PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING SPECIALTY DIVISION

1. Definitions

Project Management is the discipline, art and skill of planning, controlling and managing of resources to bring
about the successful completion of specific goals and objectives of civil engineering projects. It relates to the
provision of tools and techniques that enable the project team to successfully attain its objectives.

Construction Engineering is the discipline, art, skill and profession of acquiring and applying scientific,
mathematical, economic, managerial and practical knowledge in order to develop, design, 'build and operate
safe structures, systems, materials and process that ultimately improve the quality of lives of people.

Quantity Survey and Cost Estimating

a. QUANTITY SURVEY - is the process of identifying the various work items of a certain project,
quantifying them and posting the corresponding units of measurements.
b. COST ESTIMATING – is the process of determining the cost per work item by multiplying the
quantities and the unit costs to derive the cost per work item; then adding the overheads and
contractor's margin or OCM; and summing up the total cost of a project being estimated.

2. General Topics
 Project Identification and Initiation  Construction
 Project Preparation  Operation and Maintenance
 Appraisal and Financing  Post Project Evaluation
 Engineering and Detailed Design

3. Project Management

3.1 Management
 Planning and Scheduling  Reporting
 Organization  Monitoring and Evaluation
 Staffing  Coordinating and Controlling
 Directing and Supervising  Reviewing
 Controlling

3.2 Resources
 Money/Funds  Methods/Technologies
 Materials  Information
 Manpower/Labor  Time
 Machineries/Equipment

3.3 Consulting GeServices

 . Type of Services  Procurement Services

4. Construction Engineering

4.1 Planning and Scheduling

 . Project Site Analysis  . Manning Schedule
 . Bar Chart and S-Curve  . Equipment Schedule
 . Quantity Survey and Cost Estimating  . Budgeting

4.2 Project Organization and Staffing

 4.3 Direction and Supervision

4.4 Coordination and Control

 Coordination with all disciplines (Architectural, Civil-Structural, Sanitary, Electrical and Mechanical)
 Coordination among Owner, Contractor, Suppliers, Laborers, etc.
 Project Control

4.5 Monitoring and Evaluation

4.6 Reporting and Documentation

4.7 Procurement
 . Goods
 . Labor
 . Sub-contractors
 . Consulting Services
 . Government Procurement System

4.8 Contract Administration

 Mediation and Arbitration

4.9 Financial Management

4.10 Project Safety

 . Safety Policies
 . Resources
 . Standards
 . Procedures
 . Research and Development

4.11 Project Completion, Acceptance and Turnover

5. Quantity Survey and Cost Estimating

5.1 Contract Documents

5.2 Work Items

5.3 Quantity Take Off

5.4 Cost Development

 Material Cost  Sub-contract Cost
 Equipment Cost  Other Costs
 Labor Cost
5.5 Overheads and Contractor's Margin (OCM)

5.6 Project Cost Estimate

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
 ( R e f e r e n c e : P I C E S p e c i a l i s a ti o n M a n u a l © 2 0 1 3 )

Definition
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING is that branch of Civil Engineering that deals with the Earth as the ultimate structure to
support loads and manmade structures.

It is primarily concerned with the behavior of earth materials. Although primarily useful in Civil Engineering,
Geotechnical Engineering is also used in military, mining, petroleum engineering for construction on or in the ground.

Geotechnical Engineering uses the principles of soil mechanics, Rock mechanics and empirical observations to
understand the subsurface soil/rock conditions and determine their Physical, chemical and mechanical properties and
predict their behaviour using mechanistic principles or empirical knowledge. It is used to evaluate the stability of natural
and man-made slopes, assess risks posed by site conditions, design earthworks slopes, assess risks posed by site
conditions, and monitor site conditions and performance of foundations.

Sub-Specialty Groups and Scope of Responsibility

1. The Geo Mechanics

The Geo mechanics group is typically embracing the realms of Theoretical Soil Mechanics and Rock
mechanics as well as the practical aspects of Soil and Rock Behavior based on empirical observations and their
applications for interpreting Soil and Rock Behavior.
 Constitutive behavior of geomaterials
 Computational Methods in Geomechanics
 Soil/Rock Testing Methods using advanced (stress path/ unsaturated soils) and Conventional in situ and
laboratory soil testing methods in the Field and laboratory for determining the Physical, chemical and
mechanical properties of Soil and Rock
 Advanced Geotechnical & Geophysical in-situ testing technique

2. The Geo Structures

The Geo Structures subspecialty deals with the earth (soil and rock) as the ultimate foundation material and studies the
interaction of the soil/rock with the structures and load imposed on it or within it. It is also concerned with the study of
soil and rock stresses and their effects on underground structures.
 Foundations Engineering
 Earth Structures
 Tunnels and Underground structures such as tanks and Subway tunnels
 Retaining Systems

3. The Geo Dynamics

The Geo Dynamics subspecialty deals with the dynamic soil and rock properties needed in the design of
structures and buildings where soil or dynamic behaviour are taken into account together with their interaction effects
with manmade structures.

The behaviour of Soils and Rocks during Earthquakes or when subjected to cyclic or random shock loadings such as
explosives is part of this realm.
 Dynamic Testing of Soil and Rock
 Geotechnical Aspects of Earthquake Engineering
 In situ and laboratory testing of soil elastic properties (Poisson's ratio, Shake Table, Dynamic shear Modulus,
Seismic shear wave velocity ) and their means of propagation
 Dynamics of Debris Flows

4. The Geo Environmental

The Geo Environmental subspecialty group is concerned with the aspects of pollutant transport and propagation into
the environment and how this can be controlled or mitigated.
The migration and fate of pollutants into the soil or rock is an area of study that is of critical importance in the choice of
the remediation strategy and technology that could be adopted.

Sanitary landfill impermeabilization using natural liners and geosynthetics to prevent ieachate contamination is an
Integral part of the subspecialty responsibility.
 Pollutant Transport Phenomena and fate modelling.
 Geotechnical Aspects of MSW Landfill Design including liner technology, design,and testing.

5. The Geo Modification

The Geo Modification subspecialty group deals with the amelioration, enhancement or improvement of the soil through
mechanical, chemical and use of Ground Improvement technologies.

By chemical measures the physical as well as chemical behaviour of soils are altered to produce a material with the
desired properties.

Ground Improvement enhances the mechanical properties of the soil through use of mechanical inclusions such as
Aggregate piers or cementitious grouts to make these stronger or more stable
 Ground Improvement Technologies
 Ground Reinforcement with the use and application of Geosynthetics and other reinforcing materials.

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
 ( R e f e r e n c e : P I C E S p e c i a l i s a ti o n M a n u a l © 2 0 1 3 )

1. Definition
Structural Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning, analysis and design of structures that support loads so that the structure will be safe,
functional, effective, economical, and environmentally compatible.

2. Scope of Services under RA 544

The practice of civil engineer shall embrace services in the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans,
specifications, estimates, erector, installation and supervision of the construction of streets, bridges,
highways, railroads, airports and hangars, portworks, canals, river and shore improvements, lighthouses, and
dry docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage water supply and sewerage works;
demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels.

3. Delineation of Services
3.1 By typed Services
 Consultation, Research studies,  Engineering Support Services
Reports  Academic Services
 P la n n in g  Modeling and Instrumentation
 Design Services for Construction  Demoliti on
Projects  Damage/Disaster prevention and
 Services related to Structural Evaluation control
of Existing Structures  Resource Uti lizati on
3.2 By type of Infrastructure
 Buildings and Other Vertical  Retaining, Containment and
Structures Underground Structures

4. Structural Engineering Sub-Specializations

 Buildings and Other Vertical Structures  Structural Mechanics and Dynamics
 Retaining, Containment and Underground  Structural Materials and Technology
Structures

5. General Topics
 Nati onal Structural Code  Verti cal and Lateral Loads
 Theory of Structures and Strength of Materials  Design Philosophies

6. Scope of Sub-Specialti es
6.1 Buildings and Other Vertical Structures
Buildings and Other Vertical Structures includes all structural engineering services related to
buildings, infrastructure, and support facilities.

This sub-specialty is primarily driven by the creative manipulation of materials and forms and the
underlying mathematical and scientific principles to achieve an end which fulfi lls its functi onal
requirements and is structurally safe when subjective to all the loads it could reasonably be
expected to experience, while being economical and practical to construct.
 Topics under Buildings and Other Vertical Structures: Planning, Analysis, Design, Damage/Disaster
Prevention Control and Demolition of the following Structures:

Buildings  Ports and Harbor Faciliti es

Bridges  Piers, Dolphins, Groins
 Towers and Antennas  Off shore Platf orms
 Domes and Gymnasiums  Machine Foundati ons
 Plates and Shells  Piles and Caissons

6.2 Retaining, Containment and Underground/Underwater Structures

This subspecialty deals with all structural engineering services related to structures whose main
function is to retain and/or contain materials.

Topics under Retaining, Containment and Underground/Underwater Structures

 Dams and Reservoirs  Dikes

 Tsunami Walls  Pipes and Tunnels
 Breakwaters  Retaining Walls
 Bins and Silos  Slope Protections
 Flood Control and Drainage Structures  Underground and Underwater Facilities
 Tanks and Bunkers

6.3 Structural Materials and Technology

This sub-specialty deals with the development of technology, study of materials and creation of new
materials which can be used in construction of structures

Topics in Material Resources and Technologies

 Timber and Wood

 Stone and Masonry
 Steel and Metal
 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
 Pre and Post Tension Methods
 Composite and Fiber Materials
 Damping System
 Glass, Plastics, Synthetics and New Materials
 Non Destructive Testing and Semi-Destructive Testing
 Identification and Development of Non Traditional Building Materials

6.4 Structural Mechanics and Dynamics

 This sub-specialty deals with structural engineering services involved in the use of computational/numerical
methods, analytical models, geared to develop structural engineering tools for use in the analysis and
design of structures to gain better understanding of the behavior of structures and materials.

Topics in Structural Mechanics and Dynamics

 Applied Mechanics
 Elasticity, Plasticity and Bucking Analysis
 Computational Methods
 Linear and Non linear Dynamic Approach
 Wind, Earthquake and Wave Mathematical Modeling and Simulations

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING SPECIALTY DIVISION

Definition
Transportation Engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the application of technology and scientific principles to
the planning, functional design, operation, and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the
safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.

Transportation planning is the functional area within transportation engineering that deals with the relationship of land use to travel
patterns and travel demands; the planning, evaluation, and programming of transportation facilities, including roadways, transit,
terminals, parking, pedestrian facilities, bikeways, and good movement (ITE).

Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering that deals with the planning, geometric design, and traffic operations
of roads, street and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, and relationships with other modes of transportation
(Evans, 1950)

Highway engineering is that branch of transportation, engineering that deals with the planning, design, and operations of roads and
bridges and related facilities

Railway engineering is that branch of transportation engineering that deals with the planning, design and operation of railways and
related facilities.

Water transportation engineering is that branch of transportation engineering that deals with the planning, design and operation of
water transportation facilities such as ports, navigational systems and related facilities.
Air transportation engineering is that branch of transportation engineering that deals with the planning, design and operation of air
transportation facilities such as airports, navigational systems and related facilities.

Scope of Services under RA 544

The practice of civil engineer shall embrace services in the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans, specifications,
estimates, erection, installation and supervision of the construction of streets, bridges, highways, railroads, airports and hangars,
port works, canals, river and shore improvements,
lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage water supply and sewerage works;
demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels.

Delineation of Services
1. By type of services
 . Consultation  . Demolition
 . Planning  . Resource utilization
 . Design  . Damage/disaster prevention & Control
 . Construction, including supervision
2. By type of infrastructure
 . Buildings  . Water engineering facilities
 . Transportinfrastructure
Specializations
 Environmental and Energy Engineering  Structural Engineering
 Geotechnical Engineering  Transportation Engineering
 Project Management and Construction Engineering  Water Engineering

Transportation Engineering Sub-Specializations

 Transportation planning  Railway engineering
 Traffic engineering  Water transport engineering
 Highway engineering  Air transport engineering

General Topics
 Transportation & society  General transportation planning processes
 Transportation system and its components  Land use and transportation
 Transportation organizations in the Philippines  Analytical tools
 Economic regulatory systems rn the Philippines

Topics in Transportation Planning

 . Urban travel characteristics  . Non-motorized transport
 . Freighttranspoftation  . Transportation models
 . Planning studies  . Financial & economic considerations
 . Public transport  . Environmental & energy considerations
 . TransportationTerminals  . Institutional issues
 . Parking facilities

Topics in Traffic Engineering

 . Traffic flow fundamentals  . Intersection design & control
 . Traffic studies  . Road safety & traffic accident analysis
 . Traffic management  . Travel demand forecasting
 . Geometric design of highways  . Intelligent transportation system

Topics in Highway Engineering

 . Highway planning  . Traffic control devices and other accessories
 . Geometric design of highways  . Road safety & traffic accident analysis
 . Pavement design
Topics in Railway Engineering
 . Railway transport planning
 . Planning & design of railway tracks
 . Traffic control devices
Topics in Water Transpoftation Engineering
 . Port & terminal operations
 . Inland operations
 . Port design & maintenance
 . Container terminal planning & design
 . Intermodal & logistics
Topics in Air Transportation
 . System planning
 . Airfield design
 . Design of terminal buildings
 . Ground access and distribution
 . Station planning & design
 . Cargo handling
 . Port policies & management
 . Poft economics
 . Port safety & security
 . Navigational systems
 . Communication and navigation systems
 . Air traffic management
 . Institutional Issues
WATER ENGINEERING

Definition
WATER ENGINEERING is that branch of Civil Engineering practice which deals with conceptualization, planning, design,
operation and maintenance of facilities to control, utilize and manage water resources and water-related facilities.

It requires knowledge on meteorology, hydrology, hydrogeology, geology, fluid mechanics, hydraulics, coastal processes,
oceanography and estuarine hydrodynamics. Combined, they provide complete quantitative and qualitative picture of
physical, chemical and biological properties of water; and possible extremes of water both as a natural resource and as a
medium of transport.

Sub-Specialization Categories
The sub-specialization categories identified under WATER ENGINEERING serve to provide answers and/or solutions to
the following questions and problems:
a) Quantity of water (how much is needed, how much is expected, who may use this water) - referring to diversion
of and withdrawal of water
b) Water quality (facilities for removing impurities, regulate waste disposals, standards)
c) Hydraulic structures (diversion source, treatment, storage, transmission, distribution, waste collection &
treatment, control of excess water, protection works)
d) Economics and Financial viability (costs and benefits, economic and financial indicators, sustainable and
judicious use of water, ensuring that groundwater, surface and coastal waters are preserved)
e) Social Aspects (providing safe water to large members of people and sustainable, environmentally sensitive use
of water)

Functional Fields of Water Engineering

Irrigation Engineering
The artificial process of applying water to the soil to help in growing agricultural crops or maintaining the landscapes
when there is shortage of natural water by rain. It involves the planning, design, construction and operation of irrigation
systems which would include sources (surface, spring and groundwater), conveyance (canals, pipelines), distribution
(farm ditches, sprinklers, drip systems) for agricultural purposes.

Hydropower Engineering
The production of electricity by harnessing water, by transforming hydropotential energy into kinetic energy to drive
turbine-generators; thus, generating electric power. The practice of hydropower engineering for civil engineers involves
analysis, implementation and operation of various facilities -dams and reservoirs, barrages, diversion works, headworks,
channels, penstocks, powerhouse and the associated protection works against extreme events like floods and
earthquakes.

Waterworks and Sewerage

Waterworks and sewerage deals with the provision of potable, safe and sustainable water supply for domestic,
municipal, commercial and industrial use; and the management and proper disposal of wastewater which comes from
the utilization of this water. Conduct of feasibility studies, planning and design, project implementation and operation
of water and wastewater systems (sources, transmission, storage, treatment and distribution facilities) are tasks to
which Engineers specializing in this field are expected to handle.
 Coastal and Waterways Engineering
It is a branch of water engineering, the field of practice of which requires the science of oceanography,
meteorology, geography and geology. It also involves the planning, design, construction and operations of coastal
protection structures and the provision of inputs for maritime structures - ports and harbors. Waterways in this regard
include both saltwater and freshwater bodies which are being used as navigation channels. Hence, open channel
hydraulics and sediment transport also form part of this sub-specialization.

Flood Mitigation and Drainage

This sub-specialization deals with the engineering studies, planning and design, and essentially control of
excess water. Civil engineers in this functional field would be required to have adequate knowledge in flood hydrology,
river morphology and sedimentation studies, open channel hydraulics, culvert designs to include bridge hydrology and
hydraulics. Flood mitigation may also require flood detention basins, river training and pumping stations.

Water Resources Development and Management

Water resources would require civil engineers practicing in this functional field knowledge of hydrology,
meteorology, geology, biology, chemistry integrated to provided quantitative and qualitative picture of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water as a natural AND an economic resource. As a resource, it involves the
development and appropriate utilization of water for domestic, recreational, commercial and industrial use of man, and
the natural requirements of plant and animal life. The utilization would also depend on social, political, economic,
institutional and environmental considerations.

Aside from hydrology, hydrogeology, hydraulics, and coastal engineering, the sub-specialization would often times,
require knowledge of resource management, systems engineering, economic regulation and environmental sciences.

Topics in Irrigation Engineering

a) Hydrology and Hydrogeology
b) Water quality - source, treatment requirement and drainage water
c) Hydraulic structures - source development (wells, springs, surface water), diversion dams, intakes and
headworks, pumping stations, canals, on-farm distribution facilities, sprinkler systems, drip irrigation
d) Water management - cropping requirements, diversion requirements, cropping patterns, diversified cropping,
operation and maintenance, institutional requirements

Topics in Hydropower Engineering

a) Hydrology, Lake Studies, Coastal Engineering, Tidal studies
b) Hydraulic Structures Dams, reservoirs, headworks, penstocks, headrace, surge tanks/ chambers, desanders,
tailrace structures, gates; unit selection
c) Power and Energy demand forecast, reservoir operating rules, operation modes (peak and off-peak energy, base
load and on-peak load plants), operation and maintenance, energy economics, tariff structures

Topics in Water and Sanitation

a) Water source hydrology and hydrogeology (springs, wells, surface water and rainwater harvesting)
b) Water treatment process and water treatment plants
c) Hydraulic structures - source facilities, transmission lines, controls and valves, distribution network, storage
facilities, individual connections
d) Population and water demand projections, operational rules, institutional and legal framework, management
models
e) Wastewater management and treatment plants (Sewage treatment plants, sewerage systems, low-cost
sanitation, lagoons, soak-aways)
f) Water recycling, re-use
g) Solid waste management systems

Topics in Coastal Engineering and Waterways

 a) Wave theory, processes and propagation in the near shore
b) Beach and sediment transport
c) Nearshore processes and shore stabilization
d) Coastal Hazards (storm surge, high waves, coastal flooding, tsunamis)
e) Engineering design of structures (Ports and harbors, coastal protection works)
f) Ports and waterway operation and maintenance

Topics in Flood Control and Drainage

a) Hydro-meteorological studies (Rainfall depths, intensities, duration, frequency)
b) Rainfall -run-off relationships ( Evapotranspiration, infiltration, time of concentration, effective run-off)
c) Watershed characteristics (slopes, vegetation cover, run-off coefficient)
d) River morphology (channel characteristics, roughness coefficient, hydraulic capacities, sccuring and
sedimentation)
e) Hydraulic structures - channels, culverts, protection works, pumping stations, scours and sedimentation, bridge
hydraulics
f) Operation and maintenance

Topics in Water Resources Development and Management

a) Groundwater Management (available safe yield, groundwater mining, radius of influence, static water levels,
pumping water levels, salinity levels, site remediation
b) River Basin Management (multiple purpose use, tributaries and main river channels, backwater effects, saline
intrusion, upstream and downstream environmental effects, water use regulatory requirements)
c) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
d) Flood Plain Management
e) Coastal Resources Management
f) Water rights and regulations
g) Environmental statutes and requirements (including effluent discharge, quality)