Electrical Circuits for Engineers

(EC1000)

Lecture-2

Dr. B. Chitti Babu

Room No: 119-B, First Floor, Lab Complex
Email: bcbabu@iiitdm.ac.in
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

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 Overview

• Ohm’s law
• Kirchoff’s law
• Network topology
• Series and Parallel connection
• Verification of Ohm’s law and Kirchoff’s law
• Practice problems

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 Basic Laws
Ohm’s law
Ohm’s law states that “at constant temperature the voltage ‘V’ across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current ‘I’ flowing through the
resistor”.
𝑉⍺𝐼 V

𝑉=𝐼𝑅
𝑅

Some expressions for power

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑃= 𝐼2 𝑅 𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅

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 Basic Laws
Network topology
Node
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

Branch
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.

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 Basic Laws

Loop
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
Mesh
A mesh is the most elementary form of a loop and cannot be further
divided into other loops.

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 Basic Laws
Kirchoff current law
Current law states that the “Algebraic sum of current in a node is zero”.
Total current entering a junction is exactly equal to the total current leaving
the same junction.

Σ Iin = Σ Iout
Σ I =0

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 Basic Laws

Kirchoff voltage law

Voltage law states that for a closed loop, “Algebraic sum of all
the voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is equal to zero”.
Σv = 0.

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 Basic Laws

Parallel connection
A

R1 Ω R2 Ω

Series connection

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 Basic Laws

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 Basic Laws

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 Basic Laws

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 Basic Laws

Resistance in parallel
I
A
A
I2
I1

V
R1 Ω R2 Ω R1 Ω R2 Ω

B
B I

𝑉1 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝑉2 = 𝐼2 𝑅2

𝑉1 𝑉2
Voltage across the elements in parallel is same 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 =
𝑅1 𝑅2

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 Basic Laws

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 Basic Laws
Resistance in Series

𝑖 1
=
𝑣 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

1 1
=
𝑅 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

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 Basic Laws

Open circuit Short circuit

𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼

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 Basic Laws
Circuit reduction technique

Find the equivalent resistance across the terminals AB

4Ω

2Ω

6Ω

3Ω
6Ω

B
8Ω

4Ω

2Ω

6Ω 6×3
6 || 3 ⇛ = 2Ω
3Ω
6+3
6Ω

B
8Ω

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 Basic Laws
4Ω

2Ω

6Ω

2Ω
2 + 2 = 4Ω

B
8Ω

4Ω

6Ω
4×6
4|| 6 ⇛ = 2.4Ω
4Ω 4+6

B
8Ω

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 Basic Laws
4Ω

2.4 Ω 4 + 2.4 + 8 = 14.4Ω

B
8Ω

A B
14.4 Ω

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 Problems
Find the current I in the given circuit

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 Problems

Soln:

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 Problems
Voltage division rule

𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉1 = 𝑉 𝑉2 = 𝑉
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2

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 Problems

𝐸
𝐼2 =
𝐸 𝑅2
𝐼1 =
𝑅1

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 Problems

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 Problems
Example 1

Three resistors 10Ω, 20Ω and 30Ω are connected in series across 100 V supply.
Find the voltage across each resistor.

Solution
10Ω I 20Ω 30Ω

+ V1 - + V2 - + V3 -

+ 100V -

Current I = 100 / (10 + 20 + 30) = 1.6667 A

Voltage across 10Ω = 10 x 1.6667 = 16.67 V

Voltage across 20Ω = 20 x 1.6667 = 33.33 V

Voltage across 30Ω = 30 x 1.6667 = 50 V

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 Problems
Example 2

Two resistors of 4Ω and 6Ω are connected in parallel. If the supply current is 30 A,

find the current in each resistor.

Solution I1 4Ω

I2 6Ω

30 A

Using the current division rule

6
Current through 4Ω = x 30 = 18 A
4+6

4
Current through 6Ω = x 30 = 12 A
4+6

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 Problems

𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 𝑉2
𝑃= 𝐼2 𝑅 𝑃=
𝑅

V
2Ω 3Ω 4Ω 5Ω

B I

𝑽
𝑽
𝑽𝟐
𝑽
𝑰=
𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟐

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 Problems

Example 4

When a resistor is placed across a 230 V supply, the current is 12 A. What is the
value of the resistor that must be placed in parallel, to increase the load to 16 A

Solution R1 R1

12 A 12 A

+ 230 V - 4A
16 A R2

230 + 230 V -
𝑅1 = = 19.17Ω
12
To make the load current 16 A, current through the second resistor = 16 –12 = 4 A

Value of second resistor R2 = 230/4 = 57.5 Ω

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 Problems
Example 5

A 50 Ω resistor is in parallel with a 100 Ω resistor. The current in 50 Ω resistor is

7.2 A. What is the value of third resistor to be added in parallel to make the line
current as 12.1A?

Solution
7.2 A 50 Ω 7.2 A 50 Ω

100 Ω 3.6 A 100 Ω

+ E -
1.3 A R

Supply voltage E = 50 x 7.2 = 360 V + 360 V -

Current through 100 Ω = 360/100 = 3.6 A

When the line current is 12.1 A, current through third resistor = 12.1 – (7.2 + 3.6)

= 1.3 A

Value of third resistor = 360/1.3 = 276.9230 Ω

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 Problems

(3.6 || R1) + 4.56 = RT

(3.6 || R1) = 6 -
4.56=1.44

1.44

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 Problems
Example 7

A resistance R is connected in series with a parallel circuit comprising two

resistors 12 Ω and 8 Ω respectively. Total power dissipated in the circuit is 70 W
when the applied voltage is 22 V. Calculate the value of the resistor R.

Solution
12 Ω
R

8Ω

+ 22 V -

Total current taken = 70 / 22 = 3.1818 A

Equivalent of 12 Ω ║ 8 Ω = 96/20 = 4.8 Ω

Voltage across parallel combination = 4.8 x 3.1818 = 15.2726 V

Voltage across resistor R = 22 – 15.2726 = 6.7274 V

Value of resistor R = 6.7274/3.1818 = 2.1143 Ω

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 Problems

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 Problems

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 Problems
Example 10

An electrical network is arranged as shown. Find (i) the current in branch AF (ii)
the power absorbed in branch BE and (iii) potential difference across the branch
CD.
13 Ω B 11 Ω C 13 Ω 11 Ω
A

24 V 24 V
22 Ω 22 Ω
18 Ω 5Ω 2
1Ω 18 Ω
14 Ω 1Ω
7Ω

F D
E 9Ω F E
Solution
13 Ω B 18 Ω C
A
Various stages of reduction are shown.
13 Ω B 11 Ω C 24 V
A
22 Ω
24 V 18 Ω
3
1Ω
22 Ω
1
1Ω 18 Ω 14 Ω
14 Ω
F E
F D
E
13 Ω B 11 Ω C
A

24 V
22 Ω 2
1Ω 18 Ω
7Ω

F E

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 Problems
13 Ω B 18 Ω C
A

24 V
22 Ω
18 Ω
3
1Ω
A
I
F E

22 Ω
24 V
13 Ω B A B
A

24 V 24 V
22 Ω 22 Ω

1Ω
9Ω 4 1Ω 5
12 Ω

F E F E F

24 V
11 Ω 6
1Ω

F E

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 Problems

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 Practical Problems

Find the voltage VAB

Find the current I

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 Practical Problems

1. Two resistors of 4 Ω and 6 Ω are connected in parallel. If the total

current is 30 A, find the current through each resistor.

2. Four resistors are in parallel. The currents in the first three resistors are
4 mA, 5 mA and 6 mA respectively. The voltage drop across the fourth
resistor is 200 volts. The total power dissipated is 5 watts. Determine the
values of the resistances of the branches and the total resistance.

3. Four resistors of 2 Ω, 3 Ω, 4 Ω and 5 Ω respectively are connected in

parallel. What voltage must be applied to the group in order that total
power of 100 watts to be absorbed ?

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 Practical Problems

4. Find the equivalent circuit across the terminals AB

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 Thank You

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