Adaptations and survival

of Population
Presented by: Group 2
 GAME 1 You will be shown a zoomed-in portion of a photo

MECHANICS
How to play 2 You have to guess who or what you're looking at

A "fun fact" about the photo's subject may be given as a clue by

3
the host
PRIZE
a secret gift
OBJECTIVES:
1.Explain how species diversity increase the
probability of adaptation and survival of
organisms in changing environments.

2. Explain the relationship between

population growth and carrying capacity.
 biodiversity
Biodiversity is a big and broad
term, encompassing all the variety
of life in our planet, from across all
levels, and habitats. And yet many
are still undiscovered.
 types of diversity
GENETIC DIVERSITY
Genetic diversity, primarily through
DNA and RNA, aids species in
adapting to changing environments
and maintaining population health by
passing on strong traits to future
generations.
 species diversity
Diversity within a community refers to the variety of
species in a region or habitat, which are related, share
common characteristics, and can interbreed. The species
richness, the estimated number of species, varies based on
region and environmental factors, ensures healthy and
sustainable ecosystems.
 ecological diversity
Ecological diversity refers to the
interplay between biotic and abiotic
factors in ecosystems, ensuring clean
air, water, and abundant food sources
for all organisms, thus highlighting
the importance of ecological
diversity.
 threats to diversity
• CLIMATE CHANGE-the greenhuse effect’s persistent
increase in atmosphere temperature has leadd to rising sea
levels, altered seasons, and altered weather patterns.
• POLLUTION-water, air, or land pollution has long been a
problem due to a growing population problem.
• HABIT LOSS, DEGRADATION, AND
FRAGMENTATION-are the processes that lead to the
partial or total loss of an ecosystem's biological function,
either due to natural or man-made factors.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• INVASIVE SPECIES/INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC
SPECIES-these are any kind of organism that was
introduced to a foreign habitat, threatening the native
species.
• OVEREXPLOITATION-these refer to the over-
harvesting of species and natural resources to the point
that the ecosystem or habitat cannot compensate or
sustain itself. An example is poaching.
• EPIDEMICS-diseases like the Ebola virus, and now
Covid-19 affect both humans and wildlife.
SURVIVAL AND
ADAPTATION
Adaptation is a genetic change that helps organisms survive in changing
environments. It involves structural, behavioral, exaptation, and vestigial structures.
Structural adaptations involve physical changes like storing water in plants, while
behavioral adaptations involve responses to the environment. Exaptations are
improved or co-opted for different uses, while vestigial structures are superseded by
useful traits or environmental changes. These adaptations increase survival chances
for species.
 CONSERVATIVE STATUS
AND EXTINCTION
• EXTINCT (EX)-there is • VULNERABLE (VU)-
• CRITICALLY
no reasonable doubt that is facing a high risk of
ENDANGERED (CR)-
the last individual has extinction in the wild.
is facing an extremely
died. • NEAR THREATENED
high risk of extinction
• EXTINCT IN THE WILD (NT)-is close to
in the wild.
(EW)-when an organism qualifying for or is
• ENDANGERED (EN)-
is known only to survive likely to qualify for a
is facing a very high
in cultivation, captivity, threatened category in
risk of extinction in the
or as a naturalized the ner future.
wild.
population.
 CONSERVATIVE STATUS
AND EXTINCTION
LEAST CONCERN DATA DEFICIENT NOT EVALUATED
(LC) (DD) (NE)

THERE IS INADEQUATE
DOES NOT HAS NOT BEEN
INFROMATION TO MAKE A
QUALIFY FOR CR, DIRECT, OR INDIRECT, ASSESSED BY THE
ASSESSMENT OF ITS RISK OF
EN, OR NT. IUCN.
EXTINCTION BASED ON ITS
DISTRIBUTION AND/OR
POPULATION STATUS.
 More on Extinction
There are two types of extinction: background extinction, which
are species that simply disappear as the planet cannot sustain all
life and some species have to go; and mass extinction, which is
a widespread event that wiped out over 50% of all living
organisms. The number of dinosaur extinctions are examples of
mass extinction.
 Conservation vs. Preservation
Conservation and preservation are synonymous, with conservation
aiming to protect natural resources from human activities. When
nature is to be protected from humans, that is preservation. The
Philippines, a biodiversity hotspot, faces threats like deforestation,
unsustainable fishing practices, and illegal wildlife trafficking. In
2016, Conservation International and USAID launched the Protect
Wildlife Project, promoting conservation efforts with local
communities.
 Population
The Philippines has a population of 110 million in the
year 2020, spread across 7,100 islands, with Manila
having an estimated 13,923,452 people. As the 7th most
populated country in Asia and 13th globally, the country
is densely populated. In ecology, population is defined
byNture.com as “a group of individuals of the same
species living and interbreeding within given area.
Population ecology studies the structure and interactions
of populations over time.
 WHY DO WE STUDY POPULATION IN
01
To predict future
population changes,
particularly in biodiversity
conservation and human
population growth (e.g.
how long will the planet's
resources last in light of
the growing human
population?)
ECOLOGY?
02
03
To understand how
To understand the
organisms interact
with each other and causes of population
the environment size changes and
growth rates
the features of a population include:

Birth rate-the number of births in a population

Death rate-the number of individual deaths in a
population in a given time
Population size-the number of individuals in a
population
Population density-the number of individuals in a
particular area
Population growth-how the population size
changes over time
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT
POPULATION GROWTH
BIRTH RATE DEATH RATE MIGRATION RATE

The number of births

Number of deaths in a The movement of
in a population in a
population in a given individuals to a
given time period.
time period. different environment.
MY SOURCES:
POPULATION GROWTH AND LIMITING FACTORS
Population growth is how a population's size changes over time,
and this is subject to a variety of limiting factors. Limiting factors
are put in place to keep a balance. Limiting factors are resources
or other factors that can lower the population growth rate. A
population should increase or decrease in response to
environmental changes. Examples of limiting factors include
earthquakes, predators, low food supply, and lack of space.
Two Types of Limitations:
• Density dependent factors include resources or the basic
requirements of life needed by the population. Also under this
category are environmental factors like predators, diseases,
and parasites because they directly affect the health and
survival of the species.

• Density independent factors are environmental factors like

weather phenomena and natural disasters. These occur
regardless of the population density. These factors also
indirectly affect the carrying capacity of the environment.
When the size of a population increases at a great
rate due to unlimited resources, this is called
exponential growth. Exponential growth may only
happen in environments that have a small
population size and plenty of resources. But when
the population size increases, resources will start
depleting, and the population growth will decrease.
There is a maximum population size that an
environment can sustain given available resources -
this is called the carrying capacity. The real world only
has limited resources, and logistic growth is what is
usually seen. Logistic growth is when the size of the
population changes due to limited resources.
ecponential vs. logistic population growth
LIFE HISTORY
A life table is a table that contains the life history of an
organisms. a life history includes the strategies and patterns
that help a population survive and grow.
 MY SOURCES:
Energy/resource allocation-with limited resources, the organisms that
allocate their energy among different activities like growth, body
maintenance, etc. in more effective ways survive and propagate.
Growth form and rate the size and speed an organism grows determines
its lifespan
Survivorship-the lifespan of an organism
Reproduction-this includes number of offspring, timing of reproduction,
mating practices, fertility rate, etc.
Environment - which environments help an organism thrive
MEASURING POPULATION
Population tracking is crucial for understanding interactions with
other species and the environment, and for monitoring and predicting
population changes. Incomplete counts, such as quadrats, can be
used for immobile organisms, while the mark and recapture method
is used for moving organisms. This involves putting body marks on
captured animals, releasing them back into their environment, and
collecting a new sample with marked and unmarked individuals.
Dispersion Patterns or how members of a population
occupy space within a habitat.

• Uniform dispersion shows individuals as more

or less equally spaced apart.
• Random dispersion is at random and not
predictable.
• Cluster dispersion means clustered into groups.