TECHNICKÁ UNIVERZITA V KOŠICIACH

FAKULTA VÝROBNÝCH TECHNOLÓGIÍ SO SÍDLOM

V PREŠOVE

PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE III, IV

Prešov 2017
©PhDr. RimmaBielousová, PhD.
Recenzent: PhDr. Svetlana Maťková, PhD.

ISBN 978-80-553-3183-6
ISBN978-80-553-3183-6
Autor: PhDr. Rimma Bielousová, PhD.
Názov: English language III, IV
Vydanie: prvé
Počet strán: 102
Náklad: 5 CD-ROM
Vydavateľ: FVT TU v Košiciach so sídlom v Prešove

ISBN 978-80-553-3183-6
OBSAH

OBSAH ................................................................................................................................... 5

ÚVOD...................................................................................................................................... 6

UNIT 1 PRESENTATION...................................................................................................... 7

UNIT 2 MILLING ..................................................................................................................19

UNIT 3 HYDROFORMING ..................................................................................................29

UNIT 4 ENGINES .............................................................................................................. 36

UNIT 5 NUMERICAL CONTROL AND COMPUTER NC …………………………… 43

UNIT 6 LEAN PRODUCTION ………………………………………………………… 51

UNIT 7 ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES ………….………………………… 61

UNIT 8 PLASMA CUTTING ..............................................................................................72

UNIT 9 JIT MANUFACTURING/ MANAGEMENT …………………………………… 81

R EFER ENC ES ..................................................................................................................101

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 ÚVOD

Skriptá English Language III, IV obsahujú kurz technickej angličtiny pre študentov
bakalárskeho štúdia Fakulty výrobných technológií Technickej univerzity v Košiciach.
Skriptá sú zostavené tak, aby na základe funkčných štruktúr typických pre technickú
angličtinu umožňovali rozvíjať základné komunikatívne zručnosti (počúvanie, čítanie,
písanie, ústny prejav) potrebné pre prax a podnikateľské aktivity.
Jednotlivé lekcie majú spravidla nasledujúcu štruktúru:
 Úvodné cvičenie k téme danej lekcie (Switch On), ktoré má charakter lexikálny, lexikálno-
gramatický, alebo komunikatívny.
 Úvodný text určený na rozvíjanie receptívnych zručností (Listening, Watching the video,
Reading: skimming alebo scanning).
 Cvičenia a aktivity určené na rozvíjanie produktívnych zručností (Speaking, Writing,
Problem Solving)
 Gramatické okienko (Grammar Focus)
 Terminológia k téme (Basic Vocabulary, Basic Terminology, Word Study, Extending
Vocabulary)

Všetky texty obsahujú multimediálne prvky (video, audio, obrázky) prepojené

hypertextovými odkazmi. MP3 a MP4 nahrávky sú aktívne v systéme Moodle:
https://moodle.tuke.sk/moodle202/course/view.php?id=280
Skriptá sú súčasťou online kurzu: http://web.tuke.sk/fvt-engeru/eng.html

Skriptá sú výsledkom riešenia projektu KEGA 051TUKE-4/2017 “Implementácia blended e-

learningu v procese výučby technického anglického jazyka pre novoakreditované študijné
programy na Fakulte výrobných technológií Technickej Univerzity v Košiciach.“

6
 PRESENTATIONS

Switch on

1. Complete the Glossary with the correct word or phrase: pointer, visual aids, flip
chart, screen, body language, marker, slide, whiteboard, handout.

Glossary

1. _____________ non-verbal communication through facial expressions

2. _____________ a pad of large paper sheets on a stand for presenting information
3. _____________ anything (sample etc.) given to people at a presentation
4. ______________ a pen with a broad, felt tip for writing on whiteboards
5. ______________ device (rod or electric torch etc.) for indicating things on a screen
6. ______________ large, flat white surface on which slides are projected
7. ______________ small (usually 35mm) photographic transparency
8. ______________ things that one can look at in a presentation [e.g.: maps, charts etc.]
9. ______________ large, flat, white surface or board on which to write or draw with
markers

I. ORDERING A PRESENTATION

The first step in preparing any talk is to make notes of the things you want to say and to put
these notes in the best order. Read the advice from Lee Avatar.

7
• Note down what your audience wants to know or needs to know about the subject.
• Sometimes it helps to make a set of questions you intend to answer for your audience. Each of
your points should help to answer these questions.
• Arrange your points in a logical way that your audience can follow. Don't jump from one
point to another in a haphazard manner.
• Give examples to help your audience understand your points.

1. Decide what is the best order to present these points in a student talk on hybrid cars.

a) Why are hybrid cars becoming popular? ____

b) How is the battery charged? ___
c) What is a hybrid car? ___
d) When are both the engine and motor used? _____
e) The future of hybrid cars __
f) When is the petrol engine used? ____
g) Some popular makes ___
h) The two basic types ___
i) When is the electric motor used? ___

II. BEGINNING A PRESENTATION

As an expert in your technical field, you will have to present technical issues, often to people
who do not have a technical background.

1. MP3. Work in pairs. Listen to Lee Avatar talking about preparing a presentation.
Match the pictures with some of the points Lee makes in his talk. Explain what each one
represents.

8
 F
INTRODUCTION
• Point 1
• Point 2
• Point 3

B
Point 1 Point 2 Point3

A:_________________________________________________________________________
B: ________________________________________________________________________
C: ________________________________________________________________________
D: ________________________________________________________________________
E: ________________________________________________________________________
F: ______________________________________________________________________

2. Work in small groups. You have to give a presentation to a group of visitors about the
town where you live. Practise giving the introduction to the others in your group. Use
Lee's Useful language.

9
USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR THE INTRODUCTION

a) Good afternoon.
b) Hello. It´s good to see you (all).
c) My name's... and m... (job title).
d) I´m... and I work in the... department.
e) I´d like to explain how... works.
f) I´d like to give you some information about...
g) First of all, we'll look at..., and then... Finally, ...
h) If you want to ask me any questions, please interrupt.
i) I´ll explain first of all and then you can ask any questions at the end.
j) I´d like to ask you to keep any questions until the end.

3. When you have finished, discuss the good points of each other´s presentations. Think of ways you
could improve it.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

10
III. DESCRIBING A PIE CHART

1. Look at the pie chart showing the different sectors which use plastics. What do you
think is the largest sector?

2. MP3. Listen to Lee Avatar giving a presentation describing the use of plastics and
complete the chart. If necessary, listen again.

__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Read Lee's Useful Language. Listen to Lee's presentation again and tick the expressions
you hear him use.

11
 USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR REFERRING TO VISUAL AIDS

I´d like to show you a pie chart which represents...

This pie chart represents...
If we take a look we can see...
You will notice...
I´d like to draw your attention to...
As you can see...
Take a look at...
You will see...
You can see that...

4. Work in pairs. You have information for a pie chart below. First draw a pie chart to
represent your information then prepare a short presentation and give it to your partner.
Your partner should listen, take notes, and give you feedback on your presentation.

UK consumptions of plastics by type

Plastic Per cent

L/LLDPE 20
PP 16

12
PVC 16
HDPE 11
PET/PBT 6
PS 5
others 26

IV. PERSUASION

1. Jo Illich wants to persuade a group of town planners to accept his solution to ease
traffic congestion in his city. He decided to visit Lee Avatar to help him prepare his
presentation. This is the checklist Lee sent to Jo.

 Prepare well. Gather all the relevant details. You must have all the necessary facts and
figures, and they must be correct.
 Give sufficient background information, but don't bore your audience.
 Be prepared to give clear reasons for each suggestion.
 It’s best to prepare printouts giving detailed financial and technological data. That allows
the audience to read at their own speed and to refer back when necessary.
 You should sound enthusiastic. Smile and make eye contact.
 Don't be afraid of silent pauses while you put visuals in place.
 Don't rush! Take your time and speak clearly.
 Be prepared for questions!

13
 2. MP3. Listen to Jo's presentation and look at Lee's checklist. Use the checklist
to evaluate Jo's performance and discuss with a partner how persuasive he was.

3. Work in small groups. Prepare a short, persuasive presentation about the

advantages of a mode of public transport. Think about noise and air pollution /
energy efficiency / safety and comfort / land use / journey time.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

V. PARTS OF A PRESENTATION

1. Lee Avatar has sent you headings for parts of a presentation and some phrases. Put the
phrases under the correct headings.

a) I´m going to talk about / tell you about...

b) Thank you for your attention.
c) We can see that...
d) I´m Tom Huber from Allied Industries and it´s a pleasure to be with you today.
e) We've looked at X, Y, and Z.
f) Leťs look now at...
g) Iťs my view that...
h) Good morning, afternoon, etc....
i) 1´ll be happy to answer any questions you may have.
j) I´ve discussed X, Y, and Z.
k) It seems clear that...
l) The purpose of my talk is...
m) I want to turn now to...

14
STARTING YOUR PRESENTATION

Greet your audience

__________________________________________________________________________ 1

Introduce yourself
__________________________________________________________________________ 2

Say what you're going to do

_____________________________________________________________________________ 3
_________________________________________________________________________ 4

Move to a new point

________________________________________________________________________5
_________________________________________________________________________ 6

ENDING YOUR PRESENTATION

Remind your audience of your main points

7
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________ 8

Make your conclusion

____________________________________________________________________________ 9
____________________________________________________________________________10
_______________________________________________________________________ 11

Thank the audience

15
_________________________________________________________________________ 12

Invite questions
__________________________________________________________________________ 13

2. Make a short presentation (maximum three minutes) to your class / group on any
aspects of robotics (or optional). Use the phrases in 1.

IV. GIVING A POSTER PRESENTATION

1. You can do this individually or in small groups of three, providing everyone contributes
equally. You need one large sheet of paper for your poster. Refer to the Poster design ideas
from Lee Avatar.

1. Decide on the main points for your presentation and write the text for each point. Keep it
brief. Use images where possible.

2. Decide on the layout. Print out your texts and graphics and fix them to your poster.

3. Pin up your poster and be prepared to explain any points to your classmates. Take time to
view theirs and to ask one question about each poster on display.

16
 POSTER DESIGN

 Make your poster pleasing to look at by using colour and graphics.

 Make sure the text can be read easily from about 1.5 metres.
 Have a clear heading so it is easy to see what your topic is.
 Make sure that it is easy to follow the correct order of your presentation. Use numbers,
letters, or arrows.
 Don't fill every square centimetre. Leave white space and separate out the sections.
 Distribute text and graphics evenly with enough text to explain the graphics.

VII. EVALUATING A PRESENTATION

1. Work in pairs. Study Lee's checklist. Is there anything you would like to change or to
add?

POOR = 1 EXCELLENT = 5

1. CONTENT

Was the speaker well prepared?

Was the speaker knowledgeable about the subject?

2. ORGANIZATION

Was there an introduction?

Was there a conclusion?
Was the talk well organized?

3. DELIVERY – VOICE

17
 Was the speaker enthusiastic and convincing?
Did the speaker make the subject interesting?
Did the speaker speak clearly enough?
Was the speed right for you?
Did the speaker read the presentation or talk from notes?

4. DELIVERY – MANNER

Was the speaker relaxed?

Did the speaker use appropriate gestures?
Did the speaker make eye contact with the audience?
Did the speaker involve the audience with questions or activities?

5. VISUAL AIDS

Did the speaker use visual aids?

Were they easy to see?
Did they help you understand?

2. Prepare and deliver to your class a short presentation (maximum five minutes) on a
topic of your choice. Evaluate each other's presentations using Lee's checklist or
your revised version of it.

18
 MILLING

READING (skimming and scanning)

1. Read and study.

Milling is the machining of a surface using a cutter which has a number of teeth. The surface
produced may be plain or, by using additional equipment or special cutters, formed surfaces
may be produced. There are many types and sizes of milling machines, but the most versatile
in common use in the majority of workshops is the knee-and-column type. The knee-type
milling machines are characterized by a vertical adjustable worktable resting on a saddle that
is supported by a knee. Knee-and-column machines are subdivided into the following models:
1. Plain horizontal, with the spindle located horizontally;
2. Universal, which is similar to the plain horizontal but equipped with a swivelling table
for use when cutting helical grooves;
3. Vertical, with the spindle located vertically.

19
The basic difference between a universal horizontal milling machine and a plain horizontal
milling machine is in the adjustment of the worktable, and in the number of attachments and
accessories available for performing various special milling operations. The universal
horizontal milling machine also differs from the plain horizontal milling machine in that it is
of the ram type.

2. Look at the pictures below and complete the text on the main elements of a typical
knee-and-column horizontal milling machine with the following words:

arbor, base, column, knee, overarm, saddle, spindle, table.

The main elements of a typical knee-and-column horizontal milling machine are: the column
and ___________ 1, which form the foundation of the complete machine. Both are made from
cast iron. The column contains the spindle, accurately located in precision bearings. The front
2 3
of the __________ carries the guideways upon which the __________ is located and
guided in a vertical direction. The __________ 4, mounted on the knee guideways, provides
the transverse movement of the table. The __________ 5 provides the surface upon which all
workpieces and workholding equipment are located and clamped. The __________ 6,
accurately mounted in precision bearings, provides the drive for the milling cutters. The
majority of cutters used on horizontal machines are held on an __________ 7 which is located
and held in the spindle. The __________ 8 is adjustable in or out for different lengths of arbor,
or can be fully pushed in when arbor support is not required.

20
 3. Skim the text (pictures) and find the English words for the following Slovak
ones.

a) konzolová fréza _______________________________________________________

b) stojan _______________________________________________________________
c) stôl stroja ____________________________________________________________
d) podporné rameno (frézy) ______________________________________________
e) podstavec ____________________________________________________________
f) frézovanie ___________________________________________________________
g) vreteno ________________________________________ _____________________

21
 h) výkyvný stôl __________________________________________________________
i) konzola ______________________________________________________________
j) skrutkovité drážky _____________________________________________________
k) fréza ________________________________________________________________
l) zvislé vreteno ________________________________________________________
m) posuvná jednotka _______________________________________________________
n) podložka, sedlo ________________________________________________________
o) vodiace dráhy _________________________________________________________

4. Answer these questions.

1. What is milling?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What is the basic difference between a universal horizontal and a plain horizontal
milling machine?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Which component holds and drives the various cutting tools on the knee-type milling
machine?
_____________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING/WRITING

1. Describe the setup, operation, and adjustment of the milling machine.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

22
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

WATCHING AND LISTENING

1. MP4. Watch the video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U99asuDT97Iand identify the two mentioned
types of milling machines.

1. ___________________ __________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________

EXTENDING VOCABULARY

1. Below is illustrated the process at the cutting area. Read the text and choose the
correct words from the box.

axially, CNC, machining, milling, processes, range

Milling is as fundamental as drilling among powered metal cutting __________ 1. It is

versatile for a basic __________ 2 process, but because the milling set up has so many degrees

23
of freedom, __________ 3 is usually less accurate than turning or grinding unless especially
rigid fixturing is implemented. For manual machining, milling is essential to fabricate any
object that is not __________ 4 symmetric. There is a wide __________ 5 of different milling
machines, ranging from manual light-duty Bridgeports™ to huge __________ 6 machines for
milling parts hundreds of feet long.

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. Use http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/hmill2.htm. Study The horizontal milling

machine cutters and up-milling:

a) draw a diagram of a horizontal milling machine and label the important parts.

24
b) explain the term up-milling. Use the diagram below.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

25
EXTENDING VOCABULARY

1. In milling, the speed and motion of the cutting tool is specified through several
parameters. These parameters are selected for each operation based upon the workpiece
material, tool material, tool size, and more. Read the paragraphs below and complete
them with a suitable expression.

Axial depth of cut, Cutting feed, Cutting speed, Feed rate, Radial depth of cut, Spindle speed

1. _______________ The distance that the cutting tool or workpiece advances during
one revolution of the spindle and tool, measured in inches per revolution (IPR). In
some operations the tool feeds into the workpiece and in others the workpiece feeds
into the tool.

2. _______________ The speed of the workpiece surface relative to the edge of the
cutting tool during a cut, measured in surface feet per minute (SFM).

3. _______________ The rotational speed of the spindle and tool in revolutions per
minute (RPM). The spindle speed is equal to the cutting speed divided by the
circumference of the tool.

4. _______________ The speed of the cutting tool's movement relative to the workpiece
as the tool makes a cut. The feed rate is measured in inches per minute (IPM) and is
the product of the cutting feed (IPR) and the spindle speed (RPM).

5. _______________ The depth of the tool along its axis in the workpiece as it makes a
cut. A large axial depth of cut will require a low feed rate, or else it will result in a
high load on the tool and reduce the tool life.

6. _______________ The depth of the tool along its radius in the workpiece as it makes a
cut. If the radial depth of cut is less than the tool radius, the tool is only partially
engaged and is making a peripheral cut. If the radial depth of cut is equal to the tool
diameter, the cutting tool is fully engaged and is making a slot cut.

26
2. A large range of cutters are available. Complete the sentences with the correct words
from the box.

concave, coolant, cylindrical , cutters, material, remove, steel,

1
The cutters are generally made from high speed __________ which means they will cut

27
through metals such as mild steel and aluminium. __________ 2 cutters are used to remove a
lot of waste material from a surface. More detailed cutters, such as __________ 3 cutters, are
used to machine a shape onto a surface. When machining with any of these cutters it is
4
important to use __________ (soluble oil) as the cutter will heat up as well as the material
being machined. The coolant cools the __________ 5 and the material which means that the
expensive cutters last longer. It is also necessary to __________ 6 material a little at a time.
Several slow passes over the __________ 7 may be needed to manufacture the desired shape.

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 HYDROFORMING

Switch on

Have a look at the picture. This is a bike frame. It can be manufactured by mechanical
forming or using hydroforming. Hydroforming is a forming process which allows the
shaping of metals such as steel, stainless steel, copper, aluminium, and brass.

WATCHING AND LISTENING (general understanding, listening for details)

1. MP4. Watch the video Hydroforming Design Process and answer the following questions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_rWhX-_hQw

a) What products can be manufactured by hydroforming?

___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b) What is the biggest advantage of the parts made by hydroforming?

29
 ___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
c) What joining process does hydroforming substitute?
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

READING (scanning)

1. Read the text and answer the following questions.

Internal High Pressure Forming

Hydroforming, or internal high pressure forming, is a forming process with an active fluid
(often a water-oil emulsion). This technology has become an established forming process in
the automotive industry as well as in many other industrial sectors. These include, for
example, the plumbing and heating industry, household appliance technology, aviation and
aerospace technology, the furniture industry as well as machine and equipment construction.
In the automotive industry, hydroforming is primarily used to manufacture components for
exhaust systems and various chassis and body parts. These include, for example, engine, cross
and side beams, roof frames, as well as carpillars. Hydroforming is particularly interesting for
the automotive industry as it offers important advantages from various perspectives: It allows
for greater freedom in designing parts but at the same time makes the parts highly resistant
and light. Hydroforming also allows for savings in material usage.

1. Which industries make use of hydroforming?

___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why hydroforming is particularly interesting for automotive industry?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Name the car parts that can be manufactured by hydroforming?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What is hydroforming?
___________________________________________________________________________

30
2. Based on the text Internal High Pressure Forming and the pictures, identify the
following car parts that can be manufactured using hydroforming.

1. ______________________ 2. ______________________

3. ______________________ 4. ______________________

5. ______________________ 6. ______________________

31
3. Read the text on Hydroforming and think of Slovak equivalents to the English
expressions written in italics.

Hydroforming

Fig. 1 Hydroformed components

In a typical hydroforming operating cycle a blank1 is placed on the lowertooling2. Then the
press is closed. Fluid pressure is then applied into the tubular section3 or onto one side of the
sheet metal blank4. The magnitude of pressure5 is high enough to cause the blank material to
deform plastically taking the shape of the tooling. Lubricants are especially important in
hydroforming. Lubricants assist in reducing the friction stresses6 or forces at the tool blank
interface thus improving metal flow. There are several advantages to hydroformed
components over conventionally manufactured parts. Conventionally produced multi
component parts can be hydroformed from a single blank reducing part count and possibly
weight. Most if not all forming and piercing operations7 can be performed within a single
hydroforming setup and scrap rates8 for hydroforming can be significantly lower than
traditional stamping scrap rates. For these reasons many major industries use hydroformed
components9 including the automotive, aerospace, appliance and plumbing industries.10.

1. _______________________________________________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________________

32
 6. _______________________________________________________________________________
7. _______________________________________________________________________________
8. _______________________________________________________________________________
9. _______________________________________________________________________________
10. _______________________________________________________________________________

WATCHING AND LISTENING (taking notes)

1. MP4. Watch the video Hydroforming and answer each of the following questions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsno1buTLBk

1. Where is a blank usually placed in a hydroforming operation?

33
 ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Where is fluid pressure applied?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What does the magnitude of pressure cause?
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why are lubricants important in hydroforming?
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Name the advantages of hydroformed components when compared to conventionally
manufactured ones.
___________________________________________________________________________
6. Name the industries that use hydroformed components.
________________________________________________________________________

WRITING
1. Complete the text on Tube Hydroforming using the words from the box .

tools, seamless, die moulding, sheet, die, die halves, welding, strength, lightweight, stamping

Tube Hydroforming

Hydroforming is a cost-effective and specialized type of __________________1 that utilizes

highly pressurized fluid to form metal. Generally there are two classifications used to describe
hydroforming, sheet hydroforming and tube hydroforming. __________________2
hydroforming uses one __________________3 and a sheet of metal; the blank sheet is driven
into the die by high pressure water on one side of the sheet forming the desired shape. Tube

34
hydroforming is the expansion of metal tubes into a shape using two __________________4,
which contain the raw tube. Hydroforming is used to replace the older process of
__________________5 two part halves and __________________6 them together. Parts
created in this method have a number of manufacturing benefits including
__________________7 bonding, increased part __________________8, and the ability to
maintain high-quality surfaces for finishing purposes. When compared to traditional metal
stamped and welded parts, hydroformed parts are _________________9, have a lower cost
per unit. The processes can also be utilized in the single stage production of components;
saving labour, __________________10, and materials.

2. Translate the text Tube Hydroforming into Slovak.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

35
 PETROL ENGINES

WATCHING AND LISTENING

Use: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGj8OneMjek

1. Watch the video Four Stroke Engine - How It Works and identify:

a) the internal parts of the petrol engine

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

b) the names of the strokes:

1. _________________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________________________
4. _________________________________________________________________________

36
 READING (scanning)

How Petrol Engine Works

Whatever the vehicle, the most important part is the mechanism called the engine. An engine
is a machine with moving parts that converts energy, such as heat or electricity, into motion.
There are several kinds of engines, including petrol engines, steam engines, jet engines, diesel
engines and electrical engines. Petrol engines have the following main parts:

 cylinder (a tube inside of which the piston moves)

 piston (a round short piece of metal that moves up and down within the cylinder to cause
other parts of the engine to move)
 inlet/intake valve (a valve through which the mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder)
 exhaust/outlet valve (a valve through which the combustion products are exhausted into the
atmosphere)
 sparking/spark plug (a part which produces the electric sparks that ignite the fuel)

Petrol engines consist of one or more cylinders. Each cylinder contains a piston which is
connected to the crankshaft. As the pistons move up and down, the crankshaft rotates. The
movement of the crankshaft is then transmitted to the wheels in a car or to the propeller in an
airplane. The pistons move up and down in a four-step cycle, which are called strokes. These

37
 four steps are as follows:

1. With the inlet valve open and the exhaust valve shut, the piston moves down the cylinder and
a mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder. (fig.1)

2. With both valves closed, the piston moves up the cylinder and compresses the fuel mixture
which is ignited by an electrical spark. (fig.2)

3. With both valves closed, the piston reaches its highest position in the cylinder. The gas
produced by the burning fuel now expands, and the piston moves down the cylinder. (fig.3)

4. With the exhaust valve open and the inlet valve shut, the piston moves up the cylinder again
pushing the burnt gas out of the engine. (fig.4)

38
 This all happens very fast, about 5,000 times a minute. After the last stroke is finished, the
cycle begins again.
The diesel engine works the same way as the petrol engine, but there are some important
differences: (1) the diesel engine uses diesel fuel instead of petrol; and (2) the compressed
mixture of diesel fuel and air is not ignited by a spark; instead, the very high pressure inside
the cylinder causes the mixture to explode.

1. Read the text and answer to the each of the following questions.

a) What kinds of engines are used to power vehicles? ____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) What are the main parts of a petrol engine? _________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) What kinds of motion do the pistons perform? _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
d) What is the function of a crankshaft? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
e) What is each step of the operating cycle called? ______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
f) How is the fuel mixture ignited? __________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
g) What does the burning fuel produce? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
h) What are the two main differences between petrol engines and diesel engines? _____
_____________________________________________________________________

39
 2. Fill in the gaps making the sentences complete.

a) A cylinder is a ___________1 inside of which a ___________ 2

moves up and
3
____________ .
1
b) The ___________ ___________ 2 allows the mixture of ___________ 3 and air to
enter the ___________ 4.
1 2
c) The sparking ___________ produces the electrical ___________ which
___________ 3 the fuel.
d) The heated gas ___________ 1 and pushes the ___________ 2 down.
e) The ___________ 1 gas is pushed out through the ___________ 2 ___________ 3 into
the atmosphere.
1 2
f) He fuel and ___________ are mixed in the ___________ to make an explosive
___________ 3.
g) The piston is a ___________ 1 metal piece ___________ 2 to the crankshaft.
h) The ___________ 1 fuel and air is ___________ 2 by compression.

3. Find synonyms (words or phrases that are similar in meaning) of the following words in
the text.

a) the combustion products ________________________________________________

b) the petrol mixture _____________________________________________________
c) to reach the cylinder ___________________________________________________
d) the piston rises ________________________________________________________
e) the gas is exhausted ____________________________________________________
f) the crankshaft turns ____________________________________________________

VOCABULARY

carburettor karburátor (zariadenie, v ktorom sa zmieša

palivo a vzduch)
combustion spaľovanie
combustion products spaliny

40
compression stlačenie
crankshaft kľukový hriadeľ
cylinder valec
combustion engine spaľovací motor
diesel engine naftový motor
four-stroke engine štvortaktný motor
jet engine prúdový motor
Petrol/gas (BrE/AmE) engine motor na benzínový pohon
fuel pohonná látka, palivo
diesel fuel naftové palivo, motorová nafta
manifold potrubie / rúra
exhaust manifold výfuková rúra
petrol benzín
piston piest
propeller vrtuľa
spark iskra
sparking plug (BrE)/spark plug AmE.) zapaľovacia sviečka
stroke takt motora, zdvih piesta
tube rúra, trubica
valve ventil
exhaust/outlet valve výfukový ventil

inlet/intake valve sací ventil

to compress stlačiť
to convert premeniť
to exhaust prúdiť (do), byť vpustený (do)
to expand rozpínať (sa)
to power poháňať
to rise dvíhať sa, stúpať
to transmit prenášať

41
 WRITING

1. Translate the following text into English.

Štvortaktný benzínový motor

V súčasnosti väčšina automobilov používa štvortaktný benzínový motor. Je to spaľovací
motor, v ktorom sa palivo, privádzané do valca z karburátora, zapaľuje elektrickou iskrou.
Vznietené palivo sa rozpína a poháňa piest, ktorý sa pohybuje vo valci. Pracovný cyklus tohto
motora pozostáva zo štyroch taktov:
1. Palivo a vzduch vniká do valca.
2. Palivová zmes sa stláča.
3. Iskra zapáli palivo.
4. Spálené plyny sú vytláčané von cez výfukovú rúru.
V každom pracovnom cykle piest vo valci urobí štyri pohyby smerom hore a dole.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

42
 NUMERICAL CONTROL AND COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL

WATCHING AND LISTENING

MP4. Watch the video and perform the following tasks.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXrG8ivSUqg

43
Listening: part 1 (00:00 – 00:50)
Machining of parts is achieved using machine tools that bring cutting tools in a contact with
a workpiece. These cutting tools remove the unwanted material shaping a part. Traditionally,
the cutting tools motion relative to the workpiece was controlled manually by a skilled
machinist. But with the answer of mass production and an increased demand for part quality
and uniformity, NC systems were developed. These NC systems control machine components
by converting program instructions into output signals. These output signals, in turn, control
the machining process to produce a workpiece.

44
 CNC machining products

1. Find the answers in the text.

a) What is machining? _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) What do cutting tools remove when shaping a part? ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) How was machining process controlled in the past? ___________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
d) What were the requirements for NC systems development? ____________________
_____________________________________________________________________
e) How do NC systems control the machine? ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
f) What do output signals control? ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

45
Listening: part 2 (00:50 – 01:50)

CNC is built upon the standard NC production capabilities by incorporating an integral

computer processor to govern the machine controls. Program instructions or data in the form
of a part program is translated by a machine control into output signals that control machine
functions such as spindle rotation, cutting tool movement, workpiece movement, tool
changing and cutting fluid control. CNCs hold several advantages over standard NCs
including part programs can be manually added on the onboard computer. Part programs can
be run from a computer memory.

Automatic tool changer

2. Find the synonyms for the following expressions.

a) To control - _________________________________________________________
b) Information - _______________________________________________________
c) to operate - _________________________________________________________
d) to convert - _________________________________________________________
e) PC fitted as a part of an equipment -______________________________________
f) a set of instructions given to a CNC machine - ______________________________

46
Listening: part 3 (01:50 – 02:44)

Workpieces requiring complex multi axis machining can be produced and machine and
control diagnostics may be run, stored and displayed during machining. These CNC
advantages offer increased parts production flexibility, greater machining accuracy and more
programming versatility. The use of CNC is widespread in manufacturing and is used in
turning, milling, hole making, welding, electrical discharge machining, abrasive waterjet
cutting, punching, laser cutting and many other operations.

3. Express the text (part 3) in Slovak.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

47
Listening: part 4 (02:44 – 03:23)

4. Make the questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.

All the numerically control machining begins with the part program. A part program consists
of sequential instructions or coded commands that direct the machining of the part1. Part
programs are primarily generated by either manual programming of commands or more
commonly by the use of computer-aided part programming systems2. To understand how CN
programming works, first requires a basic understanding of key CNC principles3.

1. _____________________________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________

48
Listening: part 5 (03:26 – 04:37)

The common factor that all computer numerically controlled machine types share is their
ability to accurately and repeatedly control motion in various directions. Each of these
directions of motion is known as an axis. Depending upon a machine type, the number of
axes available for control commonly range from two to five. Additionally, a CNC axis can be
either a linear axis with motion occurring along a straight line or a rotary axis with motion
occurring along circular path. Each axis consists of a mechanical component such as
a machine slide that moves, a servo drive motor to supply power for the movement and a ball
screw that transfers the power from the servo drive motor to the mechanical component.
These components along with the CNC functions that direct them is called an axis drive
system.

5. Find the answers in the text.

1. What is the main property of all the computer numerically controlled machine types?
_____________________________________________________________________

49
 __________________________________________________________________
2. Define an axis. ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the number of axes depending on a machine type. ____________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Define the linear axis. _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Define the rotary axis. _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. What does an axis drive system include? ____________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
7. What is the function of a servo drive motor? ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8. What is the function of a ball screw? _______________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

50
 LEAN PRODUCTION

READING (skimming and scanning)

1. Read and study the following text.

The core idea of lean production is actually quite simple…relentlessly work on eliminating
waste from the manufacturing process.
So what is waste? Waste is defined as any activity that does not add value from the
customer’s perspective. According to research conducted by the Lean Enterprise Research
Centre (LERC), fully 60% of production activities in a typical manufacturing operation are
waste – they add no value at all for the customer.

51
The good news is that just about every company has a tremendous opportunity to improve,
using lean manufacturing techniques and other manufacturing best practices. Techniques that
enable you to deliver higher quality products at significantly lower costs.

2. Answer these questions.

a) What is the core idea of lean production? ____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) How is waste defined? __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) How many wastes are mentioned above? Which are they? ______________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Give a short definition of the following words.

A. Overproduction ________________________________________________________

52
 _____________________________________________________________________
B. Inventory_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
C. Rework_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
D. Over processing________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR FOCUS

1. Use the verbs in the brackets in the correct form to complete these sentences.

1
Another benefit of lean production is that it __________ (keep) the work simple. In lean
production, jobs are __________ 2 (create) simple enough so that anybody can be __________
3
(train) to do them. Complicated tasks may be __________ 4 (break) down into simpler tasks
that are then __________ 5 (give) to various employees. The simpler the job, the less time it
__________ 6 (take) to complete it. Productivity and efficiency also __________ 7 (increase).
In the car manufacturing facility, for example, everything is __________ 8 (keep) as simple as
9
possible. You can __________ (see) that at each step, only the necessary items are
10
__________ (use). For example, this robot only has four screws per car because all it
11
__________ (need) to do is to screw in the four screws for each car. It doesn't need
anything else to do its job. Its job is very simple.

2. Make questions to the underlined parts of the sentences.

1. The Audi factory in Neckarsulm produces the super sports cars Audi R8 among
others. _______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Individual members are assembled on the benches. ____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Precision is taken very seriously when building the Audi R8. ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Workers are also very skilled in welding aluminium. __________________________

53
 _____________________________________________________________________
5. The whole assembly process is divided into 14 stages.
_____________________________________________________________________

LISTENING

The Audi R8 is the most successful model in the history of the World Car Awards.

WATCHING AND LISTENING - GENERAL COMPREHENSION.

1
1. Watch the video Making the Audi R8 – High class automobile production and
answer the following questions. Use the following web site:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSbrXfC6Io
1
Video transcript:
There are over 40 million vehicles on the roads in Germany alone. More than 3 million new
vehicles were registered last year. To cover this huge demand, modern vehicle manufactures
must produce large numbers each day. And to achieve that they have to automate many of the
processes. For example, 2400 cars leave the Audi factory in Ingolstadt every day on average.
So, it will come as a surprise to hear this: ”We build 24 cars a day and see that in a modern
car manufacturing facility”. The Audi factory in Neckarsulm produces the super sports cars
Audi R8 among others. Unlike large scale production with its automated processes and
sophisticated robots, the Audi R8 production is a manufacture in its true sense of the word. It
is built largely by hand. ”We have a very high degree of manual production. That is to say, in
the body shop we are talking about 25% automation while assembly is carried out 100% by
hand”. Hard to imagine, but this is the preliminary stage of the Audi R8. Light alloy chassis
members. Individual members are assembled on the benches until finally they become the
basic chassis of the super sports car. But the human factor, which some people like to see as
a potential source of errors, is part of the solution here. Precision is taken very seriously when
building the Audi R8. ” In spite of the high degree of manual production we have very tight
quality control loops. Our people are very highly qualified. Right from the start we use the
core crew of very qualified people. They worked on the A2, some of them on the A8 and the
A6. So, they have lots of specialist knowledge. They are also very skilled, for example, in

54
a) Where are the Audi factories located? ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b) What type of a car does the Audi factory in Neckarsulm produce? ______________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c) Is the production process fully automated? _________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

d) What is special about the quality control at the factory? ______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

e) Why is the Audi R8 considered to be unique from the point of view of its production? ______
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

welding aluminium. We put them to work on the prototypes. That is to say they have to know
the car and its body from the beginning”. The manual skills coming useful for quality control
in the body shop. People with a sensitive touch can detect any unevenness in the car body and
correct it if necessary. ”In areas where it matters our tolerances are down to a fifth of a
millimetre”. To supplement that, each body is measured and a laser scanner at over 200
neurologic points to insure perfect dimensions. They achieved a lot with the R8 but people
here are still not satisfied. ”We do much more that is expected of a welder. Instead of a
refresher test every 2 years, we put each worker through the qualification process every 6
months”. After the quality check the body is painted and then it goes to the assembly shop. At
last it starts to look like a car even if it still rather incomplete. In assembly, they build in the
engine, gearbox and the interior panels and the various fittings – everything that belongs to
the Audi R8. The assembly process is divided into 14 stages of 35 minutes. That is also
unusual in business. ”The main difference here with small production numbers is much longer
cycle times compared to mass production. For comparison we have 35 minutes for whereas it
is only about 90 seconds on R6 production lines. During those 35 minutes a worker inserts up
to 50 or 60 different parts not counting the tools he has to use for each operation. We have a
high complexity because of a large amount of work. You can just imagine the difference
remembering all steps for a 2 minutes or 35 minutes circle. Everything has to be perfect”. And
this is what it looks like when it leaves the assembly shop. But the Audi R8 is not yet ready
for the showroom. It has to be subjected to extensive quality control. They check the evenness
of the paint finish in all the gaps defined to nearest tenth of a millimetre and numerous other
details besides. ”We subject every one of our cars to a road test inside and outside the factory
ground. The main emphasis is on any disturbing noises that may occur and then after the road
test we work through them and deal with them”. Well, they do say that unusual circumstances
require unusual solutions. The Audi R8 – a car that is still built by hand in the age of
automation.

55
 READING (scanning) – IDENTIFYING QUANTITIES

1. Read the video transcript (or watch the video Making the Audi R8 – High class
automobile production once again) and identify the quantities.

a) How many vehicles are there on the roads in Germany? ______________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
b) How many new vehicles were registered last year in Germany? ________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
c) How many cars leave the Audi factory in Ingolstadt each day on average? _______________
___________________________________________________________________________
d) How many cars are built each day at the Audi factory? _______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
e) What is the percentage of manual production in assembly shop? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________________
f) What is the percentage of automated production in the body shop? _____________________
___________________________________________________________________________
g) Workers can manually detect any unevenness in the car body. What is the tolerance of the
unevenness? ________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
h) When Audi leaves the assembly shop, the paint finish in all the gaps is subjected to the quality
control. What is the tolerance of the unevenness of the paint finish? _____________________

56
 ___________________________________________________________________________
i) How many stages is the car assembly process divided into? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
j) How long does one stage last? __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

READING (scanning) - IDENTIFIYING SPECIFIC INFORMATION

1. Read the video transcript (or watch the video Making the Audi R8 – High class
automobile production once again) and answer the following questions.

a) Which car members are assembled on the benches? ___________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) Which device is used to ensure perfect dimensions of the car body? ______________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) What are the workers especially skilled in? __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
d) How often is a worker at the Audi factory put through the qualification process? ____
_____________________________________________________________________

57
VOCABULARY

1. Find the corresponding English expressions in the video transcript Making the Audi
R8 – High class automobile production.

a) v priemere ___________________________________________________________
b) v priamom zmysle slova _________________________________________________
c) bude to prekvapenie ___________________________________________________
d) je ťažké si predstaviť ___________________________________________________
e) to jest, totiž __________________________________________________________
f) hovorí sa _____________________________________________________________

58
 READING AND SPEAKING

1. Read the comments on the video Making the Audi R8 – High class automobile
production: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSbrXfC6Io

2. How do people comment the video?

a) Positive comments:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b) Negative comments:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c) Neutral comments:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

59
3. Tips for the final presentations.

a) Prepare a presentation on the factory in Neckarsulm.

b) Prepare a presentation on the Audi R8 and its production.

60
 ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES (AMP)

READING (skimming)

1. Skim the text on The Need for Advanced Machining Processes. In what cases
should advanced machining technology be applied?

61
SPEAKING

Unconventional Machining Processes

Machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a workpiece. It is
important to view machining as a system consisting of the workpiece, the tool and the
machine. Advanced machining processes (also called non-traditional or unconventional) are
as follows:

CHEMICAL MACHINING
ELECTRO CHEMICAL MACHINING
LASER BEAM MACHINING
WATER JET MACHINING
ABRASIVE WATER JET MACHINING
HYDROFORMING
PLASMA CUTTING
ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING

AMP have unique capabilities. They involve chemical, electrochemical, electrical, or laser
sources of energy. The mechanical properties of the workpiece material are not significant
because these processes rely on mechanisms that do not involve the strength, hardness,

62
ductility, or toughness of the material, rather they involve physical, chemical, and electrical
properties.

1. Discuss the following issues.

1. Definition of machining.
2. What does machining consist of?
3. Material removal in AMP.
4. The properties of a workpiece that are important in advanced machining.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

63
READING (scanning)

Water Jet Machining

Waterjet technology is a cold cutting process which cuts by using supersonic water, or water
and abrasive. Waterjets are unlimited in what they can cut. An ultrahigh-pressure pump
generates a stream of water with pressure rated up to 94,000 psi (6,480 bar).To put it into
perspective, a fire hose contains a pressure of 390 to 1,200 psi (20 to 84 bar). This pressure is
converted into velocity via a tiny jewel orifice, creating a stream as small as a human hair
which can cut soft materials. To increase cutting power by 1,000 times, garnet is pulled into
the supersonic waterjet stream. Water and garnet exit the cutting head at nearly four times the
speed of sound. There are two types of waterjet: pure and abrasive. Combined, these two
technologies can cut virtually any material, any shape, at any thickness. Pure waterjet cuts soft
materials like foam, plastic, paper, insulation, carpet, food. Abrasive waterjet is similar to a
pure waterjet, except that after the pure waterjet is created, garnet abrasive is pulled into the
head, mixed with the water, and then the resulting abrasive waterjet stream can cut hard
materials like metal, ceramic, stone, glass and composite.

64
1. Based on the text Water Jet Machining and the diagram, identify the components of
equipment for WJM and their functions.

A: Components B: Function

1. __pressure pump_____ __it generates a steam of waters___________________

2. ____________________ _______________________________________________
3. ____________________ _______________________________________________
4. ____________________ _______________________________________________
5. ____________________ _______________________________________________

C: Question formation.

1. __What does the pressure pump generate? ____________________________________

2. _______________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________________

SPEAKING

1. Discuss the following issues on WJM.

1. Supersonic water used in WJM. ___________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
2. Type of abrasive added to the water. _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Water pressure generated. ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. How pressure is converted into velocity. ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The thickness of the water jet. _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Types of waterjet. ______________________________________________________

65
 _____________________________________________________________________
7. Materials to be cut by different types of waterjets. _____________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

66
 ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING

(also called spark erosion)

(Cutting Metal to Precise Shapes using Electricity)

VOCABULARY

Principles of EDM

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a controlled metal-removal process that is used to

remove metal by means of electric spark erosion. In this process an electric spark is used as
the cutting tool to cut (erode) the workpiece to produce the finished part to the desired shape.
The metal-removal process is performed by applying a pulsating (ON/OFF) electrical charge
of high-frequency current through the electrode to the workpiece. This removes (erodes) very
tiny pieces of metal from the workpiece.

1. Find the English terms in the text above:

a) Elektrický výboj _______________________________________________________

b) Elektrický náboj _______________________________________________________
c) Riadený proces ________________________________________________________
d) Proces odoberania materiálu _____________________________________________
e) Odoberať materiál ______________________________________________________

67
 f) Elektrická iskra ________________________________________________________
g) Rezný nástroj __________________________________________________________
h) Leptať/erodovať _______________________________________________________
i) Erózia _______________________________________________________________
j) Požadovaný tvar súčiastky _______________________________________________
k) Presný tvar súčiastky ____________________________________________________
l) Elektrický prúd _______________________________________________________

WRITING

1. Express the following text in Slovak.

EDM is a process of metal machining in which a tool discharges thousands of sparks to a

metal workpiece. A non-conventional process, EDM works on parts resistance to
conventional machining processes, but only if these parts are electrically conductive; usually,
they are non-ferrous, and include steel, titanium, super alloys, brass, and many other metals.
Instead of cutting the material, EDM melts or vaporizes it, leaving little debris and providing
a very accurate line.

GLOSSARY

debris – worthless material

non-ferrous materials – do not contain iron
alloy – a mixture of two or more materials

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

68
 Wire EDM (also called wire erosion)

WATCHING AND LISTENING – GENERAL COMPREHENSION

1. Watch the video How Wire EDM Works.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBueWfzb7P0

2. Then answer the question.

What is special about wire EDM? ____________________________________________

69
 ___________________________________________________________________________

READING (scanning)

1. Read the text and find the answers to the following questions.

The wire EDM is a discharge machine that uses CNC movement to produce the desired
contour or shape. It does not require a special shaped electrode, instead it uses a continuous-
travelling vertical wire under tension as the electrode. The electrode in wire EDM is about as
thick as a small diameter needle whose path is controlled by the machine computer to produce
the shape required.

1. Does wire EDM use a specially shaped electrode? ___________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
2. What does it use instead? ______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Identify the thickness of the wire. ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. How is the wire path controlled? ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What does CNC movement produce? _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR FOCUS: WORD FORMATION

1. Complete the following table with the proper form of the adjective or noun.

1. Flexibility __________________
2. _____________ long
3. strength __________________
4. _____________ hard
5. brittleness _________________
6. laser _________________

70
7. ______________ ductile
8. ______________ tough
9. ______________ conventional
10. tradition ________________
11. _______________ thick
12. _______________ abrasive
13. dimension _________________
14. stone _________________
15. glass _________________
16. _______________ plastic
17. pressure ________________

71
 PLASMA CUTTING

Watch the video Metal Projects Made on a Plasma CAM CNC Cutting Machine. Identify
the outputs of the plasma cutting process.

Use https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry4kohKGAfI

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

72
 PLASMA CUTTING PRINCIPLE

1. Find the Slovak equivalents to the English ones written in italics.

There are four states of matter1 solid, liquid, gas and plasma. The plasma cutting principle is
based on plasma as a gas that is heated to extreme temperatures until it reaches the fourth state
of matter. In this state the electrons in the atoms of the plasma separate from their nuclei2.
This frees3 the electrons to be able to move around and with great speed, crashing into other
free electrons4. These collisions cause a release of energy5, which is used as the power
supply6 for plasma cutters7.

1. _________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________

5. _________________________________________________________________________

6. _________________________________________________________________________

7. _________________________________________________________________________

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a plasma cutting principle based on? _______________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

73
2. What happens when gas reaches the fourth state of matter? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the result of electrons collision? __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. What physical property must a workpiece possess to be cut by plasma cutter? _____________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What materials can be cut by plasma cutting? ______________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Plasma Cutting System Components

1. Complete the description of plasma cutting system components with the suitable
term.

a) ___________________________: It converts single or three phase AC line voltage

into a constant DC voltage ranging from 200 to 400 VDC. This DC voltage is
responsible for maintaining the plasma arc throughout cut.

74
b) ___________________________: The ASC circuit produces an AC voltage of
approximately 5,000 VAC at 2 MHz which produces the spark inside of the plasma torch
to create the plasma arc.

c) ___________________________: It is a device for generating a directed flow of

plasma.

75
 2. Identify the main parts required for plasma arc generation: the electrode, swirl
ring, and nozzle.

a)_________________ b) ______________________ c) ___________________

PRECISION PLASMA OPERATION

1. Find the English equivalents to the Slovak terms in the following text.
Inside a precision plasma torch, the electrode and nozzle do not touch, but are isolated from
one another by a swirl ring which has small vent holes that transform the preflow/plasma gas
into a swirling vortex. When a start command is issued to the power supply, it generates up to
400 VDC of open circuit voltage and initiates the preflow gas through a hose lead set to the
torch. The nozzle is temporarily connected to the positive potential of the power supply
through a pilot arc circuit, and the electrode is at a negative.

76
Next, a high frequency spark is generated from the Arc Starting Circuit which causes the
plasma gas to become ionized and electrically conductive, resulting in a current path from
electrode to nozzle, and a pilot arc of plasma is created.

Once the pilot arc makes contact to the work piece, the current path shifts from electrode to
work piece, and the high frequency turns off and the pilot arc circuit is opened.

77
The power supply then ramps up the DC current to the cutting amperage selected by the
operator and replaces the preflow gas with the optimum plasma gas for the material being
cut. A secondary shielding gas is also used. It flows outside of the nozzle through a shield
cap.

The shape of the shield cap and the diameter of its orifice forces the shield gas to further
constrict the plasma arc, resulting in a cleaner cut with very low bevel angles.

1. Dýza
2. Zúženie
3. Uhol skosenia
4. Ochranný uzáver
5. Ochranná atmosféra
6. Intenzita elektrického prúdu
7. Cesta elektrického prúdu
8. Vetrací otvor
9. Sada hadíc
10. Pomocný oblúk
11. Vírivý prúd
12. Jednosmerný prúd
13. Napätie naprázdno
14. Spúšťací obvod
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________

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2. Answer the following questions.

a) Where are the electrode and nozzle located? _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) What is the function of a swirl ring? ________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) What does a power supply generate? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
d) To which potential of the power supply is the nozzle connected to? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________
e) What part of the equipment generates a high frequency spark? ___________________
_____________________________________________________________________
f) Where does shielding gas flow from? _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
g) How is the clean cut with low bevel angles generated? _________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

3. Translate the text Precision plasma operation into Slovak.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

80
 JUST IN TIME MANUFACTURING

What is it?

Definition
"Just-in-Time" means making "only what is needed, when it is needed, and in the amount
needed."

BASIC TERMINOLOGY

The JIT concept was introduced in Japan (originated at Toyota) to eliminate waste of
materials, machines, capital, manpower, and inventory1 throughout the manufacturing system.
In traditional manufacturing, the parts are made in batches2, placed in inventory, and used
whenever necessary. This approach is known as a push system3, meaning that parts are made
according to a schedule and are in inventory to be used if and when they are needed. In
contrast, JIT is a pull system4, meaning that parts are produced to order5, and the production is
matched with demand6 for the final assembly7 of products.

1. Think of Slovak equivalents to the words in italics.

1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________

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3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________

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 WATCHING AND LISTENING

1. MP4. Watch the video Just in Time. www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9nAsDgOizM

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Video keywords: bill of materials (BOM), vendor, seller, customization, supplier, demand,
push and pull systems.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

Future Perfect Tense

I will have done it by Friday.

We should have shipped it to you within 4 days.
Structure: will/should + have + 3rd column
Význam: urobím do stanoveného času určitú činnosť.
Používa sa s: by Thursday; by this evening; by 6 o clock; within 2 days; in an hour; etc.
Question:
Will you have done it by Friday?
When will you have done it?

1. Express in English: pay attention to the WORD ORDER: SVOMPT

podmet – prísudok – predmet – rôzne časové a priestorové určenia

Podstatou JIT je vyrobiť a dodať v stanovenom čase potrebné množstvo výrobkov, v

požadovanom sortimente a kvalite, na stanovené miesto určenia, konkrétnemu zákazníkovi,
za vopred vykalkulovanú cenu. Pohyb materiálu v celkovom výrobnom procese je jedným
z dôležitých aspektov procesu plánovania a riadenia výroby. Základné princípy, ktoré
môžeme uplatniť pri organizácii pohybu materiálu sú princípy push a pull.

Use the following terminology: price calculated in advance, destination, individual

customer, flow of material, required quantity/quality, range, to supply, to apply, planning,
manufacturing

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. Express in English using Future Perfect Tense.

a) Dokončím projekt do konca mesiaca. ______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
b) Napíšeš správu do týždňa? _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
c) Urobím skúšku do konca skúškového obdobia. _____________________________
__________________________________________________________________
d) Pripravíte prezentáciu do budúcej stredy? __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 MANAGEMENT

READING (scanning)

1. Read the text concerning Manufacturing Management and try to explain the words
in italics.

Manufacturing management refers to all aspects of the manufacturing process. Managing a

manufacturing plant means responsibility for the process, from assembly design to packaging
and sending out the finished product. Employee work shifts, quality control, and accounting
all fall under the general umbrella of manufacturing management.
Key elements in manufacturing management include the development of an assembly design,
ethics in business, accountability, and forecasting for the future. Each step of managing a
manufacturing scenario works in tandem with the step before and after to present a smooth-
running operation. Members of manufacturing management are typically assigned specific
duties or departments to oversee during their work shifts.
Human resources is an important part of managing manufacturing employees, who must be
recruited, trained, and retained. Maintaining proper time cards, vacation and sick leave, and
wages are all part of the overall manufacturing management plan. Satisfied and content
employees reduce turnover, which can be expensive. Continued education and training for
current employees helps keep them loyal to the company and is part of management's
responsibility.
Part of the manufacturing process is consistency. Good manufacturing managers strive to
provide safe working conditions as well as encourage the meeting of production quotas and
deadlines. The careful balance between taking care of workers and getting customer orders
out the door is a primary duty in any manufacturing management plan.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

EXTENDING VOCABULARY

1. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.

company, conditions, consistency, duty, education, ethics, future, management,

manufacturing, product, responsibility, quality, resources, time.

Manufacturing management refers to all aspects of the manufacturing process. Managing a

1
manufacturing plant means _______________ for the process, from assembly design to
2
packaging and sending out the finished _______________ . Employee work shifts,

87
 3
_______________ control, and accounting all fall under the general umbrella of
_______________ 4 management.
Key elements in manufacturing management include the development of an assembly design,
5
_______________ in business, accountability, and forecasting for the _______________ 6.
Each step of managing a manufacturing scenario works in tandem with the step before and
7
after to present a smooth-running operation. Members of manufacturing _______________
are typically assigned specific duties or departments to oversee during their work shifts.
Human _______________ 8 is an important part of managing manufacturing employees, who
9
must be recruited, trained, and retained. Maintaining proper _______________ cards,
vacation and sick leave, and wages are all part of the overall manufacturing management plan.
Satisfied and content employees reduce turnover, which can be expensive. Continued
10
_______________ and training for current employees helps keep them loyal to the
_______________ 11 and is part of management's responsibility.
12
Part of the manufacturing process is _______________ . Good manufacturing managers
13
strive to provide safe working _______________ as well as encourage the meeting of
production quotas and deadlines. The careful balance between taking care of workers and
14
getting customer orders out the door is a primary _______________ in any manufacturing
management plan.

88
 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Definition
 The planning, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary
resources of an organization.

Switch on

1. Match the useful banking words and their explanations.

1. bank charges a) (plastic) card from a bank authorising the purchasing of goods on credit.
2. branch b) deficit in a bank account caused by withdrawing more money than is paid in
3. credit c) person to whom money is paid
4. credit card d) to take money out of a bank account
5. debit e) money paid to a bank for the bank’s services etc.
6. loan f) money in a bank; sum added to a bank; money lent by a bank
7. overdraft g) a record of transactions in a bank account
8. payee h) local office or bureau of a bank
9. statement i) a sum deducted from a bank account, as for a cheque
10. withdraw j) money lent by a bank etc. and that must be repaid with interest

89
READING (scanning)

1. Read the following text. Then answer the questions.

The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. New
competitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprise having to
embrace change to remain successful.
How can an organisation know when change is necessary? It is suggested that organisations
should embrace change when they are doing well; they should not wait until things take a turn
for the worse. It is doubtful that many organisations follow this advice. It is more likely that
traditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide when and what to
change. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored – what are your
competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor?
How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information can help in
the planning and implementation of change. However, a key factor in the successful
implementation of change is that organisations must “learn to learn.” The traditional top-
down, authoritarian way of doing things is not flexible enough to cope with today’s rapidly
changing business environment.

1. How can an organisation know when change is necessary?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________1

2. Can you give one example of traditional indicator?

_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________2

3. How can an organisation achieve change?

_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________3

4. What is a key factor in the successful implementation of change?

_____________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________4

5. What do you think about traditional authoritarian way of doing things?

_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________5

2. Read an extract from the text concerning the finance department. Then complete
the sentences with the words from the box.

audit, banking, controller, finance, function, manager, market, payables, payroll, treasurers

1
… If you have suppliers, then you need to have a _____________ function. If you have
customers, you need to have a receivables _______________ 2. You have internal customers,
3
our people, it’s a _______________ function. You also need cash management to handle
your cash inflow and outflow, as well as _______________ 4 transactions…
In large companies, the _______________ 5 activity is usually connected with a top officer of
the company, such as the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The most
important role of a financial _______________ 6 is to create value from financial activities of
the company. The financial manager should also analyze competitors and _______________ 7
trends and provide financial advice and support to colleagues and clients including both
public and private sector organizations. Other main positions within a finance department are
8
the treasurer and the _______________ who report to the financial manager.
_______________ 9 direct their organization’s budgets to meet its financial goals. Controllers
10
oversee the accounting, _______________ , and budget departments. They also are in
charge of preparing special reports required by regular authorities.

91
BASIC TERMINOLOGY

1. Study the useful terms concerning finance.

Notes
Pay careful attention to collocations in this area. In particular, think about “common” words
such as reduce, increase, major, minor, high and low.

2. Fill in all the gaps with the correct words from the box.

budget, expenditure, funds, investment, overheads, running

There are a number of similarities between _______________ 1 a household and a business.

Perhaps the most important of these is the need to set a _______________ 2 and keep to it.
Just as the average householder needs to make sure that there is enough money at the end of
the month to pay the bills, so does a business need to control its _______________ 3. This is
not just a matter of finding _______________ 4 for large items such as _______________ 5 in
research and development, it also means making certain that the _______________ 6 can also
be covered.

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 CHANGE MANAGEMENT

Useful definitions

 The planning and introducing of new processes, methods of working, etc. in a

company or organization;
 The management of change and development within a business or similar
organization.

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EXTENDING VOCABULARY

1. In the context of the strategies for managing your system change complete the
following paragraphs with the suitable words and expressions.

Be aware of culture, Communicate, Consider time, Creative visible short term wins, Decide
on your change goal

A. ____________________________________________________________________
What do you want to achieve? How will you know if it has been achieved? Who is
affected and how will they react? You need to have a clear vision.
B. _____________________________________________________________________
Think about the best time to instigate change. For example, improvements in work
practices may be more acceptable in times of recession when people are concerned
about keeping their jobs.
C. _____________________________________________________________________
Most change initiatives fail because of a lack of recognition of the importance of

94
 culture. It is difficult to define, but you need to be aware of “the way we do things
around here.”
D. _____________________________________________________________________
Help people to see the benefits of change in the short term. For example, if you are
changing how you interact with customers, publicize some of the positive feedback
from them to encourage staff to continue with the new ways of working.
E. _____________________________________________________________________
Recognize that effective communication may be the single most important factor in
overcoming resistance to change. Communicate your vision and strategic intent
clearly. Be honest and encourage two way discussion.

WATCHING AND LISTENING

1. MP4. Watch the video attentively. Then complete the sentences with change
management explanation. Use: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmoDpj1jtyA

1
Modern organizations face constantly varying market _______________ , customer
2 3
_______________ , technologies, input _______________ and competition.
Organizations must continually adapt in order to _______________ 4.
_______________ 5 the threat of not changing.
Where possible, involve your team in _______________ 6 making.

95
_______________7 uncertainty.
Celebrate _______________ 8 in moving towards the goal.
Keep explaining the _______________ 9 why we're changing.

PROBLEM SOLVING

1. If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring about
successful organisational change. There are five factors that help make an organisation
a “learning organisation“. Choose the correct one for each paragraph:

building a shared vision, personal mastery, systems thinking, team learning, the creative use
of mental models.

1. _________________________– an employee’s desire for lifelong learning to

continually update that employee’s set of job skills;
2. _________________________– all employees should question all aspects of a
company’s organisation;
3. __________________________ – the vision of the company’s future must be
positive, innovative, constantly evolving and something that all employees wish to
achieve;
4. __________________________ – employees need to think and learn together.
Teams need to learn, not just individuals;
5. __________________________ – this requires a wide vision across all sectors of
an organisation. In fact the concept of ”a sector” within a company is not useful.
Activities in a company should be seen as a whole. It is also important to recognise
patterns across an organisation, even in complex circumstances.

96
 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Definition

 Strategies and processes designed to identify, capture, structure, value, leverage,

and share an organization's intellectual assets to enhance its performance and
competitiveness. It is based on two critical activities: (1) capture and
documentation of individual explicit and tacit knowledge, and (2) its
dissemination within the organization.

READING (skimming and scanning)

1. Read and study the following text.

What is knowledge management?

Did you know we are living in what is commonly termed the “information society”? This is
because information and data have become easier to obtain thanks to advances in computers,
modern means of communication and the Internet. Organisations believe having better
information leads to better decision-making. However, with greater access to information
comes the problem of information overload – which pieces of information are important to
make the best decision? The problems of selecting and obtaining the right information and the
ability to use this information to make decisions which can give the organisation a
competitive advantage gave rise to the field of Knowledge Management, or KM, and it is
being adopted by more and more businesses today.

97
In order to understand what Knowledge Management is, it is necessary to define what
knowledge is. Knowledge can be defined as the know-how that comes from experience and
understanding of a situation. For the time being, only humans, and not computers, can provide
an organisation with the knowledge it needs to succeed and the combined knowledge that the
employees of an organisation possess is often termed its intellectual capital.

2. Complete the following sentences with these adjectives: best, better, competitive, good,
human, modern, old-fashioned, powerful.

KM can be divided into 2 parts. The activity of obtaining the _______________ 1 information
2
which often relies on technology such as having _______________ computers to filter or
store information, or _______________ 3 networks of communication so that knowledge can
4
flow easily through organisation; and the more _______________ side which focuses on
employees exploiting the information in order to create _______________ 5 advantage for the
organisation, perhaps by producing an idea which customers will want. Companies which
6
nowadays adopt KM strategies believe that they will achieve _______________ results
7
because they harness the potential of both _______________ technological advances and
good _______________ 8 experiences.

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 WATCHING AND LISTENING

1. MP4. Watch the video concerning knowledge management. Then answer the
questions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRVx9qhzbgw

1. What is knowledge management?

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

2. What kind of activities might you become involved with if you are a Knowledge
manager?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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BASIC TERMINOLOGY

1. Use financial management, change management or knowledge management in the

sentences.

1. The security company strongly embraced the concept of

_________________________ , believing that sharing their savvy concerning threats,
viruses and malware would increase everyone's safety, ultimately.
2. If your business isn't running smoothly there may be a meeting about
_________________________where tough decisions will be made.
3. Big companies that have a lot of overhead costs can tend to suffer from poor
_________________________.
4. Having good _________________________ will not only allow you to have all the
info but also to use it to the best that you can.
5. The business wanted to implement some _________________________ into their
strategy to ensure a profitable future that would make them great.
6. Having a good grasp on your _________________________ will keep your business
always running at a high and efficient level.
7. I got my _________________________ degree that year and it made me excited
because I could start a new life.
8. If your company has been struggling to break through maybe its time for a
_________________________ and to shake things up.
9. You need to be great at _________________________ if you want to build up your
equity and be able to use it to your advantage.

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RE FE RE NCE S

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Technicians, Prešov, 2011.
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Engineering, 2001.
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2007.
HORNBY, A. S.: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, Oxford, 2005.
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PICHANIČOVÁ, N- Mc LEOD, S: Essential English for Engineers, 2001.
VASILKO, K. a kol.: Technologický ilustrovaný štvorjazyčný slovník, Prešov: FVT, 2006.
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http://www.technologystudent.com/
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-manufacturing-management.htm#
http://www.dcielts.com/
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/change-management
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/knowledge-management.html

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https://www.leanproduction.com/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmoDpj1jtyA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRVx9qhzbgw
http://www.efunda.com/home.cfm
http://www.technologystudent.com/equip1/hmill2.htm
http://www.custompartnet.com/wu/milling#equipment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_rWhX-_hQw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsno1buTLBk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGj8OneMjek
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXrG8ivSUqg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSbrXfC6Io
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRSbrXfC6Io
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBueWfzb7P0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ry4kohKGAfI
www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9nAsDgOizM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmoDpj1jtyA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRVx9qhzbgw

102