1)What is logical unit?

A logical unit is a device or application program by which an end user (an application
program, a terminal user, or an input/output mechanism) gains access to a SNA
network. ... To the network, a logical unit is the source of a request coming into the
network, although the logical unit might not be the original source.

2) What is consistent state?

Data is in a consistent state when a transaction starts and when it ends. For example,
in an application that transfers funds from one account to another, the consistency
property ensures that the total value of funds in both the accounts is the same at the start
and end of each transaction.

3) What is the meaning of a consistent state of a database?

Consistency (or Correctness) in database systems refers to the requirement that any
given database transaction must change affected data only in allowed ways. Any data
written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints,
cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof.

4) what is relational schema?

A relational schema is a blueprint used in database design to represent the data to be
entered into the database and describe how that data is structured in tables (called
relations in relational schemas). The schema describes how those tables relate to each
other.
5) what is data integrity?

Data integrity refers to the overall accuracy, completeness, and reliability of data. It
can be specified by the lack of variation between two instances or consecutive updates of
a record, indicating that your information is error-free
6) What is database integrity with example?

Entity Integrity: In a database, there are columns, rows, and tables. ... For example, a
database of employees should have primary key data of their name and a specific
“employee number.” Referential Integrity: Foreign keys in a database is a second table
that can refer to a primary key table within the database

7)what you mean by enforceable in database ?

compulsory to accept the guidelines.

8)what is atomicity in DBMS?

Atomicity: The term atomicity defines that the data remains atomic. It means if any
operation is performed on the data, either it should be performed or executed completely
or should not be executed at all. It further means that the operation should not break in
between or execute partially.

9) What does durability mean in database?

Durability ensures that changes made to the database (transactions) that are

successfully committed will survive permanently, even in the case of system failures.
This ensures that the data within the database will not be corrupted

10)what is serializability in database ?

It refers to the sequence of actions such as read, write, abort, commit are performed in a
serial manner.
11) What is isolation in database with example?

Isolation is the database-level property that controls how and when changes are
made, and if they become visible to each other, users, and systems. One of the goals of
isolation is to allow multiple transactions to occur at the same time without adversely
affecting the execution of each.

12) What is transaction management in SQL?

It is a set of work (T-SQL statements) that are executed together such as a single unit in
a specific logical order as a single unit. If statements are executed successfully then the
transaction is complete and then it is committed that saves the data in the database
permanently.

13) What is difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?

A COMMIT statement is used to save the changes on the current transaction is

permanent. A Rollback statement is used to undo all the changes made on the current
transaction. ... If all the statements are executed successfully without any error, the
COMMIT statement will permanently save the state.
14 )What is transaction log?

A transaction log is used to record the fact that a transaction is set to occur as well as
the information needed by the database server to recover the data back to a
consistent state in event of a sever failure while it is writing information to disk.

15) What do you mean by concurrency control explain?

In a database management system (DBMS), concurrency control manages simultaneous

access to a database. It prevents two users from editing the same record at the same time
and also serializes transactions for backup and recovery.

16) What is Uncommitted Data?

This problem occurs when one transaction updates a data item, but has not yet
committed the data permanently to the database. Because of failure, the transaction is
rolled back and the data item is returned to its previous value.

17) What is inconsistent retrieval in DBMS?

Inconsistent Retrievals:

Inconsistent retrievals occur when a transaction accesses data before and after

another transaction(s) finish working with such data. ... The problem is that the
transaction might read some data before they are changed and other data after they are
changed, thereby yielding inconsistent results.

18) What is data retrieval process?

In databases, data retrieval is the process of identifying and extracting data from a

database, based on a query provided by the user or application. It enables the fetching of
data from a database in order to display it on a monitor and/or use within an application.

19)what is Inconsistent retrievals?

Inconsistent retrievals occur when a transaction accesses data before and after

another transaction(s) finish working with such data. ... The problem is that the
transaction might read some data before they are changed and other data after they are
changed, thereby yielding inconsistent results.
20) what is lock granularity in dbms?

The granularity of locks in a database refers to how much of the data is locked at one
time. In theory, a database server can lock as much as the entire database or as little as
one column of data.

21) what is scheduler in dbms?

A series of operation from one transaction to another transaction is known as

schedule. It is used to preserve the order of the operation in each of the individual
transaction.

22) What is a scheduler in database?

The Scheduler enables database administrators and application developers to control

when and where various tasks take place in the database environment. These tasks
can be time consuming and complicated, so using the Scheduler can help you to improve
the management and planning of these tasks.
23) what is Concurrency Control with Locking Methods?

A lock is a variable associated with a data item that describes the status of the item with
respect to possible operations that can be applied to it. It prevents access to a database
record by a second transaction until the first transaction has completed all of its actions.

24) What is concurrency control locking?

Shared locks can be shared between multiple transactions as there is no data being
altered. ... Exclusive locks are used when write operation is performed. Only the
transaction holding the exclusive lock is allowed to make changes to the data value.

25) What are the locking techniques for concurrency control?

These are briefly explained below.
 Two-Phase Locking Protocol: Locking is an operation which secures: permission
to read, OR permission to write a data item.
 Time Stamp Ordering Protocol
 Multiversion Concurrency Control
 Validation Concurrency Control