Chapter 1

Digital image Analysis

All acknowledgments about this material geos to

R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

Introduction

1. What is digital image Analysis

2. The origins of digital image Analysis
3. Examples of fields that use DIP
4. Fundamental Steps in DIP
5. Components of an image processing
system

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.1 What is digital image Analysis?

 Image
 A 2D function, f(x, y)
 x and y are spatial coordinates
 Amplitude of f is called the intensity or gray level

f(x0 , y0 )

f(x1 , y1 )

y0
y
1

x0 x1
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.1 What is digital image Analysis?

 Digital image
 x, y, f(x, y) are all finite and discrete
 is composed of a finite number of elements
 These elements are referred to as
 picture elements
 image elements
 pels
 pixels - most widely used

pixel

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.1 What is digital image Analysis?

 Digital image Analysis

 Analysing of digital images on a
digital computer
 Not just limited to the visual band
of the electromagnetic(EM)
spectrum
 Entire EM spectrum
 Ultrasound
 Electron microscopy
 Computer generated images
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed. www.imageprocessingbook.com

1.1 What is digital image Analysis?

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.1 What is digital image Analysis?

 Image analysing to computer vision

High-level processing
• Object recognition Attribute making sense
• AI
Middle-level processing
• Segmentation
Image Attribute
• Classification
Low-level processing
• Noise reduction Image Image
• Contrast enhancement
• Image sharpening
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image processing

 Newspaper industry
 Pictures were sent by submarine cable between
London and New York
 Bartlane cable picture transmission system
(1920s)
 Transport a picture : a week  < 3 hours

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Reproduced by a telegraph printer with a special typeface

 This printing method was abandoned toward the end of
1921

Digital image produced in 1921

from a coded tape by telegraph
printer with special type faces.
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 based on photographic reproduction - 1922

5 levels of gray
 with better tonal quality and resolution than
previous Figure

A digital picture made in 1922 from tape

punched after a signals had crossed the
Atlantic twice

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 1929
 Reproduced with 15 levels of gray

No image processing introduced

 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Computer Advances
 the invention of the transistor by Bell Labs. in 1948
 the development of the high-level programming languages
 the invention of the IC at Texas Instruments in 1958
 the development of operation systems in the early 1960s
 the development of microprocessor by Intel in the early
1970s
 introduction by IBM of the personal computer in 1981
 Large Scale IC in the late 1970s
 IC Technology, Mass storage and display systems
 Computers have powerful processing capability
to process images

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Image processing applications

 The first computers powerful enough to
carry out meaningful image processing
tasks appeared in the early 1960s --

The first picture of moon by a U.S. spacecraft

Image enhancement and Image restoration

 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Image processing applications

 the late 1960s and early 1970
 medical imaging
 remote Earth resources observations
 Aastronomy

Source:http://www.barco.com North Pole, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov Solar System,

http://en.wikipedia.org

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Image processing applications

 Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.2 The origins of digital image Analysis

 Image processing applications
 From 1960s to present
 image processing are used in a broad range of applications
 Contract enhancement or code the intensity into color
 X-RAY, Industrial, Medicine, Biological sciences
 to study pollution patterns from aerial and satellite
imagery
 Image enhancement and restoration
 used to process degraded images of
unrecoverable objects or experimental results
too expensive to duplicate
 Archeology - image restoration
 Physics - electron microscopy
 Astronomy, biology, nuclear medicine, law
enforcement, defense, industrial
applications

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

 Principal energy source for images

 Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Acoustic
 Ultrasonic
 Electronic

The electromagnetic spectrum arranged according to energy per phone

 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3 Examples of fields that use DIP

1. Gamma-Ray Imaging
2. X-Ray Imaging
3. Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
4. Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
5. Imaging in the Microwave Band
6. Imaging in the Radio Band
7. Examples in which other imaging
modalities are used
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging

Applications
 Nuclear Medicine
Positron Emission
Astronomical
Tomography

Cygnus Nuclear reactor

steam valve
Gamma radiation

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.2 X-Ray Imaging

Applications
 Medicine Circuit board
 Industry
Angiography
contract-enhancement
radiography(X)Illumination

Chateter

Computer tomography

Cygnus
Example of x ray imaging, (a) Chest X-ray. (b) Aortic angiogram.
(c) Head CT. (d) Circuit board (e) Cygnus loop
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

 Applications
 lithography- Plane printing
 industrial inspection
 Fluorescence microscopy
 lasers
 biological imaging
 astronomical observations

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band

Diseased corn
Fluorescence
microscopy

Normal corn
Fluorescence microscopy
Example of
ultraviolet imaging
(a) Normal corn
Cygnus (b) Small corn
(c) Cygnus loop
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

 Applications
 Light microscopy
 Astronomy
 Remote sensing
 Industry
 Law enforcement

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

Light microscopy
Example of Microscopy imaging
(a) Anti-cancer drugs, magnified
250xs,
(b) Cholestrol-40x
(c) Microprocessor -60x,
(d) Nickel oxide thin film -600x,
(e) Surface of audio CD -1750x,
(f) Organic superconductor-
450x
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

Thematic bands in Landsat satellite

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

Landsat satellite images of the Washington DC area

LANDSAT satellite image of the Washington DC area, the numbers

refer to the thematic band in the above table
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

Infrared satellite images of

the remaining populated
part of the world.
The small gray map is
provided for reference

E. Woods

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

 Visual Spectrum
Automatic visual inspection
 Packaged pills
 Bottles
 Bubbles in plastic products
 Cereal
 Artificial eye crystal
structed light

deformations
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands

 Visual Spectrum
 Thumb print
 Paper currency
 Traffic monitoring

Some example of imaging in the visual spectrum.

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band

 Applications
radar image
 Southeast of
Tibet
 5800m above
sea level
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

 Applications
 Medicine
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -

Knee spine

MRI Images of human (a) Knee. and (b) spine

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band

 Applications
 Astronomy
 Crab
Pulsar
 Crab
Pulsar
 High-
speed
rotating
neutron
star
 Can
rotate 30
times
per
second
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

 Acoustic imaging
 Hundreds of Hertz
 Geological
exploration
 Millions of Hertz -
ultrasound
 Industry
 Medicine
 Electron
microscopy
 Synthetic
(computer
generated)
imaging

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

 Ultrasound
 Mineral or Oil exploration

Cross Sectional Image of a Seismic Model, The Arrow Points to a

Hydro-carbonate (Oil and/or Gas) Trap
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used
 Ultrasound
 Medicine

Example of ultrasound
imaging
(a) Baby
(b) (b) another view of baby
thyroid (c) thyroid
(d) muscle layers

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

 Electron Microscopy (EM)

 TEM - Transmission EM
 SEM - Scanning EM

Tungsten Damaged IC

(a)250x SEM image of a tungsten filament following thermal failure

(b)2500 x SEM image damaged integrated circuit. The white fibres

are oxides
(c)resulting from thermal destruction.
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.3.7 Examples in which other imaging

modalities are used

 Synthetic imaging

(a) and (b) fractal

Fractals images (c) and (d)
image generated
from 3-D computer
models of the
object shown

3D objects

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.4 Fundamental Steps in DIP

Wavelet and multi

Colour image resolution Compression
Morphological
processing processing processing

Image Segmentation
Restoration

Representatio
Image n&
Enhancement description

Image Object
Acquisition recognition

Image Display
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

1.5 Components of an image processing system

Moniter
LCD Short-Term-Memory
Display Card On-Line-HD, CD-ROMs
Archival-Tapes, CD-
ROMs

Printers
Film cameras
Digital Units
 Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

Example for an image processing system

 
 input device
Member
parameter
 Database
generation
CCD
Image
image input device background
Save acquisition correction processing
Processing
Image
and Editing
Scanner

  
.Image Acquisition
.Input Device Calibration Printing
printer
Card Image
.Image Processing and Editing correction
Generation
.Employee/Client Database
.ID Card Designer & Generator printer

ID Card
.Printer Calibration parameter

Editing
generation
.Printer Controller

Digital Image Processing, 2nd ed.

Example for an image processing system

• Image Acquisition
– Scanner
• Scanner control interface CCD
–CCD image
acquisition
bitmap file
• CCD & Image capture card Scanner
Fixed Size
• CCD Control Interface
 Image Processing  Image Analysis

Image acquisition
Low level Image enhancement
Image compression
Mid level
Image segmentation
Image analysis
Object recognition (Computer vision,
High level Pattern recognition,
Scene understanding
etc.)
Semantics
Image Acquisition and Representation

An example of digital image acquisition process

(a) Energy (“illumination”)
(b) An element of scene.
(c) Imaging system.
(d) Projection of the scene onto the image plane
(d) Digitized Image
 Examples

1. Brain MRI 2. Cardiac CT 3. Fetus Ultrasound

4. Satellite image 5. IR image

 Image Acquisition

Camera + Scanner  Digital Camera: Get images into computer

lens aperture shutter fil

m
 Image Representation
Discrete representation of images
• we’ll carve up image into a rectangular grid of pixels P[x,y]
• each pixel p will store an intensity value in [0 1]
• 0  black; 1  white; in-between  gray
• Image size mxn  (mn) pixels
 Color Image

Red Green Blue

(1,0,0) (0,1,0) (0,0,1)
0.6
0.0
+
0.8

0 Colors along Red axis 1

RGB
channels
Image Compression
 Video: Frame by Frame

30 frames/second
Image Enhancement
Image Restoration
Image Segmentation

Microsoft multiclass segmentation data set

 Image Completion
Interactively select objects. Remove them and
automatically fill with similar background
(from the same image)
More Examples
Morphological Image Processing
Object Detection / Recognition
Content-Based Image Retrieval
Biometrics
Applications of Digital Image Processing
Digital camera
Photoshop
Human computer interaction
Medical imaging for diagnosis and
treatment Surveillance
Automatic driving
…
Fast-growing market!