INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT

DEFINED SOCIETY
 • Nicolaus Copernicus
• proposed the heliocentric model of
the universe
• The Catholic church banned the
Copernican model and was ignored
by Rome for the rest of the 16th
century
COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
 • Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution
• The Origin of Species (1589)
• Descent of Man (1871)
• Evolutionary biology and philosophy
of science

DARWINIAN
REVOLUTION
 • Sigmund Freud
• Method of psychoanalysis

FREUDIAN
REVOLUTION
CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
MESOAMERICAN
• Maya Civilization
• Inca Civilization
• Aztec Civilization
 • Known for their works in
Astronomy
• Also known for measuring time
using two complicated calendar
systems
• Technology for growing different
crops
• Built looms for weaving cloths
MAYA CIVILIZATION • Mayan Hieroglyphics
 • Roads paved with stone
• Stone buildings
• Irrigation system
• Calendar
• Quipu

INCA CIVILIZATION
 • Mandatory education
• Chocolates
• Antipasmodic medication
• Chinampa
• Aztec calendar
• Invention of the canoe

AZTEC CIVILIZATION
ASIA
• India
• China
• Middle East
INDIA
• Manufacturing irons and
metallurgical works
• Medicine (Ayurveda)
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
CHINA
• Traditional medicines
• Tools (e.g. compass,
papermaking, gunpowder,
seismological detector)
• Astronomy
• Contributions in various fields
MIDDLE EAST
• Optics
• Algebra
• Chemistry and alchemy
• medicine
AFRICA
• Mathematics-division and
multiplication of fractions,
geometric formulas
• Alchemy
• Astronomy
• Metallurgy