FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

B-irthday: May 12,1820 THEORETICAL WORK

E-nvironmental theory five essential components of
M-other of modern nursing environmental health
L-ady with the lamp • pure air
D-evelop nursing practice • pure water
A-dvocate nursing knowledge • efficient drainage
S-ervice in Crimean war • cleanliness
• and light
MAJOR CONCEPT: FOCUS IN - manipulate the surroundings to
ENVIRONMENT(SURROUNDING) maintain ventilation and patient
Component of surrounding warmth by using a good fire, opening
• ventilation windows, and properly positioning the
• warmth patient in the room
• light • Proper ventilation for the patient
• diet seemed to be of greatest concern
• cleanliness • discussing ventilation in the room or
• noise home,
• struggled to improve (war-torn • Nightingale provided a description
environments and workhouses) for measuring the patient's body
- concern about healthy surroundings temperature through palpation of
involved hospital settings in Crimea and extremities to check for heat loss
England, and also extended to the public. MAJOR AREAS OF THE PHYSICAL,
• healthy surroundings were necessary SOCIAL AND
for proper nursing care and PSYCHOLOGICALENVIRONMENT
restoration/maintenance of health THAT THE NURSE MUST:
1. Health of Houses
2. Ventilation and warmth
3. Light
4. Noise
5. Variety
6. Bed and bedding
7. Cleanliness of rooms and walls
8. Personal cleanliness
9. Nutrition and taking food
10. Chattering hopes and advices
11. Observation of the sick
12. Petty Management
CANONS OF THE
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
1. HEALTH OF HOUSES - Is closely
related to the presence of pure air, pure
water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and
cleanliness outside the house affected the
inside
2.VENTILATION AND WARMTH -
She believed that it was essential to
"keep the air he breathes as pure as the
external air, without chilling him.”
- She believes that a person who
repeatedly breathed his/her own air
would be sick or remain sick
3. LIGHT - direct sunlight was what
clients wanted. She noted that light has
‘quite real and tangible effects upon
human body."
4. NOISE - should always be kept at a
minimum around patients at all times
5. VARIETY - changes in color and
form, including bringing the patient
brightly colored flowers or plants. She
also advocated reading, needlework,
writing and cleaning as activities to
relieve the sick of boredom.
6. BED AND BEDDINGS - an adult
exhales about three pints of moisture
through the lungs and skin in a 24-hour
period.
7. CLEANLINESS - the greater part of
nursing consists in preserving cleanliness
8. PERSONAL CLEANLINESS -
unwashed skin may contaminate or
poison the patient and noted that bathing
and drying the skin provided great relief
to the patient
9. NUTRITION AND TAKING
FOOD
10. CHATTERING HOPES AND
ADVICES
11. OBSERVATION OF THE SICK -
the most important practical lesson that
can be given to nurses is to teach them
what to observe, how to observe, what
symptoms indicate improvement, which
are evidence of neglect and what kind of
neglect.
11. PETTY MANAGEMENT - “petty
management” or ways to assure that
"what you do when you are there, shall
be done when you are not there.
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
1. NURSING - provide women with
guidelines for caring for their loved ones
at home and to give advice on how to
"think like a nurse" (Nightingale, 1969,
p.4).
- Trained nurses, however, were to learn
additional scientific principles to be
applied in their work
2. PERSON - Nurses performed tasks to
and for the patient and controlled the
patient's environment to enhance
recovery
3. HEALTH - defined health as being
well and using every power (resource) to
the fullest extent in living life.
4. ENVIRONMENT - concept of
environment emphasized that nursing
was “to assist nature in healing the
patient.
VIRGINIA HENDERSON'S
NURSING NEEDS THEORY
Virginia Avenel Henderson
• “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing”.
Others named her as “Modern-Day
Mother of Nursing” and “The 20th
Century Florence Nightingale”.
• Birthday: November 30, 1897 in
Kansas, Missouri
• basic nursing curriculum for the
National League for Nursing in which
education was “patient centered and
organized around nursing problems
rather than medical diagnoses”
• Author of “Principles and Practices of
Nursing," a widely used textand her
“Basic Principles of Nursing,” published
in 1966 and revised in 1972.
NURSING NEED THEORY
Focus: the importance of increasing the
patient's independence to hasten their
progress in the hospital.
Nursing: "I say that the nurse does for
others what they would do
themselves if they had the strength, the
will, and the knowledge. But I go on to
say that the nurse makes the patient
independent of him or her as soon as
possible.“
• “Nurse should have knowledge to
practice individualized and human care
and should be a scientific problem
solver."
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
1) Nurses care for patients until they can
care for themselves once again. Although
not precisely explained,
2) patients desire to return to health.
3) Nurses are willing to serve and that
“nurses will devote themselves to the
patient day and night.”
4) Henderson also believes that the
"mind and body are inseparable and are
interrelated.”
for
14 COMPONENTS THAT MAKE UP
THE BASIC NURSING
CARE(FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS)
1. Breathe normally.
2.Eat and drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
5.Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and
undress
7. Maintain body temperature within
normal range by adjusting clothing
modifying environment
8. Keep the body clean and well-
groomed and protect the integument
available health facilities
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and
avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others
expressing emotions, needs, fears, or
opinions.
11. Worship according to one's faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a
sense of accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in various forms
of recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the
curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and use the
available health facilities.
METAPARADIGM
1.Nursing
• “the unique function of the nurse is to
assist the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of those activities
contributing to health or its recovery that
he would perform unaided if hehad the
necessary strength, will or knowledge
• The nurse's goal is to make the patient
complete, whole, or independent
2. PERSON
• Henderson states that individuals have
basic needs that are component of health
in and require assistance to achieve health
and independence or a peaceful death
• individual achieves wholeness by
maintaining physiological and emotional
balance.
•sum of parts with biopsychosocial needs
and the mind and body are inseparable
and interrelated.
3. HEALTH
• balance in all realms of human life.
• individuals will achieve or maintain
health if they have the necessary
strength, will or knowledge. The
individual and family should be viewed
as a unit.
• According to Henderson, good health is
a challenge because itis affected by
numerous factors such as age, cultural
background, emotional balance, and
others
4. ENVIRONMENT
• everything that is outside of the patient The patient-centered approach
but is connected to the patient is "Nursing is based on an art and science
considered the environment that mouldthe attitudes,
• environment should support the 14 intellectualcompetencies, and technical
fundamental needs. Including all external skills of the individual nurse into the
conditions and influences that affect life desire and
and development. ability to help people, sick or well, cope
NURSING PROCESS - “really the with their health needs."
application of the logical approach to the Make it FEU.
solution of a problem. The steps are FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
those of the scientific method.
theory of twenty one nursing problem
FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH'S Ofocus :divided into three classes:
TYPOLOGY OF 21 NURSING physical, sociological, and theemotional
PROBLEMS needs of the patient;
Faye Abdellah Othe types of nurse-patient interpersonal
Birthday: March 13, 1919 in New York relationships; and thecommon elements
interrelated the concepts of health, of patient care.
nursing problems, and problem-solving. Opatient-centered approach was
She views nursing as an art and a science constructed to bringorganization to
that mold the attitude,intellectual nursing care experiences.
competencies, and technical skills of the nursing action: should be focused on
individual nurse into treatment for the patient'soverall health
the desire and ability to help individuals not just the disease.
cope with their health needs,whether Make it FEU.
they are ill or well. FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SEE
Faye Abdellah's typology of 21 nursing
problem helps nurses practice in
anorganized, systematic way.
The typology was used as
1.the basis for developing the nursing
care model used for
planning staffing patterns in clinical
settings.
2.The staffing patterns were based on
patient's identified needs.
3.The nursing care model consisted of
intensive care,intermediate care, long-
term care,self-care, and home care units.
W 4.By grouping patients according to
similar needs rather than bydiagnoses,
nursing care could provide the best
staffing
patterns to meet patient's needs.
Make it FEU.
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SLEDO
Abdellah's 21 Nursing Problems are the
following:
1.To maintain good hygiene and physical
7. To facilitate the maintenance of
elimination
comfort8.To facilitate the maintenance of
fluid and
2.To promote optimal activity: exercise,
electrolyte balance
rest,sleep9.To recognize the physiologic
responses of
3.To promote safety through prevention
of the body to disease conditions-
pathologic,
accident, injury, or other trauma and
through physiologic, and compensatory
prevention of the spread ofinfection10.
To facilitate the maintenance of
4.To maintain goodbody mechanicsand
regulatory mechanisms and functions
prevent and correct deformity11. To
facilitate the maintenance of sensory
5.To facilitate the maintenance of a
supply of function
oxygen to all body cells12. To identify
and accept positive and
6.To facilitate the maintenance of 17. To create or maintain a
nutrition for negative expressions, therapeuticproblems as influencing
feelings, and factors in the
all body cellsreactions environmentcause of illness
Make it FEU. 18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY individual with varying physical,
emotional,
Abdellah's 21 Nursing Problems are the and developmental needs.
following: Make it FEU.
13. To identify and accept FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
interrelatedness of SLO
emotions and organic illness19. To
accept the optimum possible four categories
14. To facilitate the maintenance of 1.basic to all patients
effectivegoals in the light of limitations, to maintain good hygiene and physical
verbal and nonverbal comfort; promote optimal health
communicationphysical and emotional. throughhealthy activities
15. To promote the development of 2.sustenal care needsfacilitate the
productive 20. To use community maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all
resources as body cells; nutrition of all
interpersonal relationshipsan aid in body cells; elimination; fluid and
resolving problems that electrolyte balance; regulatory
16. To facilitate progress toward mechanisms andfunctions; and sensory
achievement arise from illness function
and personal spiritual goals21. To 3remedial care needsto identify and
understand the role of social accept positive and negative expressions,
feelings, and reactions; identifyand FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
accept the interrelatedness of emotions SEO
and organic illness;
4.restorative care needsacceptance of the metaparadigm
optimum possible goals in light of 3.ENVIRONMENT
limitations, both physical and Society is included in "planning for
emotional; optimum health on local,
Make it FEU. state, and international levelshome or
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY community from which patient comes.
4.NURSING
metaparadigm The client's health needs can be viewed
1.PERSON/ INDIVIDUAL as problems, which maybe overt as an
Othe recipients of nursing as individuals apparent condition, or covert as a hidden
(and families) or
2.HEALTH concealed one.
the purpose of nursing services.In Patient Make it FEU.
-Centered Approaches to Nursing-health FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
as a state
mutually exclusive of illness. Overt and covert
Health may be defined as the dynamic An overt nursing problem-is an apparent
pattern of functioningwhereby there is a condition faced by
continued interaction with internal and the patient or family, which the nurse can
external forces that results in the optimal assist him or them tomeet through the
use of necessary performance of her professional
resources to minimize vulnerabilities. functions.
Make it FEU.
• The covert nursing problem-is a SER
concealed or hidden conditionfaced, by
the patient or family, which the nurse can Transpersonal caring
assist him Transpersonal Caring Relationship” as
or them to meet through the performance foundation to her
of her professional theory;it is a “special king of human care
functions relationship-a union with
Make it FEU. another person-high regard for the whole
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY person and theirbeing-in-the-world.
Transpersonal caring relationships are a
Experience real learning. spiritual union.Sitzman (2007) describe
Jean Watson the relationship as a "connection that
THEORY OF embraces the spirit or soul of the other
TRANSPERSONAL CARING through the process of
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY full, authentic, caring/healing attention in
SER the moment.
Make it FEU.
Jean Watson FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
grew up in West Virginia in the SEO
Appalachian Mountains.first book,
Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Click to add title
Caring (1979 transpersonal nurseas one who "has the
Imain concepts include the 10 carative ability to center
factors consciousness and intentionality on
Make it FEU. caring, healing, and
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
wholeness, rather than on disease, illness 7. Promotion of Interpersonal
and TeachingLearning
pathology."(Watson 2013) 8. Provision for a Supportive, Protective,
Transpersonal caring-focuses on helping and Corrective Mental, Physical,
patients achieve a Sociocultural, and Spiritual Environment
more complete sense of harmony within 9. Assistance with Gratification of
the mind, body and Human
spirit through the use caring transactions. Needs
Make it FEU. 10. Allowance for
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY ExistentialPhenomenologicalForces
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
10 carative factor
1. Formation of a HumanisticAltruistic MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
System of Values 1. Moral commitment, intentionality, and
2. Instillation of Faith-Hope caritas consciousnessby the nurse
3. Cultivation of Sensitivity to Selfand protect, enhance, and potentiate human
Others dignity,
4. Development of a Helping- wholeness, and healing, thereby allowing
TrustRelationship a person to create orco-create his or her
5. Promotion and Acceptance ofthe own meaning for existence.
Expressionof Positive and 2. The conscious will of the nurse
Negative Feelings affirms the subjective andspiritual
Make It FEU. significance of the patient while seeking
6. Systematic Use of the Scientific to sustain
Problem-Solving Method for Decision caring in themidst of threat and despair-
Making biological,
institutional, or otherwise. The result is FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
honoring of an I-Thou SAR
Relationship rather than an l-It
Relationship. MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
Make it FEU. 6. Ongoing personal and professional
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY development and spiritual growth
SEZO 7. The nurse's own life history, previous
experiences, opportunities for
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS focused study, having lived through or
3. The nurse seeks to recognize, experienced various human
accurately detect, and connect with the conditions
inner condition of spirit of another 8. facilitators are personal growth
through genuine presence and by experiences such
being centered in the caring moment; psychotherapy, transpersonal
actions, words, behaviors psychology, meditation, bioenergetics
4. The nurse's ability to connect with work,
another at this transpersonal spirit- and other modelsfor spiritual awakening.
tospirit level is translated via 9. Continuous growth for developing and
movements, gestures, facial expressions, maturing within a transpersonal
procedures, information, caring model is ongoing
5. The caring-healing modalities within Make it FEU.
the context of transpersonal as
caring/caritas consciousness potentiate FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
harmony, wholeness, and unity of
being I THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
Make it FEU. 1. NURSING
consist of "knowledge, thought, values, c)the absence of illness (or the presence
philosophy,commitment, and action with of efforts that lead to its absence
some degrees of passion Make it FEU.
OHumans cannot be treated as objects FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
and that humanscannot be separated from OSLE
self, other, nature and the larger
universe. THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS
Make it FEU. 4. ENVIRONMENT
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY Attending to supportive, protective and
or corrective mental,physical, societal
THEORETICAL ASSERTIONS and spiritual environments.
2.PERSONas “a unity of The caring is not only for sustaining
mind/body/spirit/nature and she says that humanity, but also for
personhood is tied sustaining the planet ... Belonging is to
to notions that one's soul possess a body an infinite universal
that is not confined by objectivetime and spirit world of nature and all living
space. things; it is the primordial
3. HEALTH link of humanity and life itself, across
“The positive state of physical, mental, time and space,
and social well-being with theinclusion boundaries and nationalities.
of three elements: Make it FEU.
a)a high level of overall physical, mental, FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
and social functioning;b)a general
adaptive-maintenance level of daily Dorotea Orem
functioning; Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory
(SCDNT)
Experience real learning. FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
SU Theory of Self-Care
self-Care comprises the practice of
Dorotea Orem activities that maturing
Birthday:July 15, 1914 in Baltimore, and mature persons initiate and perform,
Maryland. within time
developed the Self-CareDeficit Nursing frames, on their own behalf in the
Theory, also known as the Orem Model interest of maintaining
of life, healthful functioning, continuing
Nursing. personal development,
The act of assisting others in the and well-being by meeting known
provision and management of self-care to requisites for functional
maintain or improve human functioning and developmental regulations
at home level of effectiveness. (Orem,2001,.p.522)
"Guidelines for Developing Curricula for Make it FEU.
the Education of Practical Nurses”in FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
1959.The 6th edition of Nursing:
Concepts of Practice, published by Click to add title
Mosby in 1.Self-Care-Practice of activities that
January 2001 individuals initiate and perform
1971 Orem publishedNursing: Concepts independently on
of Practice the work in which she their behalf in maintaining life, health,
outlines her theory of nursing, the Self- and well being.
care Deficit Theory of Nursing. 2.Self Care Agency-“ability for engaging
Make it FEU. in self care activities-conditioned by age,
developmental state, life experience, FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
sociocultural orientation, health and
available Basic conditioning factors condition or
resources. affect the value of thetherapeutic self-
3.Therapeutic Self-care care demand and/or the self-care agency
demand-“Totality of self care actions to 1.Age
be performed for some 2.Gender
duration in order to meet self-care 3.Developmental state
requisites by using valid methods and 4.Health state
related sets 5.Pattern of living
of operations and actions”. Make it FEU.
4. Self-Care Requisites. Actions directed 6.Health care system factors
towards provision of self-care. 7.Family system factors
Make it FEU. 8. Sociocultural factors
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY 9.Availability of resources
10.External environmental factors
Three categories of self-care requisites FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
are
a)Universal self-care requisites Theory of Dependent care
Associated with life processes and 1.Dependent-carecare that is provide to a
maintenance of theintegrity of human person who, because of age or
structure and functioning. related factors, is unable to perform the
b. Developmental self-care self-care needed to maintain life,
requisites(DSCRs) (Orem, 1980) healthful functioning, continuing
(c)Health deviation self-care requisites personal development, and well-being.
Make it FEU.
2.Dependent-care agency-acquired selfcarecapabilities within self-care
ability of a person to know and meet the agency are inoperable or
therapeutic self-care demand. inadequate for knowing and meeting
3.Dependent-care deficitdependent-care some or all
provider's agency is not adequate to components of the existent or projected
meet the therapeutic self-care demand of therapeutic self-care
the person receiving dependent demand (Orem, 2001, p.522).
care. Make it FEU.
4. Dependent-care demand -is the FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
summation of care measures at a specific
point Theory of Nursing Systems
in time or over a duration of time for series and sequences of deliberate
meeting the dependent's therapeutic, practical actions of
self-care demand when his or her self- nurses performed at times in
care agency is not adequate or coordination with the actions
operational of their patients to know and meet
(Taylor et al., 2001.p.40). components of patient's
Make it FEU. therapeutic self-care demandsto protect
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY and regulate the exercise of development
of
Theory of Self-Care Deficit patients' self-care agency
Self-care deficit is the relationship (orem,2001.p.519).
between an individual's Make it FEU.
therapeutic self-care demand and his or FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
her powers of selfcare agency in which
the constituent-developed .
Theory of Nursing Systems developmental needs and capable of
Wholly Compensatory System. The continuousself-care
patient is dependent. The nurse is 2. ENVIRONMENT.
expected to accomplish all the patient's Components are environmental factors,
therapeutic self-care or to environmentalelements, conditions, and
compensate for the patient's inability to developmental environment.
engage in self-care or when Make it FEU.
the patient needs continuous guidance in FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
self-care.
2.Partially Compensatory System.The MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS
patient can meet some needs. 3.HEALTHWhen human beings are
Needs nursing assistance. Both the nurse structurally and functionally whole or
and the patient engage inmeeting self- sound.Wholeness or integrity includes
care needs. that which makes a person human
• 3.Supportive-educative System.The operating inconjunction with
patient can meet self-carerequisites, but physiological and psychophysiological
needs assistance with decision making or mechanisms
knowledge andskills to lean self-care. 4. NURSINGIs an art, a helping service,
Make it FEU. and a technology.
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY Actions deliberately selected and
performed by nurses to help individuals
MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS or
1.On person (Human Being), groups under their care to maintain or
Environment, Health, and Nursing change conditions in themselves or their
OPERSON(Human Being, Nursing environment
Client).A total being withuniversal, Make it FEU.
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY

Theory of Nursing Systems

Theory of Self-Care
Self-care is a human regulatory
function that individuals must,
with deliberation, perform
themselves or must have
performed for them to maintain
life, health, development, and
well-being. Self-Care is an action
system.
Make it FEU.
Theory of Dependent-CareThe
theory of dependent-care
"explains how self-care system is
modified it is directed toward a
person who is socially dependent
and needs assistance in meeting
his or her self-care requisites”
(Taylor & Renpenning, 2011,p.24)
FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY
ASSTE