San Andres School of Masinloc, Inc.

Olondriz St., South Poblacion, Masinloc, Zambales

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

IMPROVING DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN

BARANGAY BAMBAN AND
BARANGAY STO. ROSARIO

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS and IMMERSION
Submitted to: Mr. Rolly Abelon

MEMBERS:
Teruel, Andrie S.
Alejandro, Tricia
Badiola, Zeska
Caabay, Annie Rhose E.
Ibanez, Divine Kyle

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 Abstract
ANNIE RHOSE E. CAABAY, DIVINE KYLE IBANEZ, TRISHIA ALEJANDRO, ZESKA
BADIOLA, ANDRIE TERUEL, MAY 2021. Improving Drainage System in Barangay Bamban
and Barangay. Sto. Rosario. San Andres School of Masinloc Inc.

Adviser: Mr. Rolly Abelon

A drainage system is responsible for removing excess water from a property's surface or
root area. It is designed to carry waste water and sewage to disposal points in a clean and orderly
manner, keeping the area well-drained, waste-free and preventing flooding. This study seeks for
the perceived effects of the drainage system. It can be used as a baseline when they decide to
have an efficient drainage system that they can develop and maintain in the future. Researchers
utilized all the data gathering using Non- Experimental Quantitative Design to gain in-depth
understanding regarding the effects of drainage systems in Brgy. Bamban and Brgy. Sto. Rosario
The instrument that the researchers opted to use was an online survey questionnaire through the
use of social media platforms. The result of the study shows that the respondents strongly agree
that a drainage system can help in reducing the flood and have a sustainable development.
However, flooding cannot be entirely avoided but the effects of flooding can be mitigated by
doing some effective measures like drainage systems.

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 Introduction

Drainage System helps accumulate the excess water from the surface to avoid flooding. A
Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) is a catch-all word for a variety of different structures that
moderate and often retain spillover to reduce surface waste (Charlesworth et al., 2003).
Continuous, heavy rains can cause water levels to rise, resulting in floods especially if you live
near a large body of water. Sometimes, polluted water is carried onto your soil through flash
flooding. Drainage systems can eliminate these harmful materials by washing them away.

Floods are the most destructive phenomenon that impact the social and economic
conditions of the population in many regions and countries (Smith et.al, 1998). The effects of
flooding can be mitigated by effective measures taken as part of an integrated river basin
management strategy. Drainage system is very important because according to Diefenderfer et al.
(2001): excess water has six negative effects, reduced shear strength of unbound materials,
differential swelling on expansive subgrade soils, movement of unbound fines in flexible
pavement base and sub base layers, pumping of fines and durability cracking in rigid pavements,
frost-heave and thaw weakening, and asphalt stripping in flexible pavements. A drainage system
is an expensive investment but it is worth considering.

By balancing the various opportunities and challenges that affect urban design and the
growth of communities, drainage systems can contribute to sustainable development and enhance
the places and spaces where we live, work, and play.

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 CHAPTER 1:
THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Background of the Study
Barangay Bamban
Bamban is the 13th Barangay in the Municipality of Masinloc. Bamban comes from the
Illocano word "Kawayan '' that mysteriously appears from the land like a " Spanish Plant" with
the shape of the heart of a banana. The land is sandy and clay but the property is kinda big with
the size of 520 hectares. The main language that they used is Sambal and Ilokano. According to
the history of Bamban there are politics, schools and churches existing. The feast of Patron San
Jose started in 1946. They started establishments using 'kawayan and cogon' and they tied it with
what they called "Bamban". On 20th of April 1948 the roof had been renovated in the year of
Assemblyman Ramon Magsaysay. The chapel was started by Mrs. Catalina "Ka Tale" Mizal, in
the year of Parish Priest Fr. Gatmaitan.
Every 19th day of the month of March is the feast. According to Barangay Bamban, the
people chose Apostle San Jose to be the patron because there is a one sitio called Sitio San Jose.
Barangay Bamban consists of thirteen sitios according to the "date of creation". The legal basis
is the resolution number 395 series of 1962, former sitio of barangay san lorenzo. But if we look
at 2020, it is the 74th year of the festival. In 1949 - 1951, no festival took place because people
were sent first to the force during the "HUKBALAHAP" or so-called people's army against the
Japanese. In typographic freedom there are parts of the mountains, plains and water which
people are relying on in terms of livelihood. There are sand stones, fish ponds and fish pens. This
is located 3 kilometers far from the neighborhood if you are in the southern part.
Fishing is one of their sources of livelihood. Bamban is composed of a sea, river and farms
but it sometimes gives panic to the people near the bay. When there are strong typhoons, the
portion of the river and the sea sometimes overflow causing a flood on the road since it is near
the road. According to the people in the Barangay that we have interviewed there are a few cases
of flooding and landslides in the area. The people are concluding that if there is proper drainage
they can avoid the risk of flooding. However, proper segregation of garbage is also a factor.
Some diseases that are common in the wet season might also occur. People in the Barangay used
to burn and throw away their garbage. In terms of dredging, there is no history of dredging in the
areas because in some cases dredging can even make flooding worse. The Environment Agency
says that while dredging can improve general land drainage, it cannot prevent rivers from
flooding, due to the huge volumes of water involved. Purok 1 and Purok 3 are one of the
common places associated with flooding.

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 Population Risk Level - Flood

Population Risk Level - Landslides

Flooding is not a serious case for it belongs only to 17% of areas that had a moderate
susceptibility but in the near future it can be a serious problem and a lot of people will be
affected. Barangay situated with moderately susceptible zones also need special attention from
the government to take appropriate actions like having a proper drainage system that helps to
prevent the occurrence of floods.

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 Flood hazard susceptibility of Masinloc, Zambales
The community needs to prevent that from happening. In our generation today, we need to
take everything slowly, especially those moves that can definitely ruin our environment.
Practicing proper waste disposal and avoiding use of non biodegradable materials has a big
impact in terms of conserving the earth. Now that climate change is a defining issue of our time
and the sea ice is melting very fast there are possibilities that the sea level will rise. According to
the local government association, having a sustainable and proper drainage system can help
manage the flood. Thus, it has multiple benefits in enhancing the environment.
Barangay Sto. Rosario
Barangay Sto. Rosario has 1,047.37 hectares. It has 7 Purok and 5 sitios namely Sitio
Lilindot, Sitio Bulintin, Sitio Buri, Sitio Tondol Bolo and Sitio Karaplahan. Farming is the
source of livelihood here. Brgy. Sto. Rosario is 7 kilometers away from the town of Masinloc. It
is surrounded by the following barangay, Barangay Bamban in North while Barangay San
Lorenzo in South.
Back then, Barangay Sto. Rosario is just a sitio of Barangay San Lorenzo but it is now
officially a Barangay. The feast of Patron Saint Rosario is celebrated on October 6-7 every year.
According to the ancient, Sto. Rosario is known as a flower “ROSARYO” because there are a lot
of “Rosaryo” flowers here.
The area is surrounded by “palaisdaan” or fish ponds. Barangay Sto. Rosario encountered
a lot of typhoons in which they experienced a series of flooding. One of which is the typhoon
“Haiyan”. Because of heavy rains the flood occurs, especially in low areas of the barangay. They
also performed rescue to those people in low areas who had experienced flooding.

Population Risk Level - Flood

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 Population Risk Level - Landslides
Flooding is not a serious case since it belongs to 17% of areas that had a moderate
susceptibility but in the near future it can be a serious problem and a lot of people will be
affected. Barangay Sto. Rosario situated with moderately susceptible zones, needs special
attention from the government to take appropriate actions like having a proper drainage system
in the future that helps to prevent the occurence of flood.

Review of Related Literature

Sustainable Drainage System
By balancing the various opportunities and challenges that affect urban design and the
growth of communities, drainage systems can contribute to sustainable development and enhance
the places and spaces where we live, work, and play.
Sustainable drainage is shifting away from the conventional mindset of only designing to
mitigate flood risk and treating runoff as a nuisance to a philosophy of treating surface water as a
valuable resource that can be controlled to maximize value. It is a philosophy that takes into
account long-term environmental and social considerations when making drainage decisions. It
considers the quantity and efficiency of runoff, as well as the utility and aesthetic importance of
surface water in urban areas. Many current urban drainage systems can cause flooding, pollution,
or environmental harm, and they are not proving to be sustainable in the face of larger climate
change and urbanization challenges.
Sanitary and storm water drainage are the two types of sustainable drainage systems. The
term "combined system" refers to a system that transports sanitary and storm water (Galamiton
& Flores, 2009). If the culvert is not large enough to transport both sanitary and storm water, the
combined system will cause pollution.
Sustainable Drainage System (SuDS) is a catch-all word for a variety of different
structures that moderate and often retain spillover to reduce surface waste (Charlesworth et al.,
2003). Furthermore, from a drainage standpoint, the device has three significant advantages
(Jones & Macdonald,2007). This involves reducing the total load on regular drains, keeping back
peak flows to avoid overloading, and cleaning up discharges by eliminating diffuse source
emissions. The systems are commonly used to reduce the effect of urban runoff on the marine
environment while also creating new habitat for organisms. In addition, they provide water-based

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leisure activities. Sustainable drainage is a philosophy that takes into account long-term
environmental and social considerations when making drainage decisions.
Sustainable Drainage Systems are designed to control surface water runoff near to where it
falls and as closely as possible mimic natural drainage. They provide opportunities to mitigate
flooding's causes and effects, eliminate contaminants from urban runoff at the source, and
integrate water quality with recreation and wildlife.
Flooding is characterized as exceptionally high flows or levels of rivers, lakes, wetlands,
reservoirs, and other water bodies, resulting in water inundating areas outside of the water
bodies' boundaries (Smith et, al., 1998). Flooding can also occur when tidal seas and storm
waves cause the sea level to rise exceptionally high or above coastal lands, causing flooding.
Floods are the most destructive phenomenon that impact the social and economic conditions of
the population in many regions and countries (Smith et.al, 1998).
Flooding
Flooding has caused significant property damage and human injury around the world in
recent decades, and it is predicted that flood risks will continue to rise as a result of climate
change, population growth, and increased economic wealth (Te Linde et al. 2010). Floods are the
most dangerous natural hazards, and they are influenced by a variety of factors such as rainfall
patterns, irrigation systems, land use, and river basin water management. Because of
urbanization, industrialization, and living standards, flood management must evolve, especially
in developing countries (Schultz 2006, Viljoen and Booysen 2006). Flood control typically
involves floodways and flood storage in foothill reservoirs (Roos 2006) or rice fields, and is
based on terrestrial characteristics and local geography (Chang et al. 2007). Urban areas in
lowlands and other flood-prone areas, such as along coasts, river floodplains, and inland
depressions, are rising in response to the demand for growth (Vlotman et al. 2007).
The construction of dikes along rivers or major channels is a traditional structural measure
for flood control in lowland or flood-prone areas (de Bruin 2006). Flooding can occur due to
water overtopping dikes, causing widespread flood damage across lowlands, if water
accumulates due to heavy precipitation where drains are lacking or their discharge capacity is
exceeded. It is important to incorporate an efficient flood risk management concept in order to
mitigate flood hazards. While flooding cannot be entirely avoided, the effects of flooding can be
mitigated by effective measures taken as part of an integrated river basin management strategy.
A systematic approach to flood risk management is to use the flood-prone lowlands effectively,
in accordance with the principle of "space for river and citizens." This results in the prioritization
of flood defense for the protection of people and property, as well as the development of space
for water storage and channel cross-section adjustment.
Overall, taking effective flood-prevention measures is both feasible and important to
minimize people's and property's exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards. Long-term flood
prevention and control strategies, on the other hand, must include interventions that are
perceptibly incorporated with other factors such as socioeconomics, culture, climate, and the
atmosphere. As a result, public engagement involving local governments is an important factor

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to consider when deciding on flood control plans and long-term processes (Burch et al. 2010, de
Wrachien et al. 2011, Lai et al. 2011, Kundzewicz et al. 2013). According to the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports published in 2007, the frequency
and severity of severe events could increase in the future (Pachauri and Reisinger 2007). As a
result, flood control structures could face greater challenges than in the past.

Impact of Floods in Human

Floods are the leading cause of natural disaster deaths worldwide, with 6.8 million people
killed in the twentieth century. Asia is the most flood-prone area, with nearly half of all flood-
related deaths occurring in the last quarter of the twentieth century. 1,2,3 are the numbers. A
flood is defined as “a significant rise in water level in a stream, lake, reservoir, or coastal region”
by the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) . Flooding is described as
the “presence of water in areas that are normally dry”.
The events and factors that cause floods are numerous, complex, and interconnected.
Heavy or prolonged precipitation, snowmelts, or storm surges from cyclones are examples of
weather conditions, while structural failures of dams and levies, changes in absorptive land cover
with impervious surfaces, and poor drainage systems are examples of human factors. Coastal
areas, rise over basins, and lakeshores are all particularly vulnerable to storms or cyclones that
produce high winds and storm surge. Floods are occasionally accompanied by secondary hazards
such as mudslides in mountainous areas.
Human vulnerability to flooding has increased as population growth has accelerated and
land use patterns have changed. Floods cause direct mortality and morbidity, as well as indirect
displacement and widespread crop, infrastructure, and property damage. Drowning and trauma or
injury are the most common immediate causes of death in floods.
Climate Change
Changes in climate and weather patterns, along with rapid expansion and population
growth, expose cities to flooding, putting the lives of their residents in jeopardy. As a result,
cities are regarded as the most vulnerable human environments (IPCC, 2007; Stern, 2006).Many
Asian coastal cities, in particular, face high flood risks as a result of the region's frequent
typhoons and rainstorms (Webster et al., 2005). The Philippines is one of the countries most
impacted by rainfall variations caused by climate change (R. V. Cruz et al., 2007). Floods
outnumber all other forms of natural hazards, and disasters are striking exposed coastal areas
more often as a result of rising water levels and severe weather brought about by climate change.
The Philippines ranks third among the world's most vulnerable countries to weather-related risk;
other analysis predicts that by 2100, the number of people living below the predicted high-tide
line would have increased five- to tenfold.
Types of Drainage System

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 Drainage structures permit green elimination of floor fluids and separate the constructing
drainage from the sewer offering a bodily barrier to odour and extra noxious substances. They
must help in minimising particulate discharge and offer sensible techniques to hold ongoing pipe
runs clear. However, micro organism are recognized to thrive in drainage structures, and notion
need to receive to fabric selection, drain design, set up specification and maintenance, now no
longer simplest with reference to the precept drain however additionally to add-ons consisting of
gratings, locking mechanisms, particles baskets and foul air traps. There are 4 forms of synthetic
drainage: Surface drainage, subsurface drainage, Slope drainage and Downspouts/Gutters.
Surface drainage is the elimination of extra water from the floor of the land. This is typically
completed through shallow ditches, additionally known as open drains. The shallow ditches
discharge into large and deeper collector drains. In order to facilitate the float of extra water
closer to the drains, the sphere is given a synthetic slope via land grading. Subsurface drainage is
the elimination of water from the rootzone. It is completed through deep open drains or buried
pipe drains. The extra water from the rootzone flows into the open drains. The downside of this
kind of subsurface drainage is that it makes the usage of equipment difficult. Slope Drainage,
pipes are used for these drainage systems as well, but instead of being installed underground,
they are installed on an incline. This makes it so that water will naturally move away from your
home since it’s on a downhill slope. These pipes can be made up of concrete, steel, or plastic and
are wrapped with a protective layer to keep people from falling into it. Downspouts/Gutter Your
home's downspout and gutter system may be the most important drainage system. The
downspout is connected to the gutters, which are responsible for removing any excess water that
accumulates on your roof. Rainwater will fall off your roof and impact your house and the
ground if you don't do this, causing water damage and erosion to your landscaping. If there is too
much water, it can even cause basement flooding. Drainage structures and its maintenance, if
neglected, ought to pose a chance in each network and healthcare, inflicting infections in
addition to emergence of multi-resistant microorganisms that might cause unpredictable medical
manifestations.
Purpose of Drainage System
A drainage system is responsible for removing excess water from a property's surface or
root area. Surplus water may also accumulate as a result of rainwater runoff or irrigation water
use that is excessive. Draining the water is necessary to clear the system and pipes, as it could
otherwise result in leaking, flooding, foul odors, sluggish drainage, and water damage. It has also
been observed that after completing a new landscaping project, a variety of people need drainage
solutions. Grading your backyard is crucial, and even landscapers forget about it now and then.
Benefits and Advantages of Drainage System
Excess water is removed by drainage systems, which helps the soil warm up faster in the
spring. Consistent water table levels during the growing season will allow for faster, more
consistent plant growth in the fall, resulting in quicker harvest start-ups. When using no-till or
conservation tillage methods, this is especially important. System drainage can have some of the
most significant benefits in areas where there is a constant surplus of moisture, converting some
of the least productive land into high-performing fields. Stagnant water can cause soil to become

10
muddy over time, which can lead to erosion. Drainage systems help to keep your garden moist
and prevent soil erosion. Continuous, heavy rains can cause water levels to rise, resulting in flash
floods, especially if you live near a large body of water. Sometimes, polluted water is carried
onto your soil through flash flooding. Drainage systems can eliminate these harmful materials
from your yard by washing them away.

Poor Drainage System

Poor drainage is described as a system that is unable to discharge ingress water into a main
river, sea, or other body of water at the same rate as it receives ingress water, resulting in
overflow and flooding of streets and other areas. As a result, certain diseases are more prevalent
during the rainy season than during the dry season. Pathogens in household wastewater can
pollute groundwater supplies, raising the risk of diseases like lymphatic filariasis. Flooding may
occur as a result of poor drainage, resulting in property damage and possibly forcing people to
relocate to avoid the floodwaters. Flooding can also wreak havoc on water supply systems and
pollute domestic water supplies. Water spills over the ground during rainstorms in areas with low
drainage and sanitation, picking up feces and contaminating water supplies. This plays a
significant role in the spread of diseases including typhoid and cholera, as well as increasing the
risk of contracting worm infections from feces-contaminated soil. Flooding, in and of itself, has
the potential to displace people and cause additional health problems.
Effects of Poor Drainage on Roads
For a variety of purposes, a thorough understanding of the dynamics of water movement in
roads is important. Three groups of practitioners have a natural interest in moisture-related
issues: road engineers, geotechnical engineers, and environmental scientists. It is well established
that as the water content of the granular material increases, the rate of road degradation
increases. Excess water has six negative effects, according to Diefenderfer et al. (2001): reduced
shear strength of unbound materials, differential swelling on expansive subgrade soils,
movement of unbound fines in flexible pavement base and sub base layers, pumping of fines and
durability cracking in rigid pavements, frost-heave and thaw weakening, and asphalt stripping in
flexible pavements. Erlingsson (2009) used a Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) in a recent
accelerated load test to demonstrate that when the groundwater table was raised, the rate of
rutting increased in all layers of a versatile construction.
On the bright side, ensuring adequate (optimal) water content increases road packing
during construction and can also increase road durability, despite the fact that this impact is often
overlooked. To summarize, preserving sufficient water content in granular road materials is
initially advantageous, but as the water content rises over time, negative effects are likely to
arise. Over time, it is usually preferred to keep the road as close to or as low as possible in terms
of water content. ‘Water and road building do not make for a harmonious pair!' says Dawson
(2008).

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Effects of Poor Drainage in the Environment
Drainage systems are designed to carry waste water and sewage to disposal points in a
clean and orderly manner, keeping the area well-drained and waste-free. Closed ditches with
pipe drains, drainage pipes, channels, and conduits are examples of components that make up a
good drainage system.
Poorly managed drainage systems and bad waste management habits may have the
following negative effects on our environment:
1. Flooding has immediate consequences such as loss of life, property damage, destruction
of crops and other plants, and livestock loss.
2. Erosion is an issue that can be caused by a lack of good drainage systems.This has
happened in some parts of Sto. Rosario and Bamban , where flooding has washed away
roads and created gullies.
3. Diseases: Another consequence of flooding is the deterioration of health, which is caused
by a rise in waterborne diseases and unsanitary conditions. When water passages become
blocked, water stagnates. This makes people who are in close proximity to such habitats
vulnerable to mosquito and other insect-borne diseases. If our environments are
contaminated with stagnant water, we are vulnerable to a variety of air and waterborne
diseases.
Disadvantages of Poor Drainage System
A drainage system is an expensive investment; it cost between $1,938 and $5,763 with an
average cost of $3,828. but it is worth considering. If you employ a contractor to install your
drainage system, you'll end up spending a lot of money. Installing drainage systems can also
necessitate a permit, particularly if your project necessitates multiple channels and deep
excavations.
According to the University of Illinois, regular maintenance of your drainage system will
ensure that it works properly at all times. You must ensure that sediment buildup does not clog
the outlet ditches of your subsurface systems. Make sure the inlet covers aren't clogged with
debris. You must repair a drainage tile if it breaks. Removing water-loving trees within 100 feet
of the drain can prevent blockages caused by overgrown roots, fallen leaves, and branches from
these trees. Since ochre, an iron oxide that can clog your drain pipe, can build up, you must
always be on the lookout for it.
Drainage systems, according to a study conducted by the University of Illinois, may also
lead to pollution issues, particularly if they are not properly maintained. Subsurface drainage
systems, according to the report, can transport nitrate through drain pipes and directly into bodies
of water such as streams, rivers, and reservoirs.
Improvement of Poor Drainage System
Drainage Engineers are needed to design and install drainage systems to ensure that water
flows away rapidly and smoothly and is disposed of in a surface watercourse or soakaway.

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Drainage built by one group should not cause issues for other communities downstream, nor
should it have an effect on ecologically sensitive areas. Long-term changes to the environment
can lead to greater health problems in the future. That’s why it needs adequate attention.

Research Framework

Statement of the Problem

The general problem is specified below:
1. How may the Drainage System be described in terms of:
1.1. Types
1.2. Purpose
1.3. Benefits
2. How may Poor Drainage System be described in terms of:
2.1. Causes
2.2. Disadvantages
2.3. Improvement
3. What are the Effects of Drainage System in Barangay Bamban Masinloc, Zambales?
Significance of the Study
Determining the effects of drainage systems can benefit the barangay to have a
baseline on how efficient it is to have a drainage system that they can develop and maintain
in the future. Having a proper and sustainable drainage system can help to prevent floods,
devastating destruction, and road accidents caused by wet surfaces in the roads. Thus, it helps

13
in attaining sustainable development and reduces the effects of climate change. For the
researchers, this study can be your reference in determining the perceived effects of the
drainage system.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study compiled with the researchers started last February 9, 2021 up to May 18,
2021. Residents of Brgy. Bamban and Brgy. Sto. Rosario are the respondents of this study.
This research study is all about determining perceived effects of the drainage system in brgy.
bamban.
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods used by the researchers in order to determine the
answer to their study “Improving Drainage System in Brgy. Bamban and Brgy. Sto. Rosario.
Research Design
The researchers utilized the Quantitative, descriptive approaches. Convenient sampling
was used in order to determine the improvements of the drainage system in Brgy. Bamban
and Brgy. Sto. Rosario.
Populations
A total of 20 questionnaires will be distributed to 20 randomly picked residents of
Barangay Bamban, and Barangay Sto. Rosario who will be tasked to answer the online
survey questionnaire through the use of Google Forms.
Research Instruments
The instrument that the researchers opted to use was an online survey questionnaire
through google forms. The purpose of these questionnaires is to gather data that will be used
to fulfill the research study.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers had allotted vigorous time, effort and cooperation in developing their
questionnaires. They conducted an online survey questionnaire through the use of Non -
Probability Convenience Sampling. The data gathered from this research instrument were
tallied and computed for interpretation according to the frequency of items chosen by the
participants.
Treatment of Data
The responses to the conducted survey questionnaire were carefully tallied, tabulated,
and organized.

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 The researchers compiled and tabulated all the data gathered using descriptive
statistical techniques such as frequency counts and simple percentages.
In the table 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, and 2,3 the data gathered was tabulated through the
mean and the quantitative analysis of the responses in determining the improvements of
drainage system in Barangay Bamban and Barangay Sto. Rosario.

Percentage Computation:
Percentage % = f/n × 100
Wherein:
% represents the total percentage
“f” represents frequency
“n” represents the total number of respondents
Weighted mean:
x = Σ f/n
Wherein
x = Weighted mean
Σ = Sum of values of a given variable
f = Frequency
n = Total number of Respondents
For meaningful interpretation, the following are verbal interpretations of the tables.
Part 1
Numerical Rating Value Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
5 Extremely Effective 4.21 – 5.0
4 Very Effective 3.41 – 4.20
3 Effective 2.61 – 3.40
2 Somewhat Effective 1.81 – 2.60
1 Not Effective 1 - 1.80

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Part 2
Numerical Rating Value Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
5 Strongly Agree 4.21 – 5.0
4 Agree 3.41 – 4.20
3 Neutral 2.61 – 3.40
2 Disagree 1.81 – 2.60
1 Strongly Disagree 1 - 1.80

CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Part 1.
Table 1.1. Types
Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. Surface Drainage 4.25 Extremely Effective
Surface drainage is
the removal of excess
water from the surface
of the land.
2. Sub Surface 4.2 Very Effective
Subsurface drainage is
the removal of water
from the root zone. It
is accomplished by
deep open drains or
buried pipe drains.

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 3. Slope Drainage 4.2 Very Effective
A slope drain is a pipe
or lined channel
which extends from
the top to the bottom
of a cut or fill slope
4. Downspout/Gutters 4.25 Extremely Effective
Downspouts collect
water from gutters and
divert it to the ground.
A downspout is
typically connected to
a gutter system on a
building and carries
water away from the
roof down to the
ground.
Total 4.2 Very Effective
The respondents agreed that Surface and Downspout/Gutters Drainage are extremely
effective in accumulating a lot of excess water which resulted to have the highest mean of 4.25.
However, a mean of 4.2 doesn’t show that Subsurface and Slope Drainage are not effective at all.

Table 1.2. Purpose

Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. Prevents flood 4.35 Extremely Effective
2. Reduces Occurrence 4.15 Very Effective
of Soil Erosion
3. To avoid damaging 4.05 Very Effective
the foundation of
houses and
establishments
4. Reduce damages 4.15 Very Effective
caused by flood
Total 4.2 Very Effective

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 The respondents agreed that improving the drainage systems are extremely effective in
preventing floods for it accumulates excess water which resulted to have the highest mean of
4.35. However, a mean of 4.05 doesn’t show that a drainage system is not effective in avoiding
damage to the foundation of houses and establishments.
1.3. Benefits
Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. Provides better living 4.7 Extremely Effective
2. Avoid diseases 4.4 Extremely Effective
3. Better aeration of soil 4.25 Extremely Effective
4. Prevents damage in 4.6 Extremely Effective
crops
Total 4.5 Extremely Effective
The respondents agreed that improving the drainage systems are extremely effective in
providing better living which resulted to have the highest mean of 4.7. However, a mean of 4.25
doesn’t show that the drainage system can’t provide better aeration for soil.
Part 2
2.1. Causes
Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. Damaged Pipe 4.15 Agree
2. Unknown Objects (Water 4.15 Agree
Bottles, Plastic Cups,
Garbage and etc.)
3. Clogged 4.35 Strongly Agree
4. Heavy Storms and Rains 4.25 Strongly Agree
5. Water flow problems 4.05 Agree
Total 4.2 Agree
The respondents strongly agreed that clogging is the main cause of poor drainage which
resulted to have the highest mean of 4.35. However, a mean of 4.05 doesn't show that water flow
problems are not a cause of the poor drainage system.
2.2. Disadvantages
Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. People may be forced 4.15 Agree

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 to move and escape
flood waters.
2. Can damage water 4.2 Agree
supply infrastructure
and contaminate
domestic water
sources.
3. Can generate diseases 4.25 Strongly Agree
4. Flooding can lead to 4.0 Agree
property loss
5. It provides breeding 4.5 Strongly Agree
sites for disease
vector.
Total 4.2 Agree
The respondents strongly agreed that having a poor drainage system can generate diseases
like lymphatic filariasis which resulted to have the highest mean of 4.25. However, a mean of 4.0
doesn’t mean that a poor drainage system can’t lead to flooding resulting in property loss.
2.3. Improvement
Statements Weighted Mean Remarks
1. Consult an expert 4.6 Strongly Agree
when constructing
drainage system.
2. Make sure that water 4.65 Strongly Agree
flows away quickly
and smoothly and is
disposed of in a
surface watercourse.
3. Proper garbage 4.65 Strongly Agree
disposal
4. Consider having 4.6 Strongly Agree
channel drain to avoid
clogging.
5. Environmental 4.7 Strongly Agree
considerations should
be given adequate
attention.

19
 Total 4.6 Strongly Agree
The respondents strongly agreed that environmental considerations should be given
adequate attention in order to improve poor drainage systems and prevent floods which resulted
to have the highest mean of 4.7. However, a mean of 4.6 doesn’t mean that you don’t need to
consult an expert when constructing drainage and consider having channel drains to avoid
clogging.

Discussion
Part 1
Based on the tables shown above, the respondents agreed that a surface and
downspout/gutters type of drainage system is effective in preventing floods that are the most
destructive phenomenon which impact the social and economic conditions of the population in
many regions and countries (Smith et.al, 1998). Thus, it prevents accumulation of pathogens in
household wastewater and can pollute groundwater supplies, raising the risk of diseases like
lymphatic filariasis.
Part 2
Based on the tables shown above, a poor drainage system has a lot of impacts on individuals.
That is why adequate attention like improvements is needed. Flooding may occur as a result of
poor drainage, resulting in property damage and possibly forcing people to relocate to avoid the
floodwaters. Flooding, in and of itself, has the potential to displace people and cause additional
health problems. According to the University of Illinois, regular maintenance of drainage system
will ensure that it works properly at all times and reduces the risk of having poor drainage that
can result in inconvenience.

20
 CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary or the research work undertaken, the conclusions drawn
and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study.
Summary of Findings
The salient findings of the study are as follow:
1. How may the Drainage System be described in terms of:
1.1. Types
The respondents described that considering the types of drainage system is very effective
with the total weighted mean of 4.2.
1.2. Purpose
The respondents described the purpose of the drainage system as very effective with the
total weighted mean of 4.2.
1.3. Benefits
The respondents described the benefits of the drainage system as extremely effective
with the total weighted mean of 4.5.
2. How may Poor Drainage be described in terms of:
2.1. Causes
The findings showed that the respondents agree regarding the causes of poor drainage
systems with the total mean of 4.2.
2.2. Disadvantages
The findings showed that the respondents agree regarding the disadvantages of poor
drainage systems. with the total mean of 4.2.

21
 2.3. Improvement
The findings showed that the respondents strongly agree regarding the improvement of
poor drainage systems. respondents in the poor drainage system with the total mean of 4.6.

Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
Part 1
The researchers conclude that improving drainage systems contribute to sustainable
development, enhance the places and spaces where we live and reduce the effects of climate
change. Taking effective flood-prevention measures is feasible and important to minimize
people's and property's exposure and vulnerability to flood hazards.
Part 2
The researchers conclude that poor drainage systems have the potential to displace people
and cause additional health problems. It may also lead to pollution issues, particularly if they are
not properly maintained.
Due to the pandemic and strict quarantine protocols this study only had a small size of
observation inputs. The respondents are selected based on their availability and willingness. This
is in need of further study and in-depth observation to generate more reliable data.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions presented, the following recommendations are
suggested:
Part 1
The researchers recommend that the barangay must consider improving the drainage
system. Improving it by assigning someone to clean and monitor the condition of drainage every
month. Organizing a seminar about proper segregation of garbage and letting the people know
the consequences of throwing garbage improperly. The improvement in drainage systems prove
to be sustainable in the face of larger climate change and urbanization challenges.
Part 2

22
 The researchers recommend improving the drainage system by having a cost-effective
solution using drainage nets to stop waste from polluting waterways and avoid clogging.

References
Abhijit, P., and Jalindar P. (2011). “Effects of Bad Drainage on Roads”. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
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%23p%3D1Ge0bIAoQZQJ
Agassiz Drain Tile. (2017). Benefits of System Drainage. Retrieved from
https.//agassizdraintile.com/ benefits-of-system-drainage/
Agri Info. (2017). “Benefits Of Drainage System”. Retrieved from
https://agriinfo.in/benefits-of-drainage-system-2245
Anonymous. (n.d). “The Importance of Drainage In Every Type of Property” Retrieved
from https://beautyharmonylife.com/importance-drainage-every-type-property/
Barlongan, J. (n.d). Drainage System Advantages & Disadvantages. Retrieved from
https://www.hunker.com/13425601/drainage-system-advantages-disadvantages
Bullseye Plumbing. (2018). “The Most Common Causes of Drainage Blockage”
Retrieved from https://www.bullseye-plumbing.com/blog/common-causes-drainage-
blockage/
Chang, HK., et al. (2013). “Improvement of a Drainage System for Flood Management
with Assessment of the Potential Effects of Climate Change”. Retrieved from
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
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s_qabs&u=%23p%3Dz_bKh1NMPW0J
DeMint, M. (2021). “Migration not seen as a solution by those in flood zones”. Retrieved
from https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2021/02/migration-not-seen-solution-those-flood-
zones

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Doocy, S., et al. (2013). “The Human Impact of Floods: A Historical Review of
Events1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review - PLOS Current Disasters”.
Retrieved from
http://currents.plos.org/disasters/index.html%3Fp=6695.html
Elsevier, B.V. (2021). “Drainage Systems”. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/drainage-
systems
Lack of drainage systems exacerbated the impact of deadly typhoons in the Philippines.
(2009, September 30). UN news. https://news.un.org/en/story/2009/09/315662-lack-
drainage-systems-exacerbated-impact-deadly-typhoon-philippines-un
Local Government Association (LGA). (2021). “Sustainable Drainage System” Retrieved
from https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.local.gov.uk/topics/severe-
weather/flooding/sustainable-drainage-systems&ved=2ahUKEwjclM-
xyIrwAhUOfXAKHYHCDjUQFjAOegQIDBAF&usg=AOvVaw1BnmhUr9ZzMmQ3bp
sNYqm8
Paz-Alberto, A.M., Camaso, E.E., Abella, G.P.A., Genaro, C.R., and De Guzman,
C.H.E.A. (2019). “GIS-ASSISTED FLOOD HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND
MAPPING IN SELECTED AREAS IN ZAMBALES” Retrieved from https://www.int-
arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-4-W19/331/2019/isprs-archives-
XLII-4-W19-331-2019.pdf
Russel Smith Group. (2016). “How Poor Drainage Destroys Your Environment “.
Retrieved from
https://russelsmithgroup.com/think-green/how-poor-drainage-destroys-your-environment/
World Health Organization. (n.d). “Drainage”. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/settings/hvchap5.pdf?ua=1

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research can’t be achieved without the combination effort and cooperation of individuals
who have allotted their time and effort in accomplishing this endeavour even if we are in the
middle of a pandemic. The researchers’ special thanks are given to the following:

First and foremost, to the Almighty Father, the greatest teacher and decision maker for giving
the researchers strength, guidance, knowledge, as well as wisdom and for always being with the
researchers through all the struggles and difficulties in undertaking this study especially in our
situation today.

The researchers would like to express their deep and sincere gratitude to Mr. Rolly Abelon,
their subject teacher and research supervisor, who patiently guided the researchers. For his
patience and competence correcting the research works on the intricacies of the study. Who,
likewise had given them motivations and served as an inspiration to the researchers to finish this
research.

Finally, for their family and friends, for their untiring support and encouragement in finishing
their research as well as for their love, guidance, care and prayers that really inspire them to the
core.

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