SOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATIONS. Ea Example 2.18. Find a positive real root of x logy) x = 1.2 using the bisection method. Sol. Let fix) = x log,, x - 1.2. Since f(2) = 0.598 and (3) = 0.231, so a root lies between 2 and 3. First approximation to the root is x, = $ (2+ 8) = 2.5 Now f(2.5) = - 0.205 and f(3) .231, therefore a root lies between 2.5 and 3. Second approximation to the root is y= 3 Now f\2.75) = 0.008 and f\2.5) = — 0.205, therefore, a root lies between 2.5 and 2.75. (2.5 + 8) = 2.75. ‘Third approximation to the root is x, 4 25 + 2.76) = 2.625 Now 2.6255 0.1 and f(2.75) = 0.008, therefore a root lies between 2.625 and 2.75. Fourth approximation to the root is x, = 5 (2.625 + 2.75) = 2.687 Hence the desired root is 2.687. 2.9. (1) METHOD OF FALSE POSITION or REGULA-FALSI METHOD or INTERPOLATION METHOD This is the oldest method of finding the real root of an equation f(x) = 0 and closely resembles the bisection method. Here we choose two points x, and x, such that f(x,) and f (x,) are of opposite signs i.e. the graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-axis between these points (Fig. 2.6). This indicates that a root lies between x, and x, and consequently f (x9) f(x,) < 0. Equation of the chord joining the points Alxg, ftxq)] and Blx,, flx,)] is Flx)- flo) 9 fe) = @-x,) 1% Abxo [ol] Bley fe)Ea NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE The method consists in replacing the curve AB by means of the chord AB and taking the point of intersection of the chord with the x-axis as an approximation to the root. So the abscissa of the point where the chord cuts the x-axis (y = 0) is given by xy =x) - 180 px) od) Flxy)= fl) * which is an approximation to the root. If now f (x,) and f (x,) are of opposite signs, then the root lies between x, and x,. So replacing x, by x, in (1), we obtain the next approximation x,. (The root could as well lie between x, and x, and we would obtain x, accordingly). This procedure is repeated till the Toot is found to the desired accuracy. The iteration process based on (1) is known as the method of false position, (2) Rate of Convergence. This method has linear rate of convergence which is faster than that of the bisection method. Wi Example 2.19. Find a real root of the equation x} ~ 2x - 5 = 0 by the method of false position correct to three decimal places. (Manipal, B.E., 2005) Sol. Let Fx) =29= 2-5 so that f(2)=~1and f(8) = 16, i.e. A root lies between 2 and 3. Taking xy = 2,x, =, f(z,) =~ 1, f(x) = 16, in the method of false position, we get 2.0588 old) Now F (x) = f (2.0588) = - 0.3908 ie, — the root lies between 2.0588 and 3. Taking x5 = 2.0588, x, = 3, flx,) = — 0.3908, /tx,) = 16, in (i), we get 08412. (_ 0.3908) = 2.0813 16.3908 a Repeating this process, the successive approximations are x, = 2.0862, x, = 2.0915, x, = 2.0934, x, = 2.0941, x, = 2.0943 etc, Hence the root is 2.094 correct to 3 decimal places. ‘Example 2.20. Find the root of the equation cos x = xe* using the regula-falsi method \orrect to four decimal places. (Delhi B. Tech., 2013) ~ Sol.Let f(x) = cosx—xe*=0 so that F(0) = 1, f (1) = cos 1~ ie., the root lies between 0 and 1. Taking xq = 0, x, = 1, f(x) = 1 and f (x,) = 2.17798 in the regula-falsi method, we xy = 2.0588 - 2.17798 get ex - 17% . 1 . 2° 0" Fee y= Pla) 0) = 0+ Sraagg x1 = 0.81467 ad) Now 0.31467) = 0.51987 _i.e., the root lies between 0.31467 and 1.| SOUUTION OF ALGEBRAIC AND TRANSCENDENTAL EQUATIONS EE Taking x, = 0.31467, x, = 1, fixy) = 0.51987, flx,) = — 2.17798 in (i), we get 0.68533 X= 0.31467 + x 0.51987 = 0.44673 Now 20356, flx,) = — 2.17798 in (7), we get 44673 + x 0.20356 = 0.49402 Repeating this process, the successive approximations are Xs = 0.50995, xg = 0.51520, x, = 0.51692 5TA8, x5 = Xp = 0.51775 ete. Hence the root is 0.5177 correct to 4 decimal places. WExample 2.21. Find a real root of the equation x logy) x = 1.2 by regula-falsi method correct to four decimal places. GLN.TLU., B. Tech., 2008) Sol.Let fix) =xlogyyx- 12 so that fil) =-ve, f2) = —ve and (3) = A root lies between 2 and 3. Taking x, = 2 and x, = 3, fix) =~ 0.59794 and fix,) = position, we get sy ve. .23136, in the method of false Fascha fix.) = 2.72102 wi) Now fix,) = 2.72102) = - 0.01709 ie. the root lies between 2.72102 and 3. Taking xy = 2.72102, x, = 3, fix) = ~ 0.01709 and fix,) = 0.23136 in (i), we get 0.27898 x, = 2.72102 + 555345 0.01709 Repeating this process, the successive approximations are x, = 2.74024, x, = 2.74063 ete, Hence the root is 2.7406 correct to 4 decimal places. Example 2.22. Use the method of false position, to find the fourth root of 32 correct to three decimal places. 32)" so that x*— 32 = 0 Take fix) = x*~ 82. Then /(2) =~ 16 and /i3) = 49, Le, a root lies between 2 and 3. Taking xp = 26%) = 3: fix) =~ 16, /lx,) = 49 in the method of false position, we get 16 x 0.01709 = 2.74021 xy By=%0~ Fiahaflagy MW) 2+ Gy = BR od) Now fix,) = 2.2462) =~ 6.5438 ie, the root lies between 2.2462 and 3, ‘Taking xp = 2.2462, x, = 3, flv) = ~ 6.5438, fx,) = 49 in (?), we get 3- 2246 i + 6.5438) 8) = 2.335,