P1.

36 An axial load P is applied to the

rectangular bar shown in Figure P1.36. The
cross-sectional area of the bar is 400 mm2.
Determine the normal stress perpendicular to
plane AB and the shear stress parallel to
plane AB if the bar is subjected to an axial
load of P = 70 kN.
FIGURE P1.36

Solution
The angle  for the inclined plane is 35°. The
normal force N perpendicular to plane AB is
found from
N  P cos  (40 kN)cos35  57.3406 kN

and the shear force V parallel to plane AB is

V  P sin   (70 kN)sin35  40.1504 kN

The cross-sectional area of the bar is 400 mm2, but the area along inclined plane AB is
A 400 mm 2
An    488.3098 mm 2
cos  cos35

The normal stress n perpendicular to plane AB is

N (57.3406 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
n    117.4268 MPa  117.4 MPa Ans.
An 488.3098 mm 2

The shear stress nt parallel to plane AB is

V (40.1504 kN)(1,000 N/kN)
 nt    82.2231 MPa  82.2 MPa Ans.
An 488.3098 mm 2


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P5.4 A rectangular bar of length L has a slot in the
central half of its length, as shown in Figure P5.4.
The bar has width b, thickness t, and elastic modulus
E. The slot has width b/3. If L = 400 mm, b = 45
mm, t = 8 mm, and E = 72 GPa, determine the overall
elongation of the bar for an axial force of P = 18 kN.
FIGURE P5.4

Solution
The internal force in the bar is equal to the external load P. The unslotted portions of the bar have an
area of
Aunslotted  (45 mm)(8 mm)  360 mm 2
The slotted portion of the bar has an area of
 45 mm 
Aslotted   45 mm   (8 mm)  240 mm 2
 3 
The overall elongation of the bar is thus
P L L  18,000 N  200 mm 200 mm 
   unslotted  slotted   2 
  0.347 mm Ans.
E  Aunslotted Aslotted  72,000 N/mm  360 mm 2
240 mm2 

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Sec_2.2.qxd 9/25/08 11:35 AM Page 101

SECTION 2.2 Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members 101

Problem 2.2-12 The horizontal rigid beam ABCD is supported

by vertical bars BE and CF and is loaded by vertical forces
P1 ⫽ 400 kN and P2 ⫽ 360 kN acting at points A and D,
respectively (see figure). Bars BE and CF are made of steel
(E ⫽ 200 GPa) and have cross-sectional areas ABE ⫽ 11,100 mm2
and ACF ⫽ 9,280 mm2. The distances between various points on
the bars are shown in the figure.
Determine the vertical displacements ␦A and ␦D of points A
and D, respectively.

Solution 2.2-12 Rigid beam supported by vertical bars

⌺MB ⫽ 0 哵哴
(400 kN)(1.5 m) ⫹ FCF(1.5 m) ⫺ (360 kN)(3.6 m) ⫽ 0
ABE ⫽ 11,100 mm2
FCF ⫽ 464 kN
ACF ⫽ 9,280 mm2
⌺MC ⫽ 0 12
E ⫽ 200 GPa
(400 kN)(3.0 m) ⫺ FBE(1.5 m) ⫺ (360 kN)(2.1 m) ⫽ 0
LBE ⫽ 3.0 m
FBE ⫽ 296 kN
LCF ⫽ 2.4 m
SHORTENING OF BAR BE
P1 ⫽ 400 kN; P2 ⫽ 360 kN
FBELBE (296 kN)(3.0 m)
dBE ⫽ ⫽
EABE (200 GPa)(11,100 mm2)
⫽ 0.400 mm
Sec_2.2.qxd 9/25/08 11:35 AM Page 102

102 CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members

SHORTENING OF BAR CF ␦BE ⫺ ␦A ⫽ ␦CF ⫺ ␦BE or ␦A ⫽ 2␦BE ⫺ ␦CF

FCFLCF (464 kN)(2.4 m)
dCF ⫽ ⫽ ␦A ⫽ 2(0.400 mm) ⫺ 0.600 m
EACF (200 GPa)(9,280 mm2)
⫽ 0.200 mm ;
⫽ 0.600 mm
(Downward)
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
2.1
dD ⫺ dCF ⫽ (d ⫺ dBE)
1.5 CF
12 7
or d D ⫽ dCF ⫺ dBE
5 5
12 7
⫽ (0.600 mm) ⫺ (0.400 mm)
5 5
⫽ 0.880 mm ;
(Downward)

Problem 2.2-13 A framework ABC consists of two rigid
bars AB and BC, each having length b (see the first part of
the figure). The bars have pin connections at A, B, and C
and are joined by a spring of stiffness k. The spring is
attached at the midpoints of the bars. The framework has a
pin support at A and a roller support at C, and the bars are
at an angle ␣ to the hoizontal.
When a vertical load P is applied at joint B (see the
second part of the figure) the roller support C moves to the
right, the spring is stretched, and the angle of the bars
decreases from ␣ to the angle ␪.
Determine the angle ␪ and the increase ␦ in the distance
between points A and C. (Use the following data; b ⫽ 8.0
in., k ⫽ 16 lb/in., ␣ ⫽ 45°, and P ⫽ 10 lb.)

B P
b
b —
— 2 B
2

b b
— —
2 2
k
a a u u
A C A C
Sec_2.4.qxd 9/25/08 11:38 AM Page 125

SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures 125

Problem 2.4-2 A cylindrical assembly consisting of a brass core and

an aluminum collar is compressed by a load P (see figure). The length
of the aluminum collar and brass core is 350 mm, the diameter of the
core is 25 mm, and the outside diameter of the collar is 40 mm. Also, the
moduli of elasticity of the aluminum and brass are 72 GPa and 100 GPa,
respectively.
(a) If the length of the assembly decreases by 0.1% when the load
P is applied, what is the magnitude of the load?
(b) What is the maximum permissible load Pmax if the allowable
stresses in the aluminum and brass are 80 MPa and 120 MPa,
respectively? (Suggestion: Use the equations derived in
Example 2-5.)

Solution 2.4-2 Cylindrical assembly in compression

PL
d or
Ea Aa + Eb Ab

P  (Ea Aa + Eb Ab)a b
d
L
Substitute numerical values:
Ea Aa + Eb Ab  (72 GPa)(765.8 mm2)

(100 GPa)(490.9 mm2)

 55.135 MN + 49.090 MN
 104.23 MN

b
0.350 mm
P  (104.23 MN)a
350 mm
A  aluminum  104.2 kN ;
B  brass (b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
L  350 mm a  80 MPa b  120 MPa
da  40 mm Use Eqs. (2-12a and b) of Example 2-5.
db  25 mm For aluminum:
p
Pa  (Ea Aa + Eb Ab) a b
Aa  (d2a  d2b) PEa sa
4 sa 
Ea Aa + Eb Ab Ea
 765.8 mm2
b  115.8 kN
80 MPa
p Pa  (104.23 MN)a
Ea  72 GPa Eb  100 GPa Ab  d2b 72 GPa
4
 490.9 mm2 For brass:

Pb  (Ea Aa + Eb Ab) a b
(a) DECREASE IN LENGTH PEb sb
sb 
Ea Aa + Eb Ab Eb
(  0.1% of L  0.350 mm)
b  125.1 kN
120 MPa
Use Eq. (2-13) of Example 2-5. Pb  (104.23 MN)a
100 GPa
Aluminum governs. Pmax  116 kN ;
P2.12 A thin square plate is uniformly deformed as
shown in Figure P2.12. For the deformed plate,
determine the shear strain xy
(a) at corner P, and
(b) at corner Q.

FIGURE P2.12

Solution
(a) Shear strain at corner P. After deformation, the angle that side PR makes with the vertical axis can
be found from
25 mm
sin 0.227273
110 mm
0.229276 rad
Before deformation, the interior angle at P was /2 radians. After deformation, the interior angle at P is
/2 + 0.229276 radians. Refer to Figure 2.5a and 2.5b in the text. If we denote the interior angle at P
after deformation as

P
2
then the shear strain at corner P is:

P 0.229276 rad
2 2
P 0.229276 rad 0.229 rad Ans.

(b) Shear strain at corner Q. The change of angle at Q is the same magnitude as the angle change at P.
After deformation, the interior angle at Q is therefore /2 – 0.229276 radians. If we denote the interior
angle at Q after deformation as

Q
2
then the shear strain at corner Q is:

Q 0.229276 rad
2 2
Q 0.229276 rad 0.229 rad Ans.

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Sec_2.5.qxd 9/25/08 3:00 PM Page 161

SECTION 2.5 Thermal Effects 161

Misfits and Prestrains

Problem 2.5-12 A steel wire AB is stretched between rigid supports (see
figure). The initial prestress in the wire is 42 MPa when the temperature is 20°C.
(a) What is the stress  in the wire when the temperature drops to 0°C?
(b) At what temperature T will the stress in the wire become zero?
(Assume   14  106/°C and E  200 GPa.)

Solution 2.5-12 Steel wire with initial prestress

From Eq. (2-18): 2  E(T)
  1 2  1 E(T)
Initial prestress: 1  42 MPa  42 MPa (200 GPa)(14  106/°C)(20°C)
Initial temperature: T1  20°C  42 MPa 56 MPa  98 MPa ;
E  200 GPa (b) TEMPERATURE WHEN STRESS EQUALS ZERO
  14  106/°C
  1 2  0 1 E(T)  0
(a) STRESS  WHEN TEMPERATURE DROPS TO 0°C s1
¢T  
T2  0°C T  20°C Ea
NOTE: Positive T means a decrease in temperature (Negative means increase in temp.)
and an increase in the stress in the wire.
42 MPa
Negative T means an increase in temperature and a ¢T     15°C
(200 GPa)(14 * 106/°C
decrease in the stress.
T  20°C 15°C  35°C ;
Stress  equals the initial stress 1 plus the additional
stress 2 due to the temperature drop.

0.008 in.
Problem 2.5-13 A copper bar AB of length 25 in. and diameter 2 in. is placed in position at
A
room temperature with a gap of 0.008 in. between end A and a rigid restraint (see figure). The
bar is supported at end B by an elastic spring with spring constant k  1.2  106 lb/in.
(a) Calculate the axial compressive stress c in the bar if the temperature 25 in. d = 2 in.
rises 50°F. (For copper, use   9.6  106/°F and E  16  106 psi.)
(b) What is the force in the spring? (Neglect gravity effects.)
B
(C) Repeat (a) if k : 
k

C
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*4–60. The assembly consists of two posts AD and CF 400 kN

made of A-36 steel and having a cross-sectional area of
1000 mm2, and a 2014-T6 aluminum post BE having a cross- 0.5 m 0.5 m
sectional area of 1500 mm2. If a central load of 400 kN is
applied to the rigid cap, determine the normal stress in each
post. There is a small gap of 0.1 mm between the post BE A B C
and the rigid member ABC.
0.4 m

D E F

Equation of Equilibrium. Due to symmetry, FAD = FCF = F. Referring to the FBD

of the rigid cap, Fig. a,

+ c ©Fy = 0; FBE + 2F - 400(103) = 0 (1)

Compatibility Equation. Referring to the initial and final positions of rods AD (CF)
and BE, Fig. b,

d = 0.1 + dBE

F(400) FBE (399.9)

1(10 ) C 200(10 ) D 1.5(10 - 3) C 73.1(109) D
= 0.1 +
-3 9

F = 1.8235 FBE + 50(103) (2)

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) yields

FBE = 64.56(103) N F = 167.72(103) N

Normal Stress.

F 167.72(103)
sAD = sCF = = = 168 MPa Ans.
Ast 1(10 - 3)

FBE 64.56(103)
sBE = = = 43.0 MPa Ans.
Aal 1.5(10 - 3)

243