Cleaning Components

Content
Definition and types of dirt
Cleaning agents
Cleaning Factors
Classification of cleaning agents
Cleaning methods
 WHAT IS DIRT?

1. Definition: The situation of a surface that covered by unclean things.

Dirt; mud, stain, oil

2. Definition: It is defined as a foreign substance where it should not be.

For example, Yogurt, is a food. But when it is spilled on the carpet it becomes
dirt for carpet.

Dirt; It can be found in solid, semi-solid or liquid form.

It create the necessary environment for bacteria to feed.
 Dirt sticking to the surface

Electrostatic effect; Dirt particles and surfaces have different electrical charges,

Adhesion effect; The effect of molecules attracting each other,

Mechanical effect; Attaching the crumbs falling on the carpet to the threads,

Chemical effect; It occurs as a result of rust or chemical reactions.

 Dirt types

Free dirt: Dust, soil, paper

Water soluble dirt: Sugar, salt

Water insoluble dirt: Oil, protein, lime

Microbial dirt: Bacteria, yeast, mold, virus

Adhesion of dirt to the surface depends on;

- The kind of dirt,
- Features of the surface,
- and time.
 Dirt types

Due to different dirt composition it is not sufficient for a single detergent to clean the
environment.

Many complex films consist of;

- from food ingredients,

- from oil and dust on the surface,
- from insoluble cleaning agents
-insoluble salts found in hard water.

Factors such as temperature, the waiting time of the dirt on the surface and dryness could
effect the differences in solubility of the substances in this film layer.
 Classification of impurities

• Loose dirt
• Sticky dirt
• Particulate dirt
 Loose dirt

It is dirt that does not adhere to all kinds of surfaces.

1. Coarse dirt
Stone, sand, cigarette butts, sawdust, etc. dirt.

2. Small fine dust particles

Dusts of various sizes that contaminate the ambient of air
 Sticky dirt

It is the dirt that adheres to clean surfaces and causes a bad appearance.

1. Water soluble dirt.

Food and beverage stains, mud, etc., which can be removed by water,
detergent solution and / or minor mechanical effects.

2. Dirt dissolved in solvents.

It can be cleaned with chemical solvents and a mechanical application, oil,
engine oil, lipstick stain etc.
 Particulate dirt

It is the dirt that does not only come off with cleaning, but requires a special
application.

1. Discolour
2. Oxidation
3. Diffusion
 Types of dirt (according to chemical structure)

1. Inorganic dirt

They are non-living dirt and do not contain carbon in their structure.
a) Hard water pollution elements. Water stain, calcium and magnesium carbonates (they form
crust and lime).
b) Metallic impurity elements. corrosion (such as rust and oxidation)
c) Alkaline pollution elements. Film layer left with insufficient washing after using alkaline
cleaners.
d) Minerals and stone formation (sand, loam)

Acidic cleaners are used to remove inorganic contamination elements.

Corrosion

Lime buildup
 Types of dirt

2. Organic dirt

Organic dirt is substances that were previously alive and therefore contain carbon.
a) Fat (vegetable and animal fats, body fat)
b) Carbohydrates and proteins (sugar, honey, chocolate, jelly, chicken, milk, meat, etc.)
c) Living substances (mold, yeast, bacteria)
Organic dirt is often best removed with alkaline cleaners or solvents (solvents).

3. Petroleum-based dirt

Motor oils, shaft oils, waxes, gum substances and other petroleum products. This type of dirt
does not contain water. More precisely, they repel water and therefore do not have a pH.
Petroleum-based solvents are also used to remove this type of dirt.
 Types of dirt

4. Dirt complexes

- This type of dirt contains organic, inorganic and / or petroleum based soils.
- This type of dirt is also difficult to clean as it is difficult to identify.
- For a good cleaning; It is important that the dirt is correctly identified.
- Many dirt complexes are removed with cleaners containing highly
concentrated and several types of cleaning agents such as alkalis, solvents or
acids solvents.
 Types of dirt and suitable cleaners

INORGANIC DIRTY ORGANIC DIRTY

Water stain, lime scale, Animal oils, vegetable oils,
corrosion, minerals, grease, carbohydrates,
stone proteins, bacteria, molds,
yeasts, secretions
ACID CLEANERS ALKALİNE CLEANERS

DIRT COMPLEXES
Organic + inorganic, organic +
petroleum based, inorganic +
petroleum based
COMBINED CLEANERS
 Dissolution properties of dirt

1. Water soluble impurities:

Water-soluble dirt dissolves in tap water and solutions without cleaning agents.
To this group; Many inorganic salts, sugars, starches and minerals are included.
- This type of pollution does not create a technical problem, since their removal
occurs only by dissolution action.
- The majority of foodborne contaminants are either suspended in water or can
be simply removed from the surface by vigorous application of water in the form
of a spray.
- Dirt that does not dissolve directly in water is kept in a thin film.
 Dissolution properties of dirt
2.Acid soluble soils
Acid-soluble dirt dissolves in acidic solutions with a pH value below 7.

This type of dirt;

oxidized iron (rust) in film,
zinc carbonate (ZnCO3),
calcium oxalate (Ca (COO) 2),
metal oxides (iron and zinc) on stainless steel,
water stone (reaction between various alkaline cleaners and chemicals in water with hardness not
caused by carbonate),
hard water lime (calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO3))
milk stone (formed by the interaction of water stone with the milk film collapsing on the metal surface
by the effect of heat).
 Dissolution properties of dirt
3.Alkali soluble soils
-Environment pH is above 7 for alkali soluble dirt.
-Fatty acids,
-proteins,
-blood
-other organic impurities

4. Insoluble dirt
These soils do not dissolve in any of the normal cleaning solutions.
However, these dirt bonds from the surface to which they are bonded, they can be
loosened by weakening and immediately then they are suspended in the cleaning
medium.
 Solubility properties of foodborne contaminants

Surface dirt Resolution

Candy Soluble in water
Oil Soluble in Alkaline
Protein Soluble in Alkaline
Starch Soluble in water and alkaline
Monovalent salts Soluble in water and acid
Polyvalent salts Soluble in acid
 Cleaning agents

• Water / air / Solvent

• Chemical / chemicals
 The basic function of water as a cleaning medium;
1. Pre-washing to remove large dirt particles,

2. Wetting (softening) the dirt on the surface,

3. Carrying detergent to the area to be cleaned,

4. Suspending the dirt to be removed,

5. Transport of suspended dirt from the surface to be cleaned,

6. Washing the cleaning components from the cleaned area,

7. Transporting the sanitizer to the area being cleaned.

 The role of water in the cleaning process

• Impurities in the water (impurities) can significantly affect the effectiveness of the
detergent or sanitizer.
• Water to be used; It should not contain microorganisms, it should be clear,
colorless, non-corrosive, free of minerals (soft water).
• Hard water containing minerals affects the functioning of some cleaning agents
and, thus, prevents them from effectively cleaning.
• On the other hand, some cleaning agents remove the negative effect of hard water.
• Water hardness affects the composition of cleaning agents and can cause film,
crust and sediment formation on the equipment surface.
 Cleaning agents
Cleaning agents perform the cleaning process within the following general features:

Emulsification: By making the oil soluble in water, it can be easily removed.

Peptization: Chemically break proteins into small pieces so that they can be removed easily,

Saponification: Chemically converting oils into soap by interacting with sodium hydroxide
(NaOH),

Wetting: Reducing the surface tension of water,

Water softening: Increasing the effect of the cleaner by making complexes with ions in the
water
 Cleaning agents

Main functions of cleaning components;

To reduce the surface tension of the water and, thus, weaken the bond of the dirt with the surface
by interacting with the dirt.

To complete the cleaning process, sanitizer cleaning. Provides microbial destruction in the post
environment.

The oldest known cleaning agent is soap. Soap; does not dissolve by reacting with oils forming dirt
forms complexes.
 SOAP
• As a result of the reaction called saponification (saponification) between oil and base, glycerol
and soap are formed..

Oil + Base Glycerol + Salt (Soap)

• Soaps are generally the sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.
• Soaps are detergents that help remove greasy dirt from clothes, metals, skin and hair.
• The term soap is restricted to the long chain carboxylic acid sodium salt.
• Carboxylic acid is determined by the presence of the carboxyl group (-CO2H). The
equilibrium formed by the combination of the anion of the carboxyl group with the
sodium cation, the soap molecule is formed by covalently bonding to the long chain
methyl –CH2- groups ending with –CH3. The general molecular structure of a soap
molecule can be written as: CH3 – (CH2)n – CO2 – Na+
• CH3- (CH2)n is similar to the long chain structure of the
hydrocarbon molecule. This part of the soap molecule is easily
soluble in hydrocarbon materials, but is not in water.

• The other end of the molecule is ionic. This ionic tip is soluble in
water like sodium chloride and other ionic compounds, but
insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. Briefly shows two opposite
trends. The hydrophilic structure tends towards water molecules
but avoids hydrocarbons and other oily materials. Hydrophobic
structure avoids water, but mixes easily with hydrocarbon and
oily materials.

O
II
– C – O – Na+
• Fats obtained from animal and vegetable sources
are used in soap making.
• Vegetable and animal fats each consist of
different triglyceride mixtures.
• A triglyceride molecule consists of three fatty
acids attached to a glycerine molecule. There are
many different types of triglycerides, but each
type contains a unique fatty acid composition.
• Fatty acids of animal and vegetable oils are used
in soap making.
• Fatty acids are weak acids and consist of two
parts:
• Carboxylic acid group consisting of a hydrogen
(H) atom, two oxygen atoms (O) and a carbon (C)
atom and a hydrocarbon group attached to this
group Carboxylic Hydrocarbon Fatty acid
Acid group chain
 Cleaning function of soap

1st Step: Surface tension of water

decreases and becomes a good wetting
agent.

Soap firstly reduces the surface tension

of the water and thus the hydrophilic
part of the soap molecule attaches to
water, while the hydrophobic part
interacts with each other by Van der
Waals forces and turns towards dirt. The
hydrophobic part of the soap that turns
to dirt creates micelles on the surface.
Micellar appearance of spherical detergent
2nd step: Oily dirt directed to micelles starts to dissolve in soapy water.
As the hydrophilic part of the soap molecule is surrounded by water molecules, the soap
micelles are broken and the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail inside the spherical micelles
begins to be trapped in the oil.

3rd Step : The oily micelles are kept in suspension, preventing them from re-adhering to
become large molecules and from re-accumulating on the cleaned surface.
Agitation or movement causes the fat molecules to break into micelles and thus become
trapped inside the soap molecule, whose surfaces are coated with negatively charged
carboxyl groups (COO-).

The oil droplets repel each other and in this way remain suspended in the wash water
instead of sticking to each other and accumulating again on the cleaned surface.
Consequently, the suspended droplets are removed by washing water.
 Two downsides of soap as a cleaning agent:
1. Since soap forms insoluble fatty acids in acidic solutions, it cannot function
effectively.
CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+(liquid) + HCl(liquid)

CH3(CH2)16COOH(solid + Na+ (liquid) + Cl-

) (liquid)

2. Soap forms insoluble precipitates that form a layer with Ca + 2 and Mg + 2 ions
found in hard waters.
2CH3(CH2)16COO-Na+(liquid) + Ca+2
(liquid)

+ 2 Na+(liquid)
[CH3(CH2)16COO-]2Ca+2
(solid)

Additives such as sodium carbonate and phosphate prevent this formation.

 DETERGENTS

• Instead of soap, synthetic detergents are used, which eliminate the above
drawbacks.
• Detergent is a chemical or mixture of chemicals used to separate surface dirt.
Detergents, like soaps, have physical and chemical effects on soils.
• Physical effect: Increases the wetting ability of the water by decreasing the
surface tension, improves its penetration, dispersion, agitation properties and
enables removal of emulsified greasy dirt.
• Chemical effect: It reacts chemically with dirt; dissolves protein, starch, oil and
deposits.
• Detergents consist of physically or chemically active ingredients (surfactants,
structurants, solvents, chelators, preservatives, color bleaches, and enzymes).
 Detergent composition
Component Function
Water Dissolves dirt such as sugar and salt
Surfactants Emulsifies / disperses oil and suspended dirt
Improves wetting, dispersion and agitation

Those that make up chelate with metal ions Eliminates the negative effects of hard water
(amino carboxylic acids, EDTA)

Organic and inorganic acids It dissolves the scale

Inorganic alkalis Turns fat into soap
Structural substances Detergent improves
Oxidizing (colour bleaching) substances Separates protein and has a whitening effect

Solutions Stabilizes the formulation

An ideal detergent;

• should have a high wetting effect,

• break up residues and prevent reunification,
• must have a partially foaming nature,
• be able to dissolve residues of calcium salts,
• must be safe
• It should not cause deterioration and corrosion,
• It should not cause environmental pollution and should be cheap.
Classification of cleaning agents

• Alkaline cleaners
• Strong alkalis
• Alkaline cleaners for tough dirt
• -Light alkaline cleaners
• -Chlorinated alkaline cleaners
• Acid cleaners
• Strong acid cleaners
• Mild acid cleaners
• Synthetic detergents
 Classification of cleaning agents

Enzyme based cleaners

Solvent cleaners
Detergent auxiliaries acid compounds
Suspending substances that prevent the accumulation of dirt Cleaning
aids -sequestrants (chelating agents)
Surfactants
Cleaning without chemicals (green)

Ultrasonic cleaning
 Detergent selection

• An ideal detergent should be safe, free from deterioration and corrosion, free from
environmental pollution, and should be cheap.
• The choice of cleaning agent depends on the properties of the dirt to be removed.
• Accordingly, detergents should be selected according to dirt groups and dirt types.

- Neutral detergents for light dirt,

- Alkaline detergents for oily dirt,
- Acid detergents should be used for inorganic dirt.

• Soft water should ideally be used for cleaning. If very hard water is used, acid detergents
should also be included in the cleaning to prevent limestone formation.
• This is especially important in dairy and breweries to reduce milk stone and beer stone
problems.
 Detergent selection

• When preparing cleaning solutions, chemicals should always be added to the water.
• It should be mixed slowly to avoid any heat and splashes that may occur.
• When caustic alkali products in powder form are dissolved, a lot of heat is released.
• Products should be used in well-ventilated areas to avoid breathing in the odor of
alkaline products.
• Strong inorganic acids are more dangerous than weak organic acids.
• All chemicals should be stored and used according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
 Detergent selection according to dirt groups and types

Dirt Group Dirt Type Detergent Type

Organic Oil Alkaline
Blood Alkaline (chlorinated)

Candy Hot water or alkaline

Alkaline or acid
Starch
Protein Alkaline or acid

Inorganic Which causes hardness in

water Acid
salts Acid
Beer stone
Milk stone Acid
Acid
Corrosion
Dirt types, dissolution properties and detergent types to be used in food businesses

Dirt type Dissolution property Recommended cleaning agent

*Sugars, organic acids, salt Soluble in water Weak alkaline detergent

*Foods with high protein Soluble in water, alkaline Chlorinated alkaline

content such as meat, and mild acid detergent
chicken, fish

*Starchy foods, tomatoes, Partially soluble in Weak alkaline detergent

fruits water
soluble in alkaline
Dirt types, dissolution properties and detergent types to be used in food businesses

Dirt type Dissolution property Recommended cleaning agent

*Fats and oils Insoluble in water, If Weak alkaline detergent (sodium
(margarine, butter) Dissolves in alkaline carbonate or sodium metasilicate); is
ineffective, then strong alkaline
detergent (sodium hydroxide,
potassium hydroxide) should be used.
Dirt types, dissolution properties and detergent types to be used in food businesses

Dirt type Dissolution property Recommended cleaning agent

Heat and hard water deposits, Insoluble in water Periodic use of acid cleaners
oxidized metal (Corrosion), and in alkaline, but (hydrochloric acid, phosphoric
milk stone, beer stone, protein soluble in acid acid)
deposit
 The factors that affecting the performance and function of the cleaning component

Duration: The contact time required for the dirt to move away from the surface and
enter into a chemical reaction. The longer time, the harder it is to separate the dirt
from the surface.
Mechanical energy: Physical force (velocity or flow) applied to the surface. By
applying pressure, rubbing, brushing
Concentration: Amount of cleaner used
Temperature: The amount of energy (heat) used in the cleaning solution.
Water: To prepare the cleaning solution
Cleaner: The person who does the cleaning work
The composition of dirt
Surface: What is the material to be cleaned
 The cleaning agent should have the following properties;

(1) Emulsifying,
(2) Avoiding agglomeration, separating dirt, dispersing and suspending,
(3) Wetting,
(4) Dissolving dirt,
(5) Non-corrosive,
(6) Penetration and wetting of the surface,
(7) Low toxicity,
(8) Fast dissolution,

The formulation of the cleaning agent may vary depending on the cleaning process to
be performed.
 Cleaning methods

The cleaning method is determined by considering the

following factors;

- The type and amount of dirt on the surface,

- Microbial contamination type, level and desired reduction
level,
- Surface accessibility and removal status,
- Availability of resources such as staff, time, chemicals and
equipment,
- Standards needed to ensure safe food production, quality
and shelf life.
 Cleaning methods

• Open plant cleaning

• Dry clean
• Clean-in-place (CIP)