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Video Conferencing Etiquette
• If you are an attendee, switch off your video cam, unless you are
asked to switch it on
• Mute your Microphone, unless you are asked to speak
• Be on time
• Ensure your devices are working correctly
• Pay attention
• If you have questions, wait for the speaker’s cue
• Speak clearly
 DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
WEEK 3 - SECOND QUARTER
Objective of Lesson
No. 4 : SQL
• Describe history of SQL
• Describe various SQL commands
• Define characteristics of SQL commands
• Describe DDL,DML and DCL commands
• Describe constraints and indexes in SQL
Introduction
In this chapter we want to emphasize that SQL is both
deep and wide. Deep in the sense that it is implemented
at many levels of database communication, from a simple
Access form list box right up to high-volume
communications between mainframes. SQL is widely
implemented in that almost every DBMS supports SQL
statements for communication. The reason for this level of
acceptance is partially explained by the amount of effort
that went into the theory and development of the
standards.
Current State

So the ANSI-SQL group has published three

standards over the years:

• SQL89 (SQL1)
• SQL92 (SQL2)
• SQL99 (SQL3)
There are three areas where there is current development in
SQL standards.

First entails improving Internet access to data, particularly to

meet the needs of the emerging XML standards.

Second is integration with Java, either through Sun's Java

Database 2 Connectivity (JDBC) or through internal
implementations.

Last, the groups that establish SQL standards are considering

how to integrate object- based programming models.
What is SQL?
Structured Query Language, commonly abbreviated to SQL and
pronounced as “sequel”, is not a conventional computer
programming language in the normal sense of the phrase. It
allows users to access data in relational database management
systems. SQL is about data and results, each SQL statement
returns a result, whether that result be a query, an update to a
record or the creation of a database table. SQL is most often
used to address a relational database, which is what some
people refer to as a SQL database.
So in brief we can describe SQL as follows:

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language

• SQL allows you to access a database
• SQL can execute queries against a database
• SQL can retrieve data from a database
• SQL can insert new records in a database
• SQL can delete records from a database
• SQL can update records in a database
• SQL is easy to learn
Creating a Database

Many database systems have graphical interfaces which

allow developers (and users) to create, modify and
otherwise interact with the underlying database
management system (DBMS). However, for the
purposes of this chapter all interactions with the DBMS
will be via SQL commands rather than via menus.
END OF WEEK 3
Second Quarter
REFERENCE:

Website Link:

http://www.ddegjust.ac.in/studymaterial/mca-3/ms-1
1.pdf
MCA 202/MS 11, , Lesson No 4, Page 1 – 3
Author: Abhishek Taneja
Consultation Hours:
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