Southwest Petroleum University

Name: MD ZAKARIA HOSSAIN

Student ID :201939030035
Major: Mechanical Engineering
Subject: Mechanical Engineering Materials And forming
Technology
experiment purpose:
1.The deformation and failure of low carbon steel specimen is observed during the
tensile process (yield, strengthening and shrinkage, etc.), and the tensile diagram is
drawn.
2.The elastic modulus E of low carbon steel is determined during stretching.
3. Several mechanical properties of low carbon steel such as yield limit σs,
strength limit σ b, elongation δ, reduction of area ψ is determined in the process of
stretching.
4.The tensile strength limit σb of cast iron is determined.
5. The mechanical properties of low carbon steel and cast iron is compared.

Instruments and equipment:

1.Measuring tool: vernier caliper
2. Equipment: electronic universal material testing machine

Experimental principle:
There are three types of static stresses to which materials can be subjected: tensile,
compressive, and shear. Tensile stresses tend to stretch the material, compressive
stresses tend to squeeze it, and shear involves stresses that tend to cause adjacent
portions of the material to slide against each other. The stress–strain curve is the
basic relationship that describes the mechanical properties of materials for all three
types.
1. Low carbon steel tensile test The experimental principle is shown in figure 2.
After the parameters set in the experiment are transmitted by the computer to the
measurement and control center, they begin.During the test, the force sensor and
the extensometer send the load and deformation information of the sample through
two channels respectively.The number is transferred to the measurement and
control center, and the relevant results are displayed on the computer after
calculation by the relevant program.
Low carbon steel is a kind of widely used
material.Through the
tensile test of low carbosteel, the relationship between
the elongation increment and the load can be
obtained.Relation curve, called low carbon steel tensile
diagram, namely F-Δl curve.The stress-strain of the
specimen can also be obtained.From the tensile stress-
strain diagram of low carbon steel, it can be divided
into four stages:

The tensile test is the most common procedure for studying the stress–strain
relationship, particularly for metals. In the test, a force is applied that pulls the
material,tending to elongate it and reduce its diameter, Standards by ASTM
(American Society for Testing and
Materials) specify the preparation of
the test specimen and the conduct of
the test itself. The typical specimen
and general setup of the tensile test is
illustrated.The starting test specimen
has an original length L o and area A
o . The length is measured as the
distance between the gage marks, and
the area is measured as the (usually round) cross section of the specimen. During
the testing of a metal,the specimen stretches, then necks, and finally fractures, as
shown in this figure.
IV Experimental data:

Low carbon steel tensile test:

最大力 Fm
原始标距 弹性模量 抗拉强度
原始直径
d0
L0 E Rm

mm GPa MPa N
1 50.00 9.85 216 463 35290.05

上屈服强 度 ReH 下屈服强 度 ReL 引伸计标距 Le

MPa MPa mm

1 377 324 50.00

Low carbon steel compression test:

试样直径 d 试样长度 L 原始横截面积 So

mm mm^2

1 9.96 13.00 77.91

下压缩屈服强度 ReLc 抗压强度 Rmc 最大压缩力 Fmc

MPa MPa kN

1 281.38 832.01 64.82

 The mechanical properties of low carbon steel and cast iron under
compression were compared.
Question 1: We will compare cast iron and low carbon steel from
mechanical and physical properties. Cast iron includes gray iron and
ductile iron. Gray iron is cheaper than ductile iron, but it has much lower
tensile strength and ductility than ductile iron, so gray iron is not
replaceable material for carbon steel, unless you do not have mechanical
requirements, such as counter weights and stove parts etc.

The mechanical properties of low carbon steel during stretching and

compression were compared.
Question 2: Overload failures refer to the ductile or brittle fracture of a
material when stresses exceed the load-bearing capacity of a material. This
article reviews some mechanistic aspects of ductile and brittle crack
propagation, including a discussion on mixed-mode cracking, which may
also occur when an overload failure is caused by a combination of ductile
and brittle cracking mechanisms. It describes the general aspects of fracture
modes and mechanisms.

The mechanical properties of cast iron under tension and compression were
compared.
Question 3: Tensile test results include the ultimate tensile strength, yield
strength, Young’s modulus, ductility, and the strain hardening exponent.
All these properties can be calculated using a universal testing machine
equipped with the right controller, software, grips, and accessories. Grip
selection may vary depending on the material type, geometry, and
dimensions.
Ⅴ. Experimental results and analysis:

Question 1: The mechanical properties of low carbon steel and cast iron under
compression were compared.
The compressive strength of cast iron is 6.3 – 7.1 tonnes / sq. cm. It’s ultimate
tensile strength is 1.26 – 1.57 tonnes / sq. cm. The compressive strength of mild steel is
4.75 – 25.2 tonnes / sq. cm. It’s ultimate tensile strength is 5.51 – 11.02 tonnes / sq. cm.
This clearly shows that mild steel is a better option than cast iron when it comes to
ultimate tensile strength. However, cast iron has better compressive strength than mild
steel. Due to this, it will have greater resistance against breaking under compression. This
also makes it quite durable and ideal for rugged use. It will not show signs of wear and
tear easily and you can expect long term performance from cast iron.
Mild steel contains approximately 0.05–0.30% carbon making it malleable and
ductile. Mild steel has a relatively low tensile strength, but it is cheap and easy to form;
surface hardness can be increased through carburizing.

Mechanical Properties Metric Imperial

Hardness, Brinell 126 126
Hardness, Knoop (Converted from Brinell hardness) 145 145
Hardness, Rockwell B (Converted from Brinell hardness)
71 71

Hardness, Vickers (Converted from Brinell hardness) 131 131

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 440 MPa 63800 psi
Tensile Strength, Yield 370 MPa 53700 psi
Elongation at Break (In 50 mm) 15.0 % 15.0 %
Reduction of Area 40.0 % 40.0 %
Modulus of Elasticity (Typical for steel) 205 GPa 29700 ksi
Bulk Modulus (Typical for steel) 140 GPa 20300 ksi
Poissons Ratio (Typical For Steel) 0.290 0.290
Machinability (Based on AISI 1212 steel. as 100%
70 % 70 %
machinability)
Shear Modulus (Typical for steel) 80.0 GPa 11600 ksi

• Toughness – material's ability to absorb energy.

• Ductility – material's ability to deform without fracture.
• Elasticity – material's ability to return to its original dimensions after it has been
deformed.
Question 2: The mechanical properties of low carbon steel during stretching and
compression were compared.

Low carbon steels have excellent ductility and malleability hence they are both
good in tension and compression.

1.low carbon steel compression

Compression specimens of low carbon steel, cast iron and other materials are
generally made into cylindrical shapes, as shown in FIG 1, and the ratio of height to
diameter is specified as 1#/d2.In order to ensure that the line of action of the pressure
specimen coincides with the axis of the specimen, the two ends of the specimen must be
parallel and smooth, and perpendicular to the axis of the specimen. At the time of test, the
head should be equipped with a spherical cushion. Its function is that when the two ends
of the specimen are slightly parallel to the spherical cushion, it has a certain role of
centerline adjustment
At present, the commonly used compression test method is the two-end flat
pressure method. This compression test method will generate great friction between the
upper and lower ends of the sample and the test machine cushion, which will hinder the
transverse deformation of the upper and lower parts of the specimen, resulting in the
measured compressive strength is higher than the actual .When the height of the sample
increases relatively, the influence of friction on the middle part of the sample decreases
relatively, so the ratio h/d has a certain impact on the compressive strength .It can be seen
that the compression experiment is related to the experimental conditions. In order to
compare the compressive properties of different materials under the same experimental
conditions, the value of d should be specified.Practice shows that this value is declared
within the range of 1-2.If it is less than 1, then the effect of friction is too great.If it's
greater than 2.Although the influence of friction is small, instability is easy to occur.
The mechanical properties of low carbon steel under compression are not exactly
the same as under tension. The stress-strain curve of low carbon steel during compression
is shown in FIG 2a. The dotted line in the figure represents the stress-strain curve during
stretching for easy comparison.
It can be seen that the initial part of these two curves basically coincide.
Therefore, the elastic modulus E and yield limit of low carbon steel during compression
are basically the same as the results of the tensile experiment. Due to the influence of the
friction between the two ends of the specimen and the head, the transverse deformation of
both ends of the specimen was hindered, and the specimen was pressed into a drum
shape. Compression flattens, but does not break, so the compressive strength is not
measured. The yield limit is
2. Cast iron compression:
When cast iron is compressed, its mechanical properties are quite different from
those when it is stretched. Compared with the stress-strain curve of cast iron during
compression and stretching, its compressive strength a is far higher than the tensile
strength sigma (as shown in FIG 2b). Due to the friction of the end surface, certain plastic
deformation will occur. The compression stress - strain curve of low carbon steel and cast
iron shows the inclined fracture of 45°~55°.The fracture is mainly caused by shear stress
on the inclined section.
Its strength limit is

Question 3: The mechanical properties of cast iron under tension and compression were
compared.

Cast Iron is extremely compressible but fails very easily under tension. Thus, cast
iron has great compressive properties but very poor tension properties as it is a brittle
material. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5–4.0% carbon, 1–3% silicon,
and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than
steel, but its compressive strength is comparable to low- and medium-carbon steel.