SECTION 7.

8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 543

43. The intensity of light with wavelength ␭ traveling through 46. Sketch the graph of a continuous function on 关0, 2兴 for which
a diffraction grating with N slits at an angle ␪ is given by the right endpoint approximation with n 苷 2 is more accurate
I共␪ 兲 苷 N 2 sin 2k兾k 2, where k 苷 共␲ Nd sin ␪ 兲兾␭ and d is the than Simpson’s Rule.
distance between adjacent slits. A helium-neon laser with
wavelength ␭ 苷 632.8 ⫻ 10⫺9 m is emitting a narrow band 47. If f is a positive function and f ⬙共x兲 ⬍ 0 for a 艋 x 艋 b, show
of light, given by ⫺10⫺6 ⬍ ␪ ⬍ 10⫺6, through a grating with that
10,000 slits spaced 10⫺4 m apart. Use the Midpoint Rule b
Tn ⬍ y f 共x兲 dx ⬍ Mn
⫺6
with n 苷 10 to estimate the total light intensity x⫺10
10
I共␪ 兲 d␪ ⫺6
a
emerging from the grating.
44. Use the Trapezoidal Rule with n 苷 10 to approximate 48. Show that if f is a polynomial of degree 3 or lower, then
x020 cos共␲ x兲 dx. Compare your result to the actual value. Simpson’s Rule gives the exact value of xab f 共x兲 dx.
Can you explain the discrepancy?
49. Show that 2 共Tn ⫹ Mn 兲 苷 T2n .
1
45. Sketch the graph of a continuous function on 关0, 2兴 for which
the Trapezoidal Rule with n 苷 2 is more accurate than the
50. Show that 3 Tn ⫹ 3 Mn 苷 S2n .
1 2
Midpoint Rule.

7.8 Improper Integrals

In defining a definite integral xab f 共x兲 dx we dealt with a function f defined on a finite inter-
val 关a, b兴 and we assumed that f does not have an infinite discontinuity (see Section 4.2).
In this section we extend the concept of a definite integral to the case where the interval is
infinite and also to the case where f has an infinite discontinuity in 关a, b兴. In either case the
integral is called an improper integral. One of the most important applications of this idea,
probability distributions, will be studied in Section 8.5.

Type 1: Infinite Intervals

y Consider the infinite region S that lies under the curve y 苷 1兾x 2, above the x-axis, and to
y=
1 the right of the line x 苷 1. You might think that, since S is infinite in extent, its area must
≈
be infinite, but let’s take a closer look. The area of the part of S that lies to the left of the line
=1
area=1-
1 x 苷 t (shaded in Figure 1) is

册
t
x=1 t
t 1 1 1
0 t x
A共t兲 苷 y dx 苷 ⫺ 苷1⫺
1 1 x2 x 1
t

FIGURE 1 Notice that A共t兲 ⬍ 1 no matter how large t is chosen.

We also observe that

lim A共t兲 苷 lim 1 ⫺

tl⬁ tl⬁
冉 冊 1
t
苷1

The area of the shaded region approaches 1 as t l ⬁ (see Figure 2), so we say that the area
of the infinite region S is equal to 1 and we write
⬁ 1 t 1
2 dx 苷 tlim
y y dx 苷 1
1 x l ⬁ 1 x2
y y y y

area= 21 area= 23 area= 45 area=1

0 1 2 x 0 1 3 x 0 1 5 x 0 1 x

FIGURE 2

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544 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Using this example as a guide, we define the integral of f (not necessarily a positive
function) over an infinite interval as the limit of integrals over finite intervals.

1 Definition of an Improper Integral of Type 1

(a) If xat f 共x兲 dx exists for every number t 艌 a, then
⬁ t
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 lim y f 共x兲 dx
a tl⬁ a

provided this limit exists (as a finite number).

(b) If xtb f 共x兲 dx exists for every number t 艋 b, then
b b
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 lim y f 共x兲 dx
⫺⬁ t l⫺⬁ t

provided this limit exists (as a finite number).

The improper integrals xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx and x⫺⬁
b
f 共x兲 dx are called convergent if the
corresponding limit exists and divergent if the limit does not exist.
(c) If both xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx and x⫺⬁
a
f 共x兲 dx are convergent, then we define
⬁ a ⬁
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共x兲 dx ⫹ y f 共x兲 dx
⫺⬁ ⫺⬁ a

In part (c) any real number a can be used (see Exercise 74).

Any of the improper integrals in Definition 1 can be interpreted as an area provided that
f is a positive function. For instance, in case (a) if f 共x兲 艌 0 and the integral xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx
is convergent, then we define the area of the region S 苷 兵共x, y兲 x 艌 a, 0 艋 y 艋 f 共x兲其 in ⱍ
Figure 3 to be
⬁
A共S兲 苷 y f 共x兲 dx
a

This is appropriate because xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx is the limit as t l ⬁ of the area under the graph of f
from a to t.

y=ƒ

0 a x
FIGURE 3

v EXAMPLE 1 Determine whether the integral x1 共1兾x兲 dx is convergent or divergent.

⬁

SOLUTION According to part (a) of Definition 1, we have

⬁ 1 t 1
ⱍ ⱍ]
t
y dx 苷 lim y dx 苷 lim ln x 1
1 x tl⬁ 1 x tl⬁

苷 lim 共ln t ⫺ ln 1兲 苷 lim ln t 苷 ⬁

tl⬁ tl⬁

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 SECTION 7.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 545

The limit does not exist as a finite number and so the improper integral x1⬁ 共1兾x兲 dx is
divergent.

Let’s compare the result of Example 1 with the example given at the beginning of this
section:
⬁ 1 ⬁ 1
y 1 x2
dx converges y1 x
dx diverges

Geometrically, this says that although the curves y 苷 1兾x 2 and y 苷 1兾x look very similar for
x ⬎ 0, the region under y 苷 1兾x 2 to the right of x 苷 1 (the shaded region in Figure 4) has
finite area whereas the corresponding region under y 苷 1兾x (in Figure 5) has infinite area.
Note that both 1兾x 2 and 1兾x approach 0 as x l ⬁ but 1兾x 2 approaches 0 faster than 1兾x. The
values of 1兾x don’t decrease fast enough for its integral to have a finite value.

y y

1 1
y= y=
≈ x

infinite area
finite area

0 1 x 0 1 x

` `
FIGURE 4 j1   (1/≈) dx converges FIGURE 5 j1   (1/x) dx diverges

0
EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate y xe x dx.
⫺⬁

SOLUTION Using part (b) of Definition 1, we have

0 0
y xe x dx 苷 lim y xe x dx
⫺⬁ t l⫺⬁ t

We integrate by parts with u 苷 x, dv 苷 e x dx so that du 苷 dx, v 苷 e x :

0 0 0
yt
]
xe x dx 苷 xe x t ⫺ y e x dx
t

苷 ⫺te t ⫺ 1 ⫹ e t

We know that e t l 0 as t l ⫺⬁, and by l’Hospital’s Rule we have

TEC In Module 7.8 you can investigate
t 1
visually and numerically whether several lim te t 苷 lim 苷 lim
improper integrals are convergent or divergent. t l⫺⬁ t l⫺⬁ e⫺t t l⫺⬁ ⫺e⫺t

苷 lim 共⫺e t 兲 苷 0
t l⫺⬁

Therefore
0
y xe x dx 苷 lim 共⫺te t ⫺ 1 ⫹ e t 兲
⫺⬁ t l⫺⬁

苷 ⫺0 ⫺ 1 ⫹ 0 苷 ⫺1

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546 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

⬁ 1
EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate y ⫺⬁ 1 ⫹ x2
dx.

SOLUTION It’s convenient to choose a 苷 0 in Definition 1(c):

⬁ 1 0 1 ⬁ 1
y dx 苷 y 2 dx ⫹ y 2 dx
⫺⬁ 1 ⫹ x2 ⫺⬁ 1 ⫹ x 0 1 ⫹ x

We must now evaluate the integrals on the right side separately:

⬁ 1 t dx t
y 0 1 ⫹ x2
dx 苷 lim y
tl⬁ 0 1 ⫹ x2
苷 lim tan⫺1x
tl⬁
] 0

␲
苷 lim 共tan ⫺1 t ⫺ tan⫺1 0兲 苷 lim tan⫺1 t 苷
tl⬁ tl⬁ 2

0 1 0 dx 0
y ⫺⬁ 1⫹x 2 dx 苷 t lim y
l ⫺⬁ t 1 ⫹ x 2
苷 lim tan⫺1x
t l ⫺⬁
] t

苷 lim 共tan ⫺1 0 ⫺ tan ⫺1 t兲

t l ⫺⬁

苷0⫺ ⫺ 冉 冊 ␲
2
苷
␲
2

Since both of these integrals are convergent, the given integral is convergent and
y
⬁ 1 ␲ ␲
y=
1
y dx 苷 ⫹ 苷␲
1+≈ area=π ⫺⬁ 1 ⫹ x2 2 2

0 x Since 1兾共1 ⫹ x 2 兲 ⬎ 0, the given improper integral can be interpreted as the area of
the infinite region that lies under the curve y 苷 1兾共1 ⫹ x 2 兲 and above the x-axis (see
FIGURE 6 Figure 6).

EXAMPLE 4 For what values of p is the integral

⬁ 1
y 1 xp
dx
convergent?
SOLUTION We know from Example 1 that if p 苷 1, then the integral is divergent, so let’s
assume that p 苷 1. Then
⬁ 1 t ⫺p
y p dx 苷 tlim y x dx
1 x l⬁ 1

册
x苷t
x⫺p⫹1
苷 lim
t l ⬁ ⫺p ⫹ 1

冋 册
x苷1

1 1
苷 lim p⫺1 ⫺ 1
tl⬁ 1⫺p t

If p ⬎ 1, then p ⫺ 1 ⬎ 0, so as t l ⬁, t p⫺1 l ⬁ and 1兾t p⫺1 l 0. Therefore

⬁ 1 1
p dx 苷
y if p ⬎ 1
1 x p⫺1

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 SECTION 7.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 547

and so the integral converges. But if p ⬍ 1, then p ⫺ 1 ⬍ 0 and so

1
苷 t 1⫺p l ⬁ as t l ⬁
t p⫺1
and the integral diverges.

We summarize the result of Example 4 for future reference:

⬁ 1
2 y dx is convergent if p ⬎ 1 and divergent if p 艋 1.
1 xp

Type 2: Discontinuous Integrands

y Suppose that f is a positive continuous function defined on a finite interval 关a, b兲 but has a
vertical asymptote at b. Let S be the unbounded region under the graph of f and above
y=ƒ x=b
the x-axis between a and b. (For Type 1 integrals, the regions extended indefinitely in a
horizontal direction. Here the region is infinite in a vertical direction.) The area of the part
of S between a and t (the shaded region in Figure 7) is
0 a t b x t
A共t兲 苷 y f 共x兲 dx
a
FIGURE 7
If it happens that A共t兲 approaches a definite number A as t l b⫺, then we say that the area
of the region S is A and we write
b t
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 lim⫺ ya f 共x兲 dx
a tlb

Parts (b) and (c) of Definition 3 are illustrated in

Figures 8 and 9 for the case where f 共x兲 艌 0 We use this equation to define an improper integral of Type 2 even when f is not a positive
and f has vertical asymptotes at a and c, function, no matter what type of discontinuity f has at b.
respectively.

y 3 Definition of an Improper Integral of Type 2

(a) If f is continuous on 关a, b兲 and is discontinuous at b, then
b t
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 lim⫺ ya f 共x兲 dx
a tlb

if this limit exists (as a finite number).

0 a t b x (b) If f is continuous on 共a, b兴 and is discontinuous at a, then
b b
FIGURE 8 y f 共x兲 dx 苷 lim⫹ y f 共x兲 dx
a tla t

y
if this limit exists (as a finite number).
The improper integral xab f 共x兲 dx is called convergent if the corresponding limit
exists and divergent if the limit does not exist.
(c) If f has a discontinuity at c, where a ⬍ c ⬍ b, and both xac f 共x兲 dx and
xcb f 共x兲 dx are convergent, then we define
0 a c b x b c b
y f 共x兲 dx 苷 y f 共x兲 dx ⫹ y f 共x兲 dx
a a c
FIGURE 9

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548 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

5 1
EXAMPLE 5 Find y 2 sx ⫺ 2
dx.

SOLUTION We note first that the given integral is improper because f 共x兲 苷 1兾sx ⫺ 2
has the vertical asymptote x 苷 2. Since the infinite discontinuity occurs at the left end-
point of 关2, 5兴, we use part (b) of Definition 3:

5 dx 5 dx
y 苷 lim⫹ y
y 2 sx ⫺ 2 t l2 t sx ⫺ 2
1 5
y=
x-2
œ„„„ „
苷 lim⫹ 2sx ⫺ 2
t l2
]t

苷 lim⫹ 2(s3 ⫺ st ⫺ 2 )
t l2

area=2œ„
3 苷 2s3
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
Thus the given improper integral is convergent and, since the integrand is positive, we
FIGURE 10 can interpret the value of the integral as the area of the shaded region in Figure 10.

␲兾2
v EXAMPLE 6 Determine whether y sec x dx converges or diverges.
0

SOLUTION Note that the given integral is improper because lim x l共␲ 兾2兲⫺ sec x 苷 ⬁. Using
part (a) of Definition 3 and Formula 14 from the Table of Integrals, we have

␲兾2
ⱍ ⱍ]
t t
y sec x dx 苷 lim ⫺ y sec x dx 苷 lim ⫺ ln sec x ⫹ tan x 0
0 t l共␲兾2兲 0 t l共␲兾2兲

苷 lim ⫺ 关ln共sec t ⫹ tan t兲 ⫺ ln 1兴 苷 ⬁

t l共␲兾2兲

because sec t l ⬁ and tan t l ⬁ as t l 共␲兾2兲⫺. Thus the given improper integral is
divergent.
3 dx
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluate y 0 x⫺1
if possible.

SOLUTION Observe that the line x 苷 1 is a vertical asymptote of the integrand. Since it
occurs in the middle of the interval 关0, 3兴, we must use part (c) of Definition 3 with c 苷 1:

3 dx 1 dx 3 dx
y 苷y ⫹y
0 x⫺1 0 x ⫺ 1 1 x ⫺ 1

dx dx
ⱍ ⱍ]
1 t t
where y 苷 lim⫺ y 苷 lim⫺ ln x ⫺ 1
0 x⫺1 t l1 0 x ⫺ 1 t l1 0

ⱍ
苷 lim⫺ (ln t ⫺ 1 ⫺ ln ⫺1
t l1
ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ)
苷 lim⫺ ln共1 ⫺ t兲 苷 ⫺⬁
t l1

because 1 ⫺ t l 0 ⫹ as t l 1⫺. Thus x01 dx兾共x ⫺ 1兲 is divergent. This implies that

x03 dx兾共x ⫺ 1兲 is divergent. [We do not need to evaluate x13 dx兾共x ⫺ 1兲.]
| WARNING If we had not noticed the asymptote x 苷 1 in Example 7 and had instead
confused the integral with an ordinary integral, then we might have made the following

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 SECTION 7.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 549

erroneous calculation:

dx
ⱍ ⱍ]
3 3
y 苷 ln x ⫺ 1 苷 ln 2 ⫺ ln 1 苷 ln 2
0 x⫺1 0

This is wrong because the integral is improper and must be calculated in terms of limits.
From now on, whenever you meet the symbol xab f 共x兲 dx you must decide, by look-
ing at the function f on 关a, b兴, whether it is an ordinary definite integral or an improper
integral.

1
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate y 0
ln x dx.

SOLUTION We know that the function f 共x兲 苷 ln x has a vertical asymptote at 0 since
lim x l 0⫹ ln x 苷 ⫺⬁. Thus the given integral is improper and we have

1 1
y ln x dx 苷 lim⫹ y ln x dx
0 t l0 t

Now we integrate by parts with u 苷 ln x, dv 苷 dx, du 苷 dx兾x, and v 苷 x :

1 1 1
yt
ln x dx 苷 x ln x t ⫺ y dx ] t

苷 1 ln 1 ⫺ t ln t ⫺ 共1 ⫺ t兲
y
苷 ⫺t ln t ⫺ 1 ⫹ t

To find the limit of the first term we use l’Hospital’s Rule:

0 1 x
ln t 1兾t
lim⫹ t ln t 苷 lim⫹ 苷 lim⫹ 苷 lim⫹ 共⫺t兲 苷 0
area=1 t l0 t l0 1兾t t l0 ⫺1兾t 2 t l0

1
Therefore y ln x dx 苷 lim⫹ 共⫺t ln t ⫺ 1 ⫹ t兲 苷 ⫺0 ⫺ 1 ⫹ 0 苷 ⫺1
0 t l0
y=ln x
Figure 11 shows the geometric interpretation of this result. The area of the shaded region
FIGURE 11 above y 苷 ln x and below the x-axis is 1.

A Comparison Test for Improper Integrals

Sometimes it is impossible to find the exact value of an improper integral and yet it is
important to know whether it is convergent or divergent. In such cases the following theo-
rem is useful. Although we state it for Type 1 integrals, a similar theorem is true for Type 2
integrals.

Comparison Theorem Suppose that f and t are continuous functions with

y f 共x兲 艌 t共x兲 艌 0 for x 艌 a.
(a) If xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx is convergent, then xa⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent.
f
(b) If xa⬁ t共x兲 dx is divergent, then xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx is divergent.
g

0 a x We omit the proof of the Comparison Theorem, but Figure 12 makes it seem plausible.
If the area under the top curve y 苷 f 共x兲 is finite, then so is the area under the bottom curve
FIGURE 12 y 苷 t共x兲. And if the area under y 苷 t共x兲 is infinite, then so is the area under y 苷 f 共x兲. [Note

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550 CHAPTER 7 TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

that the reverse is not necessarily true: If xa⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent, xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx may or may
not be convergent, and if xa⬁ f 共x兲 dx is divergent, xa⬁ t共x兲 dx may or may not be divergent.]

⬁
v e⫺x dx is convergent.
2
EXAMPLE 9 Show that y 0

SOLUTION We can’t evaluate the integral directly because the antiderivative of e⫺x is not
2

an elementary function (as explained in Section 7.5). We write

⬁ 1 ⬁
e⫺x dx 苷 y e⫺x dx ⫹ y e⫺x dx
2 2 2

y 0 0 1

y
and observe that the first integral on the right-hand side is just an ordinary definite inte-
y=e _x 2 gral. In the second integral we use the fact that for x 艌 1 we have x 2 艌 x, so ⫺x 2 艋 ⫺x
and therefore e⫺x 艋 e⫺x . (See Figure 13.) The integral of e⫺x is easy to evaluate:
2

y=e _x
⬁ t
y e⫺x dx 苷 lim y e⫺x dx 苷 lim 共e⫺1 ⫺ e⫺t 兲 苷 e⫺1
1 tl⬁ 1 tl⬁

0 1 x
Thus, taking f 共x兲 苷 e⫺x and t共x兲 苷 e⫺x in the Comparison Theorem, we see that
2

x1⬁ e⫺x dx is convergent. It follows that x0⬁ e⫺x dx is convergent.

2 2
FIGURE 13

In Example 9 we showed that x0⬁ e⫺x dx is convergent without computing its value. In
2
TABLE 1
Exercise 70 we indicate how to show that its value is approximately 0.8862. In probability
x0t e⫺x
2
t dx
theory it is important to know the exact value of this improper integral, as we will see in
1 0.7468241328 Section 8.5; using the methods of multivariable calculus it can be shown that the exact value
2 0.8820813908 is s␲ 兾2. Table 1 illustrates the definition of an improper integral by showing how
the (computer-generated) values of x0t e⫺x dx approach s␲ 兾2 as t becomes large. In fact,
2
3 0.8862073483
4 0.8862269118 these values converge quite quickly because e⫺x l 0 very rapidly as x l ⬁.
2

5 0.8862269255
6 0.8862269255
⬁ 1 ⫹ e⫺x
EXAMPLE 10 The integral y 1 x
dx is divergent by the Comparison Theorem
because
1 ⫹ e⫺x 1
⬎
x x

and x1⬁ 共1兾x兲 dx is divergent by Example 1 [or by 2 with p 苷 1].

Table 2 illustrates the divergence of the integral in Example 10. It appears that the
values are not approaching any fixed number.

TABLE 2

t x1t 关共1 ⫹ e⫺x 兲兾x兴 dx

2 0.8636306042
5 1.8276735512
10 2.5219648704
100 4.8245541204
1000 7.1271392134
10000 9.4297243064

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 SECTION 7.8 IMPROPER INTEGRALS 551

7.8 Exercises

1. Explain why each of the following integrals is improper. ⬁ 1 ⬁ x arctan x

25. y e x共ln x兲3
dx 26. y 0 共1 ⫹ x 2 兲 2
dx
2 x ⬁ 1
(a) y 1 x⫺1
dx (b) y 0 1 ⫹ x3
dx
1 3 3 1
⬁ 2 ⫺x 2 ␲兾4 27. y x5
dx 28. y s3 ⫺ x
dx
(c) y ⫺⬁
x e dx (d) y 0
cot x dx 0 2

14 dx 8 4
2. Which of the following integrals are improper? Why? 29. y 30. y dx
⫺2 4 sx ⫹ 2 6 共x ⫺ 6兲3
␲兾4 ␲
(a) y 0
tan x dx (b) y 0
tan x dx 3 1 1 dx
31. y ⫺2 x4
dx 32. y 0 s1 ⫺ x 2
1 dx ⬁
e⫺x dx
3
(c) y ⫺1 x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 2
(d) y 0
9 1 5 w
33. y 0 3
s x⫺1
dx 34. y 0 w⫺2
dw
3. Find the area under the curve y 苷 1兾x from x 苷 1 to x 苷 t 3

and evaluate it for t 苷 10, 100, and 1000. Then find the total 3 dx ␲
area under this curve for x 艌 1. 35. y 36. y␲ csc x dx
0 x 2 ⫺ 6x ⫹ 5 兾2

; 4. (a) Graph the functions f 共x兲 苷 1兾x and t共x兲 苷 1兾x in the 1.1 0.9

viewing rectangles 关0, 10兴 by 关0, 1兴 and 关0, 100兴 by 关0, 1兴. 0 e 1兾x 1 e 1兾x
(b) Find the areas under the graphs of f and t from x 苷 1
37. y ⫺1 x3
dx 38. y 0 x3
dx

to x 苷 t and evaluate for t 苷 10, 100, 10 4, 10 6, 10 10,

2 1 ln x
and 10 20. 39. y z 2 ln z dz 40. y dx
(c) Find the total area under each curve for x 艌 1, if it exists.
0 0 sx

5– 40 Determine whether each integral is convergent or divergent.

Evaluate those that are convergent. 41– 46 Sketch the region and find its area (if the area is finite).

⬁ 1 ⬁ 1 41. S 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ x 艌 1, 0 艋 y 艋 e 其 ⫺x

5. y 共x ⫺ 2兲3兾2
dx 6. y s1 ⫹ x
dx
S 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ x 艋 0, 0 艋 y 艋 e 其
3 0 4
x
42.
1 ⬁ 1
S 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ x 艌 1, 0 艋 y 艋 1兾共x ⫹ x兲其
0
7. y ⫺⬁ 3 ⫺ 4x
dx 8. y 1 共2x ⫹ 1兲3
dx ; 43.
3

⬁ 0 ; 44. S 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ x 艌 0, 0 艋 y 艋 xe 其 ⫺x

9. y e ⫺5p dp 10. y 2 r dr
⫺⬁
S 苷 兵共x, y兲 ⱍ 0 艋 x ⬍ ␲兾2, 0 艋 y 艋 sec x其
2
2
; 45.
2
⬁ x ⬁
11. y 0 s1 ⫹ x 3
dx 12. y ⫺⬁
共 y 3 ⫺ 3y 2 兲 dy ; 46. S 苷 {共x, y兲 ⱍ ⫺2 ⬍ x 艋 0, 0 艋 y 艋 1兾sx ⫹ 2 }

⬁ ⬁ e⫺sx
xe⫺x dx
2
13. y ⫺⬁
14. y 1 sx
dx
; 47. (a) If t共x兲 苷 共sin x兲兾x , use your calculator or computer to
2 2

make a table of approximate values of x1t t共x兲 dx for

⬁ ⬁
15. y sin 2 ␣ d␣ 16. y cos ␲ t dt t 苷 2, 5, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000. Does it appear that
⫺⬁
0
x1⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent?
⬁ 1 ⬁ dv (b) Use the Comparison Theorem with f 共x兲 苷 1兾x 2 to show
17. y 1 x2 ⫹ x
dx 18. y 2 v 2 ⫹ 2v ⫺ 3 that x1⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent.
(c) Illustrate part (b) by graphing f and t on the same screen
⬁
19. y
0
ze 2z dz 20. y ye ⫺3y dy for 1 艋 x 艋 10. Use your graph to explain intuitively
⫺⬁ 2
why x1⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent.
⬁ ln x ⬁
x 3e⫺x dx
4
21. y 1 x
dx 22. y ⫺⬁ ; 48. (a) If t共x兲 苷 1兾(sx ⫺ 1), use your calculator or computer
to make a table of approximate values of x2t t共x兲 dx for
⬁ x2 ⬁ ex t 苷 5, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000. Does it appear that
23. y ⫺⬁ 9 ⫹ x6
dx 24. y 0 e ⫹3
2x
dx
x2⬁ t共x兲 dx is convergent or divergent?

; Graphing calculator or computer required 1. Homework Hints available at stewartcalculus.com

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