Soft Computing

Module - 2: Fuzzy Rules, Reasoning, and Inference System

Lecture - 1
Topics
● Extension Principle
● Application of extension principle
● Fuzzy Relations
○ Binary relations
○ Max-min compositions
● Linguistic Variables and values
○ Concentration & Dilation
○ Contrast intensification
Extension Principle
Application of Extension Principle
 Ans:
App. of Ext. Principle
Question:
Fuzzy Relations
Binary Fuzzy Relation:

Example:
Fuzzy Relations

= (7 - 4) / (4 + 7 + 2)
= 3 / 13
= 0.2307
Fuzzy Relations

1. Max - min composition

2. Max - product composition
Linguistic Variables and values
Linguistic Variable : -- It is characterized by quintuple (x, T(x), X, G, M) where:
x= name of variable
T(x) = Termset of x { i.e. set of linguistic values or terms}
G= Syntactic rules that generate T(x)
M = Semantic rules associated with linguistic variable.

E.g. x = age
T(x) = {young, middle_age, old}
G = Intuition Method
M = young : 0 <= age < 30; middle_age 30 <= age <50; old: 50<= age < 100
Linguistic Variables and values
● Linguistic values are composed of
○ Primary Terms: { young , middle-age , old}
○ Modifiers :
■ Negation {not} -- e.g. {not old}
■ Hedges {very, more, less, extremely} -- e.g. { very young,
extremely old}
■ Connectives {and, or, either, neither} -- e.g.{more or less old,
old and stout}
Fuzzy Set Operations (from Module 1)
Power of a fuzzy set

The p-th power of a fuzzy set A(x) yields another fuzzy set Aᴾ(x), whose membership value can

be determined as follows

µAᴾ(x) = {µA(x)}ᴾ, x ∈ X }

p >= 1 --> Aᴾ(x) is called concentration

p < 1 --> Aᴾ(x) is called dilation

A(x)={(x1,0.1),(x2,0.2),(x3,0.3),(x4,0.4)} if P=2

Then A²(x) = {(x1,0.01),(x2,0.04),(x3,0.09),(x4,0.16)}

Concentration & Dilation
Concentration & Dilation
Consider the linguist variable ⇒ age
Linguistic values ⇒ Young , Old
Membership function:
Concentration & Dilation
We can use the following rules to build other linguistics value’s membership
functions.
Concentration & Dilation
Concentration & Dilation
Contrast intensification