Electrical Circuits for Engineers

(EC1000)

Lecture-4
Network Theorems

Dr. B. Chitti Babu

Room No: 119-B, First Floor, Lab Complex
Email: bcbabu@iiitdm.ac.in
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering

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 Overview

Thevenin's theorem

Norton's theorem

Maximum power transfer theorem

Superposition theorem
 Network Theorem

Linear circuit
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related
(directly proportional ) to the input.

𝑉𝛼 𝑖
output

𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅
Input
 1. Thevenin’s theorem

“A linear BILATERAL electric circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting

of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh, where VTh is the open-circuit voltage
at the terminals and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off”.
 Network Theorem

• Open circuit the terminals ‘a’ and

‘b’ by removing the load RL Set independent sources zero and
connected to it. use reduction techniques to find
RTh
• Find the voltage across the
terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’
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 Thevenin’s theorem
Example 1

Find the Thevenin’s voltage with respect to the load resistor R L in circuit shown in Fig.

3Ω 6Ω
9V RL
IL

Fig. Circuit for Example1

Solution

The given circuit can be divided into two circuits as shown in Fig.

3Ω

6Ω RL
9V
IL

Circuit A Circuit B
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 Contd.,
a

3Ω

6Ω RL
9V
IL

Circuit A Circuit B

Thevenin’s voltage of circuit A can be obtained from the circuit shown in Fig.

a
3Ω +

6Ω VTh
9V
-
b
Fig. Circuit.

6
Using voltage division rule VTh = V6Ω = x 9  6V
9
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Electric Ckts for Engineers
 Contd.,

4Ω

30 Ω
20 Ω

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Example 3 Using Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, calculate the current I0 through the 2
Ω resistor in the circuit shown below.
1Ω 3Ω

2V I0 2Ω 3V

Solution: Circuit by which VTh and RTh can be calculated are shown in Fig.

1Ω 3Ω 1Ω 3Ω

a +
RTh
2V VTh 3V
b -

Fig. Circuits for VTh and RTh - Example 3.

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 Contd.,
𝑉𝑇ℎ − 2 𝑉𝑇ℎ − 3
+ =0
1 3

4𝑉𝑇ℎ = 9

𝑉𝑇ℎ = 2.25

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 2. Norton’s Theorem

Statement:
“A linear BILATERAL circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor
RN, where IN is the short-circuit current through the terminals
and RN is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when
the independent sources are turned off”.

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 2. Norton’s Theorem

• Short circuit the terminals ‘a’ Set independent sources zero and
and ‘b’ by removing the load use reduction techniques to find
RL connected to it. RTh

• Find the current through the 𝑉𝑜𝑐 = 𝑉𝑇ℎ

terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’.
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 2. Norton’s Theorem (Examples)
Example 1

Using Norton’s theorem, determine the current through the resistor R L when RL = 0.7,
1.2 and 1.6 Ω in the circuit shown in Fig.
a
1Ω
3V 4Ω RL
IL
b
Fig. Circuit for Example 1.
Solution:

Circuits to determine ISC and RN are shown in Fig. (a) and (b).
a a
1Ω 1Ω
3V 4Ω ISC 4Ω RN

b b
(a) (b)
Fig. Short circuit current and Norton’s resistance.
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 Contd.,

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 3. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

• In some applications it is required to transfer maximum power to the load.

• Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance
equals the Thevenin resistance RL = RTh

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3. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Example 1 Consider the circuit shown below. Determine the value of R L when it is
dissipating maximum power. Also find the value of maximum power dissipated.

6Ω
+
4V 2Ω RL

Solution:

As a first step, Thevenin’s equivalent across the load resistor is obtained.

2
VTh = x 4  1 V ; RTh = 6││2 = 1.5 Ω Resulting circuit is shown.
26

1.5 Ω
+
1V RL

For PL to be maximum, R L = 1.5 Ω; Then circuit current = 1/3 = 0.3333 A

Maximum power dissipated Pmax = 0.33332 x 1.5 = 0.16667 W

Practical Problems

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Thank You

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