What’s the scale CD/DVD/Blu-ray OPU dealing with?

Let’s open the black box:

CD/DVD/Blu-ray optical pick-up unit (OPU)
 X/Z/Tilt Triple wavelength
Dichroic filter
Voice coil motor objective lens
CD/DVD
Suspension wires Coil
laser diode
Magnet Collimator lens
Grating

Miniature stepper
motor
Polarized
beam splitter
CD/DVD/Blu-ray laser power Photodiodes
Blu-ray laser diode
adjustment variable resistors Astigmatic lens
”Hacking CD/DVD/Blu-ray
for Biosensing” ACS
Sensors
 How do we measure with an OPU ?
What’s focus error signal and sum signal?
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Linear region with
Sub atomic resolution

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Linear region with
Sub atomic resolution

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Linear region with
Sub atomic resolution

SUM

Surface
ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU

SUM

Surface

ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM

Surface

ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM
Surface

ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 SFE
Focus error (SFE) signal
& Sum signal (SSUM)
SFE=(SA+SC)-(SB+SD)

ΔZ
OPU Outside S-curve

SUM
Surface

ΔZ
SSUM=SA+SB+SC+SD
 Before using the OPU, one important
optical component you should know….
Cover layer is crucial for nanoscale laser spot
focusing
Laser spot Laser spot

“Fundamentals of an
Atomic Force
Microscope Based on a
Digital Versatile Disk
Optical Pick-up Unit”
Google Books
Cover layer concentrates laser intensity on the PDIC

”Hacking
CD/DVD/Blu-ray for
Biosensing” ACS
Sensors

“Fundamentals of an
Atomic Force
Microscope Based on
a Digital Versatile Disk
Optical Pick-up Unit”
Google Books
Patterned Sapphire Substrate (PSS)
Measured by IPAS ADS based AFM
The OPU can image bio-samples directly,
beats high-end optical microscope!
 OPU measures bio-sample with higher contrast than
high-end optical microscope (OM)
DVD OPU

Cover layer
Liquid
cell cell
Gold coated mirror
XYZ scanner

10 mm
1000X OM phase contract image
with Oil lens (Contrast: 0.143)
10 mm
OPU Laser scanning mode “Biophysical analysis of astrocytes apoptosis
triggered by larval E/S antigen from cerebral
(Contrast: 0.224) toxocarosis-causing pathogen Toxocara
canis” Analytical Sciences
You can burn some micro holes with the
OPU….
Diameter ~100 um
Don’t forget to wear protection glass!
The OPU can easily measure fan vibration
amplitude and resonance frequency
Resonance frequency
Of course, the OPU measures MEMS thermal
noise (sub-atomic vibration) too!
“Measurement of thermal vibration of micro-cantilevers with blu-ray
DVD pick-up” 2013 Asian Society for Precision Engineering and
Nanotechnology.
Is it possible to align MEMS thermal noise (sub-
atomic vibration) too!
This is how to “see through” the OPU….
450 x 30 μm
Laser spot

2x5 μm
“Optical imaging module
for astigmatic detection
system” Review of
Scientific Instruments
Raman probe

Dichroic filter
The OPU can be mounted on a microscope
as a MHz bandwidth vibrometer…
OPU measures MEMS structures up to 160 MHz

“An astigmatic detection “Self-aligned cantilever positioning

system for polymeric for on-substrate measurements
cantilever-based sensors” using DVD pickup head”
Journal of Sensors Microelectronic Engineering
Use the OPU to characterize MEMS structures
spring constant
“Spring Constant Calibration of Microcantilever by Astigmatic
Detection System” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
The OPU is small enough to measure MEMS structures
inside a vacuum chamber
“Compact MEMS/NEMS characterization
platform using a DVD optical pick-up unit with
optical imaging function” 2013 NSTI
Nanotechnology Conference and Expo
Blu-ray traverse can be used for automated
MEMS monitoring
 OPU linear motion Blu-ray OPU

Sample platform

“Blu-Ray-based micromechanical characterization platform for biopolymer

degradation assessment” Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
OPU measures MEMS cantilevers on a
spinning disc
 “Statistical analysis of DNT detection
“High throughput label-free platform for
using chemically functionalized
statistical bio-molecular sensing” Lab
microcantilever arrays” Sensors and
on a Chip
Actuators B: Chemical
“High-performance spinning device for
Towards Picomolar Detection with
DVD-based micromechanical signal
DVD-ROM Optical 10th International
transduction” Journal of Micromechanics
Workshop on Nanomechanical Sensing
and Microengineering

“Micromechanical PDGF recognition

Characterization of the time-evolving bending via lab-on-a-disc aptasensor arrays”
profile of micro-cantilevers 11th International Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
Workshop on Nanomechanical Sensing
 Blu-ray OPU parallel laser beam for biosensing
Parallel laser beam
objective lens removed

“Lab-on-Blu-ray: “Quantification of rolling circle “Blu-ray based optomagnetic

Low-cost analyte amplified DNA using magnetic aptasensor for detection of small
detection on a disk” nanobeads and a Blu-ray optical pick- molecules” Biosensors and
MicroTAS 2014 up unit” Biosensors and Bioelectronics Bioelectronics

“New evidence for the mechanism of “Combined detection of C-reactive protein and
action of a type-2 diabetes drug using a PBMC quantification from whole blood in an
magnetic bead-based automated integrated lab-on-a-disc microfluidic platform”
biosensing platform” ACS sensors Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical
Beam deflection to OPU AFM video
“Measurement of cantilever
displacement using a compact
disk/digital versatile disk pickup
head” Japanese Journal of
Applied Physics

Simultaneous detection of
translational and angular
displacements of micromachined
elements, Applied Physics
Letters
“Real-time detection of
linear and angular
displacements with a
modified DVD optical head”
Nanotechnology

“Simultaneous detection of
translational and angular
displacements of
micromachined elements”
Applied Physics Letters
The OPU can measure reflectivity and nano-probing
A hybrid scanning probe
microscope (SPM) module
based on a DVD optical
head, Measurement
Science and Technology

Laser scanning mode AFM DC mode AFM AC mode

Patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) Measured by OPU based AFM

OPU based AFM OPU based AFM

Optical Microscope Laser scanning mode AFM mode
The OPU equips sub micron meter laser spot which is
beneficial for micro/nano scale structure sensing….
SEM image of micro/nano cantilevers cut by focused ion beam

OPU laser spot focused on each of the micro/nano cantilevers

“Compact MEMS/NEMS
characterization platform using a DVD
optical pick-up unit with optical imaging
function” 2013 NSTI Nanotechnology
Conference and Expo
 Normal AFM probe High Speed AFM Probe

Blu-ray laser spot Blu-ray laser spot

Cantilever width x length: Cantilever width x length:

30 mm x 125 mm 2 mm x 5 mm
Resonance frequency: ~320 kHz Resonance frequency: 3 MHz
 Blu-ray OPU based high-speed AFM: Cooperation with Kanazawa
University

High speed scanner Sample stage

Blu-ray OPU based AFM head

Optical microscope
“High-speed atomic force AFM probe
microscope based on an
astigmatic detection system”
Review of Scientific
Instruments
Blu-ray laser spot
“High-Speed and Large-Range Scanner Integrated with Astigmatic Detection
System for Atomic Force Microscope” The 17th International Conference on non-
contact Atomic Force Microscopy

“Astigmatic High Speed AFM Tip Engagement based on Phase Estimation” 4th High speed AFM probe:
Kanazawa Bio-AFM Workshop (Kanazawa, Japan: Kanazawa University) USC F2-K3
 OPU AFM with low-voltage piezo buzzer based scanner

Atomic layers on HOPG

Optical imaging of
probe and sample

“Low-voltage and high-performance buzzer-scanner

based streamlined atomic force microscope system”
Nanotechnology Nano tubes on HOPG

“System atomic force microscopy based on a

digital optical reading unit and a scanner-buzzer”
REVISTA MEXICANA DE FISICA AAO sample surface 30nm calibration sample
OPU AFM head with XYZ positioning/scanning piezoelectric actuator
Y axis coarse positioning
high-resolution scanner
X axis coarse positioning
high-resolution scanner

Z axis coarse
positioning
high-resolution
scanner

Sample OPU and AFM

probe holder
Espresso size cup

Piezoelectric rotational
actuator

DVD OPU
XYZ axes coarse positioning
& high-resolution scanner

3 AFM probes holder

OPU AFM with automation probe alignment/switching mecuahism

VCM X
VCM Z Piezo motor driven
rotational Y

Auto alignment mechanism 3 Probes revolver holder

A Raman probe measures SERS through a Blu-ray OPU
OPU AFM combines Raman measurements

Raman probe

NA 0.2 objective lens

AFM topography image 25x25 mm

OPU based AFM head
SERS sample

AFM scanner

Raman mapping shift at 898 nm

 “DIY ATOMIC
FORCE
MICROSCOPE
“ Instructable
LEGO2NANO: Designing interactive science for “A Crowdsourcing-based Air Pollution
children 13th International conference on Measurement System Using DIY Atomic Force
Interaction Design & Children Microscopes” Human Computation
1 hour
 Thank you !!

Edwin En-Te Hwu

Anja Boisen
Acknowledgments

C.-H. Cheng C. Werner W.-M. Wang H.-S. Liao T. Uchihashi I.-S. Hwang H. Danzebrink