<J.son .... health, physical
idiosyncrdSy or somcthing."(Agalha Christie)
Ex.4
l. "lf you a<>k me, it's you and the school Govemors that are mad," said Nan.
"You _ _ have money to bum". •·_ _ we wait bench for Felicity?'' asked
Mor. "No, of course not," said Nan. She always sulks when she comes home.
(Iris Murdoch)
2. "Don't target we _ _ talk to Felicity about her future.""_ _ weT'
said Mor. This was the sort of provocative reply which he found it very hard to
check, and by which Nan was unfailingly provoced. (Iris Murdoch)
3. '"The book on Oriental rugs, some articles on rare editions, and a volume
of sennons preached at School Services. That was published very long ago.
Demoyte would be furious if he knew I'd given it to you." "It _ _ be a secret
between us,'' said Miss Carter. (Iris Murdoch)
4. "But -------·-- ·· we meet Mr Bledyard," said Miss Carter.'' " _________ you
mind?" said Mor. "In fact, he's hardly ever there on these sunny afkmoons.''
(Iris Murdoch)
5. "But do tell her, will you and make my excuses." ''I _ _ certainly," said
Mor, who had no intention of passing this idiotic apology on to Nan. (Iris
Murdoch)
6. You _ _ to be aware, Miss, that you are under obligations to Mrs Reed:
she keeps you. (Charlotte Bronte)
7. "What we tell you, is for your good," added Bessie in no harsh voice:
"you _ _ try to be useful and pleasant, then, perhaps, you would have a home
here." (Charlotte Bronte)
8. ··rm glad you arc no relation of mine: 1 ___________ never call you aunt again
as long as 1 live. 1 _____________ never come to see you when I am f:,>rown up; and if
anyone asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, 1 _ _ say the very
thought of you makes me sick, and that you treated me with miserable cruelty."
"How-------·--·---- you afftrm that .Jane Eyre?" ''How ·---------- I, Mrs Reed? How ___________ _
I? Because it is the truth.(Charlotte Bronte)
9. Sir, 1 was too plain: 1 beg your pardon. I _ _ to have replied that it was
not easy to give an impromptu answer to a question about appearance; that tastes
differ.(Charlotte Bronte)
35

tO. "Then, what induced you to take charge of such a little doll as that?"
(pointing to Adele). "Where did you pick her up?'' "I did not pick her up, she
was left on my hands." ''You ........_. ___have sent her to school.'' ''1 ................ not
afford it: schools arc so dear.''( Charlotte Bronte)
ll. ·'1 do like you," said Rosemary, "but I don't think you ___ to fight a
duel." "Yeah, [ _ _ have tried to beat him up, but it's done now. I've let
myselfbe drawn into something that I had no right to be. (Scott Fitzgerald)
12. "Who else do you think l saw- Bartholomew Tailor.'' ''You didn't.'' "[
_ _ have missed that face of his, the old experienced weasel. (_Scott
Fitzgerald)
13 . ''I want a drink ·- l want a brandy.'' ''You ................. have brandy --- you
_ _ have a book if you want it." '·Why _ _ l have a brandy?" "We ·- - -
go into that." (Scott Fitzgerald)
14. He was seated at the piano, with his back to them, turning over the pages
of a volume of Schumann's ''Forest Scenes.'' " Yon .... _____.. lend me these, Basil,"
he cried. "l want to learn them" {Oscar Wilde)
15. People say sometimes that Beauty is only superficial. That _ _ be so.
(Oscar Wilde)
16. ''And you know you have been a little silly, Mrs Gmy and that you don't
really object to being reminded that you arc extremely young.'' '"J ___ have
objected very strongly this moming, Lord Henry'' (Oscar Wilde)
17. You really _ _ not say things like that before Dorian, Harry. (Oscar
Wilde)
18. "I _ _ sympathise with everything, except suffering" said Lord Henry.
shrugging his shoulders. "l _ _ sympathise with that. It is too ugly, too
horrible, too distressing. There is something tenibly morbid in the modem
sympathy with pain. One ......... ........ sympathise with the colour, the beauty, the joy
of life." (Oscar Wilde)
19. "I am afraid I _ _ be going," exclaimed Lady Henry. (Oscar Wilde)
20. But you .................. talk about worship. It is foolish. You and £ are friends.
Basil, and we ............ _... always remain so". (Oscar Wilde)
21. J _ _ have thought a missionary was such a big bug that he _ _
afford to put on frills. (Somerset Mangham)
22 ......_......... you wonder that when we first went there our hearts sank?
(Somerset Maugham)
23. A few drops began to fall. ''we _ _ better take shelter," she said.
(Somerset Maugham)
24. On their retum they found that Davidson had just come in. ''We ...- ......--
be here for a fortnight" he said irritably . . (Somerset Maugham)
25. There was a gleam of hope in her heavy eyes. "You'lllet me go?" ''No.
You sail for San Francisco on Tuesday." . (Somerset Maugham)
36
26. He _ _ say he would want all his money before he had done with this
afl'air of June's. He _ _ never to have allowed the engagement. (John
Galsworthy)
27. "The hotels ................. be doing a tremendous business," he thought.(.John
Galsworthy)
28. Young Jolyon _ _ help smiling. (John Galsw01thy)
29. You're an architect: you _ _ to know all about statues and things!
(John Galsworthy)
30. Old Jolyon said simply: "I suppose I _ _ to have come here, Jo, but l
get so lonely!" (Jolm Galsworthy)
31. "You _.,_______ .. get into a rage" he said. "lf l 'm willing to put up with it, I
suppose you .................. cty out. (John Galsworthy)
32. You _ _ have a clump of iris plants in the centre of that court. (John
Galsworthy)
33. She ..... _____ take alam1, he did not know what she ................. think. (John
Galsworthy)
34. She _ _ to have been a Forsyte, in young Jolyon's sense of the word,
she certainly had that privilege. (John Galsworthy)
35. He caught her \Hist; she wrenched it away. "And where _____ you have
been?" he asked. "In heaven - out of this house!" (John Galsworthy)
36. " _ _ you treat me as your husband?" - ;'No"- "Then l shall take steps
to make you.'' "Do!" (Jolm Galsworthy)
37. He ................. have had some vague notion that some night she would let
him; or perhaps only the feeling that a husband _ _ to kiss his wife. (John
Galsworthy)
38. Oh! And when do you think 1 passed today in Richmond Park? You'll
never guess- Mrs. Soames and- Mr. Bosinney. They __............. have been down tO
look at the house! (John Galsworthy)
39. The sudden t1ush that rose on the girl's intent young face-she _ _
have seen spring up before her a great hope. (John Galsw01thy)
40. "He ....- ......... go on like this," he thought. "It's God's ovv'llmiracle he's not
been run over already." (John Galsworthy)
37
 KEYS TO EXERCISES 17. needn't have gone
18. didn't have to revise
TRAINING EXERCISES 19. should use
1. The meaning of necessity or obligation 20. ought to leave
Ex. t
1. must win, inevitability Ex.3
2. was never to see, inevitability 1. was to be
3. must be present, requirement 2. must
4. were to have \Vritten, plan 3. arc to observe (should observe)
5. must take care of. necessity with the speaker's support 4. are to meet
6. will have to sell, necessity due to some circumstances 5. have to go
7. should keep, instruction 6. ought to remind
8. ought to say good-bye, moral obligation 7. should (ought to) have seen
9. should (ought to) have visited , advice 8. was to have made
lO. needn't revise, the absence of necessity (the speaker gives authority) 9. ought to visit
tl. won't have to go, absence of necessity (external circumstances) 10. needn't worry
t2 . shouldn't (oughtn' t to) have told, undesirability 1 l. don't have to pour
13. need tell, necessity (negative answer) 12. shouldn't (oughtn't to) have came
14. shall be punished, threat 13. shall be pun.i shed
15 . shan't deceive, warning the person will not succeed 14. shall make
16. must call. intention 15. ought to wear
17. must deliver. necessity (positive answer)
18. oughtn't to go, expediency
L9. must come and sec, emphatic advice 2. The meaning of probability
20. ought to be, wish Ex. l.
1. will be, absolute probability with the shade of prediction
Ex.2 2. will be, absolute probability with an element of schedule
1. ought to be 3. will remain, absolute probability with assunmce that everything will be
2. ought to call the same
3. must come and see 4. must be, almost absolute confidence (categorical probability)
4. mustbe 5. ought to be, almost absolute confidence associated with hearsay evidence
5. shall apologize 6. should be, almost absolute confidence based on the personal opinion of
6. shan't take part the speaker
7. must lose 7. would be, a less categorical confidence
8. were to come and live 8. wouldn't be, assurance in the meaning of sarcasm
9. must stay 9. may become, supposition
10. has to choose 10. mayn't know, supposition
t 1. is to be celebrated 11. can (could) believe, uncertainly, doubt
t2. must decide 12. can't (couldn't) have betrayed. improbability
13 . shouldn' t disassemble 13 . must have come, almost absolute confidence .
14. was to speak 14. must have failed to pass, almost absolute confidence
15 . ought to take care 15 . will probably remind, almost absolute confidence
16. should (ought to} have poured 16. will be, absolute probability with the shade of prediction

38 39
17. he wouldn't, assurance in the meaning of sarcasm 3. The meaning of possibility
18 . can't sing, improbability Ex. I
19. could have been dancing, doubt 1. can do, mental possibility
20. will probably bring, almost absolute confidence 2. could (was able to), mental possibility
3. could ring me up, logical possibility
Ex.2 4. could have told, logical possibility
l. will win 5. couldn't do, the absence of possibility due to circumstances
2. will be 6. can (will be able to) develop, mental possibility
3. will win 7. can {may} go, logical possibility
4. wouldn't get 8. could spend, logical possibility
5. will make 9. managed to overcome, realization of the action which was possible
6. must have been intormcd 10. may go on \\-Titing, possibility due to circumstances
7. ought to be 11 . can unite torces and cope, possibility due to circumstances
8. should bendit 12. were to be seen, possibility due to circumstances
9. may come 13. might call in, would be able to leave; possibility due to circumstances
lO. would help 14. may find, possibility in the meaning of..,.rish
11 . must have forgotten 15 . might (could) have saved and bought. unrealized possibility
12. can (could) solve 16. failed to win, uru-ea1ized action which was possible
13. can't fall ill 17. can't translate, the absence of possibility due to circumstances
14. might like 18. can run, physical possibility
15. could have done 19. may achieve, possibility in the meaning of wish
16. may have 20. can (may) pack and go away, logical possibility
17. ought to be mined
18. would spoil Ex.2
19. must be waiting 1. could play
20. can't have committed 2. managed to pass
3. could translate
Ex.3 4. is to be cooked
1. will be 5. can dive
2. will be 6. can (may) call
3. would be late 7. may go
4. mustbc 8. eanhelp
5. should be 9. may become
6. ought to have had 10. is to be built
7. may have mixed 11. might (could) have gone and improved
8. would (may) be 12. managed to overcome
9. must have failed to come 13 . could have been
10. can (could) like 14. can (may) make, can (may) be
11. can't be 15. can cook
12. may (might) have \\Tirten 16. didn't manage to answer
13 . must be 17. can discuss
14. can (could) have changed 18. failed to tell
15 . can't be 19. may be

4o 41
 20. could understand Ex.2
l. dared not come
Ex.3 2. dare ask
1. can do 3. will marry
2. could learn 4. would grow
3. couldn't sleep 5. willleam
4. could (might) quarrel 6. won'twe
5. couldn'tnm 7. will tell
6. can visit 8. would read and play
7. may marry 9. will dismiss
8. could (might) have called 10. would have cooked
9. arc to be made ll. \Vill perform
10. can't get 12. won't cut
11. may use 13. would work
12. couldn't have believed 14. wouldn't open
U. can make 15. won't change
14. can't change 16. wouldn't refuse
15. could (might) have convinced 17. wouldn't have agreed
18. would (will) set
4. The meaning of will 19. willhelp
Ex. I 20. dared not tell
1. dared not speak, determination
2. dare ask, determination Ex.3
3. will go, desire l. dared not call
4. will help, willingness 2. dares not revenge
5. would allow, promise 3. will invite
6. will enter, will be. desire 4. will punish
7. would sit and listen, persistence to perform habitual actions 5. would go
8. will do, will of the person 6. will visit
9. will call, intention 7. would have leamt
l 0. would have visited, desire to perform an action which wasn't realized 8. wouldn' t stop
11. will \VOrk, capacity 9. will scat
12. won't start. inability 10. wouldn't work
13. would work, capacity 11. >von' t stop
14. wouldn't open, inability 12. wouldn't have agreed
15. won't go, refusal 13. will tell
16. wouldn't stay, refusal 14. would compose
17. wouldn't have married, satisfaction that an undesirable action wasn't 15. won't she
realized
18. won't you, consent 5. The meaning of request and pennission
19. dared not tell, absence of courage Ex. I
20. would rehearse, will of the person to perform habitual actions L won't (wouldn't)caH, request
2. won't (wouldn't)allow, request

42 43
3. couldn't pass, polite request 12. can (may) spend
4. may leave. polite request 13. can (may) call
5. are to complete, permission (objective reasons) 14. will speak
6. shall explain, permission depending on the will of the person addressed 15. will go on
7. will discuss, polite proposal
8. will stop, request expressing annoyance 6. The meaning of prohibition
9. can cook, permission Ex.l
10. might take, permission I. mustn't cross, categorical prohibition
11. can show, penniss.ion 2. mayn't take, prohibition
12. shall show, pennission depending on the will of the person addressed 3. can't have, prohibition
13. will (would) buy, request 4. no, you mayn't a-;k, prohibition (the person addressed is an obstacle)
14. will answer. request 5. no, you mustn't enter, prohibition (it isn't allowed)
15. can sleep, permission 6. no, you can't get, prohibition because of some obstacles
7. are not to oil, instruction
Ex.2 8. shouldn't allow, advice
l. will (would) do 9. oughtn't to come, wish not to p{Tfonn an action
2. will tell 10. shouldn't take, advice
3. will (would) ... remember 11. mustn't arrange, categorical prohibition
4. can (could) ... pass 12. can't come, prohibition
5. cango 13. mayn't watch, prohibition
6. might use 14. oughtn't to stay, wish not to perfom1 an action
7. will go 15. no, you can't solve, prohibition because of some obstacles
8. may take
9. are to visit Ex.2
10. will go l. shouldn't eat
1 1. won't you 2. mustn't be late
12. may speak 3. can't grow
13. shall explain 4. mayn't play
14. may use 5. aren't to be planted
15. will kiss 6. oughtn't to wear
7. no, mayn't stay
Ex.3 8. shouldn't spoil
I. will help 9. no, you can't win
2. will spend 10. no, you mustn't swim
3. will (won't) tell 11. isn't to plant
4. would (wouldn't) show 12. shouldn't take
5. will leave 13. no, you can't buy
6. can watch 14. no, you mustn't leave
7. might use 15. no, you mayn't use
8. am ... to open
9. may (might) get Ex.3
10. shall leave 1. shouldn't go
11. can (may) prepare 2. aren't to be combined

44 45
3. oughtn' t to remind 6. might have been taken
4. mustn't smoke 7. must tell
5. can't get 8. had better hurry up
6. mayn 't take 9. ifl may say so
7. no, you can ' t LO. must needs enter
8. no, you mayn't 11. must be off
9. no, you mustn' t 12. am .. . to do
10. shouldn't worry 13 . ought to know
11. oughtn 't to get up 14. won't have her marry
12. aren't to take 15 . would rather grow
13 . mustn't go out 16. wouldn't mind cooking
14. can't live 17. dare say
15 . mayn't borrow 18. might have been worse
19. can't but ask
SET PHRASES WITH MODAL VERBS 20. must needs apologize
Ex.1
l. can't help laughing GENERAL EXERCISES
2. can't but go and confess Ex. I.
3. could do l. must be
4. may as well inf(>rrn 2. was to live
5. might have been worse 3. must obey
6. might have been 4. were to go
7. ifi may say so 5. can't speak, will have to serve
8. must needs solve 6. should be washed
9. must be going (be oft) 7. ought to (should) have accompanied, had to return
10. I must tell you 8. needn't work
1 l. had better not go 9. oughtn't to (shouldn't) have helped
12. am ... to become of lO. shall regret
13. ought to know ll . must (have to) appeal against
14. won't have you punish 12. oughtn't to go
15 . would rather have been 13. should relax, forget and have a rest
16. would ... staying 14. will be
17. dare say 15. shou1dhave lost
18. cmtld have done 16. must be polluted
19. couldn't help dancing 17. ought to divorce
20. must needs call 18. can .. . believe, not have
19. can't (couldn't) have hit upon the idea of
Ex.2 20. may win at
l. can 'thelp telling
2. can't but leave Ex.2.
3. can (could) advise t. can (may) he and deceive
4. may (might) as well send 2. can t(>rcsce, warn of
5. might have been worse 3. is to be determined

46 47
4. may renounce 25. might
5. might (could) have arrived and put out 26. won ' t
6. managed ro make it up and remain 27. couldn't can't
7. will sew (make) 28 . should, should, should
8. dare ... put forward 29. eouldn't, ought to
9. would write, improve 30. will, will
10. won't publish, may cause 31 . ean. can
II. couldn't .. . give up 32. shouldn't
12. will ... stop arguing 33. can't, can. can't
13. may (can) accompany 34. could, ought to, could
14. shall wake up 35 . could, could, can
15. need cook 36. couldn ' t. can't, must
16. mustn't inform 37. needn' t
17. may photograph, mustn' t take pictures 38. should
18. aren'ttocook 39. may
19. shouldn't spend 40. might
20. oughtn't to get used
Ex. 4
Ex. 3. !. must, shall
1. will, will, will 2. must, must
2. had to, had to 3. shall
3. can't have to 4. won 't, would
4. may 5. will
5. mustn't 6. ought lo
6. can 7. should
7. must 8. will, will, will, dare, dare, dare
8. can' t 9. ought to
9. shall lO. should, could
10. could 1! . ought to, should
!1 . must 12. couldn't
12. could, could 13. can 't, can, can 't
13. was to 14. must
14. could !5. may
15 . must, mustn't. might 1.6. should
16. had to I.7. must
17. had, ought to 18. can, eannot, should
18. can't, can, couldn't 19. must
19. shouldn' t :w. mustn ' t talk, must
20. shall, may 2! . should, could
21. must 22. can
12. ought to 23 . had
23. can't 24. may
24. must 25 . shall

48 49
26. dared, ought to SOURCES
27 . must Eafu<osa 3.M. JleKcMKo-ceMaHTH'lCCKOe no.Tie, o6be.UHHCHHOe MO.D.aJlhHh!M
28 . couldn't :ma'ICHHCM YBCpCHHOCHl !noll,TBCp)Kll,CHHl!t B COBpeMCHHOM aHrJIHHCKOM .l13blKC.
29. ought to AsTope<p. mtc . . .. KaHn. qmJJOJL HayK BopoHe'IK, BopoHc'IKcK~lli roc . yH-T HM .
30. oughtn't J1eRI1HCKOfO KOMCOMOJla, 1984.
31. needn't, needn't
32. should I. Eapxy11.apon ;1.C., IlhenHHr ,U.A. fpaMManma anrnJt:ikr;oro l!'3hfr<a. --
33. might, might M .: Bh1Cl1Ia11 WKOJia, 1973
34. oughtto 2. BoHnapeHKo B.H. Bl1ilhi Mo.n.a.TihHhiX 3Ha4eHHJ.i H 11x BI>Ipa'IKeHae s JI3hiKe.
35 . may Asrope1p. JJ.JK . .. KaH}J.. cptuiOJl. HayK AH CCCP HH-T ll'lhi.Ko·maHHll. - M ..
36. will 1977.
37. may. ought to 3. faHUJI:IHa M.A. , BacHJICBCKa51 H.M. IIpal.CTH'IeCKal! rpaMMa:ruKa
38. must aHrJmiicKoro »3hiKa. - 9-oe H3.!J.., M.: BbiCWaJI UJKona, 1964
39. must 4. fop6yHoaa E .B. JlexcnKo-rpaMManrqccr;He cpe,'lCTBa Bhlpa)f(emur
40. can't BCpOS!THOCTH B aHrJIHJJci\OM l!'lhi.KC . A.BTOJJC!p. lJ.HC. .. . l\aH,'l,. qmJJOJl . HayJ\
MfOY. - M., 2003.
5. fpen;l M . 0 cy iUHOCTH MO.lJ.ru'lhHOCTH ii Jl3hiK03HaHne n Y.exoc.,'lOBaKHn .
C 6 . CT. 1956-1974, M., 1978. M.: Tiporpecc .c. 277-301 .
6. L{aBbJ,llOBU Jl.A. 'JclCMCHThl MO,!l.aJihHOCTH B crpyKTypc COBpCMCHHOf'O
aHrJIHHcKoro npe,!l..iiO)f(CHH». ABTopc<p . .nnc . .. . KaHn. <j>HJIOJI. Aayr<. MocK. roc.
nen. nH-T HM. M.Tepe1a . M., 1968.
7. ,ll.oJirorronona 3.K. Mo,n,a.nhHhiC rc1aron.I>t n amnHiicKOM l!'lhtKC -·· M .:
MocKOBCKllii rocy.n.apc-rneHHWH rrc.naromqccKI·Il':f HHCTIIT)!T HM. BJ1.Jlcmma,
1961
8. EpMomJesa JLC. CucTe!l-ta cpencTn BI>IpaiKcHH51 MO,n,ailhHOCTn n
conpcMCHHhlx rcpMaHcKti X ll:lhtKax . AsTopc<p. mtc .. . . Kawvfmnon.Hayrc M .,
1964.
9. 3nepena E.A. HayqHa51 pe'lh 11 MO,a.anhHOCTh. J1. : MocK. roc. ne.n,. aH-T
HM. M.Tepe3a, 1983.
J 0. 3nepcna E .A ., Tpc3epu,cna O.H. , UzyKapena H .C . Mo,n:am,HhlC rnaroJII>I
s aun ntHCKOM n3bJKC. J1.: HayKa, 1967
11 . 30JIOTOBa r.A. 0 MO.ll,ru'1hHOCTI1 TIPCAJIOiKCHH51 B pyCCKOM l!3hlKC //
<I>H.nonomqecKne HayKII.M. , 1962, N~ 4, c. 65-79 .
12. Ko6non r.JL Tipeno.J,anaHHC MO,IJ,aJihHhlX r:lamnon aHrJJ:nikKoro 51:lh!Ka
B ~Oh!KOBOM ny3c// YlJ. 3an. MOHH. HM. HK. KpyncKOH, T. ex. - Bhm.X-M.
1962.-c.57-74
13. KpacHeHKona JLH. CeMaHTH'ICCKilH acncJ.CT MO.rta.'II>HbiX maronon B
COBpCMCHHOM aHrJIHilcKOM. ll3hll\C/ Ha MaTCpHa.Tie r:lafOJlOB " musf', "may",
" might": ABTOpe<p. ,LU1C .. KaHi l . <fJHJIOJl . HayKf MHHCKHil fOCIIC,!l.HHCT. HH.51 ·~ .
MHHCK,l987
14. Mo.'lMbHOCT& Hppea.nbHOCTH n pettJL CocTanHTCnH: Tyro;ryKona f.U.,
UpuroposcKM H.M., f'o11y6cna Jl.K. ·- M ., MIIY, 1992

51
50
 15. HaTarr3oH E.A. KaTcroprnr M01la.'lhHOCTI1 s coBpcMCHHOM aurn11HCKOM LITERA TlJRE
JIJMKe !KoHcneKT neKu.I1HI.- M.: MrnHIUI nM. M. Tope3a. 1976
16. HaTa.H30H E.A. TipanHqecKaJI rpaMManum a.HrmiHCKoro li3hll<.a ,rr.n>I 1. Bronte Ch. Jane Eyre.- L.: The new American library, 1960
3aOtfHHKOB.- M.: Bhlcwa>I wKo,la, 1973 2. Carroll L Alice in Wonderland.- .M.: Progress Publishers, 1979
17. CMHpHHU.KHM A.M. MopqJOJIO.fHJI aarmu1cKoro JI3h1Ka. - .M.: lh.n.-so 3. Christie A. The body in the library.- .M.: VyssajaSkola., 1983
JlHT-phl Ha HH.JI3., 1959 4. Doyle A.C. The penguin Complete Sherlock Holmes.-New York.:
18. Btokh M.Y. A course in Theoretical English Grammar. - M.: Higher Penguin books, 1983
school, 1983 5. Galswmthy J. The Forsyte Saga. Book I .- M.: Progress Publishers, 1974
19. Diver W. The modal system of the English verb/!Word.-1964.-v. 20.- 6. H~:ming>vay E. A Farewell to arms.- M.: Progress Publishers, 1976
N3.-p.322-352 7. Kipling K. Just so stories.- M.: Progress Publishers, 1972
20. Ehrman M.E. The meanings of the modals in Present-Day English.- M.: 8. London J. White Fang.- M.: Progress Publishers, 1976
Higher School Publishing House, 1986 9. Maugham S. Rain and other stories.- M.: Progress Publishers, 1977
21. Henneren L. On modality in English.- Lund, 1978 10. Murdoch I. The sandcastle.- L.: Prosveshchenye. 1975
22. llyish B. The structure of modern English. - L.: Prosveshchenye, 1971 11. Salinger J.D. The catcher in the rye.- M.: Progress Publishers, 1979
23. Johanuesson N.L., The English modal auxiliaries. Stochkolm, 1976 .12. Scott F. Tender is the night.--- L.: Wordswoth Editions Limited, I 993
24. Joos M. The English verb: fom1 and meanings. - The universiiy of 13. Wilde 0. Sclections.-V.l.-M.: Progress Publishers, 1979
Wisconsin Press. Madison and Milwaukee, 1964
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L.: Prosveshchenye, 1973
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Course. - M.: Glossa, 2000
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MeshdWllirodnyeotnoshenia, 1968
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30. Palmer F.R. Semantics. Cambridge, 198l.
31. Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svatwik J. A grammar of
Contemporary English. - L.: Longmans, 1972

52 53
 'Y'Ie611oe u:1aartue
CONTENTS

PREFACE 3 ropoyHoBa EneHa BJiaJ,U1Mi1pOBHa

I. THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY 4
II. MODAL VERBS AND THEIR GENERA.L CHARACTERISTICS .............. 5
Ill. THE MEANINGS OF THE MODAL VERBS 7
1. The meaning of necessity ...................................................... ...... ........... ........ 7
CeMaHTr1Ka MOAanbHbiX rnaronoe aHrnr111cKoro Jl3b1Ka
2. The meaning of probability ................................ ............................................ 9
3. The meaning ofpossibility .............................. ............... ....................... ...... . ll
4. The meaning of·will ................................................................................. .... 12
5. The meaning of request and pennission ...................................................... 14
6. The meaning of prohibition ................................................ .......................... 14
IV. SET PHRASES WITH MODAL VERBS .................................................... 16
V. TRAINING· EXERCISES ................... ......... ..... .......... ................ ................... 18
Vi. GEN'ERAL EXERCISES ................................ .............................................. 31
KEYS TO EXERCISES ........................................................................ .............. 38
SOURCES 51
LITERATURE 53

IlOD.ntlC<lHO B HC'JaTh: 30.11. 2020

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