Carpentry (General workshop practices) Assignment

1. Why wood blocks are placed under the clamp jaw while clamping?
 Because to tight work piece to work surface
 Adjustment
 To prevent the wood from sliding forward during planning

 When clamps are tightened, the pressure that's concentrated at the jaws will often

mar the surface of the work piece. Distributing this pressure will greatly reduce
the damage, so woodworkers often insert a block of scrap wood, called
a clamping block or clamp pad, between the clamp jaws and the work piece.

2. What factor determines the type of clamp used for a particular operation?(give with
examples)
 The choice of the respective clamping equipment depends on
- the shape, size and number of work pieces to be machined
- the number of bores in a work piece and their size
- the angular position of the bores
- the cutting forces acting on the work piece
- the type of drilling machine to be used
- the position, direction and necessary quality of the bore.
 There are a great number of variants of the various clamping elements and
fixtures.
 Clamp capacity
 Clamp load
 Distribution area
 The number of clamping activity you desired
 3. Compare and contrast the difference between cross cut saw and rip saw briefly and clearly.
 The difference between a rip saw and a cross cut saw? A ripsaw, or ripping saw, is a specialized
handsaw for manually cutting wood in the direction of the grain. Ripsaws include a blade and a
plastic or hardwood handle. The blade edge below the handle is the heel and the front end is the
toe. The typical ripsaw is 26 inches in length with 5teeth or points per inch. In comparison, a
crosscut saw has twice as many teeth and makes a finer cut. On the other hand, a crosscut saw is a
specialized handsaw for manually cutting wood across the grain. Crosscut saws include a blade
and a handle. The blade edge below the handle is the heel and the opposite end is the toe. The
numerous cutting teeth between the heel and toe have alternating cutting edges. Each cutting
tooth cuts with one edge and pushes the saw dust out with the other. Crosscut saws have 8 to 15
pointed teeth per inch.4.What is the meaning of (S2S) ands (S4S) for lumber? The symbol S2S
means that the board has been run through a planer producing two flat faces, but the edges are left
rough. While S4S means that the board has been surfaced on both faces(S2S) and received a rip
on both edges, resulting in a board with two flat and parallel faces and two flat and parallel
edges.5.When you buy a cross cut saw, what specification is needed?

i. Rip saw
 The rip saw is used for cutting timber along the grains.
 The teeth of rip saw are chisel-shaped and are set alternately to the right and left.
 A 24" long point saw is a good for sawing work.
 Depending upon whether the saw is designed to rip or cross-cut, the shape of the teeth will also
vary.
 In the case of a ripsaw, the teeth are shaped like chisels.
ii. Cross-cut saw
 Cross cut saw which is similar to rip saw in shape.
 It is primarily designed for cutting across the grains of wood.
 The teeth are knife shaped and bent alternately to the right and left for making the saw to cut
wider than the blade.
 The saw cut is called the kerf. Since the kerf is wider than the blade, the blade will not stick as the
sawing is done.
 The saw teeth may be coarse (with only 4 or 5 teeth per inch) or fine (with ten or twelve teeth
per inch).
 4. Explain the best hammer features.
 The claw hammer is by far the most common and best type of hammer for most carpentry jobs,
especially hammering in nails. The claw hammer generally has a round face for striking a nail
squarely, and a V shaped hook or claw on the reverse for pulling at the heads of nails and
removing them.
 A claw hammer is a tool primarily used for driving nails into, or pulling nails from, some other
object. Generally, a claw hammer is associated with woodworking but is not limited to use with
wood products.
 Claw hammers can be constructed many ways but generally come in one of two forms. The first,
and most popular, type of hammer is the two-piece hammer. This hammer is constructed from a
forged steel head with a hole for fixing a handle. One end is made to fit the hole in the hammer
head, then a steel wedge is driven into the wood which forces it to expand and secure the hammer
head to the handle. Other handle materials include glass fiber and even carbon fiber.

 Fig 4.1. Claw hammer

  Textured face, while better able to “grab” the nail, is more prone making a mark if you
hit the wall instead of your target. For most DIYers, the best hammer is one with a
smooth face; those who do a fair amount of carpentry or major construction will probably
prefer the extra grip of the milled face.
 Nail starter
 Wide face
 Hatches-style handle
 Head weight
PARTS OF A HAMMER:

 Handle: Can be wood, metal, or fiberglass and is the part you grip to swing the hammer.

 Eye: The handle affixes to the hammerhead at the eye. If the head becomes loosened over
time, this is where you will attach a new handle. Note: Forged metal hammers will not
have an eye because the hammer is all one piece.
  Head: The head is what strikes the object and its weight will vary depending on the type
of work being done. Heavier heads tend to be for more heavy duty jobs like framing,
while lighter heads help with detailed finish work where precise control is necessary.

 Face: The face is the front of the head that makes contact with the nail or surface you are
striking. It can be smooth to minimize any marring of a wood surface, or milled to help
the face grab onto nail heads.

 Neck: The part of the hammer head that attaches to the handle.

 Cheek: The side of the hammer head.

 Throat: Connects the neck to the face.

 Claw: Also called the nail puller or pry bar – intentionally sharp to help you dig into the
wood if needed for a stubborn nail. Note: Only claw hammers will have a claw.

5. Clamps are the busiest in wood working shop. What makes them busiest?
Clamps may be the busiest tools in the woodworking shop.

 They are certainly the most numerous; some craftsmen line their shop walls with dozens
of clamps. And no wonder, because clamps are employed at almost every step of every
project, from rough – out to final glue up.
 There are clamps for every occasion, large and small, simple and versatile-like the
ubiquitous C clamp- and complex and specialized, like the precision corner clamp. Many
woodworkers believe that they can never own enough clamps.
 Experts advise that an adequate startup set include what appears to a novice to be an
astonishing number of clamps: several 4- and 6-inch C clamps, a pair of 8-inch wooden
hand screws, several spring clamps, a half - dozen 4-foot pipe or bar clamps and a web
clamp.
 Although you can buy all clamps you need, you can make a surprising number of equally
capable substitutes in your own shop, using such common materials as scrap wood,
bicycle inner tubes, and rope.
 Long- reaching bar and pipe clamps are indispensable for bundling large cabinets,
assembling table frames and edge gluing boards in to panels.
 They also provide a convenient way to, dry- assemble cabinets prior to final glue up,
which allows you to confirm that all the joints fit together snugly.
 A number of specialty clamps are available for tackling specific tasks. One of the most
popular is the corner clamp. Designed to hold two work pieces together at an angle of
90o, this clamp is invaluable for gluing up frames, drawers, and other small carcasses,
especially those assembled with miter joints.
 Like all other tools, clamps work best when gulded by good technique. Often, all that is
needed is the placement of blocks or strips of wood to protect surfaces and distribute the
pressure.
 Although we think of clamps as holding wood together while glue dries, they're equally
important for holding the work piece securely while you attack it with hand and power
tools, if you wanted one all- purpose woodworking safety rule, this is it don’t hold the
work piece one hand while you operate a tool with the other. You need both hands free to
guide and power the tool and you need that work piece to hold still and stay put. Clamps
are the answer.
 Because always available to save the day and help you fasten things together
 Tight our work piece to your work surface
 Clamp is effective in halting or stopping movement while working