Median

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 Outline
• Median as a measure of central tendency.
• Calculation of median for group and ungroup
data.
• Learning calculation of various partition values
such as quartile, decile , percentiles.
• Significance of obtaining median.

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 Median
Median can be defined as the middle value in
the data set when its elements are arranged in a
sequential order, that is in either ascending or
decending order of magnitude.
It is called a middle value in an ordered
sequence of data in the sense that half of the
observations are smaller & half are larger than
this value. The median is thus a measure of the
location or centrality of the observations.

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 Ungrouped Data
Step : 1 Data should be arranged in either
ascending or decending order of magnitude.
Step ;2 Apply the formula
If n is odd ,
Median = size or value of th observation
If n is even ,
Median = th obv. + th observation /2

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 Questions
Amount

230
566
876
980
682
735
349
485

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 Grouped Data
• Median = l + (n/2)- cf * h
f
Where ,
L = lower class limit of the median class
Cf = cumulative frequency of the class prior to the
median class
F = frequency of the median class
H = width of the median class
N = total number of observations i.e. ∑f
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Amount Frequency
0-1000 7
1000-2000 16
2000-3000 23
3000-4000 40
4000-5000 9
5000-6000 4
6000-7000 1

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 Find the missing frequencies when
Median is given
A survey was conducted in a city hospital and
the amount spent by 150 patients is given in the
following table. The median expenditure was
found to be Rs. 909.52. Calculate the two
missing frequencies. ( answer= 30,19)

Amount 200-400 400- 600- 800-1000 1000- 1200-1400 1400-

600 800 1200 1600

Number 8 14 ? 42 27 ? 10
of
Patients
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Payments made No. of Persons

0-1000 3

0-2000 8

0-3000 17

0-4000 40

0-5000 61

0-6000 80

0-7000 93

0-8000 100

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Age Group No. of Persons

60-65

66-70

71-75

76-80

81-85

86-90

91-95
96-& above

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 Graphical Representation of Median
Median can be located on a graph called Ogive.
Ogive is a graphical technique of exhibiting
cumulative frequencies. It is of two types :
a. Less than ogive
b. More than ogive

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 Less than ogive
1. Convert the frequency distribution into a less than cumulative
frequency distribution by adding up the frequencies at each
successive steps.
2. Write the values (or classes) on x-axis and cumulative frequencies
on y-axis.
3. Plot the cumulative frequencies against respective classes.
4. Join all points of step :3 by freehand , curve so obtained is Ogive.
5. Find out n/2. Mark this point on y-axis. Draw a straight line from
the marked point intersecting Ogive.
6. From the point on ogive, draw a prependicular which intersects
the x-axis. The point where prependicular touches x- axis is the
Median.
Note : The frequencies of all preceding classes are added to the
frequency of a class. This series is called the less than cumulative
series.

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Income 0-100 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600-
200 300 400 500 600 700
No. of 12 25 38 45 32 17 14
employ
ees

Income Cumulative Frequency

Less than 100 12

Less than 200 37

Less than 300 75

Less than 400 120

Less than 500 152

Less than 600 169

Less than 700 183

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 More than Ogive
1. Convert the frequency distribution into a more than cumulative
frequency distribution by adding up the frequencies at each
successive steps from below.
2. Write the values (or classes) on x-axis and cumulative frequencies
on y-axis.
3. Plot the cumulative frequencies against respective classes.
4. Join all points of step :3 by freehand , curve so obtained is Ogive.
5. Find out n/2. Mark this point on y-axis. Draw a straight line from
the marked point intersecting Ogive.
6. From the point on ogive, draw a prependicular which intersects
the x-axis. The point where prependicular touches x- axis is the
Median.

Note : The frequencies of the succeeding classes are added to the

frequency of a class. This series is called as the more than or greater
than cumulative series.

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 Income 0-100 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600-
200 300 400 500 600 700
No. of 12 25 38 45 32 17 14
employ
ees

Income Cumulative Frequency

More than 0 183

More than 100 171

More than 200 146

More than 300 108

More than 400 63

More than 500 31

More than 600 14

More than 700 0
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 Graphical Representation Of Median
by both Ogives
1. Draw Less than Ogive
2. Draw More than ogive
3. From the point where both Ogives intersect
,draw a prependicular on x-axis.
4. Point where prependicular intersects x-axis
,is the median.

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 Advantages of Median
1.Median is unique.
2. The extreme values in the data set doesnot
affect the calculation of the Median.
3. Median is considered best for studying
qualitative attribute of an observation like ranks,
grades.
4. It can be calculated for open ended series.
5. It can be calculated for uncommon class
intervals.
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 Disadvantages of Median
• Median is not capable of algebraic treatment.
For example : Combined median cannot be
determined.
• For determing median, arranging the data is
mandatory which itself is time consuming.
• It is affected by number of observations in the
data set.

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 Quartile
• The values which divide the given data into
four equal parts are called quartiles.
• There are three quartiles namely Q1 , Q2, Q3.
• Q1 is called as lower quartile.
• Q3 is called as upper quartile.

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For ungroup Data

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For Group Data

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 Deciles
• A decile is any of the nine values that divide
the sorted data into ten equal parts, so that
each part represents 1/10 of the sample or
population.
• We have nine decile i.e. D1, D2 ------D9.

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For ungroup Data

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For group data

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Percentiles

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For Group Data

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 Summary
After studying student is able to answer :
1. What is the concept of median.
2. How median is calculated for group and
ungroup data.
3. What other positional averages are used such
as decile, quartile, percentile.

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