MBA Statistics Reading Assignment

STATS READING ASSIGNMENT
GRAPHS
1. Bar Graphs.
Definition of a Bar graph

A bar graph is a chart that uses bars to show comparisons between categories of
data. The bars can be either horizontal or vertical. Bar graphs with vertical bars are
sometimes called vertical bar graphs. A bar graph will have two axes. One axis will
describe the types of categories being compared, and the other will have numerical
values that represent the values of the data.
It does not matter which axis is which, but it will determine what bar graph is shown.
If the descriptions are on the horizontal axis, the bars will be oriented vertically, and if
the values are along the horizontal axis, the bars will be oriented horizontally.
Types of Bar Graphs

There are many different types of bar graphs which are not always interchangeable.
Each type will work best with a different type of comparison. The comparison you
want to make will help determine which type of bar graph to use.
1.1 Simple bar Graphs

Vertical bar graph
A simple vertical bar graph is best when you have to compare between two or more
independent variables. Each variable will relate to a fixed value. The values are
positive and therefore, can be fixed to the horizontal value.
Horizontal bar graph
If your data has negative and positive values but is still a comparison between two or
tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment
more fixed independent variables, it is best suited for a horizontal bar graph. The
vertical axis can be oriented in the middle of the horizontal axis, allowing for negative
and positive values to be represented.
Range bar graph
A range bar graph represents a range of data for each independent variable.
Temperature ranges or price ranges are common sets of data for range graphs.
Unlike the above graphs, the data do not start from a common zero point but begin
at a low number for that particular point's range of data. A range bar graph can be
either horizontal or vertical.
Simple bar graph explaination
A simple bar chart is used to represent data involving only one variable classified on
a spatial, quantitative or temporal basis. In a simple bar chart, we make bars of
equal width but variable length, i.e. the magnitude of a quantity is represented by
the height or length of the bars. The following steps are used to draw a simple bar
diagram:
 Draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontally and the other vertically, at an
appropriate place on the paper.
 Take the basis of classification along the horizontal line (X−X− axis) and the

observed variable along the vertical line (Y−Y− axis), or vice versa.
 Mark signs of equal breadth for each class and leave equal or not less than half
a breadth between two classes.
 Finally mark the values of the given variable to prepare required bars.
Example:
Draw simple bar diagram to represent the profits of a bank for 55 years.
Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Profits (million
10 12 18 25 42
$$)
A simple bar chart showing the profits of a bank for 5 years:
Simple Bar Chart
1.2 Multiple Bar Graphs

Sometimes there are more than two sets of data to be compared in a bar graph. In
that case, a multiple bar graph can be used. A multiple bar graph compares as
many sets of data you want. The process for creating a multiple bar graph is just like
creating any other bar graph, only you will have more colors to represent different
sets of data.
To create a multiple bar graph:
1. Draw the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) axis.
2. Give the graph a title.
3. Label the horizontal x axis.
4. Label the vertical y axis.
5. Look at the range in data and decide how the units on the vertical axis (y) should
be labeled.
6. For each item on the horizontal (x) axis, draw a vertical column to the appropriate
value however many times as you have sets of data. For example, if you are
looking at 3 days worth of data, you will have 3 bars per item.
7. Choose three colors to represent each different data set. Make sure to label the
data sets in a key alongside the graph.
Sometimes comparing data can also be done by comparing data sets across
multiple different bar graphs. The difference is the data is split versus all being
compared in one graph. Either method allows you to analyze and compare the data
being displayed.
The following data will need a multiple bar graph to be displayed:

A farmer takes his produce to the farmers market each weekend. The farmers
market runs on three days (Friday, Saturday, Sunday). The farmer keeps track of the
amount of produce he sells each day from each vegetable. Here is data from the
weekend:
Type of Pounds Sold: Day Pounds Sold: Day Pounds Sold: Day
Vegetable: One Two Three
Squash 32 lbs. 36 lbs. 36 lbs.
Zucchini 40 lbs. 33 lbs. 37 lbs.
Corn 56 lbs. 65 lbs. 67 lbs.
Carrots 28 lbs. 25 lbs. 23 lbs.
Romaine Lettuce 27 lbs. 31 lbs. 34 lbs.
Tomatoes 44 lbs. 54 lbs. 58 lbs.

The farmer wants to compare his data and look for his best selling vegetable and
which day that sale occurred, so he can be sure to plant more to sell. He will need to
display his data and then compare.
Example:
Draw a multiple bar chart to represent the imports and exports of Canada (values in
$) for the years 1991 to 1995.
Years Imports Exports

1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 8145
Simple bar chart showing the imports and exports of Canada from 1991 – 1995.
1.3 Component Bar Chart
A sub-divided or component bar chart is used to represent data in which the total
magnitude is divided into different or components.
In this diagram, first we make simple bars for each class taking the total magnitude
in that class and then divide these simple bars into parts in the ratio of various
components. This type of diagram shows the variation in different components within
each class as well as between different classes. A sub-divided bar diagram is also
known as a component bar chart or stacked chart.
Example:
The table below shows the quantity in hundred kgs of wheat, barley and oats
produced in a certain form during the years 1991 to 1994.
Years Wheat Barley Oats
1991 34 18 27
1992 43 14 24
1993 43 16 27
1994 45 13 34
Construct a component bar chart to illustrate this data.

Solution:
To make the component bar chart, first of all we have to take a year-wise total
production.
Years Wheat Barley Oats Total
1991 34 18 27 79
1992 43 14 24 81
1993 43 16 27 86
1994 45 13 34 92
The required diagram is given below:
1.4 Percentage Component Bar Chart

A sub-divided bar chart may be drawn on a percentage basis. To draw a sub-divided
bar chart on a percentage basis, we express each component as the percentage of
its respective total. In drawing a percentage bar chart, bars of length equal to 100 for
each class are drawn in the first step and sub-divided into the proportion of the
percentage of their component in the second step. The diagram so obtained is called
a percentage component bar chart or percentage stacked bar chart. This type of
chart is useful to make comparisons in components holding the difference of total
constants.

Example:
The table below shows the quantity in hundred kgs of wheat, barley and oats
produced in a certain form during the years 1991 to 1994.
Years Wheat Barley Oats
1991 34 18 27
1992 43 14 24
1993 43 16 27
1994 45 13 34
Construct a percentage component bar chart to illustrate this data.
Solution:
The necessary computations for the construction of a percentage bar chart given
below:
Item 1991 1992 1993 1994
% Cum% % Cum% % Cum% % Cum%
Wheat 43.0 43.0 53.1 53.1 50.0 50.0 48.9 48.9
Barley 22.8 65.8 17.3 70.4 18.6 68.6 14.1 63.0
Oats 34.2 100 29.6 100 31.4 100 37.0 100
Total 100 100 100 100
 % indicates the percentage of each item

 Cum% indicates the cumulative percentage

2. Pie Chart
A pie chart can used to compare the relation between the whole and its components.
A pie chart is a circular diagram and the area of the sector of a circle is used in a pie
chart. Circles are drawn with radii proportional to the square root of the quantities
because the area of a circle is 2πr2
To construct a pie chart (sector diagram), we draw a circle with radius (square root of
the total). The total angle of the circle is 360 . The angles of each component are
calculated by the formula.
Angle of Sector = ×360
These angles are made in the circle by means of a protractor to show different
components. The arrangement of the sectors is usually anti-clock wise.
Example:
The following table gives the details of monthly budget of a family. Represent these
figures by a suitable diagram.
Item of Expenditure Family Budget
Food $600
Clothing $100
House Rent $400
Fuel and lighting $100
Miscellaneous $300
Total $1500

Solution:
The necessary computations are given below:
Angle of Sector = ×360
Family Budget Expenditure($) Angle of Sector Cummulative Angle

Food 600 144 144
Clothing 100 24 168
House Rent 400 96 264
Fuel and lighting 100 24 288
Miscellaneous 300 72 360
Total 1500 360

Scatter Plots
A Scatter Plot has points that show the relationship between two sets of data. In
other words a scatter plot is a graph that relates two groups of data.
Scatter plots are used to plot data points on a horizontal axis (x-axis) and a vertical
axis (y-axis) in the effort to explain to what extent one variable is affected by another
variable. The relationship between two variables is called their Correlation.
Correlation
1. A Positive Correlation - When an increase in value of one variable increases
the value of other variable.
2. Negative Correlation - When an increase in value of one variable decreases
the value of other variable.
3. No Correlation - When there is no linear dependency between the variables.
4. Perfect Correlation - When variables are functionally dependent. In this case
all the points are in a straight line.
5. Strong Correlation - When points are located closer in relation to one another
on the line.
6. Weak Correlation - When points are located farther apart in relation to one
another on the line.
Line of best fit

A line of best fit is a straight line that represents the data on a scatter plot in the best
way. This line may pass through all of the points, some of the points or none of the
points. Line of best fit is also known as Trend line.

3. Line Graph
A line graph is a graphical display of information that changes continuously over
time. A line graph may also be referred to as a line chart. Within a line graph, there
are points connecting the data to show a continuous change. The lines in a line
graph can descend and ascend based on the data. We can use a line graph to
compare different events, situations, and information.
A line graph has two axes. The x-axis of a line graph shows the occurrences and the
categories being compared over time and the y-axis represents the scale, which is a
set of numbers that represents the data and is organized into equal intervals. It is
important to know that all line graphs must have a title. The title of a line graph
provides a general overview of what is being displayed. A line graph will also include
a key that represents the event, situation, and information being measured over time.
Example of a Line Graph

Did you know that with a line graph you can create questions based off of the
displayed data? Check out this scenario! The summer is here, and you are preparing
for a trip to the beach. Daily you track the amount of push-ups you do to tone your
body for your trip. Here is a line graph displaying the information about the number of
push ups you do each day.
Let's create some questions!

Our first question can be, what is being observed? The correct response is the
number of push-ups are being observed. Another question we can ask is, how many
days of data being displayed? There are seven days of data being displayed. If we
wanted to find out 'which day had the least activity of push-ups we can ask, which
day had the least amount of push-ups completed? The answer is Friday with a
number of zero push-ups.
4. Pictograms
A pictograph is a graph that compares categories to each other using pictures.
A pictogram or pictograph represents the frequency of data as pictures or symbols.
Each picture or symbol may represent one or more units of the data.

Example :
The following table shows the number of computers sold by a company for the
months January to March. Construct a pictograph for the table.
Month January February March
Number of computers 25 35 20
Solution:
Example:
The following pictograph shows the number of students using the various types of
transport to go to school.
a) How many students go to school by car?
b) If the total number of students involved in the survey is 56 how many symbols
must be drawn for the students walking to school?
c) What is the percentage of students who cycle to school?

Solution:
a) 20 students
b) 56 students should be represented by 56 ÷ 4 = 14 symbols.
There are already 11 symbols on the table.
So, the number of symbols to be added for ‘Walking’ is 14 – 11 = 3
Example:
The pictograph shows the number of canned drinks sold by three different shops in a
week.
a) What is the total profit of shop A, if the profit gained on each drink is 50 cents?
b) If the total number of cans sold is 180 how many symbols must be drawn for shop
C?
c) What is the difference between the number of cans sold by shop B and the
number of cans sold by shop C?
Solution:
a) Total profit of shop A= 20 × 4 × 0.5 = $40
b) 9 symbols must be drawn for shop C. (9 x 20 = 180)
c) Difference between shop B and shop C = 20 × 2 = 40 cans
5. Box and Whisker plots
A box and whisker plot /boxplot is a graph that presents information from a five-
number summary. It does not show a distribution in as much detail as a stem and
leaf plot or histogram does, but is especially useful for indicating whether a
distribution is skewed and whether there are potential unusual observations (outliers)
in the data set. Box and whisker plots are also very useful when large numbers of
observations are involved and when two or more data sets are being compared.

Box and whisker plots are ideal for comparing distributions because the centre,
spread and overall range are immediately apparent.
A box and whisker plot is a way of summarizing a set of data measured on an

interval scale. It is often used in explanatory data analysis. This type of graph is used
to show the shape of the distribution, its central value, and its variability.
In a box and whisker plot:
 the ends of the box are the upper and lower quartiles, so the box spans
the interquartile range
 the median is marked by a vertical line inside the box
 the whiskers are the two lines outside the box that extend to the highest and
lowest observations.
Example – Box and whisker plots
Like Angela, Carl works at a computer store. He also recorded the number of sales
he made each month. In the past 12 months, he sold the following numbers of
computers:
51, 17, 25, 39, 7, 49, 62, 41, 20, 6, 43, 13.
1. Give a five-number summary of Carl's and Angela's sales.

2. Make two box and whisker plots, one for Angela's sales and one for Carl's.
3. Briefly describe the comparisons between their sales.
Answers
1. First, put the data in ascending order. Then find the median.
6, 7, 13, 17, 20, 25, 39, 41, 43, 49, 51, 62.
Median = (12th + 1st) ÷ 2 = 6.5th value
= (sixth + seventh observations) ÷ 2
= (25 + 39) ÷ 2
= 32

There are six numbers below the median, namely: 6, 7, 13, 17, 20, 25.
Q1 = the median of these six items
= (6 + 1 ) ÷ 2= 3.5th value
= (third + fourth observations) ÷ 2
= (13 + 17) ÷ 2
= 15
There are six numbers above the median, namely: 39, 41, 43, 49, 51, 62.
Q3 = the median of these six items
= (6 + 1) ÷ 2= 3.5th value
= (third + fourth observations) ÷ 2
= 46
The five-number summary for Carl's sales is 6, 15, 32, 46, 62.
Using the same calculations, we can determine that the five-number summary
for Angela is 1, 17, 26, 42, 57.(Don’t Mind where this came from)
2. Please note that box and whisker plots can be drawn either vertically or
horizontally.
3. Carl's highest and lowest sales are both higher than Angela's corresponding
sales, and Carl's median sales figure is higher than Angela's. Also, Carl's
interquartile range is larger than Angela's.
These results suggest that Carl consistently sells more computers than Angela
does.
Summary
There are several ways to describe the centre and spread of a distribution. One way
to present this information is with a five-number summary. It uses the median as its
centre value and gives a brief picture of the other important distribution values.
Another measure of spread uses the mean and standard deviation to decipher the
spread of data. This technique, however, is best used with symmetrical distributions
with no outliers.
Despite this restriction, the mean and standard deviation measures are used more
commonly than the five-number summary. The reason for this is that many natural
phenomena can be approximately described by a normal distribution. And for normal
distributions, the mean and standard deviation are the best measures of centre and
spread respectively.
Standard deviation takes every value into account, has extremely useful properties
when used with a normal distribution, and is mathematically manageable. But the
standard deviation is not a good measure of spread in highly skewed distributions
and, in these instances, should be supplemented by other measures such as the
semi-quartile range.
The semi-quartile range is rarely used as a measure of spread, partly because it is

not as manageable as others. Still, it is a useful statistic because it is less influenced
by extreme values than the standard deviation, is less subject to sampling
fluctuations in highly skewed distributions and is limited to only two values Q1 and
Q3. However, it cannot stand alone as a measure of spread.
6. Stem and leaf Plots
Stem-and-leaf plots are a method for showing the frequency with which certain
classes of values occur. You could make a frequency distribution table or
a histogram for the values, or you can use a stem-and-leaf plot and let the numbers
themselves to show pretty much the same information.
For instance, suppose you have the following list of values: 12, 13, 21, 27, 33, 34,
35, 37, 40, 40, 41. You could make a frequency distribution table showing how many
tens, twenties, thirties, and forties you have:
Frequency Class Frequency

10 - 19 2
20 - 29 2
30 - 39 4
40 - 49 3
You could make a histogram, which is a bar-graph showing the number of

occurrences, with the classes being numbers in the tens, twenties, thirties, and
forties:

(The shading of the bars in a histogram isn't necessary, but it can be helpful by
making the bars easier to see, especially if you can't use color to differentiate the
bars.)
The downside of frequency distribution tables and histograms is that, while

the frequency of each class is easy to see, the original data points have been lost.
You can tell, for instance, that there must have been three listed values that were in
the forties, but there is no way to tell from the table or from the histogram what those
values might have been.
On the other hand, you could make a stem-and-leaf plot for the same data:
The "stem" is the left-hand column which contains the tens digits. The "leaves" are
the lists in the right-hand column, showing all the ones digits for each of the tens,
twenties, thirties, and forties. As you can see, the original values can still be
determined; you can tell, from that bottom leaf, that the three values in the forties
were 40, 40, and 41.
Note that the horizontal leaves in the stem-and-leaf plot correspond to the vertical
bars in the histogram, and the leaves have lengths (in terms of numbers of entries)
that equal the numbers in the "Frequency" column of the frequency table.

Example: Stem and leaf diagram
 Complete a stem-and-leaf plot for the following list of grades on a recent

test:
73, 42, 67, 78, 99, 84, 91, 82, 86, 94
I'll use the tens digits as the stem values and the ones digits as the leaves. For
convenience sake, I'll order the list, but this is not required:
42, 67, 73, 78, 82, 84, 86, 91, 94, 99
Since I know where these data points came from ("a recent test"), I'll use a title. Then
my plot looks like this:
The above is the simplest case for stem-and-leaf plots, but even the "complicated"
cases aren't much more complex.
The following examples provide some practice with stem-and-leaf plots, as well as
explaining some details of formatting, and showing how to create a "key" for your
plot.
Example 2: Stem and leaf
 Subjects in a psychological study were timed while completing a certain

task. Complete a stem-and-leaf plot for the following list of times:
7.6, 8.1, 9.2, 6.8, 5.9, 6.2, 6.1, 5.8, 7.3, 8.1, 8.8, 7.4, 7.7, 8.2
The first thing I'll do is reorder this list. It isn't required, but it surely makes life easier.
My ordered list is:
5.8, 5.9, 6.1, 6.2, 6.8, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6, 7.7, 8.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.8, 9.2
These values have one decimal place, but the stem-and-leaf plot makes no
accomodation for this. The stem-and-leaf plot only looks at the last digit (for the
leaves) and all the digits before (for the stem). So I'll have to put a "key" or "legend"

on this plot to show what I mean by the numbers in this plot. The ones digits will be
the stem values, and the tenths will be the leaves.
Properly, every stem-and-leaf plot should have a key. But many don't. I Depents on
What we are going to be taught
7. Lorenz Curve
In economics, the Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the distribution of
income or of wealth. It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for
representing inequality of the wealth distribution.
The curve is a graph showing the proportion of overall income or wealth assumed by
the bottom x% of the people, although this is not rigorously true for a finite population
(see below). It is often used to represent income distribution, where it shows for the
bottom x% of households, what percentage (y%) of the total income they have.
The percentage of households is plotted on the x-axis, the percentage of income on
the y-axis. It can also be used to show distribution of assets. In such use, many
economists consider it to be a measure of social inequality.
The concept is useful in describing inequality among the size of individuals
in ecology and in studies of biodiversity, where the cumulative proportion of species
is plotted against the cumulative proportion of individuals. It is also useful
in business modeling: e.g., in consumer finance, to measure the actual
percentage y% of delinquencies attributable to the x% of people with worst risk
scores.

A typical Lorenz
Properties of a Lorenz curve

1. A Lorenz curve always starts at (0,0) and ends at (1,1).
2. The Lorenz curve is not defined if the mean of the probability distribution is
zero or infinite.
3. The Lorenz curve for a probability distribution is a continuous function.
However, Lorenz curves representing discontinuous functions can be
constructed as the limit of Lorenz curves of probability distributions, the line of
perfect inequality being an example.
4. The information in a Lorenz curve may be summarized by the Gini
coefficient and the Lorenz asymmetry coefficient.
5. The Lorenz curve cannot rise above the line of perfect equality. If the variable
being measured cannot take negative values, the Lorenz curve:
 cannot sink below the line of perfect inequality,

 is increasing.
Note however that a Lorenz curve for net worth would start out by going negative
due to the fact that some people have a negative net worth because of debt.
6. The Lorenz curve is invariant under positive scaling. If X is a random
variable, for any positive number c the random variable c X has the same
Lorenz curve as X.
The Lorenz curve is flipped twice, once about F = 0.5 and once about L = 0.5, by
negation
Explaination: Lorenz curve
Points on the Lorenz curve represent statements like "the bottom 20% of all
households have 10% of the total income."
A perfectly equal income distribution would be one in which every person has the
same income. In this case, the bottom N% of society would always have N% of the

income. This can be depicted by the straight line y = x; called the "line of perfect
equality."
By contrast, a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which one person has
all the income and everyone else has none. In that case, the curve would be at y =
0% for all x < 100%, and y = 100% when x = 100%. This curve is called the "line of
perfect inequality."
The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of perfect equality and
the observed Lorenz curve to the area between the line of perfect equality and the
line of perfect inequality. The higher the coefficient, the more unequal the distribution
is.
8. Histogram
Histograms are graphs of a distribution of data designed to show centering,
dispersion (spread), and shape (relative frequency) of the data. Histograms can
provide a visual display of large amounts of data that are difficult to understand in a
tabular, or spreadsheet form.
They are used to understand how the output of a process relates to customer
expectations (targets and specifications), and help answer the question: "Is the
process capable of meeting customer requirements?"
Example
To understand the application of histograms, consider a simple example: height data
were collected from a training class of 50 individuals, as shown on the following
table:
There are only 50 measurements, but it is difficult to draw specific conclusions about
the data without further analysis. A Histogram can be constructed to provide more
usable information:

The Histogram graph gives a quick visual summary of the data. It is easy to see that
the average height is around 69 inches, with few people shorter than 66 inches, and
few as tall as 72 inches. The frequency distribution tells us a lot about probability.
If this sample was representative of the overall population of employees (randomly
drawn), and if the sample is large enough, we could conclude that the probability of
finding employees who are over 73 inches or under 65 inches is low.
The shape of this distribution, which is common both in nature and industrial settings
is a "Normal Distribution", which looks like a bell-shaped curve. The histogram below
is overlaid with a normal curve.
There are other distribution shapes that you may encounter:
How to Start
The first step in constructing a histogram is to decide how the process should be
measured - what data should be collected. The data must be Variable Data, or that
which is measured on a continuous scale, such as: volume, size, weight, time,
temperature.
Next, gather the data. As a rule of thumb, over 50 data points should be collected in
order to see meaningful patterns. You can use historical information to establish a
baseline (if the measurement method was exactly the same), and you may wish to
compare samples drawn from different shifts or time periods.
Now that you have gathered the data, it should be put into a tabular form, such as a
spreadsheet. You can then construct a histogram by several methods. The
preferable method is to use a statistical software package. Virtually all of them will
accept data copied from a spreadsheet.
You can also use the charting function of your spreadsheet program, but you may
need to organize the data and calculate the charting intervals. If you choose this
route, use the following sequence:
1. Count the number of data points (50 in our height example).
2. Determine the range of the sample - the difference between the highest and lowest
values (73.1-65, or 8.1 inches in our height example.
3. Determine the number of class intervals.
You can use either of two methods as general guidelines in determining the
number of intervals:
 A. Use ten intervals as a rule of thumb.
 B. Calculate the square root of the number of data points and round to the
nearest whole number. In the case of our height example, the square root of 50
is 7.07, or 7 when rounded.
You may wish to experiment with different interval numbers. If there are too
many, the distribution will spread out, and the histogram will look flat. Likewise, if
there are too few intervals, the distribution can look artificially tight.
Determine the interval class width by one of two methods:
 A. Width = Range/# Intervals = 8.1 / 10 = 0.81

 B. Divide the Standard Deviation by three. In this case, the height data has a
Standard Deviation of 1.85, which yields a class interval size of 0.62 inches, and
therefore a total of 14 class intervals (Range of 8.1 divided by 0.62, rounded up).
This is slightly more class intervals than our rule of thumb indicated.
Develop a table or spreadsheet with relative frequencies for each interval,
which becomes a tabular histogram:

Once the histogram is developed, you can analyze the data with regard to customer
expectations (specifications). You can see from the following graphic that the first
histogram of a process sample falls within the specifications, while the second has a
portion of the histogram outside of the specifications.
The second histogram has too much dispersion, or variability, to meet customer
expectations. The indication is that action must be taken to make the output more
consistent, or some number of defects will be produced.
.

Difference Between Histogram and Bar Graph
The fundamental difference between histogram and bar graph is that there are gaps
between bars in a bar graph but in the histogram, the bars are adjacent to each
other.
Bar Graph and Histogram are the two ways to display data in the form of a
diagram. As they both use bars to display data, people find it difficult to differentiate
the two.
Comparison Chart
BASIS FOR
HISTOGRAM BAR GRAPH
COMPARISON
Meaning Histogram refers to a graphical Bar graph is a pictorial

representation, that displays data representation of data that
by way of bars to show the uses bars to compare different
frequency of numerical data. categories of data.
Indicates Distribution of non-discrete Comparison of discrete

variables variables
Presents Quantitative data Categorical data
Spaces Bars touch each other, hence Bars do not touch each other,
there are no spaces between bars hence there are spaces
between bars.
Elements Elements are grouped together, so Elements are taken as

that they are considered as
BASIS FOR
HISTOGRAM BAR GRAPH
COMPARISON
ranges. individual entities.
Can bars be No Yes

reordered?
Width of bars Need not to be same Same

MBA Statistics Reading Assignment

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MBA Statistics Reading Assignment

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STATS READING ASSIGNMENT

Definition of a Bar graph

Types of Bar Graphs

1.1 Simple bar Graphs

Horizontal bar graph

Range bar graph

Simple bar graph explaination

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

A simple bar chart showing the profits of a bank for 5 years:

Simple Bar Chart

1.2 Multiple Bar Graphs

The following data will need a multiple bar graph to be displayed:

Squash 32 lbs. 36 lbs. 36 lbs.

Zucchini 40 lbs. 33 lbs. 37 lbs.

Corn 56 lbs. 65 lbs. 67 lbs.

Carrots 28 lbs. 25 lbs. 23 lbs.

Romaine Lettuce 27 lbs. 31 lbs. 34 lbs.

Tomatoes 44 lbs. 54 lbs. 58 lbs.

Years Imports Exports

Years Wheat Barley Oats

Construct a component bar chart to illustrate this data.

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Years Wheat Barley Oats Total

The required diagram is given below:

1.4 Percentage Component Bar Chart

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Years Wheat Barley Oats

Construct a percentage component bar chart to illustrate this data.

Item 1991 1992 1993 1994

% Cum% % Cum% % Cum% % Cum%

Wheat 43.0 43.0 53.1 53.1 50.0 50.0 48.9 48.9

Barley 22.8 65.8 17.3 70.4 18.6 68.6 14.1 63.0

Oats 34.2 100 29.6 100 31.4 100 37.0 100

Total 100 100 100 100

 % indicates the percentage of each item

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Item of Expenditure Family Budget

House Rent $400

Fuel and lighting $100

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Angle of Sector = ×360

Family Budget Expenditure($) Angle of Sector Cummulative Angle

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Line of best fit

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Example of a Line Graph

Let's create some questions!

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

Month January February March

a) How many students go to school by car?

c) What is the percentage of students who cycle to school?

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

b) 56 students should be represented by 56 ÷ 4 = 14 symbols.

There are already 11 symbols on the table.

So, the number of symbols to be added for ‘Walking’ is 14 – 11 = 3

a) Total profit of shop A= 20 × 4 × 0.5 = $40

b) 9 symbols must be drawn for shop C. (9 x 20 = 180)

c) Difference between shop B and shop C = 20 × 2 = 40 cans

5. Box and Whisker plots

tMuch 2018: Statistics Reading Assignment

A box and whisker plot is a way of summarizing a set of data measured on an

In a box and whisker plot:

Example – Box and whisker plots

1. Give a five-number summary of Carl's and Angela's sales.