Task 3 - Electromagnetic waves in guided media

Ronald Garzon Sanchez

Group 48
Identification number
1075221843

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What do you understand by transmission line?
A transmission line is a system of conductors that transfers electrical
signals from one place to another. The rising and falling of the waves
moves the buoy-like structure creating mechanical energy which is
converted into electricity and transmitted to shore over a
submerged transmission line.
2.
A. The input impedance of an electrical network is the measure of the
opposition to current (impedance), both static (resistance) and dynamic
(reactance), into the load network that is external to the electrical source.
The input admittance (1/impedance) is a measure of the load's propensity
to draw current.
B. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio between
transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves in a radio frequency
(RF) electrical transmission system. It is a measure of how efficiently RF
power is transmitted from the power source, through a transmission line,
and into the load.
C. In telecommunications and electrical engineering, electrical
length (or phase length) refers to the length of an electrical conductor in
terms of the phase shift introduced by transmission over that conductor at
some frequency.

3. What is the purpose of Smith's Letter in the study of the propagation of

waves?

The Smith chart, invented by Phillip H. Smith (1905–1987)and independently by

Mizuhashi Tosaku, is a graphical calculator or nomogram designed for electrical
and electronics engineers specializing in radio frequency (RF) engineering to
assist in solving problems with transmission lines and matching circuits.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. A coaxial line has the following characteristics:
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = (48 + 10)𝜇𝑚=58 𝜇𝑚
Conductor properties: (conductivity) 𝜎3 = 4.3𝑥106 𝑆𝑚/𝑚
Properties of the insulator: 𝜎9 = 1𝑥10:;< 𝑆𝑚/𝑚 𝜖> = 2.3 𝜇> = 1
Applied signal frequency: 𝑓 = 843 𝐾𝐻𝑧
a. Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G.
R./

We find the penetration depth of the conducting wave with the following
equation:

1
δp =
Fπfσµ0

δp = 1
= 0.0002643456186
F(K)(LMN<<<)(M.NO;<P QR/R)(MK;<ST)
Calculate the electrical parameters R L C G
baja frecuencia
Geometric parameters: 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚𝑚 𝑏 = 10𝑚𝑚 𝑡 = 58𝜇𝑚
Como priimera medida calculamos la relacion de resistividad de RAC/RDC
𝑎2
𝑅𝑎𝑑 = =1.1299
W∗δp2 Y 𝑎 1 −δ Z
𝑎

δp− +𝑒 p

1. Resitance
; ; ;
𝑅 = π∗δ [𝑎2 + W∗\∗] ^=7.47 W/m
c

2. shunt conductance
2πδd
𝐺= 𝑏
Ln
𝑎

G=1,364*10-10[𝑆𝑚/𝑚]

3. Inductance L:

𝜇< 𝑏
𝐿= e1 + 2𝐿𝑛 g
4𝜋 𝑎

𝐿 = 1,021034𝑥10−6[𝐻/𝑚]
4. Capacitance C:
2𝜋𝜀
𝐶=
𝑏
𝐿𝑛 𝑎
 C=2,78𝑥10−11[𝐹/𝑚]

b. Using the distributed model, calculate the propagation parameters

𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍< .

𝛾 = F(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝛾 = 1.674𝑥10:W + j 3.2807 𝑥10−2

2- Attenuation constant:

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛼 = 𝑅𝑒(𝛾) → 𝛼 = 1.628 𝑥10:W 𝑁𝑝/𝑚

3- Phase constant:

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛽 = 𝐼𝑚𝑔(𝛾) → 𝛽 = 𝑗 3.3747 𝑥10:W 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚

4- Characteristic impedance:

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿
𝑍< = z
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
 𝑍< = 229.311 − 𝑗 110.6204 W

c. Calculate the propagation velocity 𝑉~ , the wavelength 𝜆 and the attenuation

𝛼9€/•R .

Figure 1: Geometrical parameters in coaxial line.

1- Propagation velocity:
𝜔
𝑉~ =
𝛽
2∗𝜋∗𝐹
𝑉~ =
𝛽
𝑉~ = 1.5695 𝑥10−8 𝑚/𝑠

2- Wavelength
2𝜋
𝜆=
𝛽
𝜆 = 1.8618 𝑥102 𝑚
3- Attenuation:
𝛼9€/„R = −8.68 ∗ 𝛼

𝛼9€/„R = −0.1413 𝑑𝐵/𝑚

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑉~ , 𝜆 and 𝛼9€/•R .

• The 𝑉~ tells us at what speed the wave propagates through the

medium that this signal is transmitting and the wavelength 𝜆 shows
us the distance between pulses of the same generated wave
• On the other hand 𝛼9€/•R , it gives us the information with what
magnitude the wave is attenuated when it passes from the generator
to the transmission medium.
2. A 𝑍† = 75Ω lossless transmission line has a 𝑍ˆ = 35 − 𝑗75Ω. If it is 48 𝑚 long and
the wavelength is 843 𝑚𝑚, Calculate:
a. Input impedance 𝑍‰Š .
• as a first measure we calculate the electrical length
‹ ML<<< RR
𝐿 = Œ= = 56.9395
LMN RR

• we proceed to calculate the input impedance Zin

𝑍ˆ + 𝑗𝑍< tan (2𝜋𝐿)

𝑍‰Š = 𝑍<
𝑍< + 𝑗𝑍ˆ tan(2𝜋𝐿)
• rectangular coordinates
𝑍‰Š = 102.67 − 142.93 𝑗 W

• polar coordinates

𝑍‰Š = 175.99 (−54.3º)

b. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍ˆ − 𝑍<
Γ=
𝑍ˆ + 𝑍<
• rectangular coordinates

Γ =0.069-0.634j
• polar coordinates
Γ = 0.638 (−83.78º)

• transmission coefficient

𝜏 = 1 + Γ
𝜏 = 1.24 (−30.69º)

c. VSWR.
1 + |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − |Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4.53
• according to the ROE magnitude obtained, the reflected power is greater
than 50%.

Figure 2: Graphic representation of the transmission line.

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning

of the value obtained for 𝑍‰Š , Γ and VSWR.
• the magnitude determined for the input impedance, indicates the
intensity with which the signal is entering the system, which is indicated
with a magnitude of 30.35 to -12.52º
• The reflection coefficient is a means to be able to calculate the
transmission coefficient, which indicates the percentage of the power
that is reflected, with respect to the power initially generated.
3. Bearing in mind that Smith's letter is used to determine parameters of the
transmission lines, use the "Smith 4.1" software to check the results obtained
in point 2.
a. Input impedance 𝑍‰Š .
the magnitude of the input impedance simulated in the Smith chart corresponds
to that calculated.
Zin = 102.69 - j 142.919
b. Reflection coefficient Γ.
the magnitude of the coefficient of reflection simulated in the Smith chart,
corresponds to the calculated one.
Γ = 0.638(9.354º)
c. VSWR.
the magnitude of VSWR simulated in the Smith chart, corresponds to the
calculated one.
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 4.52
 Application example

Example:
optical fiber

A fiber optic cable consists of three concentric sections. The innermost, the core,
consists of one or more strands or fibers made of glass or plastic. Each of them
has a glass or plastic coating with optical properties different from those of the
core. The outermost layer, which covers one or more fibers, must be of an
opaque and resistant material.
A fiber optic transmission system is made up of a very monochromatic light
source (generally a laser), the fiber in charge of transmitting the light signal and
a photodiode that reconstructs the electrical signal.

Video link

URL:

https://www.loom.com/share/ea0d27d9b3d84fa49c0368bab19ecf89
 References

Reference 1:

Optical fiber

https://neo.lcc.uma.es/evirtual/cdd/tutorial/fisico/Mtransm.html#:~
:text=Distinguimos%20dos%20tipos%20de%20medios,%C3%B3ptic
a%20y%20el%20par%20trenzado.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RxNYE_fNQ-bfg4ZsvIbNWwRRw0VyKJq-/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rulSchELdruNMX8wVlhmRelVf2FLnkHn/view

English to Spanish translator

https://www.deepl.com/es/translator

https://translate.google.com/?hl=es-419
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modos_de_propagaci%C3%B3n#:~:text=Los%2
0modos%20de%20propagaci%C3%B3n%20se,de%20la%20gu%C3%ADa%20
de%20ondas.&text=Los%20modos%20de%20propagaci%C3%B3n%20depend
en,las%20dimensiones%20de%20la%20gu%C3%ADa.

http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lem/loranca_r_ya/capitulo3
.pdf

https://www.fisicalab.com/apartado/reflexion-refraccion-ondas

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