Professional Documents
Culture Documents
@ 7 : -
0 = 5> ? . 7 5C . 0 5 ` 9
-#% 59?=:1@005`9
&('
&(( ARd `aVcRTZ`_Vd UV ]R Z_XV_ZVcoR UV ]`d R]Z^V_e`d
2SRHJRXVFHN`R IJ WFHFVSWF
! JR TJWS IJ PF INWSPYHN`R"
mXi`fj) >e \jkfj j`jk\dXj' cX Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye kXdY`ue gl\[\ gifdfm\ij\ gfi \e(
]i`Xd`\ekf p*f \mXgfiXZ`ye' ZcXj`]`Zte[fj\ cfj gifZ\jfj [\ Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye j\(
^ze \c dukf[f lk`c`qX[f)
>c ^iX[f [\ j\gXiXZ`ye hl\ j\ Zfej`^l\' \e \jkfj j`jk\dXj dtj Zfdgc\afj
#gfi \a)' cX ZlXekwX \e hl\ \c dXk\i`Xc [\j\X[f gl\[\ ZfeZ\ekiXij\ \e \c cwhl`[f
f j\i \okiXw[f Zfe cfj Zi`jkXc\j$' [\g\e[\ [\ cX Zfdgfj`Z`ye [\c j`jk\dX) >e
dlZ_fj ZXjfj' gXik`ZlcXid\ek\ \e \c [\ cXj [`jfclZ`fe\j XZlfjXj `dgc`ZX[Xj \e
cX `e[ljki`X Xc`d\ekXi`X' gl\[\ Zfej`[\iXij\ hl\ cX [`jfclZ`ye \jkt Zfdgl\jkX
gfi le jfclkf' le [`jfcm\ek\ p Xc^leXj `dgli\qXj) EXj `dgli\qXj gl\[\e Xl(
d\ekXi' f i\[lZ`i' cX jfclY`c`[X[ [\c jfclkf \e \c [`jfcm\ek\) : m\Z\j' cXj `dgl(
i\qXj ef `e]clp\e j`^e`]`ZXk`mXd\ek\ \e cX jfclY`c`[X[ p' \e fZXj`fe\j' j\ ]fi(
dXe Zi`jkXc\j d`okfj) Ll \]\Zkf jfYi\ cX jfclY`c`[X[ j\ gl\[\ \ogi\jXi \e
kuid`efj [\ le Zf\]`Z`\ek\ Z' [\]`e`[f Xjw5
L` cXj `dgli\qXj jfe [\ kXc eXkliXc\qX hl\ T \j dXpfi hl\ cX le`[X[' j\ [`Z\
hl\ ÄjfclY`c`qXeÅ Xc jfclkf p j` T \j d\efi hl\ cX le`[X[ hl\ cf Ä`ejfclY`c`qXeÅ)
>e \jk\ j\ek`[f' `ek\i\jX j\xXcXi hl\ cXj `dgli\qXj efidXcd\ek\ gi\j\ek\j \e
\c al^f [\ ZXxX [\ XqzZXi _XZ\e hl\ T 7 ,' Xc ZfekiXi`f [\ cf hl\ fZlii\ \e cfj
al^fj [\ cX i\dfcXZ_X XqlZXi\iX),
-#& 9@ 072.05`9
<lXe[f leX [`jfclZ`ye [\ le jfclkf \e le [`jfcm\ek\ j\ \e]iwX gif^i\j`mX(
d\ek\' f \c [`jfcm\ek\ j\ mX \mXgfiXe[f [\ ]fidX Zfek`elX' cX Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye ef
Zfd`\eqX \e ZlXekf cX ZfeZ\ekiXZ`ye [\ le Zfdgfe\ek\ [\ cX [`jfclZ`ye jlg\(
iX jl mXcfi [\ jXkliXZ`ye X cX k\dg\iXkliX X hl\ \c j`jk\dX j\ \eZl\ekiX) >c
\]\Zkf `ed\[`Xkf \j cX jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye [\ cX [`jfclZ`ye' \e cX hl\ gl\[\ gif[l(
Z`ij\ #f ef$ cX elZc\XZ`ye [\ Zi`jkXc\j) >c ^iX[f [\ jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye [\ leX
[`jfclZ`ye j\ \ogi\jX \e kuid`efj [\c Zf\]`Z`\ek\ [\ jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye #H"3
8
H 4L #4),$
!
?B@) 4)- K\cXZ`ye \eki\ cXelZc\XZ`ye \jgfekte\X \e [`jfclZ`fe\j [\ tZ`[f Zwki`Zf jfYi\\e]i`X[Xj'
\c ^iX[f [\ jfYi\\e]i`Xd`\ekf p m`jZfj`[X[ [\ cX [`jfclZ`ye) #=\ Flcc`e Xe[ E\Z`-$)
>SGVJWFXYVFHN`R !>"
?B@) 4). =`X^iXd X i\gi\j\ekXe[f cX i\cXZ`ye \eki\ cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye \e leX [`jfcl(
Z`ye p cX jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye [\ cX d`jdX)
8cZdeR]ZkRTZp_ &(+
jycf gfi [\gfj`Z`ye [\ dXk\i`Xc jfYi\ cXj ZXiXj [\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j XxX[`[fj' j`e
hl\ j\ ]fid\e el\mfj ezZc\fj Zi`jkXc`efj) :ck\ieXk`mXd\ek\' \j gfj`Yc\ hl\
cX gi\j\eZ`X [\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j [\ jfclkf XxX[`[fj gifdl\mX cX ]fidXZ`ye [\
ezZc\fj Zi`jkXc`efj X[`Z`feXc\j #elZc\XZ`ye j\Zle[Xi`X$) >o`jk\' Xj`d`jdf' cX
gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ hl\ cX Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye j\X gifdfm`[X gfi Zi`jkXc\j [\ \jkilZkliX
j`d`cXi X cfj [\c jfclkf' gfi gXikwZlcXj [\ gfcmf f gfi YliYlaXj [\ ^Xj' Xc
`^lXc hl\ gfi le ^fcg\ f gfi cXj m`YiXZ`fe\j lckiXjye`ZXj #elZc\XZ`ye
_\k\if^ue\X$) >e [`jfclZ`fe\j jfYi\jXkliX[Xj \o\ekXj #_XjkX [fe[\ \j gfj`(
Yc\$ [\ dXk\i`Xc\j Zi`jkXc`efj f gXikwZlcXj \okiXxXj' kXdY`ue gl\[\ `e`Z`Xij\
cX Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye gfi ^\e\iXZ`ye [\ ezZc\fj \e cX gifg`X [`jfclZ`ye #elZc\XZ`ye
_fdf^ue\X$) EX m\cfZ`[X[ X hl\ [`jZlii\ cX elZc\XZ`ye _fdf^ue\X \j ]le(
Z`ye [\ cX jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye) EX ?`^liX 4)- dl\jkiX cfj i\jlckX[fj [\ \og\i`(
d\ekfj \e cfj hl\ j\ [\k\id`ey cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye \e [`jfclZ`fe\j
jfYi\jXkliX[Xj [\ tZ`[f Zwki`Zf) EX [`jfclZ`ye : k\ewX leX ZfeZ\ekiXZ`ye
\hl`mXc\ek\ X /'1 b^ [\ dfef_`[iXkf [\ tZ`[f Zwki`Zf gfi b^ [\ X^lX' p jl
k\d g\iXkliX [\ jXkliXZ`ye \iX [\ 1-{<) EX [`jfclZ`ye ; \iX dtj ZfeZ\ekiX[X
#2 b^ b^(,6 p jl k\dg\iXkliX [\ jXkliXZ`ye \iX [\ 30{<$) <fdf gl\[\ m\ij\'
Xc [`jd`el`i gif^i\j`mXd\ek\ cX k\d g\iXkliX #p \e Zfej\Zl\eZ`X Xld\ekXi cX
jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye$ cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye Xld\ekXYX' _XjkX XcZXeqXi le
mXcfi dto`df' X gXik`i [\c ZlXc [\jZ\e[wX) >jk\ [\jZ\ejf \e cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\
elZc\XZ`ye j\ [X ZlXe[f cX m`jZfj`[X[ [\ cXj [`jfclZ`fe\j \j jlg\i`fi X ,'0
IX j) >jk\ d`jdf ZfdgfikXd `\ekf j\ _X fYj\imX[f \e Xc^lefj fkifj j`jk\(
d Xj' \ j g \ Z `X cd \ e k\ \e d XjXj ]l e [ `[ X j ' \e cXj h l\' X \ c\ m X [ Xj
jfYi\jXkliXZ`fe\j f jfYi\\e]i`Xd`\ekfj' cX m`jZfj`[X[ \j dlp XckX) EX \jkX(
Y`c`[X[ [\ cXj [`jfclZ`fe\j jfYi\jXkliX[Xj [\ XqzZXi hl\ Zfdgfe\e Xc^lefj
gif[lZkfj [\ i\gfjk\iwX _\im`[fj j\ Xki`Ylp\ X cX \c\mX[X m`jZfj`[X[ [\c gif(
[lZkf) <lXe[f cfj gif[lZkfj [\ Zfe]`k\iwX `ek\ejXd\ek\ _\im`[fj dl\jkiXe
Z`\ikXj `dg\i]\ZZ`fe\j \jkilZkliXc\j' \j gfihl\ cX YliYlaXj [\ X`i\ `eZfigf(
iX[Xj X cX dXjX _Xe XZklX[f Zfdf glekfj [\ elZc\XZ`ye).
>e cX ?`^liX 4).' j\ dl\jkiX le [`X^iXdX ^\e\iXc`qX[f [\ cX [\g\e[\eZ`X [\
cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye i\jg\Zkf Xc ^iX[f [\ jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye fYj\imX[X \e
cfj \og\i`d\ekfj Xek\j d\eZ`feX[fj) EX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye #m$ \j + ZlXe[f
H 4 , p jycf Xld\ekX' dlp c\ekXd \ek\ Xc gi`eZ`g`f' Xc `eZi\d \ekXij\ cX
jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye) El\^f' cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ elZc\XZ`ye Xld\ekX dlZ_f dtj itg`(
[Xd\ek\ Zfe \c `eZi\d\ekf [\ cX jfYi\jXkliXZ`ye p [\jgluj gl\[\ [\jZ\e[\i)
:lehl\ cXj Zfe[`Z`fe\j hl\ j\ [Xe \e cXj fg\iXZ`fe\j [\ Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye [\
cX `e[ljki`X Xc`d\ekXi`X ef g\id`kXe hl\ cX elZc\XZ`ye j\X gi\[fd`eXek\d\ek\
_fdf^ue\X' leX \ogc`ZXZ`ye k\yi`ZX j`dgc\' YXjX[X \e cX elZc\XZ`ye _fdf^u(
e\X' gl\[\ j\im`i gXiX `ekif[lZ`i \ `cljkiXi gi`eZ`g`fj `dgfikXek\j Xgc`ZXYc\j \e
\jkfj gifZ\jfj)
<fej`[\i\dfj le Zi`jkXc \j]ui`Zf [\ iX[`f c' EX dXjX !C"% \e dfc\j' [\ \jk\
Zi`jkXc m`\e\ [X[X gfi cX \ogi\j`ye5
&(, ARd `aVcRTZ`_Vd UV ]R Z_XV_ZVcoR UV ]`d R]Z^V_e`d
#4)-$
d 8 -_c+ #4).$
[C 6_c+a
#4)/$
[c B
8 3*ii #4)0$
[i
[\ [fe[\'
[` [` [i -B
#4)1$
[C [i [C ca
[` +B `
: &` w 4: (((((((
[`O ca
\og
O GI GIca
: +B V
\og
< GI $ GIca c+
8\og
mT_ GIca #4)2$
\og V
GI
+`B
c m aGIO_!H" #4(3U
UJ 4 I U H & E U K #4),0$
<fdY`eXe[f cX \ZlXZ`ye #4),0$ Zfe cX #4),-$
-R
i,
[\ dXe\iX hl\ [\ cX \ZlXZ`ye #4),2$ j\ [\[lZ\ hl\'
,1?8{ < B m
mU \ogi . N i gce#L$ #4)-+$
?JQTJVFXYVF b2
?B@) 4)0 F f[`]`ZXZ`ye [\ cX ]fidX [\ le Zi`jkXc [\Y`[X X m\cfZ`[X[\j [\ Zi\Z`d `\ekf [`]\i\e(
Z`Xc\j [\ jlj jlg\i]`Z`\j) >c [`X^iXdX dl\jkiX cX j\ZZ`ye [\ cX Xi`jkX [\c Zi`jkXc) >c Zi`jkXc `e`Z`Xc
k`\e\ leX ZXiX ;< hl\ Zi\Z\ X leX m\cfZ`[X[ ki\j m\Z\j jlg\i`fi X cX [\ cXj ZXiXj :; p <=) >jkXj
zck`dXj ZXiXj ZlYi\e X cX gi`d\iX [liXek\ \c Zi\Z`d`\ekf [\c Zi`jkXc' Zfdf dl\jkiX \c [`X^iXdX)
-#( ;:758:=35>8:
?B@) 4)1 L\ZZ`fe\j [\ le ZXdY`X[fi [\ ZXcfi [\ jlg\i]`Z`\ YXii`[X k`gf ÄOfkXkfiÅ) #<fik\jwX [\
:) Cf_ejfe ! <f)$
4RXVFIF IJ HVNWXFPJW
=JGSWFIJVS IJ FLYF IJ
PFZFIS TFVF VJHSRHJRXVFV
?B@) 4)3 =`X^iXdX [\ cX ZfcldeX [\ cXmX[f) Efj Zi`jkXc\j j\ i\gi\j\ekXe Xld\ekX[fj gXiX hl\
j\ m\X Zfe d Xpfi ZcXi`[X[ Zfdf ]leZ`feX \c j`jk\dX)
8F WFPQYJVF FWHNJRIJ A #
TSV PF HFPFRIVNF 0 &D T S V: 8SW HVNWXFPJW HFJR FP KSRIS
IJ FLYF
4RXVFIF IJ PF WFPQYJVF
9FLQF WFPNRS# TFWF FP
KNPXVS VSXFXSVNS S F PF
HJRXV_KYLF
4KJHXS
:J*
?B@) 4) 4 =`X^iXd X [\ le \mXgfiX[fi [\ ki`gc\ \]\Zkf gXiX cX fYk\eZ`ye [\ jXc #<fik\jwX [\ B<B
Ffe[ =`m`j`ye$)
&*( ARd `aVcRTZ`_Vd UV ]R Z_XV_ZVcoR UV ]`d R]Z^V_e`d
>e \c <Xgwklcf ,/' j\ kiXkX cX `e]cl\eZ`X [\c kXdXxf [\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j \e cfj
Xc`d\ekfj Zfe^\cX[fj) L`e \dYXi^f' cfj _\cX[fj' hl\ j\ Zfd\e \e le \jkX[f
gXiZ`Xcd\ek\ Zfe^\cX[f' d\i\Z\e j\i d\eZ`feX[fj Xhlw) IXiX hl\ jl k\okliX
j\X jlXm\ p le`]fid\' j\ gi\Z`jX hl\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j j\Xe g\hl\xfj' gfihl\ cfj [\
dtj [\ 00 gd gl\[\e j\i [\k\ZkX[fj gfi \c gXcX[Xi p [Xe Xc gif[lZkf leX
k\okliX YXjkX) L\ i\hl`\i\ leX elZc\XZ`ye `ek\ejX' hl\ gl\[\ XcZXeqXij\ \e cfj
ZXdY`X[fi\j [\ ZXcfi [\ jlg\i]`Z`\j iXjZX[Xj #?`^) 4)1$) EX d\qZcX j\ \e]iwX
itg`[Xd\ek\' X leX k\dg\iXkliX X cX hl\ k`\e\ cl^Xi leX elZc\XZ`ye c`Yi\) EX
X^`kXZ`ye d\Zte`ZX' ef jycf XZ\c\iX \c \e]i`Xd`\ekf' j`ef hl\ Zi\X Zfe[`Z`fe\j
hl\ ]Xmfi\Z\e cX elZc\XZ`ye j\Zle[Xi`X) >c gif[lZkf Zfe^\cX[f jXc\ [\c ZXd (
Y`X[fi [\ ZXcfi \e \jkX[f gctjk`Zf' cf hl\ g\id`k\ dfc[\Xicf \e gfiZ`fe\j)
L\^l`[Xd\ek\' cfj _\cX[fj jl\c\e \e[li\Z\ij\' d\[`Xek\ le \e]i`Xd`\ekf gif(
cfe^X[f X[`Z`feXc' \e \c hl\ k`\e\ cl^Xi \c Zi\Z`d`\ekf [\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j)
<fdf j\ _X j\xXcX[f' cX jfclY`c`[X[ \j ]leZ`ye [\c kXdXxf [\c Zi`jkXc p cfj
Zi`jkXc\j k`\e[\e X [`jd`el`i \e ezd\if' p X Xld\ekXi [\ kXdXxf' X cf cXi^f [\c
XcdXZ\eXd`\ekf [\c gif[lZkf) Ifi \jf' X cX d\qZcX gXiX cX ]XYi`ZXZ`ye [\ _\cX(
[fj j\ c\ XxX[\ le \jkXY`c`qX[fi hl\ i\kXi[\ cX i\Zi`jkXc`qXZ`ye \ `e_`YX \c Zi\(
Z`d`\ekf [\ Zi`jkXc\j ^iXe[\j [liXek\ cX Zfe^\cXZ`ye gi`d Xi`X),, >c \jkXY`c`qX(
[fi \j le X^\ek\ ^\c`]`ZXek\ Zfdf cX ZXiYfo`d\k`cZ\clcfjX #<F<$' hl\ i\[lZ\
8cZdeR]ZkRTZp_ &*+
cX dfm`c`[X[ [\c X^lX cwhl`[X p XZkzX Zfdf df[`]`ZX[fi [\c _tY`kf' ]i\eXe[f \c
Zi\Z`d`\ekf [\ cXj ZXiXj [\ cfj Zi`jkXc\j [\ _`\cf)0
; B; E BH @ K : ?`: