02

Acids, Bases and Salts

Quick Revision
CaCl, (aq) + H,O(l)
CaCO, ()+ 2HCl(ag)
1. Acids Calcium Water
Calcium Hydrochloric chloride
Acids are those chemical substances which carbonate acid

a sour taste and turn blue

have litmus solution +CO,(g)
Carbon
red. dioxide
According to Arrhenius concept, solution are
substances
NaHCO,(s) + HCl(ag) NaCl(ag)
that furnish H" ions in an aqueous +H,Os)+ CO,g
called acids. 3. Bases
HSO 2H +SO furnish hydroxide ions (OH)
e-g Substances that
in aqueous solution are called bases. e-g.
Acids may be strong (which completely
NaOH.
dissociates) or weak (which partially dissociates. Caustic soda or sodium hydroxide,
substances/bases which
2. Chemical Properties of Acids Strong Bases The ions
ionise completely to furnish OH
Reaction with Metals Dilute acids (e.g. HCl are called strong bases. e.g. KOH (caustic
active
and H,SO,, not HNO,) react with certain
metals like zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), etc., to evolve H potash).
boo .Weak Bases The bases which ionise only
gas. Calcium
e.g.
partially are called weak bases. e.g.
ZnSO, (aq)+ H,(g) hydroxide (Ca(OH),].
Zn(s)+ H,So,(ag) Alkali Water soluble base is called alkali. e.g
Zinc Zinc Hydrogen
Sulphuric
acia sulphate NaOH. All alkalies are base, but all base are
with not alkalies.
Reaction with Metal Oxides Acids react
certain metal oxides (basic oxides) to
form salt .Bases have bitter taste, turn red litmus to blue
and water. and soapy to touch.

e.g 4. Chemical Properties of Bases

CaO(s)+ 2HCl(ag) CaCl, (ag) + H,Ol) .Reaction with Metals Strong bases react
Calcium Water
Calcium Hydrochloric
acia chloride with active metals to produce hydrogen gas. eg
Oxide

Reaction with Metal Carbonate and Zn(s)+ 2NaOH(aq) Na , ZnO, (aq)

Hydrogen Carbonate Acids react with metal Zinc Sodium hydroxide Sodium zincate
carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to produce
+H,(8)
carbon dioxide gas. e.g Hydrogen
Acids, Bases and Salts 17

Reaction with Non-metallic Oxide Bases Colour

react with non metallie oxides (acicdic oxides) to
produce salt and water. This reaction proves
that non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature.
cO,(g)+Ca(OH), (aq)- CaCO, (0)+ H,O()
Carbon Slaked lime Caleium Water
dioxide carbonate
5. Reaction Between Acids and Bases
Acids react with bases to produce salt and water
In this reaction, acid neutralises a base,
ie. reduce its effect or vice-versa, thus the
reaction is known as neutralisation reaction.
In general, neutralisation reaction canbe
Written as
Base+ Acid
Salt +Water
eg
NaOHaq)+ HCl(aq) NaCl(aq)+H,O()
Sodium Hydrochloric Sodium Water
hydroxide acid chloride
6. Effect of Dilution on an Acid or Base
Mixing of an acid or base with water is called
dilution. It results in decrease in the
concentration of ions (H,O/OH) per unit
volume and the acid or base is said to be
diluted.
The process of diluting an acid or base is a
highly exothermic process. The acid must be
added slowly to water with constant stirring
If water is added to a concentrated acid, the heat
generated may cause the mixture to splash out
and cause burns.
7. Indicators
Indicators are the substances that change their
colour or odour when added into an acid or
alkaline solution. Indicators can be classified as
natural, synthetic indicators, olfactory indicators
and universal indicators.
) Natural Indicators These indicators are found in
nature in the plants. e.g. Litmus solution is a
purple colour dye extracted from the lichen plant.
(i) Synthetic Indicators The indicators which are
synthesised in the laboratory or industry are
known as synthetic indicators. eg. Methyl
orange, phenolphthalein.
Indicator pH-range (In Acidic (In Basic
Medium) Medium)
e.g () Natural Indicators
Red Blue
Litmus
Turmeric Yellow Red
Red cabbage Red Green
juice (from
leaves
(ii) Synthetic indicators
Phenolphthalein 8.4-10.00 Colourless Pink (Red)
Methyl orange 3.1-4.4 Red Yellow
ii) Olfactory Indicators Those substances
whose odour changes in acidic or basic
medium are called olfactory indicators. e.g.
Vanilla extract and onion.
(iv) Universal Indicators To judge how strongg a
given acid or base is, a universal indicator is
used which is a mixture of several indicators.
It shows different colours at different
concentrations of hydrogen ion in a solution.
8. Strength of an Acid or Base
Strength of an acid or base depends on the
number of H" ions or OH ions produced by
them respectively.
.Larger the number of H' ions produced by
an acid, stronger is the acid. Similarly, larger
the number of the OH ions produced by a
base, stronger is the base
9. pH Scale
It is a scale used for measuring hydrogen ion
concentration. The p in the pH stands for
potenz which means power in German. It
has values ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14
very alkaline).
Thus, pH is a number which indicates the
acidic or basic nature of a solution.
According to Danish chemist Sorensen, pH is
the negative of logarithm to the base 10 of
hydrogen ion concentration present per litre
of solution.
 18 CBSE New Pattern Science X (Term.
n-)

In other words, value of pH equal

is to the (ii) pH in Our Digestive System During
logarithm to the base 10, inverse of hydrogen ion indigestion the stomach produces too
much acid, it causes pain and irritation
concentration.
To correct the disturbed pH range, milk
pH=-log H'] of magnesia (a mild base) is used as a
-
log1 |H']= 10" medicine, which is also called antacid.
Hl (iv) pH Change Leads to Tooth Decay If
Similarly, pOH =- log(OH=log 1 the pH inside the mouth decreases below
OH 5.5 (acidic), the decay of tooth enamel
and pH +
pOH pK = 14 =
begins. The bacteria present in the mouth
degrades the sugar and left over food
Higher the hydronium ion concentration present in particles and produce acids that remains
the solution, lower is its value
pH [pH means power in the mouth after eating
of hydrogen ions.
To prevent tooth decay, toothpastes
-

If pH> 7, solution is basic. (basic) are used which neutralise the

-

If pH< 7, solution is acidic. excess acid.

If pH = 7, solution is neutral. ()SelfDefence by Animals and Plants
through Chemical Warfare When
Acidic nature increasing Basic nature increasing 14 insects like honeybee, ant, etc., bite, they
OH inject an acid into the skin, that causes
pain and irritation. Ifa mild base like
Increase in H ion concentration Decrease in Hion concentration baking soda is applied on the affected
Variation of pH with the change in area, it gives relief.
concentration of H' (aq) and OH (aq) ions
(vi pH in Plants Stinging hair of nettle
Pure water is neutral because of the absence of free leaves injects methanoic acid in the skin
ions. A paper impregnated with the universal which causes burning pain. It is cured by
indicator is used for measuring pH. rubbing with leaves of dock plant.
o 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 11. Salts
These are produced by the
neutralisation reaction between acid
Gastric Lemon juice Pure water, Milkof Sodium and base.
juice (about 2.2) blood magnesia hydroxide
(about 1.2) (7.4) solution Acid+ Base Salt+ Water
s(10) d
(about 14)
pH of some common substances shown on a pH paper HX + MOH MX + HOH
Salt
10. Importance of pH in Everyday ILife Here, Xis non-metal and Mis metal.
Following are the examples showing importance of pH Salts of strong acid and strong base are
in everyday life neutral (pH=7). Salts of strong acid and
(G) Plants and Animals are pH Sensitive Our body weak base are acidic [pH <7] and salts of
works normally within a pH range of 7.0 to 7.8. strong base and weak acid are basic in
When pH of rain water goes below 5.6, it is called nature (pH> 7).
acid rain. It lowers the pH of the river water and
12. Common Salt: Sodium Chloride
makes survival of aquatic life difficult.
(i) pH of the Soil Nature of soil is known by testing its
Common salt is formed by the
pH and then a particular crop is grown in it by combination of hydrochloric acid and
selecting fertilizer. sodium hydroxide solution. It is the salt
that we use in food.
Acids, Bases and Salts
19

Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH]) Manufacture of baking soda is shown in

When electricity is passed through an reaction below
aqueous solution of sodium chloride NaCl+ H,0+ CO, + NH
Brine Carbon Ammonia
called brine), it decomposes to form sodium dioxide
hydroxide. NH,CI + NaHCO
Ammonium Sodium
The process is called the chlor-alkali chloride hydrogen
carbonate
process. (iv) Washing Soda (Sodium Carbonate
2NaCl(aq) +2H,0 2NaOH(aq) Na CO 10H,O}) Sodium carbonate can be
Sodium chloride Water Sodium hydroxide obtained by heating baking soda;
recrystallisation of anhyd. sodium carbonate
+Cl,(g)+ H,(g) gives washing soda. It is also a basic salt.
Chlorine Hydrogen
i) Bleaching Powder (Calcium Oxychloride Na,CO,) +10HL,O() Na,CO, 10H,0()
[CaOCl) It is produced by the action of (v)Plaster of Paris (Calcium Sulphate
chlorine on dry slaked lime. Hemihydrate [CaSO, 1/2 H,O) It is obtained
Ca(OH), + Cl by heating Sypsum (CaSO, 2H,0) at 373 K. At
Slaked lime Chlorine
CaOCl
Bleaching powder
+ HC
Water
this temperature, gypsum loses water molecules
and forms plaster of Paris.
ii) Baking Soda (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate 373 K
Heat CaSOHO+1HO
orSodium Bicarbonate [NaHCOJ) CaSO 2H,0 He
The soda commonly used in the kitchen
Gypsum Plaster of Paris
for making tasty crispy pakoras is baking 13. Water of Crystallisatione
soda.
It is the fixed number of water molecules
It is the major constituent of baking powder.
present
in one formula unit of a salt. e.g. Hydrated
It is produced by using sodium chloride as
copper sulphate, CuS0, 5H,Ocontains five
one of the raw materials. molecules of crystallisation.

Objective Questions
Multiple Choice Questions 03. Which of the following acids is present
01. Which of the following is the mineral in sour milk? (NCERT Exemplar)
acid? (a) Glycolic acid (b) Oxalic acid
(a) Hydrochloric acid (c) Lactic acid (d) Citric acid
(b) Citric acid 04. Which of the following is acidic in
(c) Acetic acid nature?
(d) Lactic acid
(a) Lime juice (b) Human blood
02. Which of the following statements is (c) Lime water (d) Antacid
incorrect about acids?
05. Select the acid which contains four
(a) Acids conduct electricity
hydrogen atoms in it.
(b) Acids do not corrode metals
(a) Formic acid (b) Sulphuric acid
(c)Acids gives hydrogen ions after dissociation
(d) All of the above are correct
(c) Nitric acid (d) Acetic acid
 Pattern ScienceX (Term-1)
CBSENew
20
gives OH iong8
10. Which of the following
06. Match the acids given in Column I with d i s s o c i a t i o n in
water?
Il on
their correct source given in Column carbonate (b)Iron sulphide
and select the correct answer using the (a)Calcium (d) All of these
(c) Calcium oxide
options given below:
11. Which of the following hydroxides is
Column I Column II
not an alkali?
A. Lactic acid 1. Tomato (a) Ammonium hydroxide
B. Citric acid 2. Curd (b)Calcium hydroxide
(c) Copper hydroxide
C. Acetic acid 3. Oranges
(d) Sodium hydroxide
D. Oxalic acid 4. Vinegar
12. Sodium hydroxide and potassium
Codes
hydroxide are used as electrolytes.
A BC D o ouaf (a) True (b) False
(a)1 32 4 b (c) Can't say
(d) Partially true/false
(b)3 14 is
13. Which of the following statements
(c)4 2 13
incorrect about bases?
(d)2 3 41
(a) Bases are bitter in taste
07. Which of the following statements is (b) They are soapy to touch
not correct? (NCERT Exemplar) (c) They are corrosive in nature
(a) All metal carbonates react with acid to give (d) All bases are alkali
a salt, water and carbon dioxide
14. Which of the following combination
(b) All metal oxides react with water to give salt
and acid justify that lime water is basic in nature?
(c) Some metals react with acids to give salt (a)CalOH), +CO,(g)(b)CalOH), + NaOH
and hydrogen (c)CalOH), + NaCl (d) Both (b) and (c)
(d) Some non-metal oxides react with water to
form an acid 15. Identify X and Y' in the fol,lowing
reaction:
08. Which gas is evolved, when
Ca(OH), (ag) +X(g) - CaCl, ()+Y
hydrochloric acid is added in first test
tube containing small pieces of marble
and then in second test tube containing (a) X=NH,C, Y=O
so/0+ 2NH, (g) T
zinc granules? (b)X=NH,CI, Y=H,O
(a) H, is first test tube, O, in second test tube (c)X=(NH, ), SO,, Y=S0,
(b) CO, in first test tube, H, in second test tube (d)X=NH,OH, Y=O2
(c) O, in first test tube, Cl, in second test tube 16. An acid when dissolved in water gives
10ns.
(d) Cl, in first test tube, CO, in second test
tube (a) hydroxide (b)negative
(c) hydronium (d) All of these
09. When dilute sulphuric acid reacts with
17. What happens, when sodium hydroxide
iron sulphide, the gas evolved is.
is mixed in water?
(a) hydrogen sulphide
(b) sulphur dioxide I. Hydronium ions will be produced.
(c) sulphur trioxide II. Heat is released during dissolution.
(d) vapour of sulphuric acid III. The process is endothermic.
 IV.
Hydroxide ions will be produced (a)H (b) H.O
Choose the correct option.
(a) () and (11) (c)OH (d) M' (M= metal)
(b) (11) and (IV)
(c) () and (11) (d) (IV) only 24. Which one of the
as an acid-base
following can be used
18. The aqueous solution of indicator by a visually
sulphur impared student? (NCERT Exemplar)
dioxide is. (a) Litmus (b) Turmeric
(a) acidic (b) basic (c)Vanilla essence (d) Petunia leaves
(c)neutral (d) amphoteric
25. The correct statement
19. When a small amount of acid is added
universal indicator is
regarding
to water, the
are
phenomena which occur (a)it is an indicator having pH=7
(CBSE 2020) (b) it gives blue colour at pH =3
I. Dilution (c) it becomes colourless at pH =7
II. Neutralisation (d)it gives red colour at pH =3
III. Formation ofH,O"ions 26. A blue litmus paper was first dipped in
IV. Salt formationn dil. HCl and then in dil. NaOH solution
(a)l and I (b)Il and IV The colour of the litmus paper will be
(c)l and I (d) ll and IV (a) changed first to red and then to blue
(b) changed first to blue and then colourless
20. Sodium hydrogen carbonate when
(c)remains blue in both times
added to acetic acid evolves a gas.
(d) changed to red
Which of the following statements are
true about the gas evolved? 27. The turmeric solution will turn red by
I It turns lime water milky. an aqueous solution of
II. It extinguishes a burning splinter. (a)CH.COOK (b)CuSO
(c)NaSo (d)FeCl
III It dissolves in a solution of sodium
hydroxide. 28. Which of the following is not a natural
IV. It has indicator? (NCERT Exemplar)
a pungent odour.
(NCERT Exemplar) (a) Red cabbage juice
(a)l and Il
woli (b)1, Il and l 0 s1o(b)Turmeric juice
(c) 11, Il and IV (d)I and IV (c) Flowers of hydrangea plant
(d) None of the above
21. When metal carbonate reacts with acid
like HCl in aqueous solution, then 29. An aqueous solution turns red litmus
which gas will evolved? solution blue. Excess addition of which

(b)CO (c)O (d)NO of the following solution would reverse

(a)H the change? (NCERT Exemplar)
acid base with water
22. Mixing of an or
(a) Baking powder
results i n . . . . in the concentration of (b) Lime
ions per unit volume. (NCERT Exemplar) (c) Ammonium hydroxide solution
(a) decrease (b) increase (d) Hydrochloric acid
(c)no change (d) reverse change
30. Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are
23. When a metallic oxide is dissolved in used for. purposes.
water, the solution formed has high (b) cooking9
a (a) titration
concentration of which ions (d) neutralisation
(c) dissolution
 22 CBSE New Pattern Science X(Term
lerm-

31. Match the 35. A solution turns red litmus blue, its p
indicators given in the
Column I with its colour transition on is likely to be
reacting with base in Column II and (a)1 (b)4
select the correct (d) 10
answer using the (c)5
options given below. 36. Which of the following statement is
Column I Column II correct?
(Indicators (Change in colour (a) pH ofacid rain is 7-7.8
in basic medium)
(b) Acid rain makes survival of aquatic life
A. Red litmus 1. Yellow difficult
B. Methyl orange (c) Acid rain clear the marble buildings
2. Blue
(d) All of the above
C.
Phenolphthalein 3. No change
D. Blue litmus 4. Pink
37. A sample of soil is mixed with water
and allowed to settle. The clear
Codes supernatant solution turns the pH
A B C D
ot (a) 2 31 paper yellowish-orange. Which of
4 the following would change the
(b) 3 1 4 2
colour of this pH paper to
(c)2 1 4 3 o
(d) 3 2 4 greenish-blue?
(a) Lemon juice (b) Vinegar
32. What is pH? (c) Common salt (d) An antacid
(a) The positive logarithm of the hydroxide ion
concentration 38. Calcium phosphate is present in tooth
(b) The positive logarithm of the hydrogen ion enamel. Its nature is..
concentration (a) basic (b) acidic
(c) The negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion (c) neutralud a eonitug (d)amphoteric
Concentration
(d) The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion 39. Antacids contain..
concentration (a) weak base (b) weak acid

33. Which of the following statements is (c)strong base (d) strong acid
correct about an aqueous solution of an 40. Which of the following substances
acid and a base? can be used to get relief from bee
I. Higher the pH, stronger the acid. sting? odso letsm
II. Higher the pH, weaker the acid. (a) Vinegar Be(b) Baking soda
(c) Formic acidos (d) Alcohol
III. Lower the pH, stronger the base.
IV. Lower the pH, weaker the base. 41. Useful substance for disinfecting water
S .
(NCERT Exemplar)
(b)Il and l a) washing soda (b) common alum
(a)ll and
(c)l and V (d) ll and IV ol(c) baking soda (d) bleaching powder

34. When the pH increases, the acidity 42. The chemical formula of washing soda
1S..
decreases.
(a) True (b) False (a) NaHCO, (b}Na,Co, 10H,0
(d) Partially true/false (c)Ca0Cl, (d) NaOH
(c) Can't say
Acids, Bases and Salts
23
43. Identify the correct representation of 48. What happens, when a solution of an
reaction occurring during chloralkali acid is mixed with a solution of a base
process. (NCERT Exemplar) in a test tube?
(a) 2NaCl( )+ 2H,0(0)- I. The temperature of the solution
2NaOH ()+ Ci, (g)+ H,(g) increases.
(b)2NaCllaq)+ 2H,Olag) II. The temperature of the solution
2NaOH (0g) +Cl,0)+ H, (ag)
(c)2NaCl(aq)+ 2H,O0) decreases.
2Na0H (ag)+ Cl,(ag)+ H2 (aq) III. The temperature of the solution
(d)2NaCl(aq)+ 2H,O0) remains the same.
2Na0OH (0q)-+ Cl,(g)+ H,(g) IV. Salt formation takes place.
44. The chemical name of
bleaching o (NCERT Exemplar)
powder is calcium chloride. (a)Only! (b)l and lI
(a) True (c)ll and lIl (d)l and IV
(b) False 49.
(c)Can't say Baking soda is a mixture of (CBSE 2020)
(a sodium carbonate and acetic acid
(d) Partially true/false
(b) sodium carbonate and tartaric acid
45. Plaster of Paris be harden (c) sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric
can
by acid mu
(a) giving out water
(b) combining with water (d) sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid
(c) changing into CaCO,
(d) giving of CO, Assertion-Reasoning MCOs
Direction (Q.Nos. 50-57) For question numbers
46. Match the chemical substances in 50 to 57 two statements are given-one labeled
given
Column I with their appropriate Assertion (A) and the other labeled Reason (R.
application given in Column II. Select the correct answer to these
questions from
the codes a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
Column I Column III
A.
(a) Both Aand Rare true and Ris correct
Bleaching powder 1. Preparation of glass explanation of the A.M
B. Baking soda 2. Production of H, (b) Both Aand Rare true but Ris not the
and Cl Correct explanation of the A.b
C. Washing soda 3. Decolourisation (c) Ais true but R is false. o
(d) Ais false but Ris true.
D. Sodium chloride 4. Antacid bog abis
50. Assertion Lemon juice is sour in taste.
Codes ps n(NCERTExemplar)
A B CD
Reason Lemon juice is acidic in nature.
(a) 2 143
51. Assertion Sodium
(b) 3 2
is used in fire
hydrogen carbonate
(c) 3 4 1 2 extinguisher.
(d) 2 4 3 vor muon Reason Sodium hydrogen carbonate is
a mild base.
47. Which of the following salts does not
52. Assertion HCl
contain water of crystallisation? produces hydronium
(a) Blue vitriol ions (H,O') and chloride ions (Ci) in
(b) Baking soda aqueous solution.
(c) Washing soda Reason In presence of water, base
(d) Gypsum gives H' ions.
 24 CBSE New Pattern Science X (Termr
m-)

53. Assertion Sodium carbonate is an The acidic behaviour of acids is due to

acidic salt. the presence of hydrogen (H) ions in
Reason Sodium carbonate them. They produce hydrogen ions in
is salt of the presence of water.
weak acid and
strong base.
54. Water is a polar solvent and this
Assertion Phenolphthalein gives pink property of water helps in weakening the
colour in basic solution. pobond between the ions and makes them
Reason Phenolphthalein is a natural soluble. Hence, acids and bases produce
indicator. ions in aqueous solutions.
55. Assertion If the ol Ammonium hydroxide is a weak base
pH inside the mouth
decreases below 5.5, the decay of tooth because
enamel begins. (a) it has low vapour pressureo ou
bit)
is only slightly ionised
Reason The bacteria present in mouth
degrades the sugar and left over food (c)it is nota hydroxide of any metal
(d) it has low density
particles and produce acids that (ii The poisonous effect of acid presentin
remains in the mouth after
eating. stings of bees and ants can be
56. Assertion Aqueous solution neutralised by use of a solution that
ofo
ammonium nitrate turns the blue litmus contains
into red. (a) acetic acid
(b) formic acidwiwpo
Reason Ammonium nitrate is a salt of
(c) sodium hydroxide
strong acid and strong base.
(d) sodium chloride
noboesiC
. Assertion Magnesium hydroxide isr08 i o i1) (a)
Which of thefollowingis an alkali?
Ca(OH),
used as an
antacid.i bee Alnotece (b) KOH ed diivwo
Reason Magnesium hydroxide is a
strong base. (c)MgfOH),
(d) CaCO, ulo
iv Acids and bases are important because
Cased Based MC0s
of..
..

58. Read the following and answer questions (a) their use in industry
from (i) to (v). (b) their effects on human health
(c) their effect on farmer's crop
Acids produce hydrogen ions, H" (ag), in (d) All the above are correct
solution, which are responsible for their (vWhich of following compound is
acidic properties. Hydrogen ions cannot alkaline in aqueous medium?
exist alone, but they exist after (a)Na, CO, (b) NaCl
combining with water molecules. (c)H,CO, (d) Cuso
Bases generate hydroxide (OH) ions in 59. Read the following and answer
water. Bases which are soluble in from i) to (v).
question
water are called alkalis, that all acids
generate H (ag) and all bases generate Sodium is very important element
a
Many of its compound are widely used
OH (aq),
by us, even in our food as well as for
Acid +Base Salt + Water washing clothes.
Acids, Bases and Salts
Sodium carbonate decahydrate
(Na,CO, 10H,0) is called washing soda and
is widely used for washing clothes. When it is
saturate with dioxide of carbon in moist
environment, it gives a product called baking
soda.
Na,CO, +H,O +CO, NaHCO,
Baking soda is used in small amount in
making bread and cake. It helps to make
these soft and spongy. An aqueous solution of
baking soda turns red litmus blue. It is also
used in soda-acid fire extinguisher.
Bleaching powder is also known as chloride
of lime. It is solid and yellowish white in
colour. Bleaching powder can be easily
identified by the strong smell of chlorine.
When calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts
with chlorine, it gives calcium oxychloride
(bleaching powder) and water
Aqueous solution of bleaching powder is
basic in nature.
Baking powder helps in making cakes
and bread soft and spongy by
(a) providing hydrogen gas
(b)releasing carbon monoxide gas
(c)releasing carbon dioxide gas
(d) reacting dough of cakes and bread
2aweMA (a)Turns blue litmus to red
i) Which reaction is used in soda-acid fire
extinguishers?
(a) NaHCO,Na,CO, +H,0 +C0,
(b) NaHCO, +H C0, +H,0
+Sodium salt of acid
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of the above
ii) The approximate pH value of bleaching
powder solution is
(a)4 (b)7
(c)9 0 ee
(d) 5.5
(iv) How many water of crystallisation
present in washing soda?
(a) 2 (b)5
(c)6 d) 10
25
(v)Which of the following statement is
correct about heating washing soda?
(a) Washing soda will give pungent smell
(b)Washing soda will lose its water of
crystallisation
o(c) The colour of washing soda will change into
black
(d) All are correct
60. Read the following and answer questions
from () to (V).
The strength of a base depends on the
concentration of the hydroxyl ions
present in a solution. Greater the number
of hydroxyl ion present, greater is the
strength of base. However, some bases do
not dissociate to any appreciable extent in
water, e.g. NH,OH. Some bases dissolve
in water to form alkali. Examples of such
bases are sodium hydroxide and
potassium hydroxide.
Strong alkalis like sodium hydroxide and
potassium hydroxide are highly corrosive
or caustic in nature. Sodium hydroxide
and potassium hydroxide are commonly
called caustic soda and caustic potash
respectively
)Which of the following is the
characteristics of a base?
(b) Turns phenolphthalein pink from colourless
( (c) Decomposes carbonates
(d) Gives H ions on dissociation
ai) the
Strength of base can be explained on
basis of
(a) its concentration in solution
(b)its degree of lonisation
(c)both (a) and (b) required
(d)it is an inherent property of acid.
ii) The acidity of barium hydroxide is
(a)1 (b)2
(c)3 (d)4
(iv) Which of the following in not an alkali?
(a) NaOH
(b) KOH
(c) CuOH),
(d) LIOH
26 CBSE New Pattern Science X(Ters
erm-

Which is the strongest base among the (6) Which solution will turn phenolphthale
following? from colourless to pink?
(a)NH.OH (b)NH, (a) Solution A (b)Solution B
(c)H,0 (d) NaOH (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
61. Read the (i) Which of the following substances
following and answer questions would have pH less than 7?
from ) to (v).
(a) Antacid (b) Soap
The pH scale can be used to (d) Water
the determine (c) Vinegar
strength acid solutions as well as
of ii) What effect does the concentration of
basic solutions
by making use of H' ions have on the nature of the
hydrogen ion concentrations in them. solution?
The 'p' in
pH stands for potenz which (a) Higher the concentration of H ions,
means
power in German. It ranges from greater is the acidic nature of the
O to 14. solution
Now-a-days,
measure the value of
pH meter is used to obiho (b) Higher the concentration of Hions,
pH, however in greater is the basic nature of the solution
previous years, pH papers were used to
measure range of (c) Concentration of H ions does not effect
pH. the nature of the solution
The
negative logarithm is used because (d) None of the above
most of the
pH values are positive (iv pH of solution is defined by expression
numbers. A change of one pH unit
represents a ten-fold change in the (a)log[H']ngw ba (b]log 1
concentration of hydronium ions and (c) does (d) 0 20sp
hydroxide ions. Thus, pH equal to 2 is log [H'] -

log[H]t olasd
ten timesas acidic as
pH equal to 3. (v)Ifwater is added to solution B, then pH
Consider two solutions A and B having will noqe brs floe bosd
(a) increasespnep (b) decrease
pH values 3 and 9.5 respectively.
dpetvolotodito dfoiil( (c)=7pboxonom r (d)unchanged
ds lo entaobs edo sbicoib nodhe phiesoie
ANSWERS bdotoipueb p
Multiple Choice Questions
obor pi boeu at rouoasr idW
1. ( 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. () 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. () 27. (a) 28. (d) 29 (d) 30. (a)
31. (C) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. () 35. (d) 36. (b)37. () 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (b) 43. (d) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. () 49. (C)

Assertion-Reasoning MCOs
50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (d) 54. (c) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (C)ogg ad
Cased Based MCOs bwe
58. (0-(b), (iö-c), (ið-b), (iv)-d), (vA 59. (0-(C), (i)-(b), (iüi-(c), (iv)-(d), (v)-(b)
60. ()-(b), (i)-C), (ii)-b), (iv)-(©), (v)-d) 61. (-(b), (i)-(©), (iü)-(a), (iv)-(b), (V)-b)
 EXPLANATIONS
1. The mineral acids are those which are 10. Calcium oxide dissolves in water to form
obtained from minerals and do not contain calcium hydroxide which further ionises to
carbon. give hydroxyl ion (OH).
e.g. HC1, H,SO, HNO, etc.
2. Strong acids are generally corrosive in nature.
CaO+2H,O Ca(OH), Ca +20H
Acids corrode metals and release hydrogen 11. Copper hydroxide is not an alkali because it
gas on reacting. is insoluble in water. Hence, it is a base but
not an alkali.
3. Lactic acid is present in sour milk.
12. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide
Glycolic acid is present in fruits and both are bases and bases are good conductor
vegetables. of electricity. Therefore, these bases are used
Oxalic acid is present in vegetable, fruits, as electrolytes.
seeds, etc. 13. Alkali is basic in nature and all alkalies are
Citric acid is present in citrus fruits like bases.
lemons, oranges, etc. But all bases are not alkali because all bases
4. Lime juice is acidic in nature because it soluble in water whereas alkali is
Oare not an
contains citric acid. Human blood is slightly soluble in water.
basic (i.e. having pH 78). Lime water andH
14.CO is an acidic oxide, thus when it reacts
antacid are basic in nature as they contain
hydroxide (OH) ion. with a base [Ca(OH), 1 (aq), i.e. lime water, it
gives salt and water
5. Acetic acid has chemical formula, CH,COOH
in which four hydrogen atoms are present. Ca(OH), +CO,(g) CaCO,)+H,O)
(Salt)
6. All organic acids have source from nature as The above reaction proves that Ca(OH), (aq)
they occur in animals, plant, vegetables, etc. is basic in nature.
Lactic acid is present in curd. Citric acid is 15. When base Ca(OH), combines with
ammonium salt, NH CIL then it liberates
present in oranges. Acetic acid is present in
and oxalic acid is present in tomato. ammonia gas and forms calcium chloride,
vinegar
7. Most metal oxides are insoluble in water but CaCl, and water.
some of these (e.g. Na,0, Ca0) dissolve in Ca(OH), (aq)+ 2NH,CI (g)
water to form alkalies, not salt and acid e.g. CaCl,(s)+ 2H)+ 2NH,(g)T
Na,O(s)+ HO () 2NaOH (aq) So, X= NH Cl and Y=HO
reaction 16. When an acid is dissolved in water, then it
8. In first test tube, the following
dissociates and produce hydrogen (H) or
involves:
CaCO, + 2HCI CO, + H,O+ CaCl Cole hydronium ions(H,O").
17. When sodium hydroxide in mixed with water,
CO, gas is evolved here. then ionisation takes place.
In second test tube, the following reaction
NaOH+H0 Na +OH + H,O
take place:
Zn+ 2HC ZnCl,+ H, Hydroxide ions are formed and a lot of heat
is generated or released during dissolution.
Here, H, gas is evolved.
18. The sulphur dioxide in aqueous solution
9. When dilute sulphuric acid treated with iron is acidic because it shows blue litmus paper
sulphide, then hydrogen sulphide gas is test.
evolved and iron sulphate is formed.
19. When a small amount of acid is added to
FeS(s)+ H,SO, (aq) FeSO, (a) +
H,S (g) water, the process is called dilution and it
Iron Sulphuric acid Iron Hydrogen results in the formation of H,0 ions.
sulphide
sulphide sulphate
28 CBSE New Pattern Science X(Term
20. When sodium
hydrogen carbonate is added
to acetic acid then 28. The given three indicators are natural

CO,) is
odourless carbon dioxide indicators which show characteristics
ics colour
gas evolved. in acidic as well as in basic medium
NaHCO,+
Sodium
CHCOOH CH,COONa 29. Since, the aqueous solution turns red
hydrogeen Acetic
Sodium
litmus
solution blue. So, it is a basic compone
carbonate acid acetate
acid solution (HCI) would reverse the An
CO, turns lime +CO,+ HO That is HCI would turn blue litmus
water milky. It is a to red. ution
non-supporter
by
of combustion and is
absorbed Other options baking powder, lime and
strong alkalies like NaOH.
21. The
reaction ammonium hydroxide solution are basic
between metal carbonate and compounds.
an acid is an
example
reaction because metal
of acid and base
So, the blue litmus solution would not chan
carbonate is basic in the colour by adding these
nature. Thus, the reaction will compounds.
water and carbon produce salt, 30.
dioxide. Let metal Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are the
carbonate be sodium carbonate. indicators which are used in laboratory for
Na CO,(aq) + 2HCI(aq) titrations of strong acids with strong
bases.
31. In basic medium,
22.
2NaCl()+HO()+ co,(g) A. Red litmus turms blue.
During the dilution of an acid or base, the
concentration of ions per unit volume B. Methyl orange turns into
yellow in colour
decreases. Dilution causes C.
lowering of
concentration of hydronium ions andd
Phenolphthalein
turns pink in colour.
D. Blue litmus remains blue in colour.
hydroxide ions of acids and bases respectively. 32. pH is calculated
23. Metallic oxides are basic in nature.
So, on by using the expression:
dissolution of water, the concentration of pH=- loglH,O' ] or - log|H ]
hydroxide ions is highest. So, pH is the negative logarithm of the
24. Vanilla is hydrogen ion concentration.
essence an
olfactory indicator. So,
its smell is different in acid and basic media 33. As the pH of solution decreases from 7 to 0,
which can be detected easily by a the
visually air hydrogen ion concentration in the
student. Vanilla extract has a characteristic d Tsolution goes on increasing and hence the
pleasant smell. strength of acid goes on increasing.
If a basic solution like sodium hydroxide As the pH of solution increases from 7
solution is added to vanilla extract then we to
14, the hydroxide ion concentration in the
cannot detect the characteristic smell of a solution goes on increasing, due to
vanilla extract. An acidic solution like which the strength of base also goes on
hydrochloric acid, however, does not destroy increasing.
the smell of vanilla extract. It depends on the
solution, i.e. higher the ps
25. Universal indicator is a mixture of many weaker the acid and lower the pH, weaker
indicators. Its colour is red at pH =3. the base.
26. In acid, blue litmus changes to red and in 34. The value of pH for acids ranges from 0 to
basic solution, red litmus changes to blue. If pH increases, the value of basicity
Hence, blue litmus first changes its colour to increases because more the value of p,
red and then, to blue. more will be the
27. When CH,COOK is treated with water, then
basicity.
35. If solution turns red litmus blue, then a
a
KOH, strong base in formed. solution is basic in ature and its pH value
CH,COOK + H,O KOH+ CH,COOH likely to be greater than 7.
Strong 36. pH of acid rain is below 5.6 and it have
base
The solution will be basic in nature. So, it corrosive effect on marble buildings o
turns turmeric to red. sculptures.
Acids, Bases and Salts
37. As pH paper turns
greenish blue for weakly
basic compound and antacids contain weak
base like Mg(OH),. So, an antacid would
change the colour of this pH paper to
greenish-blue. Other options(a) and (b)
contain acids and option (c) is a neutral salt.
38. 3Ca(OH), + 2H,PO,
Calcium
Ca,(PO, ), + 6H,O
hydroxide Phosphoric Calcium
acid phosphate
Calcium phosphate Ca,(PO,), is basic salt, as
it is a salt of weak acid (phosphoric acid) and
slightly stronger base (calcium hydroxide)
(though both are weak).
Also when pH of our mouth falls below 5.5
due to eating of sweets etc., i.e. mouth is
acidic, the dissolution of enamel (calcium
phosphate) starts which shows that calcium
phosphate is basic in nature.
39. Antacids are weak bases which are given to
the patients who are suffering from
acidity.
They are given to patient so that they get
relief.
40. The bee sting is slightly acidic with pH of
4.5-5.5. So, to neutralise the effect of sting, a
basic substance be used such
can as baking
soda.
41. Bleaching powder has ability to kill off the
germs because of chlorine. When bleaching
powder exposed to moisture, chlorine
releases and disinfects the area.
42. Na,CO, 10H,O is the formula of washing
soda. It contains 10 molecules of water.
43. 2NaCI(aq) + 2H,0()
2NaOH (aq) + Cl,(g) + H,(g)
(because state of Cl, and H, is gaseous, HO is
liquid and that of NaCl and NaOH is aqueous.
44. Chemical name of bleaching powder is
calcium hypochlorite (calcium oxychloride).
45. The hardening of the plaster of Paris can be
done by mixing it with water and it converts
into hard material called gypsum.
46. Bleaching powder bleaches the clothes and
other coloured substances, baking soda is a
constituent of antacid, washing soda is used
in the preparation of glass and sodium
chloride when subjected to electrolysis gives
H, and Cl, gases.
29
47. Chemical formula of baking soda is NaHCO,
sodium hydrogen carbonate). Chemical
formulae of blue vitriol is CuSO, 5H,0,
washing soda is Na CO, 10H,O and gypsum
isCaSO, 2H,0.
So, baking powder does not contain water of
crystallisation.
48. When an acid reacts with a base,
neutralisation reaction takes place to form
salt and water and it is an exothermic
reaction. So, the temperature of the solution
increases.
49. Sodium hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid
are mixed together and forms baking soda.
50. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A. Lemon juice is sour in taste
as it is an acid and sour taste is one of the
characteristics of acid. Therefore, lemon juice
is acidic in nature.
51. Both A and R are correct but Ris not the
correct explanation of R. Sodium hydrogen
carbonate react with acid present in fire
extinguisher to produce carbon dioxide.
52. A is true but R is false.
HCl produces H" ions in aqueous solution
because in presence of water, acids give
bios H ions. As H ions cannot exist alone so it
combines with water molecules and form
HO
53. A is false but R is true. Sodium carbonate
(Na,Co,) is the salt of weak acid carbonic
acid (H,CO,) and a strong base, sodium
hydroxide (NaOH).
2NaOH +HCO,
Sodium
Na,CO +2H,O
Carbonic Sodium carbonate Water
hydroxide acid (salt)
54. A is true but R is false. Phenolphthalein is a
synthetic indicator. It is used in titrations of
acid and base. It will appear pink in basic
solution and clear in acidic solution.
55. Both A and R are true and R is the correct
explanation of A. Tooth enamel is calcium
phosphate, which gets affected when pH of
our mouth falls below 5.5.
It happens because the bacteria present in
our mouth breakdown sugar and food
particles into acids which damage our teeth
by corroding them.
30 CBSE New Pattern Science X (Term
56. A is true but
R is false because
ammonium (v)When we heat washing soda, the water of
nitrate is a salt of crystallisation will be lost (eflorescent
strong acid and weak base.
57. A is true but occurs) and become anhydrous.
R is false because
magnesiumthe
hydroxide is a mild base and neutralises 60. () A base can turn phenolphthalein pink
excess acid from colourless. Phenolphthalein is used
present in a stomach.
58. ) as indicator in acid-base titration and it
Ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH) is a
weak base because it does not ionise
shows pink in basic solution
completely in given aqueous solution. (i) Since, for strong base which is completely
ii) NaOH, sodium ionised, only concentration is the measure
can
hydroxide, being a base
neutralise the effect of acid. of strength, but for weak base which is
incompletely ionised, both degree of
ii) An alkali is a base which is water
soluble ionisation and concentration will be
and KOH is soluble in water
whereas required.
Ca(OH), and Mg(OH), are slightly (ii) Barium hydroxide is Ba(OH),. It can give
soluble in water and CaCO, is insoluble in
two hydroxyl group. So, its acidity is two.
water.
(iv) NaOH, KOH and LiOH are called as alkali
iv Acids and bases are important because of
because these bases are soluble in water
their various uses and impacts. They are
whereas Cu(OH), is not alkali because it is
used in industry. They have impact on of ney insoluble in water.
human health and farmer's crop.
(v) NaOH is the strongest base among the
(v Na,co, sodium carbonate is alkaline in other compounds because it dissociates
aqueous medium because it is formed completely into ions.
from NaOH and H,CO,, i.e. strong base
61.) Solution B will turn phenolphthalein from
and weak acid. colourless to pink as it is basic in nature
59. () NaHCO, Na,CO, +H,O + CO0 according to its pH.
NaHCO, +H' cO, +H,O + i) Acidic substances have pH value less,
than 7. Among the given substances,
Sodium salt of acid
onid vinegar would have pH less than 7 as it is
Both the above reactions take place on an aqueous solution of acetic acid.
adding baking powder while making
(iil) Higher the concentration of H' ions
cakes or bread.
greater is the acidic nature of the solution
The released CO, gas makes the cakes or because H' ions comes from acid.
bread soft and spongy. (iv) pH is defined as negative logarithm of
(ii) In soda-acid fire extinguishers, CO, is concentration of H ions.
released by the reaction of sodium
bicarbonate with acid. So, expression of pH =log

(iii) Bleaching powder is basic nature, so its

pH value must be greater than 7.
or
=-log H'
(v) When base is diluted with water, the
iv) Washing soda has chemical formula, concentration of base decrease and this
Na,CO, 10H,O. So, it has 10 water of causes the pH of alkali to fall towards 7
crystallisation. So, the pH will decrease.