Tập Bài Đọc Global Reading

Reading in Global issues Faculty of International Relations School year: 2020 - 2021
READING IN GLOBAL ISSUES

READING 1
Globalization 4.0 – what does it mean?
Klaus Schwab
Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
Source:https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/globalization-4-what-does-it-mean-how-it-will-
benefit-everyone/
After World War II, the international community came together to build a shared
future. Now, it must do so again. Owing to the slow and uneven recovery in the
decade since the global financial crisis, a substantial part of society has become
disaffected and embittered, not only with politics and politicians, but also with
globalization and the entire economic system it underpins. In an era of widespread
insecurity and frustration, populism has become increasingly attractive as an
alternative to the status quo.
But populist discourse eludes – and often confounds – the substantive distinctions
between two concepts: globalization and globalism. Globalization is a phenomenon
driven by technology and the movement of ideas, people, and goods. Globalism is
an ideology that prioritizes the neoliberal global order over national interests. Nobody
can deny that we are living in a globalized world. But whether all of our policies
should be “globalist” is highly debatable.
After all, this moment of crisis has raised important questions about our global-
governance architecture. With more and more voters demanding to “take back
control” from “global forces,” the challenge is to restore sovereignty in a world that
requires cooperation. Rather than closing off economies through protectionism and
nationalist politics, we must forge a new social compact between citizens and their
leaders, so that everyone feels secure enough at home to remain open to the world
at large. Failing that, the ongoing disintegration of our social fabric could ultimately
lead to the collapse of democracy.
Moreover, the challenges associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) are
coinciding with the rapid emergence of ecological constraints, the advent of an
increasingly multipolar international order, and rising inequality. These integrated
developments are ushering in a new era of globalization. Whether it will improve the
human condition will depend on whether corporate, local, national, and international
governance can adapt in time.
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Meanwhile, a new framework for global public-private cooperation has been taking
shape. Public-private cooperation is about harnessing the private sector and open
markets to drive economic growth for the public good, with environmental
sustainability and social inclusiveness always in mind. But to determine the public
good, we first must identify the root causes of inequality.
For example, while open markets and increased competition certainly produce
winners and losers in the international arena, they may be having an even more
pronounced effect on inequality at the national level. Moreover, the growing divide
between the precariat and the privileged is being reinforced by 4IR business models,
which often derive rents from owning capital or intellectual property.
Closing that divide requires us to recognize that we are living in a new type of
innovation-driven economy, and that new global norms, standards, policies, and
conventions are needed to safeguard the public trust. The new economy has already
disrupted and recombined countless industries, and dislocated millions of workers.
It is dematerializing production, by increasing the knowledge intensity of value
creation. It is heightening competition within domestic product, capital, and labor
markets, as well as among countries adopting different trade and investment
strategies. And it is fueling distrust, particularly of technology companies and their
stewardship of our data.
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The unprecedented pace of technological change means that our systems of health,
transportation, communication, production, distribution, and energy – just to name
a few – will be completely transformed. Managing that change will require not just
new frameworks for national and multinational cooperation, but also a new model of
education, complete with targeted programs for teaching workers new skills. With
advances in robotics and artificial intelligence in the context of aging societies, we
will have to move from a narrative of production and consumption toward one of
sharing and caring.
Globalization 4.0 has only just begun, but we are already vastly underprepared for it.
Clinging to an outdated mindset and tinkering with our existing processes and
institutions will not do. Rather, we need to redesign them from the ground up, so
that we can capitalize on the new opportunities that await us, while avoiding the
kind of disruptions that we are witnessing today.
As we develop a new approach to the new economy, we must remember that we

are not playing a zero-sum game. This is not a matter of free trade or protectionism,
technology or jobs, immigration or protecting citizens, and growth or equality. Those
are all false dichotomies, which we can avoid by developing policies that favor “and”
over “or,” allowing all sets of interests to be pursued in parallel.
To be sure, pessimists will argue that political conditions are standing in the way of
a productive global dialogue about Globalization 4.0 and the new economy. But
realists will use the current moment to explore the gaps in the present system, and
to identify the requirements for a future approach. And optimists will hold out hope
that future-oriented stakeholders will create a community of shared interest and,
ultimately, shared purpose.
Question 1: According to the passage, what is globalization?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 2: The word embittered in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. encouraged B. affected
C. disappointed D. elaborated
Question 3: What is the challenge to global-governance architecture?
A. Citizens do not want to take back the control.
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B. Nations need to restore sovereignty while they collaborate with others.

C. The rise of protectionism and nationalist politics.
D. The rapid emergence of ecological constraints, the advent of an increasingly
multipolar international order, and rising inequality.
Question 4: What is public – private partnership?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 5: What are the causes of inequality?
A. growing divide between the precariat and the privileged C. A&B are correct
B. open markets and increased competition D. None are correct
Question 6: According to the passage, how can people manage unprecedented
pace of technological change?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 7: The word capitalized in paragraph 9 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. Take advantage of C. Waste
B. Take disadvantage of D. penalty
Question 8 – 10: Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage?
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Question 8: Since World word I, the international community came together to build
a shared future.
Question 9: The world is well prepared for Globalization 4.0.
Question 10: Populists distract the public by misusing the concept of globalization
and globalism.
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READING 2
How East Asia has controlled coronavirus, and what it means for its recovery
29 Jul 2020
Kishore Mahbubani
Distinguished Fellow, Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore
Source: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/07/asia-china-singapore-vietnam-
covid19-coronavirus-government
Death tolls don’t lie. The most striking disparity in COVID-19 fatalities to date is
between East Asian countries, where the total number of deaths per million
inhabitants is consistently below ten, and much of the West, where the numbers are
in the hundreds. For example, Japan has so far reported 7.8 deaths per million,
followed by South Korea (5.8), Singapore (4.6), China (3.2), and, most remarkably of
all, Vietnam, with zero deaths. By contrast, Belgium now has 846 confirmed deaths
per million, and the United Kingdom has 669, followed by Spain (608), Italy (580),
and the United States (429).
What accounts for this extraordinary difference? The answers are complicated, but
three possible explanations stand out. First, none of the East Asian states believe
that they have “arrived,” much less achieved the “end of history” at which they regard
their societies as being the apotheosis of human possibility. Second, East Asian
countries have long invested in strengthening government institutions instead of
trying to weaken them, and this is now paying off. And, third, China’s spectacular
rise is presenting its regional neighbors with opportunities as well as challenges.
It’s always dangerous to oversimplify. Yet, the evidence shows that whereas
Europeans tend to believe in state-sponsored social security, East Asians still believe
that life is composed of struggle and sacrifice. French President Emmanuel
Macron is battling to overhaul his country’s pension system and decrease retirement
benefits in order to achieve much-needed reductions in budget deficits. As a result,
France was convulsed for months by “Yellow Vest” protests. But when South Korea
faced a far more serious financial crisis in 1997-98, old ladies donated jewelry to the
central bank in an effort to help.
East Asians are aware that their societies have done well in recent decades. But
constant adaptation and adjustment to a rapidly changing world is still the norm –
even in Japan – and huge investments in public institutions have helped these
countries to fulfill it.
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Here, the contrast with the US could not be starker. Ever since President Ronald
Reagan famously declared in his 1981 inaugural address that, “government is not
the solution to our problem, government is the problem,” the very phrase “good
governance” has been an oxymoron in America. We have again seen the
consequences of this mindset in recent weeks, with the weakening even of globally
respected institutions such as the US Federal Aviation Administration, the US Food
and Drug Administration, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Even today, with America beset by multiple crises, no prominent US leader dares to
say the obvious: “Government is the solution.”
East Asian societies, on the other hand, retain a strong and deeply-held belief in
good governance, reflecting the traditional Asian respect for institutions of authority.
Vietnam’s spectacularly effective pandemic response, for example, can be attributed
not only to one of the world’s most disciplined governments, but also to wise
investments in health care. Between 2000 and 2016, per capita public-health
expenditures increased by an average of 9% per year. This enabled Vietnam to
establish a national public-health emergency operations center and surveillance
system in the wake of the 2002-03 SARS epidemic.
Vietnam’s track record is all the more astonishing given the country’s low starting
point. When the Cold War ended three decades ago, and Vietnam finally stopped
fighting wars after almost 45 years of near-continual conflict, it had one of the world’s
poorest populations. But by emulating China’s economic model and opening up to
foreign trade and investment, Vietnam subsequently became one of the world’s
fastest-growing economies.
As then-World Bank President Jim Yong Kim pointed out in 2016, Vietnam’s average
annual growth rate of nearly 7% over the previous 25 years had enabled the
country “to leapfrog to middle-income status in a single generation.” And during the
same period, Kim noted, Vietnam had managed the “especially remarkable
achievement” of reducing extreme poverty from 50% to just 3%.
The country’s success did not happen in isolation. After the Soviet Union collapsed,
Vietnam integrated itself into many of East Asia’s existing regional bodies, including
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation (APEC). There, it learned quickly from its neighbors, including China.
More recently, Vietnam joined the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for
Trans-Pacific Partnership, an 11-country trade pact.
China’s spectacular resurgence has naturally heightened Vietnamese insecurity,
given that the two neighbors have fought as recently as 1979. But rather than
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paralyzing Vietnamese policymakers, that insecurity has fostered a sense of strategic

discipline and vigilance, which has contributed to the country’s extraordinary
performance during the pandemic. China’s rise has had a similar galvanizing effect
on some of its other neighbors, including Japan and South Korea.
Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong has often cited the former Intel CEO
Andy Grove’s mantra that “only the paranoid survive.” Paranoia is usually a negative
emotion, but it can also trigger a powerful impulse to fight and survive. A deep
determination to battle against great odds may explain why East Asia has so far
responded far better to the pandemic than most of the West. And if the region’s
economies also recover faster, they may well offer a glimmer of hope to a world
currently drowning in pessimism.
QUESTIONS
Question 1: What are the reasons for low fatalities in East asia?
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Question 2: What are the differences between European and East Asian in dealing
with social crisis?
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Question 3: According to President Ronald Reagan, government is __________ .
A. The answer to social problems.
B. The solutions to our problems.
C. the essential actor in protecting the health, security and well-being of the nation.
D. The problem itself.
Question 4: In paragraph 6, the word retain is closest in meaning to_____
A. Refuse C. Remove
B. Maintain D. Take responsibility
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Question 5: According to the passage, Which information is NOT TRUE about

Vietnam?
A. Vietnam is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies.
B. Vietnam reduced extreme poverty from 50% to just 3%.
C. In the last 25 years, Vietnam’s capita public-health expenditures increased by
an average of 7% annually.
D. Vietnam established a national public-health emergency operations center and
surveillance system in the wake of the 2002-03 SARS epidemic.
Question 6: In paragraph 10, the word resurgence is closest in meaning to_____
A. upheaval C. Develop
B. Revenge D. Recriminate
Question 7: Who did say “only the paranoid survive” ?
A. Jim Yong Kim C. Andy Grove
B. Lee Hsien Loong D. Ronald Reagan
Reading Passage?
Question 8: Korean was convulsed for months by “Yellow Vest” protests.
Question 9: According to US official, government is the answer to all social
problems
Question 10: After the Soviet Union collapsed, Vietnam actively took part in
regional and international organizations.
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READING 3
Global warming – Climate change (Their causes and effects)
Many people think of global warming and climate change as synonyms, but
scientists prefer to use “climate change” when describing the complex shifts now
affecting our planet’s weather and climate systems. “Climate change” refers to the
increasing changes in the measures of climate over a long period of time – including
precipitation, temperature, and wind patterns and a range of other impacts such
as shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, etc. “Global warming”
refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the increasing concentrations
of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Scientists use observations from the ground, air and space, along with theoretical
models, to monitor and study past, present and future climate change. Climate data
records provide evidence of climate change key indicators, such as global land and
ocean temperature increases; rising sea levels; ice loss at Earth’s poles and in
mountain glaciers; frequency and severity changes in extreme weather such as
hurricanes, heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, floods and precipitation; and cloud and
vegetation cover changes, to name but a few.
What causes climate change?
The climate on Earth has been changing since it formed 4.5 billion years ago. Until
recently, natural factors have been the cause of these changes. Natural influences
on the climate include volcanic eruptions, changes in the orbit of the Earth, and shifts
in the Earth's crust (known as plate tectonics).
Over the past one million years, the Earth has experienced a series of ice-ages
('glacial periods') and warmer periods ('interglacial'). Glacial and interglacial periods
cycle roughly every 100,000 years, caused by changes in Earth's orbit around the
sun. For the past few thousand years, Earth has been in an interglacial period with a
constant temperature.
However, since the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, the global temperature has
increased at a much faster rate. By burning fossil fuels and changing how we use
the land, human activity has quickly become the leading cause of changes to our
climate.
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Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect
Some gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat and stop it escaping into space.
We call these 'greenhouse gases'. These gases act as a warming blanket around the
Earth, known as the 'greenhouse effect'.
Greenhouse gases come from both human and natural sources. Gases like carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide naturally occur in the atmosphere. Others, such
as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), are only produced by human activity.
When short-wave radiation from the sun reaches Earth, most of it passes straight
through and hits the surface. The Earth absorbs most of this radiation and gives off
longer-wavelength infrared radiation.
The greenhouse gases absorb some of this infrared radiation, instead of it passing
straight out into space. The atmosphere then emits radiation in all directions, sending
some of it back to the surface, causing the planet to heat up. This process is known
as the 'greenhouse effect'.
The greenhouse effect is critical to our survival. In fact, without greenhouse gases,
Earth would be about 30 degrees colder than it is today. Without greenhouse gases
and their warming effect, we wouldn't be able to survive.
However, since the Industrial Revolution, we've been adding more and more
greenhouse gases into the air, trapping even more heat. Instead of keeping Earth at
a warm, stable temperature, the greenhouse effect is heating the planet at a much
faster rate. We call this the 'enhanced greenhouse effect' and it's the main cause of
climate change.
Human causes of climate change
Humans cause climate change by releasing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases into the air. Today, there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than there
ever has been in at least the past 800,000 years. During the 20th and 21st century,
the level of carbon dioxide rose by 40%.
We produce greenhouse gases in lots of different ways:
• Burning fossil fuels – Fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal contain carbon
dioxide that has been 'locked away' in the ground for thousands of years.
When we take these out of the land and burn them, we release the stored
carbon dioxide into the air.
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• Deforestation – Forests remove and store carbon dioxide from the

atmosphere. Cutting them down means that carbon dioxide builds up quicker
since there are no trees to absorb it. Not only that, trees release the carbon
they stored when we burn them.
• Agriculture – Planting crops and rearing animals releases many different
types of greenhouse gases into the air. For example, animals produce
methane, which is 30 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as a
greenhouse gas. The nitrous oxide used for fertilisers is ten times worse and
is nearly 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide!
• Cement – Producing cement is another contributor to climate change,
causing 2% of our entire carbon dioxide emissions.
Natural changes to the climate
The leading cause of climate change is human activity and the release of greenhouse
gases. However, there are lots of natural causes that also lead to changes in the
climate system.
Natural cycles can cause the climate to alternate between warming and cooling.
There are also natural factors that force the climate to change, known as 'forcings'.
Even though these natural causes contribute to climate change, we know that they
are not the primary cause, based on scientific evidence.
Some of these natural cycles include:
• Milankovitch cycles – As Earth travels around the sun, its path and the tilt of
its axis can change slightly. These changes, called Milankovitch cycles, affect
the amount of sunlight that falls on Earth. This can cause the temperature of
Earth to change. However, these cycles take place over tens or hundreds of
thousands of years and are unlikely to be causing the changes to the climate
that we are seeing today.
• El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) – ENSO is a pattern of changing water
temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. In an 'El Niño' year, the global temperature
warms up, and in a 'La Niña' year, it cools down. These patterns can affect
the global temperature for a short amount of time (months or years) but cannot
explain the persistent warming that we see today.
Natural forcing that can contribute to climate change include:
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• Solar irradiance – Changing energy from the sun has affected the
temperature of Earth in the past. However, we have not seen anything strong
enough to change our climate. Any increase in solar energy would make the
entire atmosphere of Earth warm, but we can only see warming in the bottom
layer.
• Volcanic eruptions – Volcanoes have a mixed effect on our climate. Eruptions
produce aerosol particles that cool Earth, but they also release carbon dioxide,
which warms it. Volcanoes produce 50 times less carbon dioxide than humans
do, so we know they are not the leading cause of global warming. On top of
this, cooling is the dominant effect of volcanic eruptions, not warming.
Are humans responsible for climate change?
When looking at all the evidence, there is a large scientific consensus that humans
are the leading cause of climate change. In their latest report, the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change stated with over 95% certainty that human activity is the
main cause of global warming.
Natural climate cycles can change the temperature of Earth, but the changes we are
seeing are happening at a scale and speed that natural cycles cannot explain. These
cycles affect the global temperature for years, or sometimes just months, not the
100 years that we have observed. Meanwhile, longer-term changes like Milankovitch
cycles and solar irradiance take thousands and thousands of years.
There are lots of things that affect climate change, but the evidence is irrefutable.
Human activity, such as burning fossil fuels and changing how we use the land, is
the leading cause of climate change.
Scientists already have documented these impacts of climate change:
• Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes

mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and
Arctic sea ice. In Montana's Glacier National Park the number of glaciers has
declined to fewer than 30 from more than 150 in 1910.
• Much of this melting ice contributes to sea-level rise. Global sea levels
are rising 0.13 inches (3.2 millimeters) a year, and the rise is occurring at a
faster rate in recent years.
• Rising temperatures are affecting wildlife and their habitats. Vanishing ice
has challenged species such as the Adélie penguin in Antarctica, where
some populations on the western peninsula have collapsed by 90 percent or
more.
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• As temperatures change, many species are on the move. Some butterflies,

foxes, and alpine plants have migrated farther north or to higher, cooler
areas.
• Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.
Yet some regions are experiencing more severe drought, increasing the risk
of wildfires, lost crops, and drinking water shortages.
• Some species—including mosquitoes, ticks, jellyfish, and crop pests—are
thriving. Booming populations of bark beetles that feed on spruce and pine
trees, for example, have devastated millions of forested acres in the U.S.
Other effects could take place later this century, if warming continues. These
include:
• Sea levels are expected to rise between 10 and 32 inches (26 and 82
centimeters) or higher by the end of the century.
• Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger. Floods and
droughts will become more common. Large parts of the U.S., for example,
face a higher risk of decades-long "megadroughts" by 2100.
• Less freshwater will be available, since glaciers store about three-quarters of
the world's freshwater.
• Some diseases will spread, such as mosquito-borne malaria (and the 2016
resurgence of the Zika virus).
• Ecosystems will continue to change: Some species will move farther north or
become more successful; others, such as polar bears, won’t be able to adapt
and could become extinct.
Source:
1. https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/causes-of-climate-
change#:~:text=The%20evidence%20is%20clear%3A%20the,the%20planet%20to%20
heat%20up
2. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-difference-between-global-warming-and-climate-
change-1?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products
3. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-effects/
4. https://climate.nasa.gov/resources/global-warming-vs-climate-change/
Question 1: What is climate change?
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
Question 2: What does global warming mean?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Question 3: According to the context of paragraph 1, the word precipitation likely

means _______.
A. Rash or sudden haste
B. Moisture in the air that settles on plants, etc. in the morning
C. Water particles that fall from the sky or atmosphere
D. The conversion of vapour or gas to a liquid
Question 4: According to the context of paragraph 2, the word indicator is closest

in meaning to _______.
E. Measure
F. Hint
G. Trafficator
H. Sign
Question 5: How deforestation, farming and burning fossil fuels lead to the climate
change?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 6: When did the climate start to change rapidly? Why so?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 7: What are Greenhouse gases and their harmfulness?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Reading Passage?
Question 8: We can stop the climate change completely by rigorously enforced
programs.
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Question 9: Both human activities and natural forcing equally contribute to the
climate change.
Question 10: Other natural disasters or diseases will be likely to become stronger
and happen more regularly if humans keep exploiting nature.
READING 4
What does the Fourth Industrial Revolution mean for migration?
Richard Eldridge, CEO, Lenddo Limited

Khalid Koser, Executive Director, Global Community Engagement and Resilience
Fund (GCERF)
Mariah Levin, Head of the Forum of Young Global Leaders, World Economic Forum
Sanjiv Rai, Founder and Chief Solver, Inverted Ideas Lab
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is unfolding at a time when human mobility is

increasing and, in many instances, becoming more precarious. Last year, the world
saw 250 million international migrants, only 21 million of whom qualified as refugees
under the UN Refugee Convention. Within countries, the rate of internal migration
from rural areas to cities has also been increasing, with urbanization estimates
reaching 66% by 2050.
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Indeed, there are 270 million internal migrants in China alone. Considering existing
migration trends, the impact of more extreme weather on economies and livelihoods,
and countries’ constraints in dealing with migration effectively, we simply cannot
afford to overlook the potential of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies in
supporting safe, orderly and regular migration.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) represents new ways in which technology
becomes embedded within societies, for example through robotics, artificial
intelligence, and nanotechnology. The 4IR has implications for global migration in a
multitude of ways, some of which have been experienced in the past. Concretely,
the 4IR has the potential to create business and job opportunities for migrants that
never existed before, especially if they receive the right training, for example, on
robots and their myriad set of applications. It also opens avenues for
entrepreneurship, since migrant entrepreneurs are at the forefront of technological
innovation (Elon Musk, for example, is a migrant).
At the same time, disruptions to the labour market inherent in any industrial
revolution have generated a high level of distrust and scepticism around the benefits
of migration. Indeed, lower-skilled workers are positioned to lose their jobs in the
face of labour-saving 4IR advances, and migrants are not only at risk of this, but also
blamed for precipitating lower labour standards by accepting less attractive
employment.
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But the 4IR is also changing migration and perceptions of migration beyond the
implications observed in the past. From migration management and border control
to directing migration flows and facilitating migrant integration, we should expect to
see significant changes to migration policies and practices in the coming decade as
a result of specific 4IR technologies.
Here are some examples:
[Heading 1]
We have already seen the way in which digital and smartphone technology has
altered the migrant experience: two of the first questions migrants and refugees ask
when arriving in a new country are how to get a SIM card and where to connect to
WIFI. Smartphones are now seen by migrants as essential tools in navigating
challenging journeys safely and preparing support networks for their arrivals.
While migrants and refugees use GPS and social media communications
applications to monitor and decide on their migration paths, international
organizations and NGOs are increasingly using drone technology in humanitarian
activities. In fact, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones) has
increasingly been recognized as an essential tool for humanitarian action since
drones are particularly useful for mapping, delivering goods to remote locations and
assessing and monitoring damage and change. They have increasingly been
deployed for humanitarian purposes since 2013 when the United Nations launched
its first surveillance experiment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and
Rwanda.
Governments are also aware of the potential use of drones for migration
management. Starting in 2005, US Customs and Border Protection (CBP) began to
use drones domestically in an effort to track migration across its borders; there are
now plans to equip the border service with smaller, lightweight drones capable of
identifying individuals using through facial recognition or other biometric technology
within a three-mile range. The idea is to enable CBP agents to launch and track
multiple humans on foot, horseback or in vehicles.
Meanwhile, the European Union has also taken steps to invest in a fleet of drones
with video, infrared sensors and chemical detection to provide real-time data on
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migrant flows. In the Mediterranean, drones have already been used by European
government and NGOs to facilitate the rescue missions of migrants.
Thus, the potential for drones in the realm of migration is promising and still largely
to be explored. However, this type of tracking raises a number of ethical issues
frequently flagged in debates around balancing national security interests with
individual rights and freedoms. In particular, the use of drones for migration
surveillance challenges individual rights to privacy and is seen by critics to
undermine civil liberties more broadly. Legal scrutiny around the use of this
technology must go hand in hand with its deployment.
[Heading 2]
As in many areas, policy on migration lags behind technological trends in ways that
undermine the potential gains of the phenomenon. Artificial intelligence (AI) or
machine learning applied to relevant migration questions could help illuminate
successful approaches to anticipating migration flows, harnessing skills, and better
understanding the power of remittances. AI machine learning has the potential to
use a wealth of data, frequently crowdsourced or publically available, to look for data
patterns and correlations that may indicate future human mobility flows.
This type of analysis starts from examining historical and current migration patterns
and understanding related triggers. It can move policy makers closer to unravelling
complexity around the origin of migration flows. If the data is high quality and
appropriately incorporates the possibility of a political, economic and/or social
“disruption” that might change the predictive trajectory, applying machine learning
to migration trends could help map future migration flows. The result could help
countries and communities prepare migrant integration strategies more effectively.
Likewise, these predictive maps could provide helpful information in further

managing migration flows. Coupling these migration data with labour market
information, such as skills gaps, could provide migrants with a better idea of where
their skills would be valued, and therefore where to plan their moves. Supporting
migrants to make informed decisions about migration is perhaps the next stage of
evolution of “chatbots” that have supported refugees arriving in Europe. The
potential for better matching skills or opportunity and human resources offers to
create a new narrative around migration and its potential benefits.
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At this stage, there have been some attempts at using artificial intelligence for
migration-related matters, largely in crisis situations. One of the first examples of this
was Ushahidi, which used real time, crowdsourced reports from Facebook and
Twitter to develop a crisis map after the Haiti Earthquake in 2010. Artificial
intelligence and machine learning have since been applied to various crises settings,
such as Nepal, and even to help victims cope psychologically with the effects of war,
such as in Syria. However, there remains incredible opportunity to elucidate trends
that could lead to better migrant integration and outcomes for society.
AI could be also a crucial part of the activities implemented by organizations during

displacement or after settlement in new countries. For example, running mandatory
AI-based skills assessment and offering training on such technologies and
assistance on entrepreneurship for migrants and refugees could unleash their full
potential, helping them to rebuild their lives. It could also counterbalance the
perceived precipitation of labour standards, since migrants would not work on
precarious and low-productivity sectors that largely mismatch their skills, but would
allow them to help the host country to prosper.
[Heading 3]
As migration around the world increases, one of the most pressing needs is for the
availability of a full range of cost efficient, convenient financial services to assist
effective integration of migrants in host nations.
However, in many countries the financial services sector is not even able to serve
the needs of many of its own citizens, and the situation for many migrants is even
worse.
Migrants face hardships across many fronts - from the basic opening of bank
accounts without the required documents for KYC (Know-Your-Customer
requirements) to difficulties receiving or sending money, and often at exorbitant
rates. Migrants are often not able to have access to convenient ways to pay bills,
access insurance, or even obtain credit or loans to improve their lives or invest for
the future – all these services remain a dream.
The 4IR, for the first time, presents a significant opportunity to include migrants in
the financial system quickly and efficiently in a way that has not even been
19
experienced by many of the host countries’ own nationals. Technological solutions

pave the way to both disrupt the way traditional financial services have been
delivered and at the same time enable banks to innovate and provide exciting new
products and services to address real customer needs.
Much of the early innovation has come from Fintech companies that are disrupting
the traditional way of doing things. Transferwise, originally a payments company,
has recently created a borderless bank. Alipay and Alipay have led a financial
revolution in Asia and innovative companies like Lenddo use big data and AI to allow
financial institutions to deliver products and services to underserved markets in a
sustainable way.
Some governments such as India and Estonia are also leading the way with their
government led digital initiatives resulting in fast-growing financial inclusion. Also,
some international organizations, such as UNCHR in partnership with IrisGuard and
Cairo Amman Bank in Jordan, are using innovative hi-tech solutions such as iris
recognition to secure access of refugees to financial assistance, not only including
refugees in the financial system but also increasing the efficiency and efficacy of
humanitarian aid.
The opportunity exists - and it will be interesting to see how other countries can learn
from these examples and whether incumbent banks and other financial institutions
can deliver services to the growing number of migrants that demand them; or
whether it will take disruptive Fintech companies or innovative international
organizations and governments to grant access to critical services that are taken for
granted by many of us.
[Heading 4]
In the past decade, concern over the risks of migration has often made it harder for
people to grasp the potential benefits. The 4IR offers a unique opportunity to expand
and recreate such cases of success, assisting the host society and migrants to thrive
together.
In considering future applications of 4IR technologies, there are definite ethical

issues, like data privacy and margins of error, with which to contend. However, the
promise of smarter migration is one which the international community, individual
20
nations and businesses need to realize in order to achieve a more peaceful and
sustainable world.
QUESTIONS
Question 1: Decide if the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not
Given (NG)
a) ________ According to the reading, less than 10% of international

migrants are qualified to be defined as refugees.
b) ________ Internal migration is defined as movement from rural to urban
areas, in a process described as urbanization.
(just one
among the
forms of
internal
immigration)
Robotics, artificial intelligence, and nanotechnology are the
c) ________
three obvious examples of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
(4IR).
d) _______ The name ‘Elon Musk’ is given as an example of many
successful migrant entrepreneurs.
Because of the 4th Industrial Revolution, lower-skilled workers
e) _______
are more likely to lose their jobs and migrants are blamed for
making the situation worse for their cheap labour.
Question 2: Match the headings to the correct positions in the reading
1. Heading 1 ______ [A] How AI can strengthen migration policy

2. Heading 2 ______ [B] Smarter migration through the Fourth Industrial
3. Heading 3 ______ Revolution
4. Heading 4 ______
[C] Applying drone technology
[D] New banking solutions
[E] How Fintech supports integration
21
Question 3: Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS:

4IR TECHNOLOGIES & MIGRATION
1. Governments are thinking of using [1] _________ to manage migration. It is

now possible to track migrants through smartphones, social media communications
appications, GPS, facial recognition or other [2] ____________ _ for not only security
but also humanitarian reasons. However, this type of tracking is controversial since
it might violate the individual rights to [3]__________.
2. Applying [4] __________________ to migration trends could help map future

migration flows, provide helpful information thus support migrants. Artificial
intelligence for migration can be applied to various crises settings, can help victims
cope psychologically with difficult situations, can offer training on [5] _________ and
assist on [6] _____________ for migrants, can help them rebuild their lives and help
the host country to prosper.
3. The 4IR technologies can include migrants & refugees in the financial
system quickly and efficiently, provide them banking services so that they have
access to convenient ways to [7] _________, access insurance, or even obtain credit
or loans to improve their lives or invest for the future. Transferwise, Alipay, Alipay,
and Lenddo are among the examples of [8] ______________which can deliver
services to the growing number of migrants that demand them.
4. The 4IR offers a different perspective of migration, instead of seeing this

issue full of political and economic instabilities, there actually [9] _____________.
Smarter migration is one which the international community, individual nations and
businesses need to realize in order to achieve a more [10] _______________ and
sustainable world.
22
READING 5
LEADING FOR BETTER BUSINESS AND A BETTER WORLD
Report by Business and Sustainable Development Commission
January 2017
1. Sustainability is already good business

Many business leaders already see sustainability as much more than a corporate
social responsibility exercise that boosts reputation by giving a share of profits to
community and environmental projects. Their companies are deploying the
sustainability toolkit to open up new business opportunities through innovation, to
pursue efficiency gains, to attract employees, customers and investors, and ensure
their licence to operate. A 2014 McKinsey study found that 44 percent of sustainable
business leaders cite growth and new business opportunities as reasons for tackling
sustainability challenges. Innovation is the key to finding them. 3M, for example,
embeds sustainability into its innovation pipeline, aiming to minimise waste and
avoid pollution through product reformulation. One result is the firm’s Novec fire
suppression system: the first viable and sustainable alternative to
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a powerful greenhouse gas. With a new global
agreement on reducing HFC use secured in October 2016, 3M is placed to benefit
hugely as the global market switches to safer alternatives.
Focusing on sustainability can yield large cost savings: one report shows that many
companies have achieved an average internal rate of 27 percent on their low-carbon
investments. Dow cut its 2014 energy consumption by 110 trillion BTUs – nearly as
much as all the energy used by households in the American state of Illinois. It also
reused 344 million pounds of manufacturing by-products in the same year,
continuing an approach to resources that had saved the company US$9.4 billion in
the 15 years to 2010. In the 15 years from 1994 to 2010, Dow saved 1,800 trillion
BTUs, which is the energy equivalent to powering all residential buildings throughout
California for more than one and a half years. The company’s energy efficiency
efforts prevented more than 95 million metric tons of carbon dioxide from entering
the atmosphere and contributed cost savings of US$9.4 billion.
The growing body of evidence showing that higher sustainability performance means
better financial performance is steadily gaining traction with investors. In a review of
200 studies on sustainability and corporate performance, Oxford University and
Arabesque Partners, an investment management firm, concluded that 90 percent of
studies in this area found that high environmental, social and governance (ESG)
23
standards reduced companies’ cost of capital, and that 80 percent show a positive
correlation between stock price performance and good sustainability practices.
"Millennials are over 5x more likely to stay at a
company where they feel a strong purpose."
Sustainable companies’ reputation for doing good while doing good business also
helps them to attract and retain talent, especially among the millennials who will
account for three quarters of the global workforce by 2025. A 2015 survey of 7,800
future business leaders from 29 countries found that 75 percent think businesses are
focused on their own agendas rather than improving society, and over 50 percent
would take a pay cut to find work that matches their values. A 2016
PricewaterhouseCoopers study found that millennials are 5 times more likely to stay
with employers when they feel a strong connection with their employer’s purpose.
Similarly, a study by the Society for Human Resource Management found that
morale was 55 percent better in firms with strong sustainability programmes,
employee loyalty 38 percent better, and workforce productivity increased by 21
percent.
Lastly, more sustainable companies tend to be more trusted by consumers and B2B
customers, and trust makes customers more likely to buy. Unilever has found that
brands that stand for a clear sense of social or environmental purpose are growing
at twice the rate of other brands in the company’s portfolio.
2. Innovative businesses are already capturing Global Goals opportunities

Anticipating growing pressure for sustainability from regulators, shareholders,
consumers and employees, a number of companies and entrepreneurs are taking
bolder steps to expand in the fastest-growing markets related to the Global Goals.
Many of these innovators are using one or more of the game-changing, largely
digitally-enabled business models that have developed over the past decade. These
can be adapted to capturing market opportunities in line with both environmental
and social Global Goals. The models include:
• [A] By reselling, giving, swapping, renting and lending help, these models
extend the lifetime of resource-consuming goods, lower demand for
replacements and cut waste by up to 20 percent. Car sharing schemes,
for instance, not only reduce distances travelled, but also idle capacity and the
need for new vehicles (the average car spends around 95 percent of its time
in a parking space).
• [B] Across the service sector, lean management is being used to drive
dramatic reductions in waste and inventory. Among other effects, this can
significantly boost access to important services such as healthcare. In India,
heart surgery is often performed for a fifth of its cost in the US, with the same
24
or better outcomes, not only because of lower wages in the health sector, but
also because of significantly leaner processes.
• [C] By taking a circular approach to design, manufacturing and reuse, circular
business models keep resources in play for as long as possible and recover
and reuse spent materials and products. In Brazil, waste company Veolia
works with paper and pulp producer Fibria to turn 90 percent of the mineral
wastes from cellulose manufacture into a corrective for soil acidity. Desso, a
global carpet tiles company, aims to make all of its products “cradle to cradle”
by 2020. Already more than 50 percent of yarn used to produce Desso tiles
worldwide is recycled from previously used yarn.
• [D] At least 20 billion devices are now connected to the internet and the
volume of data captured by business is surging. This is generating new
development opportunities, from modelling malaria using mobile phone data
to hooking smallholder farmers up to IBM’s hyper-local weather forecasting
tool Deep Thunder, or driving down electricity use through smart metering.
• [E] Businesses specifically set up for social or environmental impact are
proliferating. In Africa, for instance, a partnership between Moringa School, a
Kenya-based coding school, and Hack Reactor, a coding trainer based in the
US, identifies children with strong tech potential and gives them top-notch
web development training, in the process creating a future talent pool for the
scheme’s partners, which include Safaricom and Barclays.
The majority of businesses successfully targeting sustainable market opportunities
today are built on digital technologies. Digital industry groups and players, for
instance the Global e-Sustainability Initative and Accenture, are also collaborating
with policymakers to identify where digital technologies can speed progress towards
the Global Goals and to develop enabling policy. This collaboration is likely to be a
powerful driver of rapid change in many sectors.
"Radical incumbents like BMW are choosing to enter
more sustainable markets over the status quo."
Drawing on these and other innovations, some “radical incumbents” are using their
position in established sectors to enter more sustainable, “Global Goals-related”
markets rather than defend the status quo. For example, BMW is repositioning itself
over the longer term as a provider of mobility services such as car-sharing, while it
continues to manufacture increasingly efficient cars. Effectively, it is operating today
over three time horizons. Similarly, Novo Nordisk, now a global leader in diabetes
treatment, is moving into diabetes prevention even though success will mean smaller
markets for its existing products.
25
Other innovators are using technology allied with their freedom from fixed assets and
existing business models to move rapidly into growing sustainable markets and drive
their growth. Such “disruptive innovators” include:
• Peek Vision, a Kenyan company that saw a market opportunity in the bulky,
fragile and expensive equipment used for eye examinations. The firm’s mobile
app and US$5 clip allows anyone with a smartphone to turn their handset into
a diagnostic tool with the ophthalmological accuracy of a US$25,000 camera,
able to spot conditions from cataracts to glaucoma.
• TransferWise, which has slashed the cost of sending money abroad by
creating a platform for peer-to-peer money transfer, in the process boosting
remittances to families in developing countries all over the world.
• Bla Bla Car, which has scaled ride sharing between cities across Europe, allowing
1 million tons of CO2 emissions to be avoided in just two years. Like Transferwise,
It is now valued at over US$1 billion although less than a decade old.
The Commission’s research has identified 32 such “sustainable development
unicorns” or companies developing Global Goals-related markets with market caps
of more than US$1 billion. Among them: Didi Chuxing, a Chinese ride-sharing
company that estimates it has cut 13.5 million tons of carbon emissions per day in
2015, reducing congestion, toxic smog and other air pollution in the process; and
GuaHao, a Chinese mobile medical consultation platform now valued at US$1.5
billion, which connects patients and doctors via the internet, dramatically improving
access to healthcare in a country with one-tenth the number of nurses per 1,000
people in the US.
3. Transforming the way business operates for better business and a better world
All of the businesses growing in sustainable markets today are progressing on some
of the Global Goals. But some are going backwards on others. For instance, zero-
hour labour contracts are used in some “sharing economy” models in ways that add
to workers’ income insecurity: they couldn’t be counted decent work.
As the Commission’s research showed in Section 2, progress on all the Global Goals
is needed to deliver all their business benefits, making a powerful business as well
as moral case for business leaders to back progress towards all the Global Goals.
"Progress on all the Global Goals is needed to
deliver their business benefits."
Doing this comprehensively implies a transformation in how businesses operate,
individually and collectively. Business leaders can take action at four levels to drive
this transformation:
• as individuals, to gain commitment to the Global Goals as a growth strategy
from colleagues and the business community
26
• through their companies, by making the Global Goals permeate strategy and
operations
• working with sector or economic system peers to shift the sector to
sustainable competition, and
• working with government and regulators to shape policies that advance the
Global Goals.
4. Gaining commitment from CEOs and boards

A change of company strategy starts at the top. Widespread changes in business
practice also start with changes in the way company leaders think and behave.
Getting the weight of business behind the Global Goals as a growth strategy
depends on a critical mass of leaders buying into the case, both for business as a
whole and for individual businesses. Then those leaders need to make the case loud
and clear to their fellow board executives within their companies and in the business
community. Members of the Commission are committed to doing this and
supporting other current and future business leaders who think the same way.
QUESTIONS
Question 1: Decide if the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not Given
(NG)
It is common to think that sustainability is simply corporate social

f) ________ responsibility exercise that boosts reputation by giving a share of
profits to community and environmental projects.
3M and Dow are two examples showing that higher sustainability
g) ______
performance means better financial performance.
In a 2015 survey, 5850 future business leaders would take a pay
h) ________
cut to find work that matches their values.
Companies with strong sustainability programmes have more
i) ________
loyal employees who work harder and have better work ethics.
Unilever prefers giving its brands a clear sense of social or
j) _______
environmental purpose.
Question 2: What does the author refer to when using the word “disruptive
innovators?
A. The businesses successfully targeting sustainable market opportunities using

digital technologies
27
B. The businesses heading to applying digital technologies into their systems even
when success will mean smaller markets for their existing products
C. The businesses successfully using technology to join in growing sustainable

markets
D. The businesses creating a new market & value network and eventually displacing
established market-leading firms
Question 3: Match the names of the business models listed on page 24-25
[A]________________________________ • Big data and machine learning

[B]________________________________ • Circular economy
[C]________________________________ • Lean service
[D]________________________________ • New social enterprise models
[E]________________________________ • The sharing economy
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Over the past 30 years, the world has seen huge social improvements and
technological progress. We have experienced unprecedented economic growth and
lifted hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. We’re benefiting from a life-
changing (1) ________________ revolution that could help solve our most pressing
social and environmental challenges. Yet despite these successes, our current
model of development is deeply flawed.
The latest global report on trust in business from Edelman shows a double-digit
decline in the credibility of CEOs in 80 percent of countries. What else can business
leaders do in these (2) _________________?
This report offers a positive alternative: setting business strategy and transforming
markets in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. For the past year, the
Business and Sustainable Development Commission has been researching the
impact on business of achieving these 17 (3) ______________, known as the Global
28
Goals, which UN member states agreed to in September 2015. Member states will
aim their policies towards achieving the Global Goals for the next 15 years.
Achieving the Global Goals would create a world that is comprehensively (4)
______________: socially fair; environmentally secure; economically prosperous;
inclusive; and more predictable. They provide a viable model for long-term growth,
as long as (5) ________________ move towards them together. The goals are
designed to interact, so progress on them all will have much more impact than
achieving only some. Of course, the results will not be heaven on earth; there will be
many practical challenges. But the world would undoubtedly be on a better, more
resilient path. We could be building an economy of abundance.
These are results that (6) _____________________ will surely support. However, they
are less likely to feel responsible for delivering them: one survey shows that half the
business community think this is government territory.
29
EXTRA PRACTICE 1
7 EXPERT PERSPECTIVES ON WHAT COVID-19 MEANS FOR THE PLANET
Douglas Broom
Senior Writer, Formative Content
Source:https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/09/experts-on-what-covid19-
means-for-planet/
• Improvements in air pollution due to lockdowns will only be temporary.
• Food and plastic waste has risen during the pandemic.
• 100 million more people are being driven into extreme poverty.
• Immunization against deadly disease has been neglected.
• But we can build a better future if we prioritize nature, fairness and

sustainability in the recovery.
Experts agree that the legacy of the COVID-19 pandemic will be with us for years,
even after the immediate threat has passed.
The way we live may have changed, perhaps for ever, but what about the impact on
our planet? Here are 7 perspectives on what’s happening – and what we can do
about it.
1. COVID-19 may have cut air pollution but we haven’t beaten climate change
At the height of the pandemic, many people took heart from the drop in air pollution
resulting from global lockdowns. The reduction in economic activity took us back
to daily levels last seen in 2006. But concentrations of CO2 in the Earth’s
atmosphere are still rising.
Larissa Basso, a postdoctoral fellow at Stockholm University, says that’s because

CO2 molecules can persist in the atmosphere for up to 200 years. And, regardless,
she says the drop in emissions will only be temporary unless we address the root
causes by changing the way we live.
The International Energy Agency has called for a global investment of $1 trillion to
accelerate the move to zero-carbon energy. Its plan would create 9 million jobs a
30
year, reduce emissions by 4.5 billion tonnes globally and deliver a sustainable
recovery.
2. The food waste problem has been made worse
Mountains of food have been thrown away because the pandemic has closed
restaurants, shops and takeaway food outlets. And, with much of the waste dumped
in landfills, methane levels could rise as a result.
Methane is 20 times more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas and is thought to
have been responsible for approaching a fifth of historic global warming. It makes
up at least half of all emissions from landfills.
The World Economic Forum initiative 'The Great Reset' calls for urgent action to
manage the consequences of the COVID-19 crisis, including food waste at a time of
rising global poverty. “We must invest in the future and transform our food systems
to build a more inclusive and sustainable world,” the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations said recently.
3. Single-use plastics are on the rise too
Plastic has played a vital role in keeping us safe and treating people suffering from
COVID-19 – think masks and plastic cups. But some experts say it’s being used so
much that we are storing up a plastics crisis for the future.
The pandemic threatens to stall or even reverse progress to reduce global plastic
waste, says Jacob Duer, President and CEO, Alliance to End Plastic Waste. In the
UK, illegal dumping of trash has risen 300% during the crisis.
In Thailand, the Environment Institute blames soaring home food deliveries

for increasing levels of plastic waste from about 1,500 tonnes a day to about 6,000
tonnes. Duer urges companies and governments to work together to reduce plastic
use and improve waste management.
4. Millions more people will be driven into poverty
The World Bank says as many as 100 million extra people could be pushed into
extreme poverty by the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.
That’s 100 million people forced to live on less than $1.90 a day.
31
Shrinking global GDP risks reversing recent progress in reducing the numbers of the
world’s poorest people. A total of half a billion people could be pushed into poverty
by COVID-19, according to Oxfam.
Of the 176 million people the World Bank expects to be pushed into poverty with an
income below $3.20 a day, two-thirds are in South Asia. Only a robust global
recovery will reverse this trend, it says.
5. Immunization has been set back by the pandemic
While the world has been focused on fighting coronavirus, deadly diseases have not
gone away. But efforts to combat them by immunization have taken a back seat to
combatting COVID-19, and the results could be serious unless inoculations pick up
the pace.
UNICEF estimates that 80 million children under the age of one could go
unvaccinated due to the disruption of immunization programmes. “Immunization is
one of the most powerful and fundamental disease prevention tools in the history of
public health,” says Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, World Health Organization
Director-General.
“Disruption to immunization programmes from the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to

unwind decades of progress against vaccine-preventable diseases like measles,” he
adds. UNICEF agrees: “As we recover from COVID-19, our aim should not be to just
32
make up lost ground, but to break through the long stagnation that has held us back
for the last decade.”
6. ‘Building back better’ must put the environment and fairness first
IKEA may be best known around the word for its flat-pack furniture. But Per
Heggenes, CEO of the IKEA Foundation, wants us all to collectively work to build
something bigger – a better world for future generations.
Writing for the World Economic Forum, Heggenes set out a five-point programme
for a fairer and more sustainable post-COVID world: protect the planet; renewable
energy for all; a changed relationship to food; dignified work and entrepreneurship;
and leave no one behind.
“Challenging situations can bring out the best in people. Solidarity, unprecedented
collaboration and new ways of thinking can help us emerge stronger and smarter
from this pandemic,” Heggenes says.
7. Looking after the environment could help prevent future pandemics
Protecting nature is the key to avoiding future pandemics, scientists believe. Writing
in a guest article for the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity
and Ecosystem Services, four leading biodiversity experts lay the blame for the
current crisis at the door of humanity.
Warning that 1.7 million viruses, known to infect humans, exist in mammals and
water birds, they say deforestation, intensive farming, mining and development,
coupled with the exploitation of wild species have created a “perfect storm” for the
spillover of diseases from wildlife to people.
But if we are the problem we can also be the solution. "We can build back better and
emerge from the current crisis stronger and more resilient than ever – but to do so
means choosing policies and actions that protect nature – so that nature can help to
protect us," they say.
Questions
Question 1: Can Covid-19 help us to beat the climate change? Explains the reasons
with illustrated examples from our daily activities.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Question 2: How does the writer discuss about methane and its damaging effect
to the Earth?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 3: Is the immune system essential for us? Why so?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 4: According to the context of paragraph 15, the word stagnation is
closest in meaning to _______.
A. Downgrade
B. Collapse
C. Immobility
D. Fatigue
Question 5: According to the 5-point progamme, what we have to do for a better

post-Covid world?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 6: Which actions of humans have brought diseases from the nature to
people?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Question 7: According to the context of paragraph 21, the word emrege is closest
in meaning to _______.
A. Revive
B. Appear
C. Transpire
D. Excel
Reading Passage?
34
Question 8: The Covid-19 pandemic has taught us a lesson about love, compassion,
and benevolence towards each other and to other creatures as well.
Question 9: East Asia has to witness the highest poverty level during the Covid-19
crissis.
Question 10: By maintaining the ecological balance, humans can save themselves
from various types of infection.
----------------------------------------------------
EXTRA PRACTICE 2
A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN

the Central Mediterranean Migration Route
Report by UNICEF – CHILD ALERT
February 2017
Fast Facts
• As of September 2016, an estimated 256,000 migrants have been identified in
Libya, of which 28,031 are women (11 per cent) and 23,102 are children (9 per cent),
with a third of this group including unaccompanied children. The real figures are
believed to be at least three times higher.
• Of the 181,436 arrivals in Italy in 2016 via the Central Mediterranean Route, 28,223
or nearly 16 per cent were children.
• Nine out of ten children who crossed the Mediterranean last year were
unaccompanied. A total of 25,846 children made the crossing, which is double the
previous year.
• An estimated 4,579 people died crossing the Mediterranean between Libya and
Italy last year alone, of which over 700 were children.
A Deadly Journey for Children

It’s a route with many tributaries. It carries children and women from the hinterlands
of Africa and the Middle East, across the Sahara to the Mediterranean Sea in Libya.
Every day, thousands travel this route with the hope of reaching safety in Europe.
They flee war, violence and poverty. They endure exploitation, abuse, violence and
detention. Thousands die. It is not only a risky route taken by desperate people, but
also a billion-dollar business route controlled by criminal networks. It is called the
Central Mediterranean Migration Route. It is among the deadliest journeys in the
world for children. A lack of safe and legal alternatives means they have no option
35
but to use it. In 2016, over 181,000 migrants − including more than 25,800
unaccompanied children − put their lives in the hands of smugglers to reach Italy.
The most dangerous part of the route is a 1,000-kilometre journey from the southern
border of Libya’s desert to its Mediterranean Coast combined with the 500-kilometre
sea passage to Sicily. Last year 4,579 people died making the crossing or 1 in every
40 of those who made the attempt. It is estimated that at least 700 children were
among the dead. In Libya, security is precarious, living conditions are hard and
violence is commonplace. The country is riven by conflicts as militias continue to
fight with each other or with government forces. Different regions are controlled by
conflicting militias who make their own rules, control border crossings and detain
migrants for exploitation.
On every step of this dangerous journey, refugees and migrants are easy prey.
Children are the most vulnerable.
Survey of a Journey
UNICEF staff on the ground working with children on this route have heard and
documented many cases over many years of this abuse. UNICEF works in the
countries of origin, transit and destination protecting children from violence, helping
them get an education and meeting their basic needs. To build on this work and to
further gauge what was happening to migrant children and women who were making
this journey, UNICEF’s Libya Country Office commissioned a needs assessment
survey in 2016. This gave us a window into the scale of the challenge.
The final sample comprised 122 participants, including 82 women and 40 children.
The migrant children interviewed for the study represented 11 nationalities. Some of
the child interviewees were born in Libya during their mothers’ migration journeys.
Among the 40 children interviewed, 25 were boys and 15 were girls between the
ages of 10 and 17 years old.
The survey was conducted on the ground by a UNICEF partner, the International
Organization for Cooperation and Emergency Aid (IOCEA), with support from
Feinstein International Center at Tufts University. The assessment also incorporated
interviews with government officials and local non-governmental organizations
(NGOs).
Though its scope was affected by security restraints and lack of access to militia-
run prisons, the survey still provides important insights into the appalling situation
women and children face as they journey along this trail. This child alert is not only
based on this survey but also on our wider programme experience in North Africa
36
and with children in Italy, and the stories and testimony our staff on the ground have
heard countless times from very vulnerable children and adolescents.
“50 million children are on the move, some fleeing violence, war, poverty
and climate change. They shouldn’t be forced to put their lives in the hands
of smugglers or be left vulnerable to traffickers. We need to address globally
the drivers of migration and as importantly put in place stronger measures
to protect children on the move through a system of safe passage for all
refugee and migrant children. If these were our children, alone and
frightened, we would act.” - Afshan Khan, UNICEF Regional Director and
Special Coordinator for the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in Europe.
Key findings from the survey

1. Three quarters of the migrant children interviewed said they had experienced
violence, harassment or aggression at the hands of adults.
2. Nearly half the women interviewed reported suffering sexual violence or abuse
during the journey.
3. Most children and women indicated that they had to rely on smugglers leaving
many in debt under ‘pay as you go’ arrangements and vulnerable to abuse,
abduction and trafficking.
4. Most of the children reported verbal or emotional abuse, while about half had
suffered beating
or other physical abuse. Girls reported a higher incidence of abuse than boys.
5. Several migrant children also said they did not have access to adequate food while
on the way to Libya.
6. Women held in detention centres in western Libya, accessed by UNICEF, reported
harsh conditions such as poor nutrition and sanitation, significant overcrowding and
a lack of access to health care and legal assistance.
7. Most of the children and women said they had expected to spend extended
periods working in Libya to pay for the next leg of the journey – either back to their
home countries or to destinations in Europe.
8. Although most of the married women (representing three quarters of those
interviewed) brought at least one child with them, more children were left behind.
Dangerous Travel
Children and women making the journey are forced to live in the shadows,
unprotected, reliant on smugglers and preyed upon by traffickers. Transport used by
37
women and children interviewed in the survey were mainly trucks, taxis or private
cars. About one third indicated that they had travelled long distances on foot or by
motorcycle, boat or animals. Travel through the desert usually required traversing
rough sand roads while exposed to heat, cold and dust. Nearly one third of the
women interviewed reported that they had experienced fatigue, disease, insufficient
access to food and water, lack of funds, gang robbery, arrest by local authorities and
imprisonment.
Children also said they did not have access to adequate food while on the journey.
The primary hazards encountered include sexual violence, extortion and abduction.
Nearly half the women and children interviewed had experienced sexual abuse
during migration – often multiple times and in multiple locations. Women and children
were often arrested at the border where they experienced abuse, extortion and
gender-based violence. Sexual violence was widespread and systemic at crossings
and checkpoints. Men were often threatened or killed if they intervened to prevent
sexual violence, and women were often expected to provide sexual services or cash
in exchange for crossing the Libyan border. More than one third of the women and
children interviewed said their assailants wore uniforms or appeared to be
associated with military and other armed forces. These violations usually occurred
at security checkpoints within cities or along roadways. Three quarters of child
participants in the study said they had experienced harassment, aggression or
violence by adults. Most of the child respondents had suffered verbal or emotional
abuse, while about half experienced beating or other physical abuse. Girls reported
a higher incidence of abuse than boys. Most of the women and children who suffered
such abuse did not report it to the authorities. Many participants cited their fear of
being deported or placed in detention centres, and their feelings of shame and
dishonour, as reasons not to report sexual violence.
The abuse reported by the children took place in several different contexts, with no
definitive trends emerging. About half reported abuse that took place at some point
along the journey or at a border crossing.
Approximately one third indicated they had been abused in Libya. A large majority
of these children did not answer when asked who had abused them. A few children
said they had been abused by people who appeared to be in uniform or associated
with military and other armed forces, and several others said that strangers had
victimized them.
Many refugee and migrant women and girls were prepared for this possibility and
took precautions against it, depending on the routes they planned to travel. Some
38
women and girls from Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia who passed through Khartoum,
Sudan, got contraception injections and brought emergency contraception with
them on the journey. Migrant women and children generally tried to travel together
for safety reasons but would often be separated. Many women and children also
travelled with men to increase their overall security. Despite these efforts, guards
often separated men, women and children from each other, once they arrived at
detention centres. Although it was rarely discussed, men and boys also experienced
various forms of sexual violence.
QUESTIONS
Question 1: Decide if the following statements are True (T), False (F) or Not
Given (NG)
The real number of migrants in Libya are believed to be as many

k) _______
as 768,000.
The migrants wanted to escape from war, poverty and
l) ______
exploitation.
Central Mediterranean Migration Route, no matter how risky, is
m) ______
the only legal way to travel to Europe for migrants from Africa.
Children died the most when making the crossing from the
n) ______ southern border of Libya’s desert to the Mediterranean Coast
and the sea passage to Sicily.
UNICEF could conduct this survey about migrants and provided
important insights into the appalling situation women and
o) _______
children face as they journey along this trail thanks to the local
groups and governments.
Question 2: What is NOT one of the key findings of the survey?
A. Many migrant women suffered sexual violence or abuse.

B. Men were often threatened or killed if they intervened to prevent sexual violence.
C. Many migrant children were left hungry.
D. Many migrant children faced different forms of abuse upon them.
E. Many married women could not bring all of their children on the journey.
F. Girls were more likely to be abused than boys.
G. Sanitation and health care were insufficient.
H. The attackers appeared to be associated with military and other armed forces.
39
I. The children and women put their lives in the hands of smugglers and owed them
money.
J. Women were often expected to provide sexual services or cash in exchange for
crossing the border.
K. People had to postpone travelling and provide labour so that they can pay for the
next part of the journey.
Question 3: Match the definitions to the listed words
1. Tributaries _____ [A] Measure precisely the size, dimensions, or other

2. Gauge ______ measurable quantity
[B] People who attack others violently
3. Hazards ______
[C] Streams that flow to a larger stream or other body
4. Assailants ______ of water
[D] Artificial methods or other techniques to prevent
5. Contraception _____ pregnancy
[E] Dangers or risks
CONCLUSION
There is no let-up in the number of children and women forced to make the journey
to Italy. In January 2017, the height of winter, 4,463 people had to rely on (1)
________________ for the passage to Italy. In the last week of January alone, a
staggering 1,852 people made the dangerous (2) ______________, eight times higher
than the same week in the previous year.
The number of those dying during the crossing via the (3) ____________________
Route is climbing too. An estimated 228 deaths in all are reported so far this year −
1 in 21 migrants in January, compared to 1 in 24 in December 2016, and 1 in 41 for
the entire year 2016. UNICEF estimates that 40 (4) ___________ died in January
alone.
The Central Mediterranean Route has become a massive people smuggling
operation, which has grown out of control for the lack of safe and (5)
_______________ migration systems. It exploits porous and corrupt border security,
the sparse Saharan terrain and the vacuum created by the Libyan conflict.
40

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Reading in Global issues Faculty of International Relations School year: 2020 - 2021

READING IN GLOBAL ISSUES

As we develop a new approach to the new economy, we must remember that we

Question 1: According to the passage, what is globalization?

B. Nations need to restore sovereignty while they collaborate with others.

paralyzing Vietnamese policymakers, that insecurity has fostered a sense of strategic

Question 5: According to the passage, Which information is NOT TRUE about

Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect

Human causes of climate change

We produce greenhouse gases in lots of different ways:

• Deforestation – Forests remove and store carbon dioxide from the

Natural changes to the climate

Some of these natural cycles include:

Natural forcing that can contribute to climate change include:

Are humans responsible for climate change?

Scientists already have documented these impacts of climate change:

• Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes

• As temperatures change, many species are on the move. Some butterflies,

Question 1: What is climate change?

Question 2: What does global warming mean?

Question 3: According to the context of paragraph 1, the word precipitation likely

Question 4: According to the context of paragraph 2, the word indicator is closest

Question 7: What are Greenhouse gases and their harmfulness?

What does the Fourth Industrial Revolution mean for migration?

Richard Eldridge, CEO, Lenddo Limited

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is unfolding at a time when human mobility is

Here are some examples:

Likewise, these predictive maps could provide helpful information in further

AI could be also a crucial part of the activities implemented by organizations during

experienced by many of the host countries’ own nationals. Technological solutions

In considering future applications of 4IR technologies, there are definite ethical

a) ________ According to the reading, less than 10% of international

Question 2: Match the headings to the correct positions in the reading

1. Heading 1 ______ [A] How AI can strengthen migration policy

Question 3: Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS:

1. Governments are thinking of using [1] _________ to manage migration. It is

2. Applying [4] __________________ to migration trends could help map future

4. The 4IR offers a different perspective of migration, instead of seeing this

1. Sustainability is already good business

2. Innovative businesses are already capturing Global Goals opportunities

4. Gaining commitment from CEOs and boards

It is common to think that sustainability is simply corporate social

A. The businesses successfully targeting sustainable market opportunities using

C. The businesses successfully using technology to join in growing sustainable

[A]________________________________ • Big data and machine learning

Question 4: Fill in the blanks with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS:

• Improvements in air pollution due to lockdowns will only be temporary.

• Food and plastic waste has risen during the pandemic.

• Immunization against deadly disease has been neglected.

• But we can build a better future if we prioritize nature, fairness and

Larissa Basso, a postdoctoral fellow at Stockholm University, says that’s because

2. The food waste problem has been made worse

3. Single-use plastics are on the rise too

In Thailand, the Environment Institute blames soaring home food deliveries

4. Millions more people will be driven into poverty

5. Immunization has been set back by the pandemic

“Disruption to immunization programmes from the COVID-19 pandemic threatens to

7. Looking after the environment could help prevent future pandemics

Question 5: According to the 5-point progamme, what we have to do for a better

A DEADLY JOURNEY FOR CHILDREN

A Deadly Journey for Children

Key findings from the survey

The real number of migrants in Libya are believed to be as many

Question 2: What is NOT one of the key findings of the survey?