1) a) A point mutation is an error in the genes, which is caused by the change of the

codons or bases. This can be done by three methods: Insertion, where a nucleotide is
added to the already existing sequence and causes a frameshift, or substitution where
one base replaces one of the existing bases, or by deletion where one of the bases are
removed and not replaced also causing a frameshift. These change the codons in the
genetic sequence, resulting in a different amino acid sequence. 4
b) Whole chromosome mutations involve the deletion of a whole chromosome, or by
duplication of a whole chromosome like in people with Down syndrome. This causes the
different proteins to 2
2) .6
3) a) sex chromosomes are those which code for the offspring’s gender. Autosomes are 1
b) Homogametic means that all the gametes from an organism have the same sex
chromosomes which in humans are females as all egg cells contain X chromosomes.
Hetergametic means that the gametes produced by the organisms contain different sex
chromosomes which in humans are male as the sperm contain either X or Y, and when
gametes fuse they either form XX or XY determining the offspring’s gender.2
4) B 1