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W2 - Palm Oil & PKO
W2 - Palm Oil & PKO
OILS/FATS CONTROVERSY
Why is fat considered bad?
• Obesity
• Cardiovascular
diseases
WHY DO WE STILL NEED FAT?
• Energy Source
• Organs insulation and maintain body temperature
• Oil soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K) carrier
• Hormones production
• Cellular functionality
• Better eating quality (texture, palatability etc). Give better
taste and aroma to the foods we eat (crispy, creamy, nice
colour)
• Make our life more exciting as more ways of cooking
(shallow- and deep frying)
FACTORS AFFECTING OIL/FAT QUALITY
• Origin of Fat
• Processing method of oil/fat and food
– Hydrogenation (fully & partially)
– Fractionation
– Interesterification
• Minor components present (vitamin E, pro-
vitamin A, squalene, phytosterol, etc.)
ARE ALL TYPES OF FAT BAD??
WHAT IS FAT/OIL?
• Triglycerides or triacylglycerol
• Triglyceride = glycerol (back bone) + 3 fatty acids
WHAT IS FAT/OIL?
• Fatty acids:
– Chain length
– Saturated
– Unsaturated (mono- & poly-)
• Monounsaturated
• Polyunsaturated
• Cis/Trans configuration
FATTY ACIDS
FATTY ACIDS
• Properties of oil and fats is determined by the fatty acid.
• Type of fatty acids :
- different chain length
- different unsaturation
- trans/cis isomers
VEGETABLE OILS
100
90
80
Coconut Oil
70
Corn Oil
60 Olive Oil
50 Palm Oil
40 Rapeseed Oil
30 Soybean Oil
20 Sunflower Oil
10
0
MCT SAFA MUFA PUFA
EDIBLE OILS/FATS CATEGORY
EDIBLE OILS/FATS
Medium Long Chain Oleic Acid Linoleic Acid -Linoleic Acid ALA, EPA,
Chain (C14-C24) (C18:1) (C18:2) (C18:3, n-6) & DHA
(C6 - C12)
Cocoa Olive Corn Black currant Soybean
Coconut Milk Canola Rapeseed Borage Fish
Palm Kernel Beef Palm Soybean Primrose
Pork Sunflower
Palm
SHORT & MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS
SUMBER UTAMA :
MINYAK ZAITUN, KELAPA SAWIT, KANOLA, DAN BIJI BUNGA
MATAHARI
Asam linoleat (C18:2) merupakan asam lemak esensial bagi
manusia (harus disuplai melalui makanan yang
dikonsumsi). Hal ini disebabkan karena dalam sistim
metabolisme manusia tidak cukup tersedia enzim 12-
desaturase yang menambahkan ikatan rangkap kedua pada
prekursor asam lemak monoenoatnya yakni asam oleat
(C18:1)
TG Composition :
C 46 (MPP) 0.4 – 1.5 ND 0.5 – 3.3 0 – 0.8
C 48 (PPP, MOP, MLP) 4.4 – 12.6 1.3 – 4.0 12.2 – 55.8 2.4 – 6.2
C 50 (PPS, POP, PLP) 40.7 – 46.2 37.7 – 45.4 33.6 – 49.8 2.6 – 5.0
C 52 37.5 – 43.9 43.3 – 51.3 5.1 – 37.3 41.0 – 55.0
(PSS, POS, POO, PLO, PLS)
C 54 (SOS, SOO, OOO) 5.3 – 10.7 7.0 – 12.6 0 – 8.4 14.0 – 18.0
C 56 (SOA) 0.2 – 0.7 – – 6.5 – 10.0
TRESHER EFB
DIGESTER
DEPERICARPER Fiber
CLARIFICATION
Nut
Sludge
NUT CRACKER
Sludge
Separator
WINNOWER Shell
Sludge Waste
CPO PALM KERNEL
PALM OIL MILL (POM)
Processes :
- Sterilization (Perebusan)
• inactivate the natural enzymatic activity
• loosen the fruit
• soften the mesocarp
• resulting in easier extraction of oil
Sterilization with the application of “live steam”, at
temperature of 130oC and pressure of 3 bars 70-90
minutes.
- Threshing through vibration separating the fruit from
the fruit bunch (Penebahan)
- Digesting by stirring the fruit
Hot water is added to the digester to facilitate
homogenisation.
PALM OIL MILL (POM)
Processes :
- Pressing to separate the fruit sarcocarp and
kernel (no cracking to depericarper)
- Clarification to remove 45-55% moisture, sludge,
etc. and get 90% pure oil) by centrifugation
- Drying by using continuous vacuum drier to reduce
the moisture content to < 0.2%
- Four Sub-proces :
• Vibrating Screen of Raw Crude Oil
• Separation of Suspended Solids from Oil
• Purification
• Oil Drying and Cooling
PRODUK DAN HASIL SAMPING PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT
Lumpur Sawit
2% (bk)
Fungsi :
• Mencek kualitas minyak dan kernel
• Mengukur kehilangan minyak dan kernel
• Menganalisis kandungan minyak dalam buah
• Menguji kualitas air umpan boiler
KONTROL PABRIK
Sampel dan analisis yang diperlukan
• Tandan buah segar (TBS) :
Kriteria matang panen, persentase buah dari TBS, persentase
mesokarp dalam buah dan TBS, kadar minyak dalam mesokarp
dan TBS, kadar ALB dalam buah rebus
• Minyak produksi : Kadar air, kadar kotoran, ALB
• Kernel/inti produksi : Kadar air, kadar minyak, ALB, kotoran
• Hasil produksi selama proses pengolahan
• Kehilangan minyak
Air rebusan, tandan kosong, fibre hasil pres-an, biji, padatan
decanter (apabila menggunakan decanter), sludge
• Kehilangan inti : Fibre hasil pres-an, cangkang
KONTROL PABRIK
Air
• Air sungai
Kadar lumpur (untuk menentukan dosis
aluminium sulfat dan soda ash)
• Air umpan
pH, alkalinitas, TDS, dan silika
• Air ketel
pH, alkalinitas, TDS, silika, dan tannin
index