A star is a luminous sphere of plasma held together by its own gravity.

The nearest star to

Earth is the Sun. Other stars are visible from Earth during the night, appearing as a multitude of
fixed luminous points in the sky due to their immense distance from Earth. Historically, the most
prominent stars were grouped into constellations and asterisms, and the brightest stars gained
proper names. Extensive catalogues of stars have been assembled by astronomers, which provide
standardized star designations.

For at least a portion of its life, a star shines due to thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
in its core, releasing energy that traverses the star's interior and then radiates into outer space.
Once the hydrogen in the core of a star is nearly exhausted, almost all naturally occurring
elements heavier than helium are created by stellar nucleosynthesis during the star's lifetime and,
for some stars, by supernova nucleosynthesis when it explodes. Near the end of its life, a star can
also contain degenerate matter. Astronomers can determine the mass, age, metallicity (chemical
composition), and many other properties of a star by observing its motion through space,
luminosity, and spectrum respectively. The total mass of a star is the principal determinant of its
evolution and eventual fate. Other characteristics of a star, including diameter and temperature,
change over its life, while the star's environment affects its rotation and movement. A plot of the
temperature of many stars against their luminosities, known as a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
(H–R diagram), allows the age and evolutionary state of a star to be determined.

A star's life begins with the gravitational collapse of a gaseous nebula of material composed
primarily of hydrogen, along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements. Once the stellar
core is sufficiently dense, hydrogen becomes steadily converted into helium through nuclear
fusion, releasing energy in the process.[1] The remainder of the star's interior carries energy away
from the core through a combination of radiative and convective processes. The star's internal
pressure prevents it from collapsing further under its own gravity. Once the hydrogen fuel at the
core is exhausted, a star with at least 0.4 times the mass of the Sun[2] expands to become a red
giant, in some cases fusing heavier elements at the core or in shells around the core. The star then
evolves into a degenerate form, recycling a portion of its matter into the interstellar environment,
where it will contribute to the formation of a new generation of stars with a higher proportion of
heavy elements.[3] Meanwhile, the core becomes a stellar remnant: a white dwarf, a neutron star,
or (if it is sufficiently massive) a black hole.

Binary and multi-star systems consist of two or more stars that are gravitationally bound, and
generally move around each other in stable orbits. When two such stars have a relatively close
orbit, their gravitational interaction can have a significant impact on their evolution.[4] Stars can
form part of a much larger gravitationally bound structure, such as a star cluster or a galaxy.
Constellation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the star grouping. For other uses,
  Top: Baroque drawing of the
constellation Orion from Johannes
Hevelius‍ ' celestial catalogue
 Bottom: Contemporary map of Orion
from the IAU and photography of the
night sky

In modern astronomy, a constellation is a specific area of the celestial sphere as defined by the
International Astronomical Union (IAU). These areas had their origins in Western-traditional
asterisms from which the constellations take their names. There are 88 officially recognized
constellations, covering the entire sky.[1]

Thus, any given point in a celestial coordinate system can unambiguously be assigned to a
constellation. It is usual in astronomy to give the constellation in which a given object is found
along with its coordinates in order to convey a rough idea in which part of the sky it is located.

STAR TYPES

Star Classification
Stars are classified by their spectra (the elements that they absorb) and their
temperature. There are seven main types of stars. In order of decreasing temperature,
O, B, A, F, G, K, and M.

O and B stars are uncommon but very bright; M stars are common but
dim..
The Sun is a as
An easy mnemonic for a G2V type remembering these is: "Oh be a fine
guy/girl, kiss me." star, a yellow
dwarf and a
main sequence
Hertzsprung - Russell star.
Diagram
The Hertzsprung -Russell (H-R) Diagram is a
graph that plots stars color (spectral type or
surface temperature) vs. its luminosity
(intrinsic brightness or absolute magnitude).
On it, astronomers plot stars' color,
temperature, luminosity, spectral type, and
evolutionary stage. This diagram shows that
there are 3 very different types of stars:

 Most stars, including the sun, are "main sequence stars," fueled by nuclear
fusion converting hydrogen into helium. For these stars, the hotter they are, the
brighter. These stars are in the most stable part of their existence; this stage
generally lasts for about 5 billion years.
 As stars begin to die, they become giants and supergiants (above the main
sequence). These stars have depleted their hydrogen supply and are very old.
The core contracts as the outer layers expand. These stars will eventually
explode (becoming a planetary nebula or supernova, depending on their mass)
and then become white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes (again depending
on their mass).
 Smaller stars (like our Sun) eventually become faint white dwarfs (hot, white,
dim stars) that are below the main sequence. These hot, shrinking stars have
depleted their nuclear fuels and will eventually become cold, dark, black
dwarfs.

Types of Constellations
Circumpolar constellations
Are those that form constellations of the northern hemisphere, visible throughout the year, and
never hide or put. Circumpolar constellations are the ones located between the 40º and 50º of
latittude from the observation place. Circumpolar constellations are:

- Ursa Major

- Ursa Minor

- Dragon

- Cefeo

- Cassiopeia

- Jiraffe

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Spring Constellations
Aa in Autumn, the night sky gets altered. In spring the firmament is characterized for having a
large expanse of sky free of stars that astronomers call the kingdom of galaxies. This is because
hundreds of stars can be seen in this season as the Swirl Galaxy. Some of the constellations of
this time of the year are:

- Boyero

- Coma Berenices
 - Corona Boreal

- Corvus

- Crater

- Hydra

- Leo

- Virgo

Spring irmament

Summer Constellations
In contrast to the sky of the spring term, in summer, the earth is looking into the dense plane
ofour galaxy, towards the galactic centre, the star clouds of Sagittarius. Some of the galaxies of
the summer season are:

- Aquila

- Capricornus

- Scutum

- Hercules

- Lira

- Ofiuco

- Sagittarius
 Summer firmament

Autumn Constellations
In the autumn sky there is a change, instead of the abundance of nebulae and
clusters of summer sky now offers numerous galaxies located far away from ours. Some of the
constellations of this season are:

- Andromeda

- Aquarius

- Aries

- Cetus

- Pegasus

- Perseus
 - Triangulum

Autumn
firmament

Winter Constellations
In the winter sky stands above all the constellation of Orion. Some others are:

- Canis Maior

- Canis Minor

- Auriga

- Gemini

- Lepus
 - Taurus

- Manoceros

Winter firmament