Pet 100 kcal = 418.4 ki = 396.6 Bt 125,000 ki/gallon gasoline Es 300 applesigallon gasoline 418.4 KWapple ‘ppreseaon & Pez Hairdryer: 1800 97 1500 Wx1341 9 _ 9.01 hp 1000 W 1500 W x LEW, 0230 Reals, 605945 kcalénin 1000 W "TW tain 1500 W x. HW, M12 Buh 118 Biu/h 1000 WT kw Lightbulb = 100 W = 0.1341 hp = 0.4 kis = 1.43 kealmin = 241.2 Btu Two-way radio transmitter = 600 mW = 0.5 W= 6 705 x 10-4 hp = 5x 10-4 ki/s = 0.00747, kealimin = 4.706 Btuh Pes $2.00 Lis 125,001 * 09878 Bw Price Is closer to electricity tnan to coal. Refining, distribution costs and taxes are signincant. 16 88/million Bu pes 5 205 zaf87Z2) tm Ye) aso cm? 10.26417 gal 454 1782 Ib Ta ‘Total mass = 2290 + 1782 = 4012 Ib (mass is the same on Earth and on Phobos) Total welgnt = 4072 ot on Earth Total weight= 4012 1b} —>7B NS 32.174 Ib fulb $ ms rss (zee ae 5 applesPa Light bulb = 100 W LW 96.4 mw 1ow-— 6. x O01T «A 1000 mw mm ‘A= 61,000 oma = 66 12 Hair dye 1500 S04 OW 0017 %A cm A= 915,000 cm2 = 984 12 (A typical suourban American home is roughly 2000 #12) Pee 'Skter goes trom 0 to 60 mph: 60m, hk S280 88 A Roe ws abe 1001, (880)°_62 yr aco 12s? Be 12054 2 2 8 32.174 Ib - fils’ Ske crops 1200 in eatin a 0 AE, = me(lty~ hy) = 100 1b 32.174 x (1200 fe) x —_- - 120,000 tb, ¢ 0) s g » 32.174 Ib - ft/s” 7 Skis generate Mctional loss at a rate of 3 100- walt ight Dulos per SKI, over a total of 32 seconds J, 737.6 ft-Iby =-2x3%100 2 10005 432 $= 14162 M1 -Iby Pas Bua Ba = 2 (2-2 28 (00? 11,0008 Meteorite heats up. P6.10 ‘Assume at 1 bar ALSO°C, Fl= 209.46 ku/kg and al 99.606°C and liquig|A = 417 50 kikg By linear interpolation, at 75°C: Hi-209.46 kWkg___ 15-50 FIT S=209.46 Kirke 996-50 11231432 kiikg The change in enthalpy associated with condensing steam at 99.6°C is 2674.9 - 417.6 = 2267.4 Klikg, (Assume same at 100°C.) Therefore, 2057.4 314.32 209.46 condensed. 1.5 kg water can be heated from 50 to 75°C for each 4 kg steamPett L219, 044 bar, A af = 2-1 = ~300-¢-630) = +230 kung Solution 590 ki/kg. At 253K, 1 bar, fl = -900 kitkg Pa.12 ‘Assume coffee has same heat capacity has water or about 4 Jig °C. Assume an € oz. cup of coffee or about 1/2 Ib or about 225 g. Assume room temperature Is about 20°C mC (Ty —T) » 225 g% 4 Ig Cx 20%C— 70C)os~45,000 ‘There are 4.184 Jical and 9.47817 x 10-4 Btuil, so 8.0007 11,000 cal 184 Veal Qes-45,000 1 x9.47817 10-4 Btu) s—43 Btu = mCp(To-T y-T)= 167°C 10 (0.6 Vay -T) nC p(y Tj) = 1005 =10 a4 WX 7 With water 7) 4 aN) -)=25°C Pete Forco2 Cp=198-+007344T- 5.602107 +11TLIS 10878 For ater vapor & vn Tink and cp in samo 52x 10-7? — 3.596 x 1 32.24 +0.0019247 + 1.05% ‘Values were calculated at increments of 100°C trom 100 to 500 °C (373-973 K) Ina spreadsheet, and ine results vere plotted. T 100 |200 |200 | 400 | 500 Cp, CO? (Wgmorrc) | 40.01 | 43.24 | 45.69] 47 42) 48.50 cp, H20 (Wigmore) | 34.24 | 35.13 | 96.13] 87.22) 38.37‘The heat capacity increases significantly vitn temperature (sold lines). The dashed lines indicate the approxmate Cp values given in Table 8.17. The approxmate values are usetul around room temperature Out become Increasingly In error as the temperature Increases ‘The rule of thumb (p. 523) states that Cp of a gas is about + Jig *C. Converting to molar basis, {nis would be 44 Jigmo! °C tor COZ and 18 J/gmol °C Tor H2O. The estimate for CO2 Isn't 100 bad, water is an anomaly even in tne vapor phase. 815 From Table 8.21, for citne acid dissolving in water at 25°C, the enthalpy of solution is defined as negative If heat Is absorbed (endothermic). (This Is the opposite of the definition in Table 8.22). ‘The enthalpy of a circ acid solution is greater than the enthalpy of the circ acid and water separaiely, ifthe temperature is kept constant AH = eciae -Eleon FQ gm cite acid) 22.598 kgm solu J= 422.598 kd Ifthe beaker is adiabatic, he solution will fee! cool to the touch, because the temperature will crop a bit P6168 ‘The balanced reaction is (all iquia) ‘CoH gOH+ CH {COOH C,H COOCH, + H50 AMF, = ZVANG 5 = C1-277.61) + -1E486.18) + 463.3) + E285.84) = 14.65 kgmol P6.t7 “The balanced reaction is CoH g(g)+ 3.50(g) 3 2CO,(g)+ 3H,0(0) ali =D yale, = CC83.82)+ C3.5N0)+ 2)C395.5)+ 3285.84) =~ 1560.7 kame} In Table 83 Aff =—1428.6 kilgmol or combustion of ethane, bu hiss wih water vapor as the prouct. With Equi water as the prosuct ai 1428.64 3C-44.0)=1560.6 KI/gmol which is identical to the value obtained above.Pete ‘Sucrose is metabolized to CO2(g) and H20 (1) by oxidation. c12H22011(g)+1202(9)--12002(g)¢T1H2OQ) The eneigy released is AHS = C1)-2221)+ C12 K0)+ (12) 393.5) + 1 1285.84 ‘The molur mass of sucrose is 342 g/gmol. There are S645 Waal 0.2389 kel 994 Keaty 342 gigmol uw ‘or, about 83 kcal in a 21 g hard candy. (A olet “calorie” is actually @ kcal. Carbonyarates and proteins have about d ‘calories’ per gram Fais and ols have about § “calories” per gram ) 5645 KI/gmol P6819 (@) As the can is being heated, just up to but not including the time when steam is emitted, the energy balance is simple: no mass enters or leaves the system, there isa heat input but no ‘work term, and the intemal energy of the system changes. We wnte an integral energy balance because we are interested in wnat happens over a speciied tme interval Usys.t—Usys.0 For this case, > 0 and Ws t0 May Fyye consider) 6.20 (Al the point steam stars to leave, there will be an additional (2) System Is the contents of the turbine. The inlet and outlet ports are at tne same height, so there is no change in potential energy. We will assume no change in velocity and hence no change in kinetic energy (‘acking any other information). There is clearly work output, and its stated that there Is neat output. Mass enters and leaves the system. The system is assumed 10 be al steady state. Fou flog nbn \wnere “out” ana “in refer to the steam entting and entering tne system, Seba 2 Step 20011 A (0) We assume steady state operation and choose as our system the contents of te material between inlet and outer pipes. There s no change in velocty or etevaton, so no change in kanetic or potental eneray. There is some neat added, but no work term (no mechanical equipment), Hy Hl BinFliy = G, wit BOStep Sori ~ (c) The system is te water in the slulce gale and twrbine. There are no phase, pressure, or ‘temperature changes in the waler, nor any change in fluid velocity, so there is no change in enthalpy or kinetic energy of the streams entering and leaving, but there is a change in clevation (and therefore in potential energy). There is a work output but no significant heat term. Assumng steady state MX, W.. with <0. out pout Step sort A (@) The system she conten of he i pipeline (the crude ci). There an elevation gain, no velocity change, and a pump (work). There is also heat lost to the environment. We will assume no signncant changes in temperature, as is slated tnt any neat generated by ction & lst to the environment. Assuming steady state, = O41K, with O oe por + aim a + aim heat from halt yer “The system is the contents ofthe pipe. The mass balance is obvious 2s long as steady-slate ‘operation is assumed. The energy balance equation simplifies to Mout Winn = © “The inlet temperature is 21°C and the outlet is 100°C. We construct a path from inlet to outlet by (a) heating liquid water from 21°C to 100°C a1 alm, and (b) vaporizing water to steam at 400°C and 4 aim Hiya Hoe Wi Hin = Aan ~ Bin AC pena —Tin)* 4p > O 10 Ibih x 454 gilb _ ( Te slenel rsa Hignnol °C)(.00-21°CHAI/1000 J)-+ 40.65 KI/emol]= 11755 kd Annairdryer supplies about 1500 W or 1.6 ki/s. So one hairdryer is insufficient, but 3 could do tne Job. Pe.28 ‘The Antoine equaton for acetone at 1.6 aim (1140 mm Hg) 's 11610 T+204 .02447- logig (1140). Solving, T = 68.6°C. ASV isthe aiference in enthalpy between the iquia phase and the vapor phase. To calculate at 68.6°C, we construct an enthalpy path as follows: AFly (@) coo! liquid at 4.5 atm from 68.6 °C to 6.5 °C Step 2019 A (®) vaporize liquid at 66.6 °CStep dors ~ (©) heat vapor from $6.5 °C to 68.6 °C (Weill negiect any ertects of pressure.) We look up Neat capacity polynomials in Table B.17 and remember to convert from Celsius to Kelvin mais * sii,oxorc)= | @22sorseryir25,006. | GrO1s02@6T= 195917242. ais ma 1, 62C)——1600+ 29100 4973-28448 Hemel ‘The general equation is A.C where 7, is the temperature of interest. Z; is related to P via the Antoine equation 11610 T,+224 “Thus, gen any pressure, ne can calculate the boing point temperature and the enthalpy of ‘vaporization al that pressure. This strategy was used to calculate AAW over a range from 20 — 400 °C. The results are tabulated and plotted logy P= 7.02447 tec }20 |30 [40 |sa |ses|eo |eac70 |e Joo | 100 Paim |o.24)0.97\0.66]0.205|1.0 |1.14] 1.9186 |2.11 |2.79/ 26 kuigmo'| 31.1} 30.4|30.0]29.5 |20.1)28.9] 28.428. /27.8]27.3/267 i 7 “The enthalpy of vaporation decreases Inearly witn temperature and exponentially with pressure,P6.29 10 gras 00 sora be ¥ 1 onais ‘on co moor hector Pon coe oo orets coe 2 iP 0 kPa A so boat ‘The entire process Is the system. The meterlal balance Is solved (as shown an ihe Mow diagram) assuming sleady slate operation. The energy balance equation is Basa ~(Heoinllcom +Meorsnflcorn °O ‘The Now tales in ae out ae known, ad he condos ofthe lt and ult steams (phase lempealue, pressure, composi) ae allinom, so thelr enhapes can be determined. we choose pure sreams a 200 kPa and 80°C asthe reference tate then ROOin = C02 n= 0 Now ne need io determine Rout based on this reference sate We constut an enthalpy path from the reference state to the outlet state by (a) heating the pure gas streams from 50°C to 200°C at 200 kPa and (b) mixing the two gas streams together at 200°C and 200 kPa. (a) for CO Lanier ™ 2 AH = Reo Tencodt= 40x | G087-0012887+2.7991057? Tap ” AH = 296175 wc atti gener otoe Poor -sacsio% sunset AH =642,369 Vs (b) Since these are both gases. we assume enthalpy of mixing is zero. ‘Therefore = 296175+842,369 = 9385445 = 998 Ski's (if you use the approximate Cp. the answer is 507 kils).8.20 From Table B.22, at 10°C. 28.9 kiligmol for Na2CO3 9.16 kiligmo! for Na2CO3+H20 ‘Afsoin = +45.22 kilgmol for NazCOS-TH2O -Afsoin = +67 86 kilgmol for NaZCO3+10H20 ‘with an insulated rigid container, there is no heal oF work term. There Is also no change in kinetic or potential energy, and no change in mass if we consider the intial system fo be the Ponder and the water, and the final system to be the solution. The integral energy balance: reduces to Usys.£—Usys.0 If we choose the pure components in their normal state of aggregation (1, solid for sodium carbonate and iquid for water) at 20°C and 1 atm as the reference state. then Usys.0 To calculate the final intemal energy we divide into 3 steps: (@) change temperature of pure components from 20°C to 16°C (©) cissolve powder znd liquid at 18°C (©) change temperature of solution from 18°C to TE Afisoin = Allsoln and for liquids and solids Cp = Cv, and vel assume that the heat capacity of the dilute solution is the same as that of water. From the NIST Chemistry Webbook we find that (p= 110 sigmol K = 1.0 Jig K for solld sodium carbonate. For water, Cp = 78.4 J/gmol K= 4.18 ig K. 5 L of water equals 5000 g al a densily of 1 gimL. Let's work out the numbers for Na2CO3 first (@) Emeval 5000 x 4.18 » -(2"C}+4 x 1.0 x (-2°C) 1,800 J (©) AUsoln = -(28.8 kuigmo! solute) x (1 4/106 gigmo!) x (1000 Jiki) = -219.8 5 (©) MCVAT = 5001 x 4.18 x (TT 18)= 20804(TT— 18)) Retumning to the energy balance equation sys, 1800-219.8+20904T-18(TT= 19 989°C) T= 19.989" So the temperature has decreased by 0.011°C. ‘We complete similar calculations and summanze Nags: Temperature decreases by 0.011°C Na2CO3"H20. Temperature decreases by 0.0045°C Na2CO3°7H20: Temperature increases by 002°C. Na2CO3™10H20: Temperature increases by 0.03°C Your thermometer viould have to be extraordinarily precise, and your insulation perfect, to use this method to identify the solids. Hoviever. you might have better luck if you relaxed the infinite lution assumption and addeg, say, 10 oF 50 oF even 100 g of ponder fo the wale. IIs Ikely then you would at least be able fo tell whether the sample is anhydrous or heavily hydratedPeat Ethanol: The combustion reaction is C2H50H+302—2CO2+3H20. Well base our calculation ‘on lquid ethanol combusted and liquid water generated. From App. 8, we Ming A. Using the motar mass of 46 gigmal, we get gj — CDCA63.3) + 26-393.5)+ 9C- 285.84) i, = CASS 3) + 2393.5) 3285.84) « 46 C02 emissions is 2 mol CO2Igmol ethanol, or 1.9.g CO2/g ethanol 25.68 kl/g ethanol Hydrazine: NA similar calculation gives 2H4+02—~N2+2H20 af, = DCAS3.3)+2(0393.5)+36285.84) 46 wn zero Co? emissions. Ethanol nas alow eneray density compared to gasoline, wnich is a ‘concern some peope have regaiding ts use as a transportation fuel, Hydrazine has a surprisingly ow energy density, given that itis used as a rockel fuel. However it has some: advantages as a rocket fuel (and disadvantages as a fuel for every day). It is highly unstable, ‘and does not require an external ignition source. In rockets. hydrazine is commonly not oxidized but is decomposed rapid to large quantities of hot N2 and H2: it has a high speciic impulse (thrust produces per kg of proauct decomposes in one secona) 25.68 kllg ethanol Pa.s2 Inthe inner chamber, the chemical is combusted. Heat, as indicated by the arrow, travels between the inner and outer chamber. No mass is exchanged between the two chambers water / First, let's consider the water as the system. We use an integral energy balance equation. with no mass entering or leaving the system, no change in kanetc or potential energy, and no wort Usys.f— Usys,0=@ ‘The change in energy is at constant volume and is due to a change in temperature. For water, cp = Cv= 4.18.9 °C, ang Uusys,r—Usys.0 ICU(TT— To) = 650 * 4.18 x (36.2-23.6) = 34234 JNow ae consider the inner chamber as the system. We have Usys,f— Usys,0 = 0.=~34254) ‘A chemical reaction takes place in the inner chamber. (08H1003+902--8002+5H20 As a reasonable approximation, we assume thal virtually all of the change in energy of this, ‘system is due fo the reaction (we neglect the small increase in temperature). Therefore 34284 J Usys f - Usys,0 = ordOr where nr is the moles of reaction, which is 2.7 g/154 gigmal or 0.0175 gmol. Therefore, There is a change in moles in the gas phase, it we assume the chemical and water are in the quid phase then this change Is (9 ~ 8) or -1 mole, therefore ar ~1966#(0.0083144 x 298 x )(-1) = 1958 kgmol Now we know that Avir= DWAR = C1)4AFC8H1003+(-90}+9(-399.5)+5(-285 04) Adr+ RTANR 4988 ki/gmol or ASHCBH1003 = -2620 ksigmol P8938 Weill assume that there is no heat loss from the cold pack during the rapid ming of the: ‘ammonium nitrate wiin tne water. Then tne energy balance over this snort periog of time Is simply Usys.£—Usys.0 = 0 ‘We consider two steps: (1) ming and dissolution of ammonium nitrate and water at 22°C and 1 aim and (2) decreasing of solution temperature trom 22 °C to tinal temperature. For tne step ay 6.47 keal | 1000 cal mol” kcal” 80g MU cin = 3H scan 25 For step (2), assuming the heat capacity of the solution is the same as that of water S . Leal AU ~mcy(Gy-22)e 215 gx 1S x(t, -22) Unyasp ~ Unyso =0= 2021 +275(Ty— 22) Ty = 146°C (about 58%)F634 ‘The reaction is ‘which i just the formation reaction for Fe203, for which ‘The total heat release desired is 600 kd. (How would you design the hot pack to control the rate of heat release?) Therefore ne need to generate (-600/-830.5) or 0.722 gmol Fe203, which requires that 1.44 gmol Fe react. Since the molar mass of Fe is 96 g/gmol, we srould put (1.44)¢66) or about 80 g Fe fiings in the hot pack Oxygen is supplied by diffusion into the hotpack from the alr. The final mass is 0.722 gmol x 160 gfomol or 115 9 Fe203. The mass increases about 35 g, or by about 44%. 6.05 (2) Tankis system. For fist steam (assuming well-mixed), need to heat all water just up to 29.6°C (saturate water at 7 bar). sys. = Usys,0 = 25 kg(75.4 Jégmol °C)(1. gmou'18 g)(98.6°C = 20°C)(1 ku/1000 J) = 8336 kd 8336 = (15 Kis), ort= 855s Step 2012 (b) To vaporze all saturated water to saturated steam, use steam tables 25 kg(2674.9-417.50 keg) = 56,435 kd 96,435 KI= 18t ort= 3760sPass ‘The combustion reaction for paylene is Cats 0) 28CO2(9) +5400), ay for which we have AA? py =—1089 keal/mol, with APP, gy, = 1089 =F MAE; = CN)AAG, p+ 8C%4)+ 568) MP, py =—3 keal/gmol ‘The combustion reaction for TPA Is CaHlyp +02 8CO (5) + SHO) eR for which we have AM? p.=~1089 keal/gmol, with DAP, p, ==1089 =D y,AAY, = EAA? p, +8C94)+5-68) px ify py <3 keal/amol For the reaction of inlerest (which s simply (R1) ~ (R2}) we calculate Cetin #20, 38C02()+5H30(1) Ry for which we have AF = 1089 keal/gmol, with DFP, ge ==1089 = SS vyAAF ; = CARY p+ 8694) +568) HP py ==3 keal/gmol (or. ne can subtract the enthalpy of combustion of TPA from that of p-xylene to get the same answer.) Pear ‘The reaction is NaH, 41H) + NaOH E1)(-285.84)+1€-425.9)=—140 k/amo} alte = Divya ‘Tm water = 4 g water = 0.056 gmol. 100 g Na = 4.36 gmoles. If all water reacts, about 4.35 — 0.056 = 4.29 amol or about 98.7 g of Na remain. The heat capacity of Na ts 28 mol °C (Lange's Handbook of Gnemistry). The eneray balance (assuming no neat anc no work) is [-140 argmot reaction) « (0.056 gmol)+(4.29 amol) x (28 J.gmol °C) x (AT) = 0 aT =65tC The heat released upon reaction is sufficient to warm the Na metal up by about 66°C, of, to about 88 - 90°C trom room temperature. This may be enough to cause tne hyarogen gas to exploae. Ia small amount of sogium metal adged to a targe quantily of water, he hign neal capacily of Ine water tends to “absorb” ihe heal of reaction — the waler temperature wil rise, but the hydrogen gas wont igniteP38 From Lange's ancbook of Chemisty (15t editon) we ting MF, ghucone 1273.3 Tiga AGF ctucese =-9104 KHgmol ‘Assuming liquid water as the product, Aft = Dyna; 2802.7 €E-1273.3)+ ©C393.5)+©)E285.84 Dvaness 2879 kJ/gmol €-1)-910.4)+ (6394.37) 6\C237.19 For, ADPto ATP conversion, AG} =+ 30.54 kI/gmol ‘There are 6 moles of ADP converted lo ATP per mole of oxygen consumed by aerobic metabolism of glucose, and there are 6 moles exygen consumed per mole glucose consumed so there are 96 moles ADP converted to ATP per mole glucose consumed, The efficiency of conversion is 36% 3054 2879 5 g of glucose = 0.0278 gmol glucose. The enthalpy change associated with complete oxidation of this much glucose is (0.0278 gmol)(—2802.7 k/gmol consumed) or -77.9 ki. Assuming no neat or work terms, the system energy does not change, and the intemal energy change associated with teaction must be exactly compensated by a change in emperalure of the water (assuming no phase change) Estimating Cv = Cp = 4 J/g °C. and a density of 1 g/mL for water, and ascuming that the water starts at warm room temperature: 77.9 3 {1000 1/8) + 100 eX4 HeCXT; -25°C)-0 Ty 195°C! 1009 = 38% Wow! Our assumption of no phase change is clearly incorrect. Let's assume that at least some of the water evaporates, and use an approximate measure of 2000 J/g forthe enthalpy of vaporuation (C779 kI(L000 IKI) + (100 g)(4 He°CYL00°C - 25°C) + mt gayp(2000 Vg) = 0 Moan #24 Glucose oxidation releases enough energy fo vaporize about 1/4 of the water in the beaker!P8.09 Steps | and 2. Draw a diagram and define system. We e a A 6000 kgih 1 ‘ 2 ‘ sata steam 2s tiquis St tutine = coer > > 8 seam 400 eee 05 bar ‘since we need to solve for stream 2, we need to choose a system that includes stream 2 crossing its boundary. We will use two systems: the turbine, and the cooler, in cifferent parts of the problem. ‘Steps 2-6. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. Unis are consistent, the component is water W, the Dasis is 6000 Kgih steam in stream 1 Step 6. Set up and solve process rows. ‘This is simple! (we assume steady state.) n¥ 1 = n¥ 2= n¥ 3 = 6000Kgn ‘Step 7. Define energy of process streams Kinetic energy and potential energy differences between the inlet and oullet streams are negligible. The temperature and pressure of the steam entering the turbine (stream 4) is known. From a steam table, we fing AH = 9264 6 kutkg ‘The pressure of stream 9 is known, and furthermore we know that tis saturated quid. s0 ts condition is fully specified. From the NIST Chemistry Webbook | find that at 0.6 bar ang saturaton, fio = 240.54 Kung ‘step 8. ently neat and work ‘The heat fow is known, it's out of the cooler so the term is negative G=-1.25%107 kim ‘There i 2 work term associated witn tne turbine, W,, tat snot yet known Step 9. Detine changes in system energy ‘since tne system is at steady state, neve is no change in system energy Steps 10-12: wnte energy balance, solve, cneck. ‘The aterential steady-state energy balance equation, wih the turbine as ihe system, fs A, — s+ WE, =0= 6000K3264'5)— O00) fy + WF ‘rin the cooieras the system, tne energy balance equation Is Mafly - ahs +O'=0= (6000)FF2— (6000K340.54)-1.25%107‘Solving the second equation frst, Fo = 2424 kung fe ‘At 0.8 bar and saturation temperature, rom tne NIST Chemistry Webbook, Fisteam = 2645.2 Kilkg and Alquid = 340 54 kilkg The enthalpy of stream 2 isin between these two values, so the stream must be a mix of vapor and liquid Myf y= 2424 Wik = Wocaall secant Mui tguit= Meron CO45.2)+ Miguia C4054) Also Mean + Miquia = He = 6000 ‘Simultaneous solution yields Peseam = 5424 ka and stream 2 is (5424/6000) 100 or 90% vapor. Finaly, relurning fo the energy balance around the turbine “ (6000,(3264.5)- (6000)2424)= 1, wy 5.40 04 10° KIM = 1400 KW, Steps 1 and 2. Drawa diagram and deine system. 100 Ibmovn air < ~ 400 fomolh air 70 2007 condensate Steam ‘saturated ‘saturated 500 sia 500 psia We've sketched a heat exchanger. The dashed lines indicate the material flows through the ‘exchangers but the streams do not mu. We cnoose tne exchanger and fs contents as ine system, operated at steady state Steps 3-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. ‘Components are air A and steamvwater W. Streams will De defined as “in or “out Step 6. Set up and solve process flows iin =H oe =100 Ibmol/n and My a, ‘Step 7. Detine eneray of process streams Fy aa = My ‘We can choose ait at 70°F and operating pressure as tne reference state for the alr. We neglect Kinetic ang potential energy changes. The only change in tne enthalpy of he alr steam is due to the change in temperature. Therefore:Ann =0.and Tos Figuu = 1C)adP=(7 Btullbmol °FY400-70°F)= 2310 Buubmol Trop We fin the enthalpy of saturated steam and condensate from the NIST steam tables (saturated steam at 500 psia) FW.in = 1205.8 Btu/ib (saturated liquid at 500 psia) FW.out = 449.8 Btu/b Step 8. identify heat and work. None: we assume the heat exchanger is insulated so there is no heat transferred toltrom the ‘outside to the system, ‘Step 9. Define changes in system eneray none — ne assume sea state cperaton steps 10-12: we enery bance cone, seek ‘ne steaoy sat amernta energy bance equation i steps 10-12: Wine enery bance sone, seek ‘ne steaoy sat amernta energy balance equation i Biante Mra Fhv + eaves +8 aad tO - (0+%y 1208.8 Buu/lb « 18 Ib/lbmol)= (100 Ibmol/h x 2310 Buu/Ibmol+ Ky ~ 449.8 Buu/lb > Ty =17 Ibmol/h = 305 Ib/h eat Steps 1 and 2. Draw a diagram ang getine system, 490 kg steam ota seuraes v 20 kg ice > pot 0 tg ner t oe ‘The system is the pot and its contents. Steps 2-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check untts, define basis. H20 is the only component. We'll identify the streams as steam, ice and liquid. The system mass and energy botn change trom the initial to the tinal state. Step 6. Set up and solve process flows. ‘An integral material balance, assuming the pot is initially empty, tells us gys.t= 100#20+80 = 200kgStep 7. Define energy of process streams We have many choices for the reference state. Let's pick ice (presumably at 0°C) as the reterence state. Well use tne following data (Table B 20, assumed independent of pressure) ‘Aim = 6.008 kaigmol = 339.8 kiko Op, liquid = 76.4 Jigmol °C = 4.18 Kilkg °C al 10 bar (179.88°C, Table 6.16) Af = 2777.1-762.52 = 2014.6 KuKg Now we calculate the enthalpy of each incoming stream Alice = OAliquid = 333.6 ki’kg+4.18 kJikg °C * (20-0°C) = 417.4 Ki/kg steam = 299.8 Kung+4.18 kuKg °C * (179,88-0°C)42014.6 = 2700.3 KIKg iinet and potentia: energy terms are assumed negigible ‘Step 6. Identify heat and work There are no heat or work terms. ‘step 9. Detine changes in system energy ‘The system energy Usys must be defined on the same reference state as the energy of the Process streams (0°C. ice, 10 bar). We will use 333.8 klk iquid = 4.18 kUikg °C 1821.3 ike. {0 relate system intemal energy to T, P and phase. ‘steps 10-12: Wile energy balance, sowve, check ‘The integral energy balance equation simplifies fo Uy gp =Hin mays sCryag = MceHice + Mrguid Hit + scant sean (200 key, =O (60 ku X(417-4 KI/Ag)+ (100 kzX3100.3 KIrke) Oyj SITITA Ig ‘Comparing fo tne data in Step 9, he fnal mixture fs @ mbx of quid and steam. Osys, Wv=0.35 717.1 Kilkg = 333.8+4.18(179.88-0)+1(1821.3) where fv = fraction vaporized. Since bath vapor and liquid are present and at equilibrium, the \we must be at saturation temperature. The final miture is 35% vapor. 86% liguid, at 10 bar and 179.88°C.6.42 ‘Steps 1 and 2. Draw a diagram and define system. van 0 BL > 100 kgin 1000 kg'rin 3 ‘ & bar oe be fan Wor ‘We wl use the contents of the pump, the Turnace, and the exoansion valve as the systems, ‘Steps 3-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. ‘The component is H20. Streams are numbered. Basis is 1000 kg/min. Energy units are ki ‘Step 6. Set up and solve process flows. my = my2 = mys = mfa = 1000 Kamin ‘Step 7. Define energy of process streams We will worry only about enthalpy and neglect kinetic and potential energy. We use the steam ‘abies as well as the siated conditions of T, P and phase: Fit = 209.46 lk (liquid at 50°C and 4 bar) Fia = 247.94 kilkg (liquid at 50°C and 100 bar) Fig = 2726.5 kulkg (saturated steam at 100 bar. at which T = 911 °C) ‘We don't know the temperature or phase of stream 4. Let's just collect some useful data at 60 ber: 127.9 ku/kg(saturated quia at 60 bar, at whien T= 278.58°C ) 2784.6 kukg(aturated steam at 60 bar, at wnien T = 275.58°C ‘Step 8. Identity neat and work. ‘There fs work input al the pump and heat input at he furnace. We do not yet know the numerical values of these energy flows, ‘Step 9. Define changes in system energy At steady state, there is no change in system energy.‘Steps 10-12: we energy balance, sone, check. Use steady-state aerentialeneray balance equations. Start wth he pump ni¥2 R2—n¥1 At = W¥s = 1000(217.94-200.46) = 8480 ki/min “The work tem is postive, and the purp must supply 8480 kumi (189 5 hp alarge pump) “Then consider the tumace 002728 9-217 94 nag —nvatie = a¥ 91 = 106 Kamin ‘The fumace must supp'y 12.61 millon kumin, a signifcanty larger energy fow than that ‘supplied ay the pump, Finaly, consider the expansion valve: 1000 (14-2726.5) nv aBa-ny 383, Fa = 2725.5 kukg ‘The enthalpy ofthe stream does not change across the expansion valve. However, the phase and temperature do change because the pressure nas changed. The enthalpy Is between that ‘or saturated quid and saturated vapor at 60 bar and therefore the stream must be a mix of liquis and vapor Fa = 2728 5 kaikg = (2784 5)4(1-10)'1213.9) v= 0.98 ‘The stream exiting the expansion valve is 95% vapor, 4% lguid, 60 bar, and 275.58°C Peas Steps 4 and 2. Draw a diagram and define system. Well define our system as everything contained between the vessel and the tank on the hill, Steps 3-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis, lis the component, and streams are numbered. The basis is 1400 galimin; this needs to be converted fo a mass flow rate:£3 501 _ 9358 1b min” 74805 gal a3 i We will use Btu for energy unt ‘Step 6. Set up and solve process flows. Wi = y= y= iy = 28 min Step 7. Detine energy of process streams ‘Well choose the ol at 80°F and at tne elevation of tne vessel 3s ine reference state. We need to consiger both enthalpy and potential energy, the Muid is quiescent in the vessel and in the tank so velocity = 0 at both the inlet and the outlet The oll changes temperature between inlet ‘and outlet but not phase or pressure. The oil at the inlets at the same clevation but a different temperature than the reference state: pT 1-Tref(11 ~ Tref) = 0.63 Btu °F(200-80°F) = 766 Bulb ‘At the outlet the oll is at the same temperature as the reference state but a different elevation: Fao Begg = M03~Iyyp 3217 10S (300 fi) Saree aienmy=” 386 Buuilh ‘Step 6. Icentify heat and work. “There isa work input a he pump and a heat output al the exchanger. Slep 9. Define changes in system energy We assume steady-slate operaton, so there is no change in system energy. Steps 10-12. wite energy Balance, sove, check. ‘The overall energy balance simples to: IR (Hy + Epa M(H + Ba > G4, = 9358 Ilmin <(0.986-75.6)=~703.850 Bralmin ‘Thss Isnt usetul yet because we cant cove Tor Neat or work flows Independently. We recognize that ine change in elevation is achieved through work and the change in temperature Is achieved through heat exchange. Then we can associate heat flows with changes in enthalpy ‘and work flows with changes in elevation. (See the Bemouli equation ) = 9358 llymin » (0- 75.6)=~707,000 Beutmin 9358 Ib/min x (0386-0) = +3612 Buu/min or, since 3412 stun 8405 np, the work input from the pump Is about 85 np.F644 ‘Steps 1 and 2 Draw a diagram and define system. che 2700 finn Sra BOF 20 psia 20 pa / \ (eat change ‘condensale A Sean censa cara a, 29 0 ‘The system is the contents of the heat exchanger. ‘steps 3-6. Choose components, define siream variables, check units, define basis. ‘The components are etnane (E) and #20 (W). The specified etnane flow rate Is volumetric at {he inlet conaitions, we need to convert to a molar flow rate, which we do by using the deal gas law: 0p: 890 43 /min Nein __ Co msnTse0 Ania) 100 IbmolV/min (0731s mot R04 459%) which serves as ine basis. ‘Step 6. Set up and solve process flons. : io0 tbmotimin Me ous Ry oe ‘Step 7. Define energy of process streams Enthalpy is the only energy form we need to consider, because changes in velocity and elevation are negligible. For ethane, we'll cnoose the inlet consitions as ihe reference state: 20 psla and 60°F. The outlet stream cifers from the reference slate only with respect to temperature: the phase, pressure and composition stay the same. Therefore Because the available heat capacity polynomial (Table B17) is expressed in units of kJ, gmol, and °C, we will nged fo convert units. First, Tet = 60°F = 15.6°C = 288.7 K, and Tout = 200 “F = 939°C =3665K Thena5 Broa =f Ges 0218182961097 e173. aia ‘pj = S178 gm» 484 gmolibmol «9.47817 10% Bul} =2228 Bub! For steam and water, ne can either use the sleam tables given in the lext, (interpolating and converting units as needed), or go to the NIST Chemistry Webbook At 80°F and 29 psig (43.7 Psia), we find Fw.out = 968.6 Btu/bmol For saturated steam at 49.7 psia (272.5°F) Fw.in = 21120 Btuibmot ‘Also, of use later in this problem, we find from the same source that the specific volume of the saturated steam is 174.1 113ml. step 8. ldentry neat and work. “There are no heat or work terms, as ine heat exchanger Is assumed to be well Insulated and there is no mechanical equipment ‘Step 9, Define changes in system energy No changes, he systems al steady state ‘Steps 10-12: Wile energy balance, sohe, check ‘The aitferential energy balance equation simpiies to Mein + iby an Mell one + My all oF, using the material balance and rearranging ¥ Nein Me one~ Mein My in Ew in Mons) 1002228 - 0) = jn (21120- 868.6) My jy = 11 Abmol/min Now, using that specitic molar volume of steam at the inlet conditions we find the volumetric flow rate, 111 bmoymin x 174.1 n3bmol = 1918N3/mIN To calculate the rate of heal to the ethane, we change the system to include only the ethane stream, in which case there is a heat input term. The eneray balance is, = Wey eo A 100(2228 ~ 0)= 222.800 Beu/min6.45 Steps 1 and 2 Draw a diagram and define system. Cctene Ociane 4150 gnolimin 150 gmol'min tain a Fam 3500 io0"e vapor a > ave turaled ste + _—- -<—_ water saturated teem N SOU bar We 5 ber ‘The system is the contents of the heat exchanger The dashed lines indicate that the stream. flows do not mix inside the system. Steps 3-6. Choose components, define stream variables, check units. defne basis. Components are octane (Q) and H20 (W). Streams are indicated as In or Qut. The basis is Yn (0.n = 150 amovmin. since the answer Is desired In ka/min, it may be better to swrtch to mass. Units, The molar mass of octane Is 114 gigmol, so mO In = 150 x 114 = 17,100ghmin = 17.tkgmin Slep 6. Set up and solve process fons. Von = n¥0,0ut= 17.1 ymin aYwin = n¥wout Slep 7. Detine energy of process streams. By the rues oF humo, Cp ~2.ug °C Tor organic tqulds, Cp ~ 1 41g *C Tor gases, and ror Afv~ 1500 Kilkg organic compounds, and Cp ~ 4/9 °C for water, Cp ~ 1 Wg °C for steam, and af = 2000 ku/kg for water The boiling point temperature of n-octane f 125.7°C al 4 alm, and that for water 151.8°C at 5 bar if me choose fiquid at 100°C and 1 alm as the reference slate for n-octane, then by the rules of thumb O,out = 0F0 in ~ 2(125.7 = 100) + 500 + 4(950 ~ 125.7) = 775 Jig ite choose liquid at 60°C and 5 bar as reference state for water then Amin =0 Aout ~ 4(151 8-60)+2000 = 2367 Jig (We wil go back an complete accurate calculations later) Step 8. tently neat ang work. ‘The heat exchanger is assumed fo be wellinsulated, so there is no heat term. With no mechanical equipment, there is no work term, Step 9. Define changes in system energy ‘The system is assumed to be al steady stale, so no changes in system energy.‘Steps 10-12: White energy balance, solve, check. With substitution and re-arrangement. the diferential energy balance equation simpifies to: Po in Bo in ~ Hoone > sn Ew ona + Hl in) (75 Kikg) (0367 Kirk) Now we return to Step 7 and use more accurate cata. Phy jp 217. is 6kg/min. Rule of thumb” answer) For octane, well choose the same reference siale. From dala in Appendix 8 3 3 Hon = Te, dT +AMIgy + Pear 33 Eo 6, 5 = @55(399- 373) 34,4004 J (-6.09640.77127— 4.195.104 T? 48.855 «1087? 3 (6630+ 34400 + 64753= 105783 Jigmol= 105.8 kJ/gmol hich is equivalent to 928 Kirkg. For steam, we'll use the steam tables (note that this a different reference slate than what we sed for the rough calculations) Fw 51.7 keg (water al 60°C and 5 bar, by linear interpolation) Fwout 748.1 kivkg (Saturated steam al 5 bar) Now using these more accurate values inthe energy balance equation Hoe Moin Fe FM iW oe * Fay) (028 Like) (@748.1-251.7 kiikg) Given how easy it was to use the rules of thumb (and that we don't need to have access to much data), he answers are surprisingly close. Using the rules of thumb is @ good way to check ‘your answers for reasonableness. My gg = 17-1 g/min.Peas ‘Steps 1 and 2. Draw a diagram and define system bewene 1000 gmalh we boreee ier ns jenn Py mixer an 25°C 1 bar lique ‘The mixer is the system. ‘Steps 9-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. Benzene B is the only component. We'll identify the streams as *hot" for the hot inlet, “cold” for the cold iniet, and “out” for the outlet. Units are all consistent. The basis is nYB,not = 1000 amon Step 6. Set up and solve process flows. ‘The steady-state matenal balance equation Is: nYE,not + n¥B.cold = 1000+n¥B.cold = n¥B.out ‘Step 7. Define energy of process streams We'll choose liquid benzene at 1 bar and 25°C as the reference state. From Table B.17 and 8.20 we find the data we need to evaluate the enthalpy of tne other streams by (a) heating liquid benzene from 25°C to the bolling point temperature of 80.1°C, (b) vaportang at 80.1" ‘and (c) heating vapor from 80.1°C to eliner £00°C (hot inlet) or 200°C (outlet). Fecou=9 Fw as [G<2106 +05657~ 3.14110 72)ir+ 30700 os 1, + Teasreosner-sorrsotr?+ 233.107) = 7939+ 307004 61872 = 100,511 J/gmol= 100.5 KJ/gmol . F Gsauoss+0s6sr—3.81<10"r? ors 30700 os = + Tesoososnor-sorrsits zs. ast =1939-+ 307004 7958 = 65,597 Jgmal= 65.6 KigmaStep 8 dentfy heal and work None. Step 9, Detne changes in system energy None — system is at steady state Steps 10-12: write energy balance, sone, check ‘The steady-state crterential energy balance, with no heal or work terms, is simpy DAH) DM; Menor oe + Moots Mirco = Meousll tore Substituting in the known values: (1000 emol/h {100.5 KJ/gmol)+ M440). (1000 + cnx) (65.6 M/gmol) Mb cots = 509 ginolhh Peas Stops“ and 2. Draw a diagram and detne systom. tuo gas 150° Nz oz coz soz 20 boiler feedwater steam HC oe. satd, 10 bar Waste gas 25 40m E A Ae 9% Ne oe 196 HOS am 02 10% 02 70% N2 20% CO Air and waste gas mix and are combusted in the firebox of the furnace. Boiler feedwater enters through tubes lining the wall of the furnace. where heat from the fire is transferred to the water. Producing steam. We will choose two different systems: first we'll look at the contents of the ‘irevox not including the tubes, and second nell !ook at just theContents of the tubes. (Another appropriate cnolce Is tne entire contents of the treoox incluaing the tubes as the system ) ‘Steps 2-8. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. ‘There are many components: oxygen (©), nitrogen (N), hydrogen sulfide (H), sultur dioxide (8), water (WW), carbon monoxide (CM), carbon dioxide (CD) and ethane (E) For units, we'll use ‘gmol for the waste gas. air. and flue gas. and kg for the boiler feedwater and steam. (Wiking the Units of mote and mass wll not cause us problems, because the streams do NOT myx) Streams will be defined as ‘waste’. “air, “fue, “biw’ for boller feednater, and “steam” for steam. No basis is given, we'll choose 100 amoV/s of waste gas as a convenient basis: Raste= 100 gmoVs Based on the composition of the waste gas stream, them Megane = 40 gmolls AW swaste = 19 gmolls Mmace =10 gmolls My seas =1 gmmOUs Went oaste= 30 Bm0/5 Step 6. Set up and sowve process rons. ‘Considering only the system of the febox (excluding the steamvooller teeauater), we nave several reactions to consider Calg+ 202 3202+ 3H;0 Rl) 0440; >co; (R2) HS+30, 3802 +H0 3) ‘The stoichiometric flow rate of oxygen requited for camplete combustion is (Fan+(Yon+{3o- 10=1465 gmolis ince air is fed at 20% excess, Mp gir = 1-2 146.5=175.8 gmolls 9 = 2175.8 =661.3 gmot ait = sFrom material balance equations on ethane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide (assuming complete combustion): Me sye =0=40-H > N= 40 gmovs eu jue=0=30-% +X =30 amos We ue™ Xs X=t amos Finishing the material balance equations: Ap, tue = 24 + & = 804 30= 110 gmolls AK pue= A=1 gmol's Hy ue = 38 + =120-41=121 gmolls MR se = Mi waste + air = 19+ 661 ; ay 5, ue’ No wave * Moar ZH step 7. Define energy of process streams 680.2¢molls 04175.8- 140-151 29.3 emol/s We have some options. Option 1: we start with tne waste gas and alr at 298 K and 1 atm, calculate the enthalpy change associated witn combustion at 298 K, then calculate the enthalpy change associated with increasing the temperature of the fue gases from 298 K to the outlet temperature, 150°C (425 K), Option 2° ne start with the elements at 298 K and 1 atm, anc calculate enthaloies of compounds at 298 K from enthalpy of formation data, then correct fue (9388s for the temperature Increase. Either option Is tie; well go with option 1 nere. Here is the useful data (al for water in the vapor phase as the product of combustion) Fthane: AHS =-1428.6 kW/gmol co: AHS =-283 kS/igmol HS. ANE =-518.7 kifgmol Coe Cy =19.80 40.0744 r= 560251057? 41.7115 10879 HO: Cp = 32.24 +0.0019247 + 1,055 x10 17 — 3.569 x10 79 6, = 20.14 0011587-6076 x10? +1 311 «107879 Cp = 31-15 -0.013570 + 2.680% 10°77 = 1.168108 7 80» C= 2885-+0.066997 - 4961 10°87? +1.928%10-° 79 Ty Hue =D DM ne PC pia? H ye = (40 1428.6))+ (30(-283))+ (1E518.7)) + (110(4.97))+ (121(4.72)}+ (29.3(3.73))+ (680.3(3.65))+ (16.27) Hpac -62:40 KI Stop 8. ent neat and work “There Is neat that leaves ns system (and Is transferred to the steam in tne tubes), Dut no work.step 9. ete changes in syst ens None — assumed steady state. Step 10-2 te enero batance soe, ches ‘The heat that leaves this system is transferred to the contents of the tubes. Now we change the system to the tubes and their contents. The energy balance is vic can chose erent eeenc soe or he oir eedatr an steam (erase they are In a different system.) Let's use the tiple polnt of water and then get our gata from the steam tables: ean Ceca ~ Hj Mean 2777-1~210 19) = 462,400 KI Metean = 24.3 kg/s since ine basis was 100 gmol's waste gas, we calculate that we proauce 0.243 kg steam per gmol waste gas burned 462,400 kI/s 3.49 ‘Sleps 1 and 2. Draw a diagram and define system oe a Heo 02 etnano Na coe 2 aim eo fam ‘urn 02 > bumor ——evater > x2 fie aim cane 00 256.1 atm a ‘We will use two systems: first the bumer, so we can calculate Tbum, and next the cooler. so we ‘can determine how much, if any, of the #20 in the combustion gases Is condensed ‘Sleps 3-5. Choose components, define stream variables, check units, define basis. ‘Components are methane (M), cxygen (0), ntrogen (Ni), carbon dioxide (C) and water (W). ‘Siteams wl be identies as “in out’, or ‘burn (forthe gases leaving the bummer) No basis is sven, Wel choos Hy = 100 gmols. Units are gmol or J ‘Slep 6. Set up ang solve process flons. ‘The methane combustion reaction is (CH4#202--C02#2H20From the stoichiometry, the specications, ant the basis we find Nyy =1.25%5 1002250 smols ean = 2 + 250=940 gmol/s 100-¥ > ¥=100 gos Mo yp = 0= Ry, -2X= 250-200 = 50 eros Me ur = A= 100 emolis Ay put = 28200 mols ys = yn = 940 wr ‘sep 7. Define energy of pracess streams ‘The simplest way to evaluate the entabpy change i to avid into 2 steps (a) the enthalpy change of combustion of methane at 296 K and (b) the enthalpy change for heating the combustion gases from 298 K to Thur Methane: Hf ~-802.6 ki/emol COs 9.80+- 0.073447 5.602% 10°57? + 1.7115x10 819 HO: 2.24 +0,0019247 + 1,055 « 10577 — 3.569 10°75 os *y =29.140.011587 6.076 «10° 7?-+1 311 10-979 Nx 1.15 0.013572 + 2.680% 10°57? = 1.168 10-877 - Toye Hyun Hin = BA FEN gum | Cpa? ‘ Tn ‘We do not yet know Toum so cannot evaluate numeral ‘Step 8. Identity heat and work. ‘The bumer is adiabatic and there is no mechanical equipment so = W,=0 ‘Step 9. Define changes in system eneray ‘Steady state operaton ts assumed steps 10-12: wate energy balance, soe, check Everytnng is zero except tne enthalpy terms: 6 a Thy BAA DK sum V Cpl i Tia ‘We now solve (using an equation solver) by plugging in the known physical constants and moar fons: pum — Hin =| Tou = 1970 K (This is somenhat cooler than the answer we got for methane in PS 47 — because of the excess, ar) Finally, ne are asked fo determine whether any of the water condenses in the cooler This snot an energy balance problem: itis a phase equilibrium problem. At €0°C.. from the Antoine equation