Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial)
ORIGIN
Medial epicondyle of
humerus via common flexor
tendon
The medial side of the
coronoid process of the ulna.
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INSERTION
Mid-lateral surface of radial
shaft (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INNERVATION
Median Nerve (root C6 and
C7), which is a branch of
(Alves et al.,
brachial plexus (C5-T1) 2004)
Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial)
ORIGIN
Medial epicondyle of
humerus via common
flexor tendon, just
above the pronator teres
muscle's origin.
(Lung & Siwiec, 2018)
INSERTION
Base of metacarpals 2 & 3
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INNERVATION
Median Nerve (C6, C7)
(Alves et al., 2004)
: 1- Pronator Teres
ACTION
Pronation of
forearms
turns the palm of
the hand inspired by (William, 2019)
downward
(Olewnik et al., 2018)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Injuries or overuse of the
pronator teres can lead to conditions such as pronator teres
syndrome. This syndrome may cause pain and discomfort in the
forearm, and it can result from various factors, including
repetitive motion, compression of the median nerve, or other
issues. (Luxenburg & Rizzo, 2022)
: 2- Flexor Carpi Radialis
inspired by (William, 2019)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The
Flexor Carpi Radialis is an important muscle
for motor control and is often involved in
ACTION
activities that require precise hand and
wrist movements, such as playing musical
Flexes &
instruments, typing, and various sports.
abducts the
wrist
Injuries or overuse of the FCR can lead to
(Lung & Siwiec, 2018) conditions like tendinitis or strain, which
may cause pain and discomfort in the wrist
and forearm.(Kordahi et al., 2018)
 Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial)
ORIGIN
Medial epicondyle of
humerus via common flexor
tendon, just above the
flexor carpi ulnaris and
flexor carpi radialis
muscles' origins.
(Georgiev et al., 2017)
INSERTION
Palmar aponeurosis of
hand (a broad, flat,
fibrous structure that
covers the palm of the
hand) (Georgiev et al., 2017)
Flexor retinaculum
Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial)
ORIGIN
Medial epicondyle of
humerus via common
flexor tendon
Medial border of
olecranon of ulna (inner
side of the elbow)
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INSERTION
Pisiform,
hook of Hamate
Base of metacarpal 5
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
: 3- Palmaris Longus
FUN FACT:
The palmaris longus is considered a
ACTION relatively unimportant (accessory)
muscle in terms of hand and wrist
Accessory flexor of
function, and its variability in
wrist
presence does not typically impact
help anchor the skin
and fascia in the an individual's daily activities.
palm, especially Estimates of its absence in the
during gripping and population range from approximately
fine motor activities. 10% to 15% of people (Pękala et al., 2017)
(Georgiev et al., 2017)
INNERVATION
Median Nerve
(roots C7& C8),
(Mathew et al., 2015)
inspired by (William, 2019)
: 4- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
INNERVATION
ulnar nerve (C8 &
T1) (Chiba et al., 2015)
ACTION inspired by (William, 2019)
Flexes & adducts
the wrist
(Lung & Siwiec, 2018)
FUN FACT: Strengthening exercises for the flexor carpi ulnaris can help
improve wrist flexion and ulnar deviation strength. These exercises may
involve: (Chanavirut et al., 2017)
Wrist Flexion with Dumbbells
Ulnar Deviation Exercise with Resistance Band
Isometric Exercises
 Anterior Muscles of 1- Flexor Digitorum
Forearm (Intermediate) : superficialis

ACTION
ORIGIN flexion of the middle
phalanges (2-5)
Medial epicondyle of
Helps in bending the
humerus via common flexor fingers at the middle
tendon. joints (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
Coronoid process of ulna. Forming a fist or grip
Anterior surface of radial objects with fingers.
inspired by (Oliver, 2023)
shaft. (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
CLINICAL CONDITION:
Injuries that affect the FDS
INSERTION can lead to impaired finger
Middle phalanges of digits 2-5 (The FDS flexion and reduced hand
muscle splits into four tendons, one for
INNERVATION
functionality. Tendon injuries,
each of the four fingers (index, middle, Median Nerve
such as FDS tendon lacerations,
ring, and little fingers). These tendons run (C7, C8)
may require surgical repair to
down the forearm and into the palm of the (Chiba et al., 2015)

hand, passing through the carpal tunnel restore proper finger function.
(OShah et al., 2016)
and into the fingers.) (Amlani & Patel, 2020)

Anterior Muscles of 1- Flexor Pollicis

Forearm (Deep) : Longus

inspired by (Oliver, 2023)

ORIGIN
ACTION
Medial epicondyle of
humerus via common Flexes Thumb
flexor tendon Grasping objects
Anterior surface of between the thumb
radius (Amlani & Patel, 2020) and fingers
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)

INSERTION
Base of distal phalanx of
thumb (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INNERVATION
Median nerve (Anterior
Interosseous branch),
C7&C8 (Chiba et al., 2015)
ANATOMICAL VARIATION: There can be an accessory head of the flexor
pollicis longus (FPL), which is an anatomical variation that can be found in
some individuals. This accessory head is an additional part of the FPL
muscle that may exist alongside the primary FPL muscle. It can originate
from different locations within the forearm and combine with the primary
FPL to contribute to thumb flexion. The presence of the accessory head of
the FPL is considered a variation in forearm anatomy and can be one of the
many anatomical differences among individuals. (Roy et al., 2015)
 Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Deep)
ORIGIN
The upper anterior shaft
of the ulna
adjacent interosseous
membrane (between the
radius and ulna) (Amlani &
Patel, 2020)
INSERTION
Base of distal phalanges
of digits 2-5 (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INNERVATION
Lateral half by median
nerve
Medial half by ulnar
nerve (Chiba et al., 2015)
Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Deep)
ORIGIN
Distal quarter of
anterior surface of ulna
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INSERTION
Distal quarter of
anterior surface of
Radius (Amlani & Patel, 2020)
INNERVATION
Median nerve (Anterior
Interosseous branch),
C7&C8 (Chiba et al., 2015)
2- Flexor Digitorum
: profundus
inspired by (Oliver, 2023)
ACTION
Flexes distal
interphalangeal joints
of digits 2-5
bend the fingertips
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
3- Pronator Quadratus
:
LOCATION: The pronator
quadratus is a flat, square-
shaped muscle located in the
deep anterior (front) region of
the forearm. It spans the ulna,
one of the two forearm bones,
and is positioned just above the
wrist joint. (Choung et al ., 2016)
INSERTION COURSE:When the
FDP tendons approach the
hand, they split into four
separate tendon strands, one
for each finger. these
tendons run down the forearm
alongside the flexor digitorum
superficialis (FDS) tendons.
These tendons are held within
a common synovial sheath in
the wrist called "flexor
tendon sheath". The
coordinated actions of the
FDP and FDS are essential for
a wide range of hand functions
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
inspired by (Oliver, 2023)
ACTION
Pronation of
forearm
(Amlani & Patel, 2020)
References :

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3- Chanavirut, R., Udompanich, N., Udom, P., Yonglitthipagon, P., Donpunha, W., Nakmareong, S., & Yamauchi, J. (2017). The effects of
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Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial) : Pronator Teres
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7- Georgiev, G. P., Iliev, A. A., Dimitrova, I. N., Kotov, G. N., Malinova, L. G., & Landzhov, B. V. (2017). Palmaris Longus Muscle Variations:
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https://europepmc.org/article/NBK/nbk526051 (Accessed on 5th November 2023)

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cadaver. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 9(2), AC01.‫‏‬Available at:
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12- Olewnik, Ł., Podgórski, M., Polguj, M., Wysiadecki, G., & Topol, M. (2018). Anatomical variations of the pronator teres muscle in a
Central European population and its clinical significance. Anatomical Science International, 93, 299-306. Available at:
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Anterior Muscles of
Forearm (Superficial)
anatomical characteristics
: Pronator
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P. K., Walocha, J. A., & Tomaszewski, K. A. (2015). The prevalence and
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