How humans drive Members:

speciation as well as - Brisa Terrazas Madueño (20166219)

- Christian Rojas Morales (20162035)
extinction? Professor:
Fernando Gonzalez
The human impact on specie's evolution
Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Human mediated speciation
• Evaluating net outcomes for global
species diversity
• Conclusion
• Discussion
Do we know what is
"speciation" and
"extinction"?
1.Introduction
 Relationship
Speciation between these 2
The formation of new species as a result of
process
geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral
factors Relationship with
human activities

No net loss
principle
Extinction
The fact or process of a species, family, or other
group of animals or plants becoming extinct.
 2. Human mediated
Speciation

PLANTS

Diversification Rates (D.R.): Is the rates at

which new species form and living species go
extinct.
BIRDS
Anagenesis

Cladogenesis
MAMMALS
Relocation

Age of maduration?

INVASIVE Poecilia
HYBRIDIZATION
SPECIES reticulate
An organism that causes It is the reproduction
The age of maduration in the
ecological or economic between members of
new ecosystem took 11 years in
harm in a new genetically distinct
Australia
environment where is not populations.
native.
 Domestication

BRASSICA
Domestig dog Canis lupus SPECIES TRITICUM (WHEAT)
DOMESTICATED
SPECIES
familiaris: ASIAN RICE
Exists more than 400 breeds
 Hunting

Pleuronectes platessa
Genetic evidence for COMMERCIAL FISHERIES Elephant Loxodonta africana
phenotypic change THE SPECIATION IS is an example of unnatural
SHOWN IN THE SIZE selection
Novel Ecosystem Creation

Alewife Alosa pseudoharengus: THE LONDON UNDERGROUND

Emerged from anadromous MOSQUITO:
ancestors in response to As consequence of being trapped
hydropower construction underground, they lost their tendency
to hibernate in winter.
Future Mechanisms

MANIPULATION OF RE-CREATION OF ORGANISMS TO

GENOMES EXTINCT SPECIES EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL
BODIES
Speciation in microorganisms

HUMAN MICROBIOME: INEFFECTIVENESS OF

Collective genomes of the ANTIBIOTICS:
microbes(bacteria,viruses,protozoa,etc.) VIRUSES, PATHOGENE,ETC. CO-
that live inside the human body EVOLVE WITH HUMANS AND MAKE
THEM MORE RESISTANCE
3. Evaluating net
outcomes for global
species diversity
 Species diversity as a metric

BIODIVERSITY
EXTINCTIONS NO NET LOSS
TREND
Are a widely used indicator of Achieving neutral net outcomes for
Species diversity alone is an insufficient
biodiversity trends, they inadequately biodiversity in relation to any single
unit for capturing conservation
capture why biodiversity decline is metric cannot be considered acceptable
importance
important.
 Counterfactuals and timescales
SIZES AND RANGES
AS LIMITING
Relocation could, alongside loss of
environmental heterogeneity, lead to a
degree of interspecific hybridization that
reduces speciation rates
TIMESCALES
Estimate diversification over a timescale too
shorts including the difficulty in defining
when a new species has actually emerged.
PERSITANCE OVER
TIME
Recent research has suggested that
speciation might occur quickly and often—
just that new species rarely persist
Spatial heterogeneity
SIZES AND RANGES
AS LIMITING
Spatial and temporal heterogeneity makes it
problematic to propose an ecologically
defensible calculation of net outcomes.
NO NET REGIONAL
LOSS
No net loss’ type calculations would thus
likely be different in different regions
perhaps with a net gain in some areas, and
net loss in others
 Uneven trades

VALUED FOR UTILITY

LOSSES AND GAINS ETHICAL PROBLEMS
AND EXISTANCE
Human mind fundamentally weights losses Framing human-driven losses and gains of
more highly than gains species diversity as trades may be unethical,
depending upon the nature of the trades
4.Conclusions
• The significance of this research is to become aware of
how net human influence on biodiversity and try to
understand how this is changing the biosphere. So with
the mechanisms discussed, we could support exploration
for many taxa and we suggest that microorganisms
deserve more attention., for example, the parasites,
including small eukaryotes, constitute 40% of diversity in
some habits.
• The scientific lessons we can draw from the text is that
although there are threats that affect biodiversity and we
see it as negative impacts, they also have a positive side
despite this, which is the creation of new species. For
example, when someone listen the word "hunting", it
related to negative effects on biodiversity, so we should
have a global vision of how this mechanism can generate
speciation.
• It could help to improve the domestication that exists in
many communities in Peru, because mechanisms like
this, including hybridization , could help to increase the
production of the communities . This is important for
them because in some cases it´s their main source of
revenues. Also, when technologies like genetically
modified organisms are more encouraged, it could help
to guide a new self-sustaining lineages in many regions
along our country.

• About the moral dilema, what is in debate is to what

extent it is feasible to compensate the loss of species
with the creation of species. If it is feasible, what criteria
should we consider to make this balance. We can affirm
that comparing the loss of diverse wild species with
gains in new species would be morally
incommensurable.
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The principle of no net
loss is ethical?
TIME FOR DISCUSSION