International Journal on Engineering Applications (I.R.E.A.), Vol. 7, N.

4
ISSN 2281-2881 July 2019

Modeling and Identification of Human Heart System

Lafta E. J. Alkurawy, Mohammed S. Saleh, Ibraheem S. Fatah, Adham H. Saleh

Abstract – In this paper, for human heart problems, a mathematical model has been developed.
There are more or fewer applications of physical analog with mathematical modeling of the heart,
the modeling of heart by electromechanical, state-space. In this paper, the Physical models of the
heart can affect the data of real physiological focused on the actual tests present. A new technique
for mathematical modeling of heart of human is described as a hydro electromechanical system.
The human heart is described focusing on three systems: electrical analysis, hydraulic mechanism,
and mechanical variables. In the hydro model based on mechanical developed by using Laplace
transforms after converting the mechanical system to an electrical system and simulation are
carried out by using Matlab and the results are agreeable with the waveform of the ECG. The
components of electrical analysis have been exploited in order to put on the purposes of
physiological the human heart. The parameters of the electrical circuit have been transferred from
the model of hydraulic mechanism and medical physiological parameters. The results of the model
are close to true parameters. The identification of this model is applied with recursive least
squares (RLS) in order to compare the mathematical model. Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy
Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Modeling of Cardiovascular, Biomedical Systems, Identification, Recursive Least

Square, Control

I. Introduction are incorporated to physical model among different

The main cause of human death is heart disease. The
diseases are different, from the simplest one to the most
difficult one and there are risk forms as the
transplantation of a heart. The technological upgrade is
feasible to get new chances in medical tools in order to
inform heart risks. There are many modellings of human
heart applied by a physical model and compare with real
systems [1]-[23]. Martin J. Conlon, Donald L. Russell,
and Tofy M. [1] in 2005, proposed a parameter of
mathematical lumped model of heart of human, and they
developed it in order to do vitro testing of ventricular
devices. The model presented the heart and the
circulatory system (HCS) with components focused on
data of physiological. They presented two models for the
inspection of the dynamics of the circulatory system.
Both models produced flow behaviors and pressure
with physiologically sound. The result has – improved
the behavior of arterial due to the structural modification
easiness and has been explored when using the modeling
by a computer data rather than modeling in physical data
such as an imitation circulatory. The lumped parameter
advantages have been the ability to remove or add
segment, or the simple for simulation permit for very
absorbing developed for the behavior the scale of micro
circulatory. Gutta, S., Chang, Q., Nguyen, H. D., and
Benjamin, B. A. [2] proposed a new structure for OSA
identification in which the measurements that selected
signals of the wearable sensor with the mathematical
models of the cardiorespiratory system based on Vector
independents. The Gaussian process was designed using
the sum functions of separable kernel, and was predicted
by the function of marginal likelihood. They detected
OSA by using the peripheral oxygen saturation signals
and heart rate and conducted experiments on both real
and synthetic data in order to display the effectiveness of
the OSA detection contrasted the approaches of data-
driven. Dongdong D., Peifeng J., Xuesong Y., and Ling
X. [3] reconstructed a model based on the calculated
tomography images. The atria included of crista terminal,
pectinase muscle, senatorial node and atrial muscles in
this model. They made the calculation by using
interpolation technique in the linear manner and the
position algorithm. The model of human heart
experimentally measured in fibers orientation and put the
whole heart inflammation propagation on using a model
of mono domain. S. Malatos, A. Raptis and M. Xenos,
[4] proposed a model of flow the blood in the
cardiovascular system. In this model, they used zero
dimensional and one- dimensional to study the human
heart. The models for low dimensional include a time
dependent system that does not require spatial
derivatives. There is a tendency of introducing 1D
models; despite being more difficult, 3D cardiovascular
models are suitable. The models of low dimensional can
give useful data to hospitals for the properties of blood
flow. Feneley et al. [5] transmitted the pressure of LV
across the septum of ventricular into the RV. The data of
the model suggested that the outputs of function of

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved https://doi.org/10.15866/irea.v7i4.17807

130
 L. E. J. Alkurawy et al.
enhanced RV systolic that increases MPA FCWee. Such
interactions add a large disrepair layer to the study of
waves of vascular and considering them may be
important in the study of disease of Cardiovascular at
‘local’ pathology may have ‘remote’ hemodynamics
consequences. F. N. Vanda Voss [6] made a
mathematical modeling of arterial fluid dynamics and
this was important for physiological understanding
diagnostic and medical planning. A cardiac machine,
pressure and flow wave pressure for modeling and
references was given to the contributions of the issue.
The mathematical modeling contributes to both
fundamental and applied cardiovascular. Y. Wu, P. E.
Allayer, G. Tao, D. Olsen [7] proposed to integrate the
nervous model systems with the mathematical model of
Windkessel, in order to explore the control of the
mechanism of the heart differently. In order to put back
the human heart functions in a restricted time, they have
used the pumps of the heart. The heart pumps mostly put
back of ventricular left was a failure. Three pump
generations are available: pumps of rotary with
noncontact bearing, pulsatile pumps, and the pumps of
rotary are with contact bearing. The advanced pump such
as a heart serve tool is a flow heart pump with
magnetically levitated axial. [7]. Andriy Temko [11]
estimated the heart rate (HR) from the signal of
photoplethysmographic through exercises of intensive
physical. He estimated HR by using Viterbi decoding the
designed without monitoring HR and the estimated
performance of the HR system was compared with
algorithms on the database of public for 23 recordings.
The algorithm has a minimum cost of computation
and is satisfactory in monitoring of health and tracking of
fitness in wearable devices. Sinan S. Mohammedsheet
and Mothanna Sh. Aziz [12] designed a mobile heart rate
and low cost system construct on the micro-controller for
heart health monitoring. They used IR filter sensor for
heart pulse depending on the signal of biomedical a
conditioning circuit structured the signal processing. The
results are expected to be monitored by a team of
physician and heart rate will be easy for reading and gave
an accurate heart rate counting and good response with
low error. Atsushi Mase, Yuichiro Kogi and Toru
Maruyama [13] presented vital signals measurement by
using microwave reflectometry. They focused on the
measurement of real time of heart rate variability (HRV)
and heart rate (HR), carried them out by conventional
electrocardiograph, and reflected meter for each other
comparison. This technique can evaluate the stress by
reflects meters of microwave in various environments
such in life conditions. Abhiyah Hodge, Hrishikesh
Humnabadkar and Akshay Bidwai [14] provided cure
and help to heart patients and produced a revolution in
the health sector. They brought a system that is less
expensive and organized in monitoring in heart rate. The
system sent a signal the micro-controller if a heart rate
got from heartbeat sensor was greater than the set limit
and the controller sent a message through wireless
through a module and controlled gain to give alarm to
Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
131
doctor. The system monitors were irrespective of the
time and got the live updates concerning the heart rate of
patients and showed on the screen. Vasyl Kurylo and
Vasyl Varyshchuk [15] proposed a system for monitoring
for non-contact and long term for a heart rate of human
constructed on the analysis of a video images processing
algorithm from the web camera. They have examined the
measurement accuracy and the quality of the signal with
conditions. The algorithms depended on the distance of
the user from the camera has a noteworthy result on the
condition of the detected signal. Researching the actions
of the location and size of the discovered area has
displayed that the method can be exploited for different
places of the human body and it has been found out that
the movements of the users during the testing have a
noteworthy effect on the precision of the measurement of
heart rate. Mehrdad Nosrati and Negar Tavassolian [16]
presented an experimental study and a theoretical signal
modeling for heartbeat and algorithm for estimating by
using a radar of 2.4-GHz Doppler. They designed the
technique the signal of the heartbeat and provided heart
rate guides from the human body with a distance 1.5 m.
They made a model with Gaussian pulse train for the
signal of heart rate and incorporated auto correlation and
technique of frequency-time phase for high accuracy of
the human heartbeat rate and the design was robust,
accurate, and simple an average heart beat accuracy of
over 90% at the distance of 1.5 m from the subject. Soo
Young Sim, Han Byul Kim, Seungiin Jang, Beomoh Kim
and Kwan Suk Park [17] inquired the feasibility of
monitoring heart rate in the prediction of rhythm and
body temperature. The core body temperature and the
diverse parameters of heart rate were simultaneous got in
21 healthy, subjects of ambulatory during the routine life.
The analysis of regression was better in temperature of
daily body and meson prediction, the extending of
Kelman filter got a good accuracy in atrophies and
amplitude prediction. Alan H. Gee, Riccardo Barbieri,
David Paydarfar and Premananda Indic [18] investigated
the fluctuation of heart rate for an infant with application
the theory of point process and took this test for 10
infants, and they predicted the measures of instantaneous
linear for the signals of heart rate neonates. These
measures are used to take out statistical properties of
bradycardia. They obtained good results with the
estimation algorithm by using measures of instantaneous
linear for events with 440 bradycardia. This algorithm
provided a forecast time of 116 seconds and their
analysis divulged that the heart rate signal increased and
this leader with the increase in power from low levels.
Alberto Hernando, Jesùs Làzaro, Eduardo Gil,
Adriana Arza, Jorge Mario Garzòn [19] studied and
developed the heart rate and respiratory rate of young
healthy volunteers by changing the test of Trier social
with computing the parameters of frequency domain by
time-frequency analysis in the traditional bands. The
respiratory rate has been predicted, and this information
has been incorporated in heart rate analysis by two
methods: the high frequency band to point at frequency
International Journal on Engineering Applications, Vol. 7, N. 4
 L. E. J. Alkurawy et al.

or respiratory and the analysis those infants where the ( )= ( )+ ( ) (2)

frequency falls with the low frequency band. They got a
good result considering respiratory rate information with ( )= 1( ) + 1( ) + ( ) (3)
power in high discriminative and it is as the potential of
the index between stress and relax stages. Yang Zheng, 1( ) = ( )+ 1( ) + ( ) (4)
Xianxiang Chen, Zhen Fang and Shanhong Xia [20]
developed the analysis of HRV system based on web and ( )= 2( ) + 1( ) + ( ) (5)
cloud platform application. The results of heart rate
analysis showed on the web attain good interactivity 2( ) = ( )+ 1( ) ( ) (6)
using Eckhart. The preliminary results showed that the
system has good calculating and good user experience. ( )= ( )+ ( ) (7)
The paper will show how to do the mathematical
model depending on measurements of data on clinic and ( )= ( )+ 1( ) (8)
after that, modeling will be done by Recursive least
square and compared between the two data output; by 1( ) + 4( ) + 6( ) + 2( ) = ( ) (9)
this algorithm any kind of control can be done on
recursive least square before applying it on human heart.
In Section II, the modeling for compartment hydro
electromechanical (HEMS) with all the questions needed
to build that model and simulation of a first pulse of a
first human heart and second pulse of second heart is
studied. Section III describes the recursive least square
model for both first pulse for first and second human and
the differences between two models by comparing the
results and Section IV will show the conclusion for this
paper.

II. Modeling of the System

S. Wenyu and M. S. Chew proposed a physical analog Fig. 1. Compartmental hydro electromechanical model (HEMS)
model and mathematical model of an artificial heart in
order to predict the human heart system [8], [9]. G. Tao, Differentiating both sides of the first group of
and D. Olsen also introduced a model with state space compartmental equations, it is:
equation done by the output of an analysis of the total of
artificial heart for human circulatory [3]. It has one ( ) 1
parameter with critical time varying. An identification ( )+ + + ( ) (10)
model with recursive least square to model the human
heart has been estimated to track a command signal ( ) 1
calculated by a nonlinear function of total artificial heart ( )+ + ( ) (11)
pump head to agree with the total heart physiological
need. ( ) 1
They used the simulated program in Matlab in order to ( ) ( )+ + ( ) (12)
check the systems of human heart to be with ventricular
in the left aid instrument and there will be a physiological
( )+ = ( ) (13)
controller. Different physiological conditions have been
assessed to test human heart and designed a controller of
the physiological system has been designed. The output ( ) ( ) 1
+ + ( )
of experimental and simulation shows that the pressure (14)
prediction error of heart aortic is small, and the heart ( )
unusual variables of hemodynamic of patient heart +
reinstated back to total heart normal physiological
average. The model expanded is shown in Fig. 1. The ( ) ( ) 1
+ + (15)
mathematical model analysis focused on symmetry
characteristic of heart of human with circulatory system
with two parallel circuits. The electric model of ( ) 1
( ) + + ( ) (16)
compartment with parameters of the system (hydraulic
and electrical parameters) is shown in Figures 2-5:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )= ( )+ 1 (1) + = (17)

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Journal on Engineering Applications, Vol. 7, N. 4

132
 L. E. J. Alkurawy et al.

1.4
By taking Laplace transform for both sides of the
1.2
equations:
1

0.8 ( )[ + ( + )]
1 (18)
Amplitude

0.6
++ ( ) − +
0.4

0.2
( )[ + ( )] (19)
0

-0.2
( )[ + ( + )] (20)
-0.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time/ seconds
1 1
( )+ ( )+ ( )[ + ]
Fig. 2. The output of the first pulse (21)
for the first human heart from clinical studies =[ ( )]
0.8

0.6
Differentiating both sides equations of the second
group of compartmental:
0.4

0.2
1( ) + 3( ) + 5( ) + 6( ) = ( ) (22)
Amplitude

-0.2 ( ) 1
( )+ + + ( ) (23)
-0.4

-0.6
( ) 1
-0.8 ( )+ + ( ) (24)
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time / seconds
( ) 1
Fig. 3. The output of the first pulse ( ) ( )+ + ( ) (25)
for a second human heart from clinical studies

( )+ = ( ) (26)

Differentiation of the equation above for both sides:

( ) ( ) 1
+ + ( )
(27)
( )
+

( ) ( ) 1
+ + (28)

( ) 1
Fig. 4. The output model of the first pulse for the first human heart ( ) + + ( ) (29)

( ) ( ) ( )
+ = (30)

By taking Laplace transform for derived equation to

both sides:

( )[ + ( + )]
1 (31)
+ ( ) − +

( )[ + ( )] (32)

Fig. 5. The output model of the first pulse of a second human heart ( )[ + ( + )] (33)

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Journal on Engineering Applications, Vol. 7, N. 4

133
 L. E. J. Alkurawy et al.

1 1
( )+ ( )+ ( )[ + ] ∗ ∗(
(34) = = ) ( ) (39)
=[ ( )]

Various mathematical models and programming - Update of :

simulation by using software codes in MATLAB have ∗( ( + 1))
=( + + 1) (40)
been expanded as a hydroelectromechanical system and
it is based on physical and electrical model as shown in ∗(
+ 1) ( + 1)
Figures 4 and 5 and the data is in accordance with the = − ∗ ( + 1)
(41)
1+ ( + 1)
data got from clinical studies as shown in Figures 2 and 3
and the results of the mathematical model and data from - Recursive Least Square algorithm:
the clinic are very close each other and that means that
the mathematical model is identical for these data. ∗(
+ 1) ( + 1)
= − ∗ ( + 1)
(42)
1+ ( + 1)
∗(
III. Recursive Least Square Modeling = + + 1) ( + 1) (43)
( )
Recursive Least Squares Method has many = (44)
applications. Nowadays, a model that can work with
online data while the system is in operation is needed Initialization = 0 and = , where is a
[10]. The model includes the preceding information and very small positive constant. The recursive least Square
new information; it alters its model boundary values to is an algorithm used to estimate the true system to get a
lower the error between the estimated data and real one. transfer function with numerator and denominator as the
There is a need for these systems, if the result obtained same response of true system but it is not in the same
is necessary in real time or it is essential to take some order, and it has been noticed that the mathematical
conclusion about time with new discovered data. model developed in section (II) is the same response of
Methods that try to solve these problems or try to RLS in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 and that means the RLS is a
adapt the system with an arrival of successive data good algorithm to identify and predict the true system,
usually are called adaptive systems. and the transfer function of RLS can be used to control or
any function.
System 1.4
MRN output ---
Plant output
1.2

0.8
Model
0.6
output

Fig. 6. Adaptive methods 0.4

0.2
The method used to calculate a mathematical
modeling with online data is called recursive 0

identification methods, because data are processed -0.2

recursively as they are obtained. Other names for this -0.4

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
algorithm are real time identification or on-line Number of samples

identification.
Fig. 7. RLS output of a first pulse for the first human heart
RLS Algorithm:
- Supposing a time , it is known that: 1
MRN output ---
Plant output
0.8
= [ (0), … … … … , ( )] (35)
0.6
= [ (0), … … … , ( )] (36)
0.4
output

The solution to min ‖ − ‖ is:

0.2

( ) ∗ ∗
=( ) = (37) 0

where: -0.2

-0.4
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
∗ ∗( ) ()
= = (38) Number of samples

Fig. 8. RLS output of a first pulse for a second human heart

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Journal on Engineering Applications, Vol. 7, N. 4

134
 L. E. J. Alkurawy et al.
IV. Conclusion
These models with simulation are not like the software
that has been advanced. The human heart wall
movement, contortion affected by electrical of cardiac
energizing, positions has used to discuss the output
results of a simulation of the system expanded in the
paper. The cardiovascular model is calculated to verify
the simulations of biological system and it has been
intentionally kept down for a system. The results of the
computer are very close to the data of physiology
confirming that the mathematical model is adequate. This
paper has focused on understanding the mathematical
modeling of heart of human such as a hydro
electromechanical system. The mathematic model
formed by electrical has been advanced, and the results
of simulation in MATLAB accept the information and
the data acquired from hospital studies. The results are
given in the figures above. In the test for the first human
heart, it is shown that the response of the actual and the
mathematical modeling is the same for two cases and that
means that the mathematical modeling is the best one for
the human heart. A dynamic estimate by recursive least
square is the parameter of transmission line and the bus
voltages. It includes procedure of two loosely coupled,
namely state tracking and parameter tracking. The
method of error-ensemble assessment couples with
deadline. The procedure of an adaptive filtering advanced
to predict the state of voltage, accompanied by the
revelation and predict of sudden alters. Using another
adaptive filter comprising the regulation of the transition
matrix has also advanced for the parameter tracking. The
modeling response in recursive least square and the
response of a mathematical modeling is the same. The
recursive least square algorithm is a good algorithm to
estimate the human heart system and by this algorithm
any controller can be applied and the results can be seen
before applying it on the human body.
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Ibraheem S. Fatah receives a bachelor’s degree
in electronic engineering from government of
Yugoslavia and receives a master degree in
electronic engineering from government of
Yugoslavia too. The area of research interest is
in electrical machines and control.
E-mail: Ibrahim.saadoon@yahoo.com
Assist. Prof Adham Hadi Saleh received a
bachelor's degree in electronic engineering from
the University of Diyala in 2006 and received a
master's degree in Electrical Engineering /
Electronic from the University of Technology in
2012. Work in SAKAR company-electrical
generation station. The area of research interest
is in the design of systems using VHDL
Artificial intelligence and image processing and digital signal
processing. He has more than scientific research published in local and
international journals.
E-mail: adham.hadi@yahoo.com

Authors’ information
Department of Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of Diyala, Iraq.

Lafta E. Jumaa Alkurawy received the B.S.,

and M.S. degree in Control and systems from
Technology University, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1996
and 2003 respectively. He received the Ph.D.
degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering
from the University of Missouri in Columbia,
USA, in 2013. Since 2003, I have been with the
University of Diyala, College of engineering,
Diyala, Iraq as a lecturer. His current research interests include
modeling, control, Numerical analysis and nonlinear
E-mail: Lafta_67@yahoo.com

Mohammed Salman Saleh was born in Diyala,

Iraq. He received his B.Sc. Degree in Electrical
Engineering from the Military Engineering
Collage, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1989.In 1998, He
received Master Degree in Control and
Automation Engineering form Military
Engineering Collage, Baghdad, Iraq. in 2012, He
received PhD Degree in Control and Automation
Engineering from the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. He is
Currently Lecturer at Electronic Engineering Department- College of
Engineering- University of Diyala - Iraq. His Current Research Interests
Include Neural Control System, Fuzzy Logic Control Systems,
Enhanced Fuzzy (Fuzzy Type II) control system and Robot Control
System.
E-mail: mohsalman@gmail.com

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