TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA V KOŠICIACH

FAKULTA VÝROBNÝCH TECHNOLÓGIÍ SO SÍDLOM

V PREŠOVE

PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE I, II

Prešov 2017
© PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.
Recenzent: MSc. Eleanor Curtain

ISBN 978-80-553-3182-9
ISBN 978-80-553-3182-9
Autor: PhDr. Marta Gluchmanová, PhD.
Názov: English language I, II
Vydanie: prvé
Počet strán: 104
Náklad: 5 CD-ROM
Vydavateľ: FVT TU v Košiciach so sídlom v Prešove

ISBN 978-80-553-3182-9
OBSAH

OBSAH .................................................................................................................................... 5

ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................................... 6

UNIT 1 PRESENTATIONS …………………………………………………………………. 7

UNIT 2 STUDYING TECHNOLOGY …………………………………………………….. 21

UNIT 3 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES………………………………………….. 31

UNIT 4 THE WORLD WIDE WEB ………………………………………………………. 41

UNIT 5 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES ……………………… 54

UNIT 6 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESSES.…65

UNIT 7 ENGINEERING MATERIALS …………………………………………………… 71

UNIT 8 CAD, CAM, CNC .............................................................................................. 84

UNIT 9 SAFETY AT WORK ........................................................................................ 90

R EFER ENC ES ............................................................................................................103

5
 ÚVOD

Skriptá English Language I, II obsahujú kurz technickej angličtiny pre študentov

bakalárskeho štúdia Fakulty výrobných technológií Technickej univerzity v Košiciach.
Skriptá sú zostavené tak, aby na základe funkčných štruktúr typických pre technickú
angličtinu umožňovali rozvíjať základné komunikatívne zručnosti (počúvanie, čítanie,
písanie, ústny prejav) potrebné pre prax a podnikateľské aktivity.
Jednotlivé lekcie majú spravidla nasledujúcu štruktúru:

 Úvodné cvičenie k téme danej lekcie (Switch On), ktoré má charakter lexikálny, lexikálno-
gramatický, alebo komunikatívny.
 Úvodný text určený na rozvíjanie receptívnych zručností (Listening, Watching the video,
Reading: skimming alebo scanning).
 Cvičenia a aktivity určené na rozvíjanie produktívnych zručností (Speaking, Writing,
Problem Solving).
 Gramatické okienko (Grammar Focus)
 Terminológia k téme (Basic Vocabulary, Basic Terminology, Word Study, Extending
Vocabulary)

Všetky texty obsahujú multimediálne prvky (video, audio, obrázky) prepojené

hypertextovými odkazmi. MP3 a MP4 nahrávky sú aktívne v systéme Moodle:
https://moodle.tuke.sk/moodle202/course/view.php?id=279
Skriptá sú súčasťou online kurzu: http://web.tuke.sk/fvt-engeru/eng.html

Skriptá sú výsledkom riešenia projektu KEGA 051TUKE-4/2017 “Implementácia blended e-

learningu v procese výučby technického anglického jazyka pre novoakreditované študijné
programy na Fakulte výrobných technológií Technickej Univerzity v Košiciach.“

6
 PRESENTATIONS
Switch on

1. Match the expressions concerning presentations on the left and their explanations on
the right.

1. audience rapport a)large, flat, white surface or board on which to write

2. whiteboard b) small (usually 35mm) photographic transparency
3. body language c) device (rod or electric torch etc.) for indicating things on a map
4. Finally . . . d) Typical phrase used to signal an illustration of a particular point
5. handout e) things that one can look at in a presentation [films, charts etc.]
6. overhead projector f) non-verbal communication through facial expressions
7. To start with . . . g) Typical phrase used to signal the summing up of a presentation
8. marker h) relationship of presenter with audience, esp. when good
9. slide i) a pen with a broad, felt tip for writing onwhiteboards
10. For example . . . j) Typical word used to signal the last of several points or subjects
11. pointer k) anything (report, sample) handed to people at a presentation
12. Turning now to . . . l) Typical phrase used to signal the beginning of a particular subject
13. visual aids m) device that projects an o.h.t. onto a screen - O.H.P. abbr.
14. In conclusion . . . n) Typical phrase used to signal a change from one subject to another

7
 2. Read and study.

A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people that "presents" ideas or information in a
clear, structured way. People are sometimes afraid of speaking in public, but if you follow a
few simple rules, giving a presentation is actually very easy.

All presentations have a common objective. People give presentations because they want to
communicate in order to:
inform
train
persuade
sell
A successful presentation is one of the most effective ways of communicating your message.
And because English is so widely used in international business, a working knowledge of the
vocabulary and techniques used in an English language presentation is a valuable asset.

3. Put the sentences concerning a presentation in the correct order.

a) Then we will look at how to "deliver" a presentation. ___

b) After that, we will consider what equipment to use.___
c) We will start by exploring the importance of preparation. _1_
d) Afterwards, you will be invited to take a test and ask questions. ___
e) Finally, we will conclude with a review of what we have covered. ___
f) After delivery, we will examine the language of presentations, before moving on to the
presentation itself. ___

4. Choose the correct words to complete the text: confident, control, feel , message, you.

With good preparation and planning you will be totally _______________ 1 and less nervous.
2
And your audience will _______________ your confidence. Your audience, too, will be
3
confident. They will be confident in _______________ . And this will give you
4
_______________ . Control of your audience and of your presentation. With control, you
will be 'in charge' and your audience will listen positively to your _______________ 5.
8
 5. MP4. Listen to the short video of Bad and Good examples of Presentations.
Then try to write at least three good and three bad examples.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5c1susCPAE

Good examples.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Bad examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

9
6. Read and study the following useful information.

Notes
When you give your presentation, you should be - or appear to be - as spontaneous as
possible. You should not read your presentation! You should be so familiar with your subject
and with the information that you want to deliver that you do not need to read a text. Reading
a text is boring! Reading a text will make your audience go to sleep! So if you don't have a
text to read, how can you remember to say everything you need to say? With notes. You can
create your own system of notes. Some people make notes on small, A6 cards. Some people
write down just the title of each section of their talk. Some people write down keywords to
remind them. The notes will give you confidence, but because you will have prepared your
presentation fully, you may not even need them!

Rehearsal

Rehearsal is a vital part of preparation. You should leave time to practise your presentation
two or three times. This will have the following benefits:
- you will become more familiar with what you want to say
- you will identify weaknesses in your presentation
- you will be able to practise difficult pronunciations
- you will be able to check the time that your presentation takes and make any necessary
modifications
So prepare, prepare, prepare! Prepare everything: words, visual aids, timing, equipment.
Rehearse your presentation several times and time it. Is it the right length? Are you
completely familiar with all your illustrations? Are they in the right order? Do you know who
the audience is? How many people? How will you answer difficult questions? Do you know
the room? Are you confident about the equipment? When you have answered all these
questions, you will be a confident, enthusiastic presenter ready to communicate the subject of
your presentation to an eager audience.

10
 7. Look at the equipment we use when making a presentation and write the suitable
missing English words we use to talk about it.

A. Easily your most important piece of equipment is...Y _ _ 1! Make sure you're in
full working order, and check your personal presentation carefully - if you don't, your
audience will!
2
B. The n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ c_______ is used to display text and graphics during
presentations. Basically, it can display anything that you put on your computer screen,
including entire presentations generated by presentation software. An excellent tool if used in
moderation, but not as an alternative to you—the speaker. It is often used in conjunction with
an overhead projector or other projector, which projects the image from the computer screen
onto the wall screen.

C. The o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 (OHP) displays o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _4 (OHTs or OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector:
 it can be used in daylight
 the user can face the audience
 the user can write or draw directly on the transparency while in use

11
 5
D.The w _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (more rarely blackboardorgreenboard) is a useful device for
spontaneous writing - as in brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP might
be more suitable.

E. The d _ _ _ _ _ 6 is used for cleaning the whiteboard. It is essential that the duster be clean
to start with. You may consider carrying your own duster just in case.

F. M _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 are used for writing on the whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink) or
flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink). They are usually available in blue, red, black
and green. Again, it's a good idea to carry a spare set of markers in case you are given some
used ones which do not write well.

G. The f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _8 consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip' or turn over. Some
people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is limited to smaller presentations.

H. The s _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 - which must be used in a darkened room - adds a certain

drama. Slide projectors have mostly been overtaken by digital electronic media and are rare
today. Some slide projectors can be synchronised with audio for audio-visual (AV)

12
presentations. These projectors are typically used for larger presentations. The majority take
35mm slides or transparencies (as seen here), but projectors for 6x6cm slides are also
available.

I. Transparencies are projected by an overhead projector or a slide projector onto a s _ _ _ _ _

11
- in this case a folding screen which can be packed up and transported.

12
J. H _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are any documents or samples that you 'hand out' or distribute to your
audience. Note that it is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before your
presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to you.

Delivery is a vital aspect of all presentations. It is at least as important as content, especially

in a multi-cultural context.

8. Read paragraphs A-G which refer to the way in which you actually deliver, perform
or give your presentation. Choose from the box the correct words or expressions and
write them next to A-G.

13
 Audience Rapport, Audience Reaction, Body Language, Cultural Considerations, Nerves,
Visual aids, Voice quality

A: _______________________________________________________________________
Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation. So it is normal if you are
nervous. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First
impressions count. This is the time when you establish a rapport with your audience. During
this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. You should perhaps learn your introduction by
heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.

B: _________________________________________________________________________
You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is
contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to
establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you
are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn - in
as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of
boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as
appropriate.

C: ________________________________________________________________________
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to
your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your
haircut, your expression - it is from these that your audience forms its first impression as you
enter the room. Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when making a
presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that
the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the
whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism
within the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can stroll from side to side.
What effect do you think these two different approaches would have on an audience?

D: ________________________________________________________________________
Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members
of your audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an
Anglo-Saxon culture. Even within the Anglo-Saxon world, there are many differences in
culture. If we hypothetically imagine a German working for an Israeli company making a
presentation in English to a Japanese audience in Korea, we can see that there are even more
possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. You should try to learn about any particular
cultural matters that may affect your audience. This is one reason why preparation for your
presentation is so important. Cultural differences can also be seen in body language, which we
have just discussed. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands
and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same
presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.

E: _________________________________________________________________________
It is, of course, important that your audience be able to hear you clearly throughout your
presentation. Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the
whiteboard, you need to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your
voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in
at least three ways:

14
 speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop
completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for gaining your audience's attention.
 intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low
tone.
 volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your
voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest.
The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your
presentation - this is the voice that hypnotists use to put their patients' into trance!

F: ________________________________________________________________________
Of all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes.
80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see)
and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:

 visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication

 non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more heavily
on visual aids

It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important
not to overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum
- and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your
audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to
understandthem. Without understanding there is no communication.

G: ________________________________________________________________________
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your
presentation. If you receive particularly awkward questions, you might suggest that the
questioners ask their questions after your presentation.

9. Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts
and graphs, like the 3-dimensional ones shown below. Complete them.

1
P________ are circular in shape (like a pie).

15
 B _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 can be vertical (as here) or horizontal.

G _ _ _ _ _ 3 can rise and fall.

10. Read and study.

Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):

1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY Questions)
3. CONCLUSION
Questions

As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In presentations, there is a golden

rule about repetition:
1. Say what you are going to say...
2. say it...
3. then say what you have just said.

In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce your message. In the
introduction, you tell your audience what your message is going to be. In the body, you tell
your audience your real message. In the conclusion, you summarize what your message was.
We will now consider each of these parts in more detail.

The introduction is a very important - perhaps the most important - part of your presentation.
This is the first impression that your audience have of you. You should concentrate on getting
your introduction right. You should use the introduction to:
1. welcome your audience
16
 2. introduce your subject
3. outline the structure of your presentation
4. give instructions about questions

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you
will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well
structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals.

Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

 do not hurry
 be enthusiastic
 give time on visuals
 maintain eye contact
 modulate your voice
 look friendly
 keep to your structure
 use your notes
 signpost throughout
 remain polite when dealing with difficult questions

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up
2. (Give recommendations if appropriate)
3. Thank your audience
4. Invite questions

11. The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may
need to modify the language as appropriate. Read possible language and complete the
table with the suitable functions.

Function Possible language

1____________  Good morning, ladies and gentlemen
_____________  Good morning, gentlemen
 Good afternoon, ladies and gentleman
 Good afternoon, everybody
2______________
 I am going to talk today about...
_______________
 The purpose of my presentation is to introduce our new range of...


To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then I'll mention
3_______________
some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them.
________________
After that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year.
Finally, I'll summarize my presentation (before concluding with some
recommendations).
 Do feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions.
4________________
 I'll try to answer all of your questions after the presentation.
_________________
 I plan to keep some time for questions after the presentation.

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 12. MP4. Listen to the video How to give a presentation in English.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXVoT7VMCpM

There are 12 important tips. How many can you remember?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

18
13. The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may
need to modify the language as appropriate. Read and write the missing functions.

Function Possible language

 To conclude,...
 In conclusion,...
1________________
 Now, to sum up...
 So let me summarise/recap what I've said.
 Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.
 In conclusion, my recommendations are...
2________________
 I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.


3 _______________
 Many thanks for your attention.
 May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
 Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have.
 Can I answer any questions?
4________________
 Are there any questions?
 Do you have any questions?
 Are there any final questions?

Useful information!

Questions
Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for
you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in
advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep a
time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make
it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult
questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention.
Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or
even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.

19
14. The statements are based on the points you have covered on making presentations in
English.Are the following statements T (true) or F (false)?

1. An OHP is for the display of 35mm slides. ___

2. A document distributed to an audience is called a 'handout'. ___
3. There are only two ways in which we can modulate our voice. ___
4. Eighty percent of the information that we absorb is absorbed visually. ____
5. A barchart can be horizontal or vertical. ____
6. Active verbs are more powerful than passive verbs. ____
7. Signposting is a technique used only during the introduction of a presentation. ____
8. 'To rehearse' means 'to write'. ____
9. It is important to give as much information on a graphic as possible. ____
10. Indelible markers are intended for use with flipcharts, not whiteboards. ____

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 STUDYING TECHNOLOGY

Switch on

1. Give some general information concerning your university (or faculty).

2. How many faculties are there at your university?
3. What are the names of the faculties?
4. Where is your faculty situated?
5. Who is the dean of your faculty?
6. What types of study are available at your faculty?

1. Match the university logo to the name of the faculty.

1. a) Faculty of Civil Engineering

2. b) Faculty of Aeronautics

3. c) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

4. d) Faculty of Economics

5. e) Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

6. f) Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies

7. g) Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies

8. h) Faculty of Metallurgy

9. i) Faculty of Arts

This site may help you:

www.tuke.sk

21
 2. The Technical University of Košice has nine faculties that prepare students for work
in various engineering branches. Describe the general qualifications of graduates from
each faculty by completing each of the following sentences.

1. Graduates of the Faculty of Arts are able to ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
2. The Faculty of Civil Engineering prepares students for ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Students of the Faculty of Economics become specialists in ________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics enables students to _____________
______________________________________________________________________
5. Graduates of the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies are able to __________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. The Faculty of Mechanical Engineering prepares students for work as specialists in
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Students at the Faculty of Metallurgy specialize in ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. After graduating from the Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies,
students are qualified to ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. Students of the Faculty of Aeronautics become specialists in _________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3. Answer these questions.

1. Are there more Technical Universities in Slovakia? Where are they situated?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Who is the rector of your university? _____________________________________________
3. Where is your university situated? ______________________________________________
4. How long does it take to complete a course of studies? _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

22
5. How many credits are required for acceptance to the third year (to complete all studies, to
graduate)? __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Read the text and complete the table below. If necessary, go to the following site:
http://www.tuke.sk/tuke/fakulty/fvt/.

The teaching process at the Faculty of Manufacturing Technologies includes various forms of
instructions, such as lectures, seminars, exercises, laboratory works, projects, practical
training, consultations, etc. The credit system follows the rules of the European Credit
Transfer System (ECTS). All study programmes at the Faculty of Manufacturing
Technologies are accredited by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic.Pedagogical
and science research activities of the Faculty are concentrated at the departments. The
University professors, associate professors, assistant lecturers as well as the other workers
provide the teaching of compulsory, optional and selected subjects. There are three institutes
and six departments.

http://web.tuke.sk/fvt-engeru/eng-e.html

23
 INSTITUTES AND DEPARTMENTS AT THE FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES

5.Complete the following departments. If necessary, use: http://www.fvt.tuke.sk/en

INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES

Department of ____________ 1 and Manufacturing Technologies

Department of Computer Aided ______________ 2 Technologies

INSTITUTE OF MANUFACTURING AND PROCESS ENGINEERING

Department of ___________ 3 Systems Design and Monitoring

Department of Process ______________ 4

INSTITUTE OF MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT

Department of ____________ 5 Engineering and Informatics

Department of Natural Sciences and ______________ 6

6. Study all accredited study programmes at the Faculty of manufacturing technologies

in Prešov.

BACHELOR STUDY

1. Study branch:2305 MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

Study programmes:
 Manufacturing Management
 Computer Aided Manufacturing Technologies
 Advanced Technologies
 Automotive Production Technologies

2. Study branch:2329 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Study programmes:
 Monitoring and Diagnostics of Technical Equipment
 Computer Aided Design of Technical Systems

3. Study branch:2354 PROCESS ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Renewable Energy Sources

4. Study branch:2645 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Industrial Management

24
 ENGINEERING STUDY

1. Study branch:2305 MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES

Study programmes:
 Manufacturing Management
 Computer Aided Manufacturing Technologies
 Advanced Technologies
 Automotive Production Technologies

2. Study branch:2329 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Study programmes:
 Monitoring and Diagnostics of Technical Equipment
 Computer Design ofTechnological Equipment

3. Study branch:2354 PROCESS ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Renewable Energy Sources

DOCTORAL STUDY

1. Study branch:2307 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND

MATERIALS
Study programmes:
 Manufacturing Technologies
 Computer Aided Manufacturing Technologies

2. Study branch:2329 MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Technical Systems Design

3. Study branch:2354 PROCESS ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Process Engineering

4. Study branch:2645 INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Study programme:
 Industrial Manufacturing Management

7. Complete the following text with the missing words concerning the study
programmes at the Faculty of manufacturing technologies in Prešov.

Computer Aided _________________ 1 Technologies

Automotive Production _________________ 2
Monitoring and Diagnostics of ______________ 3 Equipment

25
 Computer ____________ 4 Design of Technical Systems
Renewable _____________5Sources
Manufacturing ________________ 6
Automotive _______________ 7Technologies
Monitoring and ______________ 8 of Technical Equipment
Computer Design ofTechnological ________________ 9
_______________ 10Manufacturing Management

8. Answer these questions.

1. What study branches are offered by your faculty? ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
2. What is your study branch and study programme?___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Do you study full-time or part-time? _____________________________________________
4. How many departments are there at your faculty? Can you name them?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Present Simple and Present Continuous

Present Simple
Positive = subject + verb
Negative = subject + do/ does + not + infinitive
Questions = Do/ Does + subject + infinitive

We use the Present Simple to talk about

 repeated actions, habits, and events: He does not finish early on Monday.
 opinions, likes and feelings: Do you like English?
Present Continuous

26
 Positive = subject + am/ are/ is + -ing form
Negative = subject + am/ are/ is + not +-ing form
Question = Am/ are/ is + subject + -ing form
We use the Present Continuous to talk about
 things that are happening now
I am studying to be an engineer.

 Wh-questions: - ask for specific information;

- begin with question words, such as what, who, when, where, why, which, and how (or how
much/ how many/ how far…) Who is the vice-dean of your faculty?

1. Answer the questions about yourself using complete sentences.

1. What are you studying? ________________________________________________________

2. Where are you studying? _______________________________________________________
3. How long is your course? ______________________________________________________
4. Is it part-time or full-time? _____________________________________________________
5. What are the main subjects? ____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Which subject do you find the most difficult? ______________________________________
7. Which subject do you enjoy most? _______________________________________________
8. When do your classes start each day? _____________________________________________
9. When do they finish? _________________________________________________________

2. Put the same questions to your partner.

3. Complete the gaps in the following description.

I am studying ______________________________1 at ______________________ 2. When I
complete the course, I will get a ___________________________ 3. The main subjects are
____________________________________________________________4. The subject I
5
find most difficult is _________________________ . I find it difficult because
6
______________________________________________ . The subject I enjoy is
____________________________________ 7. I have ____________________ 8 classes each

27
 9
week. Classes start each day at _________________________ and finish at
_______________________ 10.

LISTENING

The course

1. Look at Alec's timetable below. Some of the information is missing. Before you listen,
answer the questions about the timetable.

1. What time do classes start each day? _______________________________________

2. Which room is Maths in? ________________________________________________
3. Who teaches Calculus? __________________________________________________
4. What do students do on Tuesdays and Thursdays?_____________________________

2. MP3 Listen to part 1 of the interview. Answer the questions.

1. Which stage of the course is Alec at? ______________________________________

2. How many women are taking the course? __________________________________
3. What age was he when he left school? _____________________________________
4. Which subject did he enjoy most at school? _________________________________
5. What job did he do when he left school? ____________________________________

3. MP3Listen to part 2 of the interview. Fill gaps 1-8 in the timetable.

4. MP3Here are the interviewer's questions from part 3 ofthe interview. Predict
how Alec answers them. Then listen to part 3 and check your answers.

1. What do you hope to do at the end of your course? ____________________________

2. What kind of degree will you take? ________________________________________
3. How long will it take? __________________________________________________
4. When you start work as a civil engineer, what do you want to build - houses, or big
structures like bridges and roads? __________________________________________

28
5. Translate these questions into English and answer them.

1. Kedy začína a končí skúškové obdobie v letnom a zimnom semestri?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. Kedy začína vyučovanie v novom akademickom roku?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Kto je vedúcim katedry výrobných technológií ?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

4. Ako sa volajú prodekani Fakulty výrobných technológií?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. Aké sú podmienky pre získanie kreditu z anglického jazyka?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

6. Kde sa môžem prihlásiť na skúšku?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

29
PAIRWORK

TIMETABLE
Study branch: Academic year:
Study programme: Semester:

1. Work in pairs A and B. Exchange information with your partner by asking and
answering questions. Create your timetable including the following information:
 lesson times
 subjects
 names of teachers
 self-study time

30
 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Switch on

Watch the video and identify the top 10 environmental issues facing our planet.MP4.
Useful web site: http://planetearthherald.com/top-10-environmental-issues/

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________

31
VOCABULARY

1. Test your knowledge of some terms related to the climate change. Match the word or
phrase in the left column with its definition in the right column.

1. pollution a) part of sunlight

2. CFC´s b) gases released from motor vehicles
3. greenhouse effect c) protects the earth from UV radiation
4. ozone layer d) when air, water or land become dirty
5. exhaust e) man-made chemicals
6. ultraviolet radiation f) the reason that the earth's climate is
becoming warmer
7. carbon dioxide g) chemical formula CH4
8. methane h) chemical formula CO2
9. nitrous oxide i) chemical formulaN2O

32
 WATCHING AND LISTENING

1. MP4. Watch the video What is greenhouse effect?1and answer the following questions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPJJM_hCFj0

1. How does climate change affect the planet? __________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. What is a greenhouse? __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
1
Listening script: What is greenhouse effect?
Our climate is changing and temperatures in general are increasing on the planet. Sea levels are rising and the ice
is melting at the North and South Poles. One reason for this is the greenhouse effect. But what is the greenhouse
effect? A greenhouse is normally something useful, it helps us grow things like tomatoes out of season. That's
because it's nice and warm inside a greenhouse. The sun light enters and visible light penetrates the glass. This is
partly absorbed by the plants in the soil and partly reflected on the outside as invisible heat radiation. As a result
temperatures rise inside the greenhouse. The planet Earth obtains warmth in a similar fashion which is fortunate
because otherwise we could not survive. Without the natural greenhouse effect temperatures on our planet would
be around - 18 degrees Celsius and not the average 15 degrees Celsius above freezing. Sunlight penetrates the
gas layer of the atmosphere, it's partly absorbed and partly reflected just like in a greenhouse. Small particles in
the air ensure that a percentage of the reflected radiation is sent back to earth. However, humans caused a lot of
pollution by producing large amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. The small particles increase
in number and the result is just like a greenhouse where the glass is too thick. So an increased amount of
radiation is sent back to earth and the heat is unable to escape causing temperatures to rise constantly on our
planet.

33
 3. What is usually done inside the greenhouse? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Is natural greenhouse effect useful to people? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. How do humans pollute the environment? __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Explain the greenhouse effect as a negative phenomenon. ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. MP3.While listening to the passage about the Greenhouse Effect, fill in the missing
verbs to make the sentences complete.

Greenhouse Effect

The burning of oil, gas and coal ____________ ____________1 to carbon dioxide in the
earth's atmosphere. The carbon dioxide in the earth's atmosphere ____________2 like the
glass in a greenhouse – it ____________3 heat in, but it does not ____________4 much heat
to ____________ ____________5. As the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ____________6,
the earth's temperature ____________7 warmer because less heat can ____________8. This
„greenhouse effect“ may ____________9 the earth's climate to ____________10. Ice at the
North and South Poles could ____________11, which could ____________ ____________12
to floods. Some of the world's largest farming areas could be ____________13 into deserts. In
order to ____________14 the greenhouse effect, we should ____________15 less oil, gas and

34
 16
coal, and we should ____________ more trees because trees ____________17 carbon
dioxide from the air.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Cause and effect relationships are common in the explanation of engineering principles. A
cause and effect may be linked in a sentence as follows:

Cause before effect

CAUSE EFFECT
Exhaust from motor vehiclescauses air pollution
gives rise to
leads to
results in

Cause after effect

EFFECT CAUSE
Air pollution is caused by exhaust from motor
vehicles

results from

WRITING

1. Write a sentence for each cause and effect relationship.

1. use of CFC's a) hole in the ozone layer

2. planting of trees b) less carbon dioxide in the
air
3. hole in the ozone layer c) skin cancer
4. melting of ice at North and South Poles d) floods

Cause before effect

1a_______________________________________________________________________
2b_______________________________________________________________________
3c________________________________________________________________________

35
4d_______________________________________________________________________

Cause after effect

1a_________________________________________________________________________
2b_________________________________________________________________________
3c_________________________________________________________________________
4d________________________________________________________________________

2. Translate into English.

1. Otepľovanie zemského povrchu a atmosféry je spôsobené skleníkovým efektom.

_____________________________________________________________________
2. Diera v ozónovej vrstve spôsobuje rakovinu kože.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Priemyselné podniky produkujú obrovské množstvá rôznorodého odpadu, následkom
čoho sa znečisťuje životné prostredie.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

READING

1. Read the text on the Ozone Layer. Decide whether each of the following sentences is
true or false. If the sentence is false, change the sentence so that it is true.

36
During the past years, the ozone layer, which protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet
radiation of the sun, has started to disappear. In fact, scientists have found a hole in the ozone
layer over Antarctica. Scientists believe that CFC´s (chlorofluorcarbons), which are chemicals
used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans, have caused the hole in the ozone
layer. The hole in the ozone layer is likely to lead to more skin cancer and other serious health
problems in the future. Scientists and engineers need to develop alternatives to CFC‟s in
order to protect the ozone layer.

1. The ozone layer protects the earth from carbon dioxide. __F__
2. Scientists have found a hole in the ozone layer over the Arctic. _____
3. CFC´s in the atmosphere have caused the hole in the ozone layer. _____
4. CFC´s are chemicals used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosol cans. _____
5. Ultraviolet radiation may cause lung cancer. _____

WASTE AND RECYCLING

2. Read the text on Waste and Recycling. For the words and phrases typed in italics find
the Slovak equivalents.

For most of us, waste is the bags of household rubbish1that leave our households2 every week.
We know that it is “put somewhere” – but few have actually seen a landfill site3, a

37
wasteincineration plant4, or a recycling centre, and most of us do not give it much more
interest.

Three different kinds of wastes exist today: municipal solid waste5(MSW), hazardous waste6,
and commercial/industrial waste7. Municipal solid waste consists of many different materials:
some burn, some do not, some are readily recyclable8, some are not. Paper, for instance, is the
largest component of MSW. Additional millions tons are attributed to glass, various metals,
plastics and miscellaneous waste9. Chemical, metal, and furniture manufacturing processes
are some examples of processes that create hazardous waste. Products, such as paints,
cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides contain hazardous ingredients10 and require special
care when we dispose of them. Improper disposal11of these wastes can pollute the
environment that consequently can be harmful to human health. Experts estimate that 50
percent of all these waste materials could be recycled12 each year. Currently, however, only
about 10 percent is recycled13. One reason is that the public does not pay much attention to
the garbage14crisis. Many citizens have an “out of sight, out of mind”attitude15 about where
the trash16goes once it leaves the curb17. To preserve the environment, the public needs to be
educated to a new version of the “ three R´s” – reduce, reuse, and recycle18.

1. _______________ 4. _______________ 7. _______________

2. _______________ 5. _______________ 8. _______________
3. _______________ 6. _______________ 9. _______________

38
 10. _______________ 13. _______________ 16. _______________
11. _______________ 14. _______________ 17. _______________
12. _______________ 15. _______________ 18. _______________

EXTENDING VOCABULARY

1. Replace the following expressions from the text by the words or phrases having a
similar meaning.

1. harmful, dangerous _______________________________________

2. rubbish _______________________________________
3. components _______________________________________
4. for instance ________________________________________
5. to preserve ________________________________________
6. to contain _______________________________________
7. manufacturing process ________________________________________
8.to put (e.g. waste) somewhere ________________________________________

39
WRITING

1. Translate into English.

1. Spaľovne a skládky sú miesta, kde sa uskladňuje odpad, ako napríklad plechovky, fľaše,
plasty a sklo.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Drevo a tehly sú recyklovateľné materiály, ktoré sa využívajú na výrobu nových
stavebných materiálov.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Komunálny odpad obsahuje veľa ingrediencií. Niektoré sa môžu recyklovať, niektoré nie.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Nesprávna likvidácia odpadu vedie k znečisteniu životného prostredia.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

40
 THE WORLD WIDE WEB

1. Read the text and then answer the questions.

The Internet is a worldwide telecommunications system that provides connectivity for

millions of other, smaller networks; therefore, the Internet is often referred to as a network of
networks. It allows computer users to communicate with each other across distance and
computer platforms.
The Internet is often confused with the World Wide Web. The misperception is that these
two terms are synonymous. The Internet is the collection of the many different systems and
protocols. The World Wide Web, developed in 1989, is actually one of those different
protocols. As the name implies, it allows resources to be linked with great ease in an almost
seamlessfashion.

41
1a) What is the Internet?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

1b) What makes up the World Wide Web? ________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. MP4. Watch the video What Is the World Wide Web carefully. Then complete
the following sentences.

Use: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8hzJxb0rpc

1. The World Wide Web is used by __________________ of people every day.

2. We use it from our ___________________, our phones, even our cars.
3. The World Wide Web is not the ___________________.
4. Think of the Web as a bunch of skyscrapers, each representing a web _____________.
5. This is the website address, which consists of ________________ names.

42
 6. The information stored in the websites is in web languages, such as _______________
and JavaScript.

3. Read the text below and write the full forms from the short forms.

1. In order for a computer to communicate on the Internet, a set of rules or protocols

computers must follow to exchange messages was developed. The two most important
protocols allowing computers to transmit data on the Internet are
_______________________________________________a (TCP)and
b
______________________________________ (IP). With these protocols, virtually
all computers can communicate with each other. For instance, if a user is running
Windows on a PC, he or she can communicate with iPhones.
2. An Internet address has four fields with numbers that are separated by periods or dots.
This type of address is known as an IP address. Rather than have the user remember
long strings of numbers, the ______________________________ (DNS) was
developed to translate the numerical addresses into words. For example, the address
fcit.usf.edu is really 131.247.120.10.
3. Addresses for web sites are called _______________________________ (URLs).
Most of them begin with http (HyperText Transfer Protocol), followed by a colon and
two slashes. For example, the URL for the Florida Center for Instructional Technology
is http://fcit.usf.edu/ .

4. The top-level domain describes the type of organization. Complete the missing words
in the tables.

Top-level domain names include:

.com ____________________1

.edu Educational

.gov ___________________2

.net Networking Providers

.org Non-profit Organization

43
 Domain name country codes include:

.au Australia
____ 3 Germany
.fr France
.nl ________________ 4
.uk United Kingdom
.us United States

5. Your browser is equipped with many useful features to assist you in navigating
through the Web. Read the text below and complete each paragraph with the following
features:

location bar, menu bar, scroll bar, status bar, tool bar.

A. The _________________, located at the very top of the screen, can be accessed using
the mouse. When you hold down the mouse button over an item in the main menu, a
sub menu is "pulled down" that has a variety of options. Actions that are in black can
be performed, while actions that cannot be performed will be in gray or lightened. The
submenus provide keyboard shortcuts for many common actions, allowing you to
implement the functions faster than using the mouse.
B. The _________________ is located at the top of the browser; it contains navigational
buttons for the Web. Basic functions of these buttons include: open or return to
starting page, stop loading a page, etc.
C. The _________________, below the tool bar, is a box labeled "Location," "GoTo," or
"Address." You can type in a site's address, and press the Return or Enter key to open
the site.
D. The _________________ is located at the very bottom of the browser window. You
can watch the progress of a web page download to determine if the host computer has
been contacted and text and images are being downloaded.
E. The _________________ is the vertical bar located on the right of the browser
window. You can scroll up and down a web page by placing the cursor on the slider
control and holding down the mouse button.

44
6. The tool bar is located at the top of the browser; it contains navigational buttons for
the Web. Match basic functions with the correct command.

Command Function

1. 1. Home a) a) Takes you to the next page

2. 2. Back b) Prints current page

3. 3. Forward c) Opens or returns to starting page

4. 4. Print d) Takes you to the previous page

5. 5. Stop e) Accesses search engine

6. 6. Reload f) Refresh/redisplays current page

7. 7. Search g) Stops loading a page

8.

7. Read pre-listening vocabulary. Then listen to “New Internet Suffixes To Hit The
Market“ and complete the sentences.

Pre-Listening Vocabulary

 suffix: a word ending; the last part of a domain name

 domain name: word used to identify a web address
 rollout: the slow release or introduction of something new
 go live: to become available to the public
 fraud: lying or cheating for one’s own financial gain
 costly: expensive

MP3.New Internet Suffixes To Hit The Market

1___________
Approximately 1,000 new domain suffixes are going up for sale, including
domains. One of the first to go live contained Arabic script that translates to “web”. For many
2___________
years, the domain name system has been a handful of Latin character suffixes,
including, .com, .edu, and .net, as well as country codes, such as .us, .th (Thailand), or .ca

45
 (Canada). In addition to brand name suffixes, some of the new suffixes that are expected to go
live are .shop, .clothing, and .work. With the rollout of the new suffixes, some large
3___________
companies fear that they will need to register their with several new domain
4___________
names in order to prevent fraud. This could become very costly and for
5___________
businesses. , many small businesses that were unable to claim their own dot com
name are very excited about the change.

7a) Answer these questions.

1. What major change is happening to the Internet?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Why does the report mention Arabic script?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What concern do some businesses have about this change?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

7b) Discussion Question.

Do you think there are more pros or more cons associated with this major change to the
Internet as we know it?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Choose the correct words from the box and complete the sentences.

devices, memory, messages, modems, network, printers, server, service

1
The Internet acts as a pipeline to transport electronic __________ from one network to
another network. At the heart of most networks is a __________ 2, a fast computer with large
46
 3
amounts of __________ and storage space. The server controls the communication of
information between the devices attached to a __________ 4, such as computers, __________
5
, or other servers.
An Internet __________ 6 Provider (ISP) allows the user access to the Internet through their
server. You can connect to the Internet through telephone lines, cable __________ 7,
cellphones and other mobile __________ 8.

9. What do these abbreviations stand for?

a) www ________________________________________________________________
b) URL _________________________________________________________________
c) IP ___________________________________________________________________
d) TCP _________________________________________________________________
e) DNS _________________________________________________________________
f) http _________________________________________________________________
g) ISP __________________________________________________________________
h) HTML _______________________________________________________________

WORD STUDY

1. Match the English terms with their Slovak equivalents.

1. attachment a) pracovná plocha

2. bold b) nastavenia
3. settings c) kurzíva
4. file d) adresár
5. folder e) súbor
6. italics f) tučné písmo
7. shortcut g) príloha
8. toolbar h) kôš
9. desktop ch) klávesová skrátka
10. recycle bin i) nástrojová lišta
11. to back up j) podčiarknuť
12. to delete k) vložiť

47
 13. to insert l) zmazať
14. to paste m) vložiť (zo schránky)
15. to select (all) n) vybrať (všetko)
16. to underline o) zálohovať

Basic Internet Terms and Terminology

2. In the context of the Internet, a network of networks and an enormous information

base, a special terminology is used. Complete the following texts with the suitable words
and expressions.

netiquette, hacker, browser wars

A: This program allows you to view text and images on the Web. Currently, the two most
popular programs are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. As the Internet has
become more popular among consumers, the fight for dominance between these two
companies has heated up. This battle for market share is popularly known as the
_____________________ .

B: To some, this word merely describes a person who has a great facility with computers
and enjoys solving complex problems; to others, the word ___________________ suggests a
criminal, a daredevil who invades private and sensitive systems for his or her own end.

C: We expect other drivers to observe the rules of the road. The same is true as we travel
through cyberspace. The term _____________________refers to good behaviour while using
Internet facilities.

3. Explain the following basic Internet terms and the Internet terminology. The
following URL can help you: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/basic-internet-terms-and-
terminology.html

1. googling ______________________________________________________________
2. copypasta _______________________________________________________________
3. blog _______________________________________________________________
4. phishing _______________________________________________________________
5. URL _______________________________________________________________
48
6. HTML ______________________________________________________________

4. Find the 15 Internet words and abbreviations.

5. Read the text below and complete the paragraphs with the following words:
attachments, email, log, messages, netiquette, participation, symbol.

A. Electronic messages can be sent from computers that are connected to the Internet.
These electronic mail messages are known as ____________ 1. An email address is
comprised of two parts. The first part is the unique surname of a person. This is the
part of the address on the left hand side of the @ (at) ____________ 2. The second
part of the address is on the right hand side. This tells the address of the system that is
responsible for that individual's email. It can be seen as: mail_user@particular-
system.edu
The content of an email is usually text, but can also include images, audio, video, and
program files as ______________ 3.
B. To participate in a chat group, you simply __________ 4 into the chat room, then begin
5
conversing by typing _____________ that can be seen by other users. The main
advantage of a chat group is that it takes place in real time, requiring active
_________________ 6.

49
 C. As the Internet includes a global community, students need to be aware of behavioral
standards. Proper Internet etiquette is often referred to as _____________ 7.

6. Complete the following list of standards for netiquette in order to make instructions.
do not assume, avoid – 2x, identify, use;

1. ____________ yourself and keep your messages brief and to the point.
2. ____________ "flaming" (inflammatory or antagonistic criticism) or sending
insulting, abusive, or threatening remarks. There is no "unsend" option in email.
3. ___________ using all capital letters in a message. This is perceived as
SHOUTING and may cause hard feelings.
4. ____________ that your intentions will be understood; remember there is no body
language, facial expression, or tone to indicate your intentions.
5. ____________ "emoticons" to help get your point across.

Making Instructions
We use infinitive without „to“ to make instructions in English.
For example: Hold down the mouse button over an item.
The negative form: Do not hold down the mouse button over an item.

50
 Email abbreviations

In recent years, email abbreviations have become increasingly popular, but they can cause
a lot of trouble for people, especially within business emails.The recipient might not be aware
of the meanings of the abbreviations and in business emails these are generally not
appropriate. The same goes for emoticons. If you are not sure whether your recipient knows
what it means, it is better not to use it.

51
 Some of the email short forms

CU see you B’cos because

ASAP as soon as possible 4 for
AMBW all my best wishes 2 to
FAQ frequently asked question 2day today
GR8 great U you
PLZ please UR your
THX thanks B4N Bye For Now

LISTENING

1. MP3. An email address identifies an email box to which email messages are
delivered. The following symbols are used both in email and web addresses. Listen
and complete the email addresses using the symbols.

@ a
. dot
- hyphen/ dash
/ (forward) slash
// double (forward) slash
_ underscore
: colon

1. petr.novak@ siemenz.cz

2. e.smith@aol ________________

3. Karen_ Lang ________________

4. billg ________________________

5. _________________________. gov

52
 6. _________________________ .ch

PAIRWORK

1. Interview your partner.

a) What is your full name? ______________________________________________

b) How do you spell that? ______________________________________________
c) What is your email address? ______________________________________________

2. Write these email addresses.

1. Paulo Santiago, one word, at H-R-C underscore ltd dot com

___paulosantiago@hrc_ltd. com___
2. G hyphen Smith nineteen eighty-five at M-U-C hyphen web dot de
________________________________________________________________
3. Dave dot Hammerson, that´s Hammer as in hammer and nail, at world hyphen online
dot net
__________________________________________________________________________
4. http colon, double slash, www dot science underscore world dot co dot uk
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Jack dot Browne, that´s B-R-O-W-N-E at Essex dot net
_____________________________________________________________________

53
 PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

READING (scanning)

1. Read the text on Production and Manufacturing Processes and find the Slovak
equivalents to the English expressions written in italics.

54
 Production and Manufacturing Processes

The art of converting raw material1into finished goods with application of different types of
tools2, equipment, machine tools3, manufacturing set ups4 and manufacturing processes, is
known as production. Manufacturing process is that part of the production process which is
directly concerned with the change of form or dimensions5 of the part6 being produced. It
does not include the transportation, handling7 or storage8 of parts, as they are not directly
concerned with the changes into the form or dimensions of the part produced.

1. _________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________________

2. Read the text on Production and Manufacturing Processes once again and answer each
of the following questions.

1. How does production process differ from manufacturing process?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. Why storage, handling and transportation are not included into manufacturing process?
___________________________________________________________________________

Classification of Manufacturing Processes

3. Study the following manufacturing processes. From the list below identify the
process and method involved in each of these operations.

1. Making a small circular hole in a metal sheet.

__________________________________________________________________________

55
2. Joining two similar metals using heat.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Applying a permanent layer of chromium to a steel car body part.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Gluing wings to the body of an aircraft.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Making aluminium components by pouring hot metal into a shaped container.
__________________________________________________________________________
6. Making plastic bottles by blowing air into a hot plastic tube.
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Forcing aluminium through a die to make window frames.
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Shaping steel by hammering an ingot of hot metal.
___________________________________________________________________________
9. Spraying a component with tiny particles of resin and colour to make a protective and
attractive covering.
___________________________________________________________________________
10. Cutting a metal sheet into two using a sharp blade.
___________________________________________________________________________

56
57
58
59
GRAMMAR FOCUS

Mould – British English

Mold – American English

60
SPEAKING
Materials and Processes Required for Products Manufacturing

1. Choose from the list and complete the table with the materials and processes required
for products A-C.

Materials: aluminium alloy, steel, rubber, plastic, titanium, copper, wood

Processes: colour-printing, impact extrusion, moulding, injection moulding, bending, cutting,

painting, welding, assembly, plating

Materials Processes

A drink can

__________________________________________________________________________________

Materials Processes

B mountain bicycle

__________________________________________________________________________________

Materials Processes

C CD case

61
WATCHING THE VIDEO (general understanding, listening for details)

1. MP4. Watch the video Blow Molding.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NE4c1gwzPb4

a) Based on understanding the video, complete the following text on the blow moulding
process:

Blow moulding is the process of inflating a hot, hollow, thermoplastic ____________1 inside
a closed _____________2 so its shape conforms to that of the mould cavity. A wide variety of
hollow parts, including plastic _____________3, can be produced from many different
plastics using this process.

b) Explain why thermoplastics are used in blow moulding.

___________________________________________________________________________

c) Translate the text into Slovak

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

62
2. MP4. Watch the video Injection Molding Process2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5rul_ELwy8

a) Identify the material needed to produce a moulded part.

___________________________________________________________________________
b) Identify the main parts of the injection moulding machine.
_____________________________________________________________________

c) Use the Listening script to translate the text into Slovak.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2
Listening script: The following sequence illustrates the basic functions of an injection
molding machine and the process by which plastic pellets are transformed into molded parts.
Pellets are fed into the hopper. A screw conveys and melts the pellets within the barrel.
Melted polymer is forced into the closed mold. The parts are formed. The polymer is cooled
within the mold. The mold is opened. The part is ejected or removed from the mold and the
cycle repeats.

63
WRITING/SPEAKING

1. Prepare a presentation on a manufacturing process.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

64
 CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESSES

READING

1. Read the text on Conventional and Unconventional Machining Processes and answer
each of the following questions.

Conventional and Unconventional Machining Processes

Machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a workpiece. It is
important to view machining as a system consisting of the workpiece, the tool and the
machine.
Traditional machining processes (also called conventional) – drilling, turning, milling and
grinding remove material by chip formation, abrasion, or microchipping.
These are, however, situations, where these processes are not satisfactory, economical, or
even possible, for the following reasons:
- the hardness and strength of the material is very high
- the material is very brittle
These requirements led to the development of chemical, electrical, laser, and other means of
material removal. Advanced machining processes (also called non-traditional or
unconventional) – chemical machining, electro chemical machining, laser beam machining,
water jet machining, abrasive water jet machining, hydroforming, plasma cutting, electrical
discharge machining, etc. have unique capabilities. They involve chemical, electrochemical,
electrical, or laser sources of energy. The mechanical properties of the workpiece material are
not significant because these processes rely on mechanisms that do not involve the strength,
hardness, ductility, or toughness of the material, rather they involve physical, chemical, and
electrical properties.

1. What is machining? ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
2. Identify the three components of a machining process. _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the conventional machining processes. _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

65
4. Identify the unconventional machining processes. ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. How is material removed in conventional machining? ________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
6. How is material removed in unconventional machining? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7. Which properties of a workpiece are taken into consideration in conventional machining? ___
___________________________________________________________________________
8. Which properties of a workpiece are taken into consideration in unconventional machining? _
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Based on the text decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). If
false, correct them so that they are true.

1. Traditional machining processes involve chemical, electrical and laser sources of energy.
___
2. Advanced machining processes remove material from the workpiece by chip formation.
___
3. It is better to use traditional machining process when machining a very brittle material.
___
4. Machining is a system consisting of the workpiece, the tool and the machine. ___

3. Choose the correct conventional machining process from the list and complete
description A - F.

Cutting, Drilling,Grinding, Milling, Shaping, Turning

A. ______________ shapes can be achieved through synchronizing the movement of the

workpiece, tool and tool feed.
B. ______________ is the machining of a surface using a cutter which has a number of
teeth. The surface produced may be plain or, by using additional equipment or special
cutters, formed surfaces may be produced.
C. ______________ is used to remove material from the inside of a workpiece.

66
 D. ______________ machine is used to machine surfaces. It can cut curves, angles and
many other shapes. It is a popular machine in a workshop because its movement is
very simple although it can produce a variety of work.
E. ______________ is the machining operation that produces cylindrical parts. In its
basic form, it can be defined as the machining of an external surface: with the
workpiece rotating, with a single-point cutting tool, and with the cutting tool feeding
parallel to the axis of the workpiece and at a distance that will remove the outer
surface of the work.
F. ______________ is a material removal and surface generation process used to shape
and finish components made of metals and other materials.

4. Read the following descriptions of the advanced machining processes. Identify the
processes and the key vocabulary of each process.

A ___________________________________________________________________

An electrical spark1 is created between an electrode and a workpiece2. This electric spark
produces intense heat with temperatures reaching 8000 to 12000 degrees Celsius. It melts3
almost anything. The spark is very carefully controlled4 and localized so that it only affects

the surface5 of the material. The process usually does not affect the heat treat below the
surface. The spark always takes place in the dielectric of deionized water. The conductivity6
67
of the water is carefully controlled making an excellent environment for the process. The
water acts as a coolant7 and flushes8 away the eroded metal particles9.
1. _________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________
5. _________________________________________________________________________
6. _________________________________________________________________________
7. _________________________________________________________________________
8. _________________________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________________________

B ______________________________________________________________

This process is a mechanical energy basednon-traditional machining process used to cut1 and
machine2 soft and non-metallic materials. It involves the use of high velocity water jet3 to
smoothly cut a soft workpiece.

High velocity water jet is allowed to strike a given workpiece. During this process, its kinetic
energy is converted to pressure energy. This induces a stress on the workpiece. When this
induced stress is high enough, unwanted particles4 of the workpiece are automatically
removed.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________

68
4. _____________________________________________________________________

C _______________________________________________________________

It represents the full form of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation1. The
fundamental working principle of it was invented by Albert Einstein in 1917. The process
utilizes2 the energy of coherent photons, which is almost converted into thermal energy upon
interaction with most of the materials. This results in melting of the work material and finally
material removal3.

1. _________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________

Tip for oral presentation: Any conventional or advanced machining process.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

69
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

70
 ENGINEERING MATERIALS

Switch on

List the materials you know which are used in engineering. Combine your list with the others
and classify the materials as metals, thermoplastics, etc.

1. Identify the main material in items of sports equipment. Tick the material used. More than
one answer is possible in some cases.

football baseball bat

______________________________ __________________________

leather / polyurethane / fibre-glass nylon / aluminium / wood

___________________________________________________________________________

ice skates hang glider

nylon/high carbon steel/wood aluminium and polyester/wood and nylon/wood and acrylic

71
 kayak

fibre-glass / aluminium / plastic laminates

LISTENING

1. Listen to the text about the classification of engineering materials and fill in the
blanks to make the sentences complete.

In order to select the best material for a job, engineers must know the types of materials
available and the properties of these materials. There are two basic types of materials used in
engineering: metals and non-metals. Some materials, however, are on the border between
metals and non-metals. These materials are sometimes called metalloids.

Metals
Of the 92 natural elements found on Earth, about 70 are _______________ 1 and about 40 of
these are used commercially. Metals can be divided into ferrous metals and non-ferrous
metals. Ferrous metals contain iron, while _______________ 2 metals do not.
Cast, iron and steel, which are mixtures of iron and carbon, are the two most important
3
_______________ metals used in engineering. Cast iron, which includes grey cast iron,
4
white cast iron, and malleable ________________ , contains more carbon than steel. Cast
iron is also harder and less malleable than steel.
5
The most common non-ferrous metals used in _______________ are aluminium, copper,
bronze, and brass. Bronze and brass are alloys, which are metals that are formed by the union
or mixture of two or more elements.

72
Non-metals
6
_______________ can be classified into plastics and ceramics. Plastics generally can be
7
machined like metals, while ceramics cannot be machined. _______________ can be
divided into _______________ 8 and thermosets. Thermoplastics can be shaped and reshaped
by heat, while _______________ 9 cannot be reshaped by heat because they undergo chemical
10
changes as they harden. _______________ are often used by engineers when they need a
material that can withstand high temperature.

VOCABULARY

1. Find the missing English and Slovak terms in the text above:

1. uhlík ___________________
2. ______________________ brass
3. keramika ___________________
4. meď ___________________
5. ______________________ iron
6. kov ___________________
7. biela liatina ____________________
8. ______________________ grey cast iron
9. kujná liatina ____________________
10. železný kov ____________________
11. _____________________ non-ferrous metal
12. metalloid, polokov ___________________
13. plastická hmota, plast ___________________
14. termoplast ___________________
15. _____________________ thermoset
16. vlastnosť ___________________
17. odolný voči korózii ___________________
18. _____________________ heat-resistant
19. odolný voči opotrebovaniu ____________________
20. _____________________ malleable
21. mäkký ____________________

73
 22. __________________ hard
23. spevniť _____________________
24. ___________________ to machine
25. odolávať, znášať _____________________
26. ___________________ to divide

2. State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct any sentences
that are false.

1. Engineering materials can be classified into metals and plastics. ___

2. Most of the natural elements are metals. ___
3. Cast iron contains iron and carbon. ____
4. Cast iron includes grey cast iron, white cast iron and ferrous cast iron. ___
5. Brass is a ferrous alloy. ___
6. Aluminium is the most common non-ferrous metal. ___
7. Alloys can be formed by a minimum of two elements. ___
8. Plastics can be divided into thermoplastics and thermosets. ___
9. Thermosets can be shaped and reshaped. ___
10. Ceramics are a non-metallic material. ___

3. Draw a diagram that shows the relationship among the engineering materials
discussed above. The diagram should classify engineering materials at four levels. Then
write at least 5 sentences that are based on the diagram.

Diagram:

74
 Useful expressions
Metals can be divided/classified into ...
Metals are divided/classified into …
We can divide/classify metals into …
It is possible to divide/classify metals into …
There are two kinds of metals …

Example: Metals and non-metals are the two types of engineering materials.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

4. Complete the sentences in the following text.

Most of the natural elements are ___________1. If metals contain ___________ 2, they are
3
called ferrous metals, for example ____________ and steel. Cast iron and steel are
___________ 4 because they are mixed of ____________ 5 and ____________ 6. Cast iron is
____________ 7 than steel because it contains more ______________ 8.
On the other hand, ____________ 9 metals do not contain iron. In general, they are divided
into pure _____________ 10 and ____________11. Aluminium is an example of a __________
___________12, while _____________ 13 is an alloy.

5. Answer the following questions.

a) What metal is the most widely used today? ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________
b) Which of the following two metals corrodes – copper or tin? __________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

75
c) What is the effect of heating a metal and cooling it slowly? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
d) Are pure metals more suitable for industrial processes than alloys? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
e) Which of the following three metals do not possess magnetism – aluminium, iron, or copper?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
f) Why does iron fracture easily? __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
g) Are zinc and brass found in a natural state on Earth? _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
h) What two metals are used to make coins and jewellery? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING

1. Explain the differences and similarities between the items in each of the following
pairs.

a) ferrous metals – non-ferrous metals

b) metals – plastics
c) thermoplastics – thermosets
d) pure elements – alloys

2.Work in groups. By asking and answering questions compare the following 4 materials
in the table on the basis of 4 properties with “1” (maximum) to “4” (minimum). Then
report about the results to the class. For comparison of the properties use the following
words and phrases.

(not) very, quite, not …at all, as-as, not so/ as-as;
- er than, more/ less than (comparative degrees of adjectives);
- the –est, the most/ the least (superlative degree of adjectives);

76
 HARDSTRONGMACHINABLECONDUCTIVE
ALUMINIUM ______ _______ _______ _______
TITANIUM ______ _______ _______ _______
COPPER ______ _______ _______ ________
STEEL ______ _______ _______ ________

GRAMMAR FOCUS
made of, made from, used to, used for

 We use made of and made from to talk about the materials of which a product consists.
made of – is normally used when only one material is mentioned: Some bottles are made of
plastic.
made from – is normally used when more than one material is mentioned: Steel is made from
iron and carbon.
However, in practice, these expressions are often considered to have the same meaning: Some
bottles are made of/made from plastic. Steel is made of/made from iron and carbon.

 We use used to and used for to describe how materials are used.
used to: Rubber is used to make the pedals.
= subject + is/are used to + infinitive
used for: Leather is used formaking footballs.
= subject + is/are used for + -ing form

We can use used to and used for in a similar way. Nylon is used to make/used for making a
lot of different products.

1. First match the things on the left with the materials they are often made of on the
right and then write sentences.

1. map a) leather
2. car bodies b) wax
3. tyres c) steel
4. shoes d) polythene
5. computer screens e) polystyrene
6. candle f) aluminium
7. drink canes g) paper
8. door h) gold
9. plastic bags i) nylon
10. lightweight packing materials j) rubber
11. cheap shirts k) wood
12. electrical contacts l) glass

77
 1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________
10. _____________________________________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________________________________
12. _____________________________________________________________________

2. Match these adjectives to their meanings.

1. artificial a) not hard or firm
2. soft b) able to last a long time
3. ductile c) weakened or destroyed by chemical
action, for example, rusty
4. durable d) easily broken, cracks easily
5. brittle e) not natural, made by people
6. corroded f) flexible, can bend repeatedly without
breaking

Useful information

Similar but different

 elastic = able to change shape and able to return to its original shape;
 plastic = able to change shape, but unable to return to its original shape;

78
 Opposites

 tough ≠ brittle (= easy to break)

 hard ≠ soft (= easy to cut into)
 rigid ≠ flexible (= easy to bend)

VOCABULARY
1. Study these examples of adjective and noun pairs for describing the properties of
materials.

Adjective Noun
______________________________________________________________________
flexible flexibility
light lightness
strong strength
______________________________________________________________________

2. Fill in the gaps in this table with the missing adjectives and nouns.

Adjective Noun
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________1 wind resistance
elastic _________________________2
_________________________3 plasticity
tough ________________________4
soft ________________________5
rigid ________________________6
wear-resistant ________________________7
_________________________8brittleness
hard _________________________9

79
3. Fill the gaps with the correct word.

a) Glass is very ______________. It breaks easily.

b) Bike bearings are made from steel because it’s ______________ .
c) Rubber is very _____________ . You can stretch it without breaking it.
d) You don’t need to paint titanium because it’s ______________________ .
e) Diamond is an incredibly _______________ substance. It is sometimes used for drilling.

4. Underline the properties or reasons that are correct.

1. We use gold connectors because gold

a) is strong b) is a good conductor c) doesn´t react with most chemical.
2. Plastics bags are made of polythene because it´s
a) cheap b) simple to produce c) brittle.
3. Steel is used in the construction of a lot of buildings because it
a) has high tensile strength b) is ductile c) is soft.
4. A lot of cans are made of aluminium because aluminium
a) corrodes quickly b) is easy to recycle c) isn´t toxic.
5. We used polystyrene in the housing of the refrigeration unit because it´s
a) lightweight b) absorbent c) a good heat insulator.
6. We want to produce this part out of ceramics because ceramics
a) can withstandhigh temperatures b) are transparent c) are wear resistant.
7. The reason we don´t use glass is because it
a) is too brittle b) can´t withstandhigh temperatures c) is permeable.
8. We had to use platinum here because it
a) is very light b) is very ductile c) has a high melting point.

80
5. Complete the table.

READING

1. Read this article about nanotechnology and circle T (true) or F (false).

All manufactured products are made from atoms. The properties of these products
depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we rearrange or move around the atoms
in coal, we can make diamonds. If we rearrange the atoms in sand (and add a few
more elements), we can make computer chips. If werearrange the atoms in dirt,
water, and air, we can make potatoes.
Today´s manufacturing methods are very basic and simple at the molecular level. Casting,
grinding, and milling move or cut away millions of atoms. It´s like trying to make things out
of LEGO bricks with boxing gloves on your hands. Yes, you can push the LEGO bricks into
big heaps and pile them up, but you can´t put them together the way you´d like.

In the future, nanotechnology will let us take off

those boxing gloves. We´ll be able to snap together
the basic building blocks of nature easily,
inexpensively, and in lots of different ways. This
will be important if we want to continue developing
faster, smaller, and more powerful computer

81
 hardware. It will also let us produce completely new products that are cleaner, stronger,
lighter, and more accurate.

The writer of this article thinks that …

1. it will be possible to manufacture atoms in future. T/F
2. we will be able to move atoms around in the way we want .T / F
3. it will be possible to make diamonds out of coal and potatoes out of dirt,
water, and air. T/F
4. today´s manufacturing methods are primitive. T/F
5. we will probably have to wear boxing gloves if we use nanotechnology. T/F
6. nanotechnology will allow us to produce things cheaply in future. T/F
7. it will be possible to develop nanotechnology using faster, smaller, and
more powerful computer hardware. T/F
8. we will be able to produce much better products in future. T/F

LISTENING

1. Watch and listen to the video: Nanotechnology and

Nanomaterials.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wohLCFcXyIg. Then answer the
question.

82
 What is nanotechnology? _____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

WRITING

1. Engineering materials have various physical, chemical, or mechanical properties. Use

adjective forms to indicate each of the properties in the table below. Then make a list of
materials or products possessing at least one of the following properties.

property material/ product

1. malleability ___________________ ______________________

2. strength
3. softness
4. heat resistance
5. corrosion resistance
6. wear resistance
7. conductivity
___________________
___________________
____________________
___________________
____________________
____________________
______________________
_______________________
______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________

2. Now use the above properties, materials or products in the sentences.

Examples: Parts of bicycles are made ofaluminium which is soft material.
Copper, which is conductive, is used for wire manufacturing.
Ceramics, which is heat-resistant, is used to produce porcelain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

83
 CAD, CAM, CNC

READING (scanning)

1. Study the flow diagram and explain the relationship between CAD, CAM and CNC
software.

What software is involved in CNC (Computer Numerical Control)? There are primarily
three parts:

CAD (Computer Aided Design) software is where you design your parts to be routed, lathed,
milled, or cut.
CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) software converts your CAD drawings into G-
code, which is the programming language that the CNC control software understands.
The CNC control software then reads the G-code and turns it into motion to drive your
machine.

Below flow diagram shows the relationship between CAD, CAM and CNC software.

84
 WATCHING AND LISTENING (MP4) – GENERAL COMPREHENSION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdipJNG_vV8

1. Watch the video on Computer Aided Manufacturing3 and answer the following
questions.

a) Which software is used first when manufacturing a specific part?

_____________________________________________________________________
b) How is CAM explained in the video?
_____________________________________________________________________

3
Listening script - Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAM utilizes the part geometry defined by the CAD drawing. That geometry is imported into the CAM software
which allows the engineer to select cutting paths and other parameters for manufacturing a specific part. CAM
uses databases that are specific to the material, tools and the work centre to be used in the actual machining
process. The program identifies the manufacturing process information utilizing the CAM software such
as feeds, speeds and depth of cut. This information is run through the post processor which translates information
into a CNC program that the work centre can utilize directly. The CAM system can also simulate a production
cycle of the part which includes a visual representation of the machine, tooling and workpiece motion. The
software can provide an estimated cycle time that can be used for quoting. It will also alert the engineer of any
tool collisions, constraints or interference that may occur.

85
VOCABULARY

1. Skim the text (use the listening script1) and find the English words for the
following Slovak ones.

a) Rezná dráha ___________________________________________________________

b) Nástroj _______________________________________________________________
c) Súčiastka _____________________________________________________________
d) Obrábací proces _______________________________________________________
e) Posuv _______________________________________________________________
f) Hĺbka rezu ____________________________________________________________
g) Znázornenie ___________________________________________________________
h) Pohyb _______________________________________________________________
i) Rýchlosť______________________________________________________________
j) Usporiadanie nástrojov __________________________________________________
k) Kótovanie ____________________________________________________________
l) Obmedzenie __________________________________________________________
m) Obrobok _____________________________________________________________
n) Odhadovaná doba cyklu ________________________________________________

READING (scanning)

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.

CAM utilizes the part geometry defined by the CAD drawing. That geometry is imported into
the CAM software which allows the engineer to select cutting paths and other parameters for
manufacturing a specific part. CAM uses databases that are specific to the material, tools and
the work centre to be used in the actual machining process. The program identifies the
manufacturing process information utilizing the CAM software such as feeds, speeds and
depth of cut. This information is run through the post processor which translates information
into a CNC program that the work centre can utilize directly. The CAM system can also
simulate a production cycle of the part which includes a visual representation of the machine,
tooling and workpiece motion. The software can provide an estimated cycle time that can be
used for quoting. It will also alert the engineer of any tool collisions, constraints or
interference that may occur.

86
 1. What does CAM allow the specialist when producing a part? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. What databases does CAM utilize? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What kind of manufacturing process information can CAM utilize? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How can CAM simulate a production cycle of a part? __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. What does a post processor do? ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. What is an estimated time cycle used for? ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
7. How can an engineer benefit from using a CAM software? ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING

1. Specify the CAD /CAM softwares you work with.

2. What purposes do you use them for?

GRAMMAR FOCUS: Question Formation in Present Simple

1. Make questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.

CAM utilizes the part geometry defined by the CAD drawing1. That geometry is imported
into the CAM software which allows the engineer to select cutting paths and other parameters
for manufacturing a specific part. CAM uses databases that are specific to the material, tools
and the work centre2 to be used in the actual machining process. The program identifies the
manufacturing process information3 utilizing the CAM software such as feeds, speeds and
depth of cut. This information is run through the post processor which translates information
into a CNC program that the work centre can utilize directly. The CAM system can also
simulate a production cycle of the part which includes a visual representation of the machine,
tooling and workpiece motion4. The software can provide an estimated cycle time that can be

87
used for quoting5. It will also alert the engineer of any tool collisions, constraints and
interferences that may occur.

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________

2. Translate the following text into Slovak.

CAM utilizes the part geometry defined by the CAD drawing. That geometry is imported into
the CAM software which allows the engineer to select cutting paths and other parameters for
manufacturing a specific part. CAM uses databases that are specific to the material, tools and
the work centre to be used in the actual machining process. The program identifies the
manufacturing process information utilizing the CAM software such as feeds, speeds and
depth of cut. This information is run through the post processor which translates information
into a CNC program that the work centre can utilize directly. The CAM system can also
simulate a production cycle of the part which includes a visual representation of the machine,
tooling and workpiece motion. The software can provide an estimated cycle time that can be
used for quoting. It will also alert the engineer of any tool collisions, constraints or
interference that may occur.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

88
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

89
 SAFETY AT WORK

1. Where could you see a notice like this? Do you have any similar safety precautions*
where you work or study?

*A precaution is something you do now to avoid hazards and danger, and to stop problems
in the future.

Workshop safety precautions

1. Wear goggles and ear protectors
2. Do not leave things lying on the floor.
3. Wear short-sleeved shirts or roll up shirt sleeves.
4. Do not remove safety guards from machines.
5. DO not use electric tools when the work area is wet. Make sure plugs are earthed*

*earthed BrE grounded AmE

2. Match these hazards to the correct precaution in 1.

a) trips and falls b) electric shock c) cuts d) eye injuries e) clothing getting caught
and hearing damage up in machinery

90
Note

Hurt and injured have similar meanings. We use hurt when it isn´t very serious, e.g. My son
hurt his arm when he fell off his bike.

We use injured when it´s more serious, e.g. His son was injured in a car crash and rushed to
hospital.

We usually use injury when we talk about people getting hurt, but damage when we talk
about things. However, we receive eye injuries and hearing damage.

3. Listen to two conversations. Match each one to a hazard in 2.

1. ___
2. ___

4. Listen again and complete the sentences.

1. You _________ roll up your sleeves.

2. You __________ leave these boxes here.
3. Someone _________ trip over them and hurt themselves.

Complete the rule. Write should, shouldn´t and could in the correct space.
We use ___________ to talk about future possibilities.
We use ____________ to say what´s right or correct.
We use ____________ to say what´s wrong or dangerous.

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Draw attention to these words and phrases in the conversations.

to slip – contrast with to trip. When we slip we slide. So we slip on wet floors but we trip
over raised objects.
to get an electric shock – to receive / experience one;
to have a nasty accident – nasty = bad, unpleasant;
to spill – to come out of a container – used especially to talk about liquids;
to lose a finger – to have a finger cut out.

5. Which hazards are these conversations about? Complete the sentences with should,
shouldn´t, or could. Then read them with a partner.

1. A. The floor´s wet.

B. Did someone spill some water?
A. Someone _________1 slip. We __________2 clean it up right away.
B. Yes, and we _________3 turn off all the machines. Someone _________4 get a
shock.

2. A. You _________1 use this machine without goggles. You _________2 injure your
eyes.
B. I don´t know where they are.

3. A. Who took the guard off this machine? Someone _________1 have a nasty accident.
B. It takes longer to clean it if´s on.
A. But you __________2 remove it. You ___________3 cut yourself, or even lose a
finger.

6. Find these thigs in the picture and write the letters in the boxes.
1. ladder ___ 7. goggles ___
2. drawer ___ 8. hand cart ___
3. sink ___ 9. glass flask ___
4. drill ___ 10. fork-lift truck ___
5. shelf ___ 11. crumbs ___
6. lead ___ 12. socket ___
lead BrE - power cord AmE

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7. Circle the safety hazards. How many can you find? Discuss them with another
student.

A. The drill is on the floor.

B. Yes, someone could trip over it.
A. And the drill lead is worn.
B. Yes, someone could get an electric shock.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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 ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

8. Explain what these people should and shouldn't do.

They shouldn't leavethings lying on the floor.
They should make sure electrical equipment is in good condition.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

9. Complete the conversations using should, shouldn't, or could.

1. A. You ___ shouldn´t ___1 use a ladder here. You __________ 2 get electrocuted.
B. Yes, I know, but I need to change that lightbulb. I can't reach it without a ladder.
A. OK, but switch the electricity off first.

2. A. Why aren't you wearing safety glasses? You __________ 3 get some of that stuff in
your eyes!
B. Yes, I know I ____________4 be wearing them, but I can't find them. Can I borrow
yours?

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3 A. You ______________5 wear ear-defenders.
B. Sorry? It's so noisy in here, I didn't understand what you said.
A. I said you ____________6 work in here without ear-defenders!

4 A. You_____________7 lose your hand in that machine. You _____________8 operate

it without the safety cover on.
B I can't get the cover on. The screws are missing.
A. Well, you _____________ 9switch the machine off and phone someone in the
maintenance department before you have an accident.

5 A. Hey! Be careful! The floor´s wet. You ___________10 slip and break an arm or a leg.
B. Well, you ______________11 put a sign up then.
A. I have put a sign up! Maybe you ______________12 open your eyes and read it!

10. Look at these warning signs and match them with the hazards below.
1) Slipping and falling __ g__
2) Damaging your hearing _____
3) Electric shocks _____
4) Laser radiation _____
5) Crushing parts of your body in moving machinery _____
6) Clothing getting caught in machinery _____
7) Poisoning or burning _____
8) Injuring your head or feet _____

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READING

Safety terms and definitions.

A. Safety - State or condition of being safe; freedom from danger, risk or injury.
B. Accident - Includes any suddenly occurring, unintentional event, which causes injury or
property damage.
C. First aid - Immediate, temporary care given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness
until the services of a physician can be obtained.

1. Read and study language spot.

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Sign and notices about health and safety are usually written in the imperative. We use the
imperative for instructions and for giving orders. It is important to read health and safety
notices and obey health and safety rules. If you don´t you could get hurt, and you might put
other people in danger.
Imperative statements that use the word must tell us to do things in a safe way.

examples:

You must leave the building if the fire alarm sounds.

You must stay outside until it is safe to go back in.

Imperative statements use must not or do not to warn people about danger.
They remind you not to do things that are risky, or unsafe.

examples:

You must not use the lift during a fire!

Do not block the fire exit!

Red warning signs warn you about things you can´t do.
Blue warning signsremind you of things you need to do to stay safe.
Yellow warning signswarn you about danger.
Green warning signshelpyou get out of danger and stay safe in an emergency.

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 2. What do the colours on safety signs mean? Write the correct colour to complete
the sentence.

1. __________ signs mean DO NOT such as NO SMOKING.

2. __________ signs mean MUST DO such as FOOT WASH MUST BE USED.
3. __________ signs mean BE AWARE such as RISK OF FIRE.
4. __________ signs provide INFORMATION such as FIRST AID.

3. Read the text and complete the sentences with the suitable words from the box.

environment, dangers, hazard, health, injury, job, operation, processes, rules, safety,
work, workpieces, workplace, workshop

All workers have a right to work in places where risks to their _______________1 and safety
are properly controlled. Establishing a safe environment is more than posting a set of safety
_______________2. All participants should seek to establish a "culture of safety" where
every team member is actively assuming ownership of _______________3 for themselves and
others around them. Knowing the proper use of each tool is an important part of preventing
_______________4. We have developed the technologies to shape our _______________5
and the raw materials within it. Manufacturing _______________6 are similar whether on the
grand industrial scale or building prototypes in one's garage. There are drilling, cutting,
bending, joining, assembly, and polishing operations. We use tools to apply forces to
manipulate components and reshape _______________7. Knowing the intended purpose and
capabilities of each tool in the _______________8 is foundational to establishing a safe
_______________9 environment. Trying to use the wrong tool for a _______________10 (or
using the correct tool incorrectly) is a recipe for failure, frustration, and injury. The possibility
of contacting a moving tool is NOT the only _______________11 in a workplace. Workers
should always be aware of _______________12 from material being removed during an
_______________13 and the noise generated by an operation. Workers must diligently work to
keep the _______________14 organized and free from miscellaneous hazards.

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4. How many of these words and phrases do you know? Check the meaning of any
words or phrases you don´t know in the dictionary.

1. Precaution ____________________________________________________________
2. Risk _________________________________________________________________
3. Harm ________________________________________________________________
4. Protective _____________________________________________________________
5. Ensure _______________________________________________________________
6. Adequate _____________________________________________________________
7. Injury ________________________________________________________________
8. Incident ______________________________________________________________
9. Insurance _____________________________________________________________
10. Responsible ___________________________________________________________
11. Enforcing _____________________________________________________________
12. Risk assessment ________________________________________________________

5. Define the following terms.

A. Safety _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B. Accident _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C. First aid______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 GAS WELDING AND SAFETY

1. Study the picture and text concerning gas welding and safety below and choose
the correct words to complete the sentences.

apron, area, bench, eyes, fire, goggles, hazards, leather, temperatures, welding, welder

1. Welding inevitably means exposure to extremely high ______________.

2. For this reason, a leather __________ and __________ gloves are essential.
3. Special __________ goggles protect the eyes from the potential ‘splatter’ of molten
metal during the welding process.
4. They also protect the welder´s __________ from the dangerous ultraviolet and
infrared light waves, produced by light emitted by the intense flame of the torch.
5. The __________ usually have ‘flip up’ lenses.
6. These allow the __________ to look through normal lenses when arranging the metals
to be welded and the ‘flip down’ tinted lenses when welding.
7. All welding must be carried out in a well ventilated __________, as breathing the
fumes that are generated during welding, can be dangerous.
8. The welding area should be clear of any potential fire and trip __________.

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 9. A welding __________, although not always essential, helps keep welding in a safe
area.
10. This type of bench is safe because it will not catch __________ and the fire brick area
is ideal for welding small items.

2. Watch the video An introduction to gas welding – oxyacetylene. Use the following
web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7O0ipg-qIDQ

3. While listening complete the tables with the names and reasons for using safety
equipment during welding. The first table has been completed as an example.

Name: SAFETY SHOES/ WELDING SHOES

Reason: Safety shoes / welding shoes are worn to protect the feet. If a piece of equipment is
dropped onto a foot protected by a safety shoe, serious injury should be avoided. Welding
splatter is hot. If any splatter hits a leather safety shoe, it should not burn through.

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Name: _____________________________________________________________________
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________________________
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________________________
Reason: ____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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