CHAPTER 2 KINEMATICS

Q1:-Define mechanics and its branches?

Mechanics: The branch of physics in which we study about the motion of object with or
without reference of force is called mechanics.

Kinematics: The branch of mechanics which deals with the description of motion of
object is called kinematics.

Dynamics: The branch of mechanics which deals with the reference to the force or agent
causing motion is called Dynamics.

Q2:- Define rest and motion ? what are the types of

motion?
Rest: If an object does not change its position with respect to its surroundings with time,
then it is called at rest.

Motion: If an object changes its position with respect to its surroundings with time, then it
is called in motion.

[Rest and motion are relative states. It means an object which is at rest in one frame of
reference can be in motion in another frame of reference at the same time.]

TYPES  OF  MOTION:

There are three types of motion.
1. Translatory motion
2. Rotatory motion
3. Vibratory motion

1.Translatory Motion:

“In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any  rotation. 
The line may be straight or curved”.

2.Rotatory Motion:

“The spinning motion of a body about its axis is called its rotatory motion”

Axis:
 “An axis is a line around which a body rotates”.

3.Vibratory Motion:

“To and fro motion of a body about its mean position is known as
vibratory motion”.

Q-3: What are the terms associated with motion?
TERMS  ASSOCIATED  WITH MOTION:
When dealing with motion, we come across various terms such as
i. Position
ii. Distance
iii. Displacement
iv. Speed
v. Velocity
vi. Acceleration

1.POSITION:
“The term position describes the location of a place or a point with respect 
to some reference point called origin”.

DISTANCE:
“Total Length cover by an object is called distance”.

REPRESENTATION:
It is denoted by S.

UNIT
Its S.I unit is m.

PHYSICAL QUANTITY
It is a scalar quantity.
Displacement
 “The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of any object during
motion is called Displacement.”
The displacement of an object in a given time can be positive, zero or negative.

REPRESENTATION:
It is denoted by ⃗S.

UNIT
Its S.I unit is meter (m).

PHYSICAL QAUNTITY
It is a vector quantity.

Speed
“The rate of change of distance of the object is called speed.”

REPRESENTATION:
It is denoted by s.

FORMULA
total distance
Average speed=
total time

UNIT
Its S.I unit is m/s.

PHYSICAL QUANTITY
It is a scalar quantity.

DIMENSION
Its dimensional formula is [LT-1].

Uniform Speed
If an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called uniform
speed.
Non-uniform or Variable Speed
If an object covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, then its speed is called non-
uniform or variable speed.

Instantaneous Speed
The speed of an object at a given instant of time is called its instantaneous speed.

lim ¿ ¿ distance
Instantaneous speed = ⏟
∆ t →0 time

Velocity
“The rate of change of displacement of an object in a particular direction is called its
velocity.”

REPRESENTATION:
It is denoted by ⃗v.

FORMULA
Displacement
Average velocity=
timetaken
⃗d
v avg=
⃗
t

UNIT
Its S.I unit is m/s.

PHYSICAL QUANTITY
It is a vector quantity.

DIMENSION
Its dimensional formula is [LT-1].

The velocity of an object can be positive, zero and negative.

Uniform Velocity
If an object undergoes equal displacements in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be moving
with a uniform velocity.

Non-uniform or Variable Velocity

If an object undergoes unequal displacements in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be
moving with a non-uniform or variable velocity.

Acceleration
“The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.”

REPRESENTATION
It is denoted by a⃗ .

FORMULA
change ∈velocity
Average acceleration=
time taken
∆ ⃗v
a avg=
⃗
t

UNIT
Its S.I unit is m/s2
Its dimensional formula is [LT-2].

PHYSICAL QUANTITY
It is a vector quantity.

[Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity increasing
with time, zero acceleration means velocity is uniform while negative acceleration (retardation)
means velocity is decreasing with time.]

Q-4: Derive three equations of motion?

EQUATIONS  OF MOTION:
There are three basic equations of motion for bodies moving with uniform acceleration. 
These equations relate initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, time and distance 
covered by a moving body.
Conditions to Derive  Three  Equation of Motion:
To simplify the derivation of these equations, we assume that the motion is along a
straight line. Hence we consider only the magnitude of displacements, velocities, and 
acceleration.
Derivation:
Consider a body moving with initial velocity vi in a straight line with 
uniform acceleration a.Its velocity becomes vf after time t.

The motion of body is described by speed-time graph by line AB.
i. The slope of line AB is acceleration a.
ii. The total  distance  covered by the body is  shown by the shaded
area under the line AB.
Equations of motion can be obtained easily from this graph.

First  Equation of Motion:
Speed
time graph for the motion of a body is shown in figure. Slope of 
line AB  gives the acceleration a of the body.
BC
Slop of line AB = a = 
AC
BD – CD
a =     
OD
Where BD = vf, CD = vi OD = t
v –  v
Then a =   f  i
t
Or at= vf – vi
Or vi + at = vf
∴ vf = vi + at
It called first equation of motion.
Second Equation  of Motion:
In speed time graph shown in figure, the  total distance S travelled by the
body is equal to the total area OABD under the graph. That is
Total distance S= Total area of OABD
= Area of rectangle OACD + Area of triangle ABC... (1)
Where

Area of rectangle OACD = OA x OD
= vi x t = vi t
1
Area of triangle ABC= 2 (AC xBC)
= (txat) = at2
Putting these values in equation (1), we get

1
S = vi t + 2 at2 

It called second equation of motion

Third Equation  of Motion:
In speed time graph shown in figure, the  total distance S travelled by the 
body  is equal to the total area OABD under the graph. That is

Total distance S = Total area of trapezium OABD
1
= 2 sum of parallel sidesx height
1
= 2 (OA + BD) x OD
2S= (BD +OA) x OD
BC
Multiply both sides by OD , we get
BC BC
2S x OD = (BD +OA) x OD x OD
BC
2S x OD = (BD +OA)xBC ……………………. (1)
BC
Where OD =a OA= vi , BD= vf BC = vf – vi
Putting these values in equation (1), we get

2S x a = (vf + vi) x (vf – vi)
 2aS = vf2 – vi2

It called third equation of motion.

Q5-: Write a note on motion of freely falling bodies?

MOTION  OF FREELY FALLING BODIES:
Galileo was the first scientist to notice that all the freely falling 
objects have the sameacceleration independent of their masses. He
dropped various objects of different masses from the leaning tower of
Pisa. He found that all of them reach the ground at the same time.

Gravitational  Acceleration:

The  acceleration of freely falling bodies is called  gravitational acceleration. 

It  is denoted  by g.On the surface of the Earth, its value is approximately 10 
ms–2.
Note:
i. For bodies falling down freely g is positive
ii. For bodies moving up gis negative.
Equations of Motion for Bodies Moving Under Gravity:

vf = vi + gt
1
h = vi t + 2 gt2
2gh = vf2 – vi2