D A L L A S

L E S B I A N
G A Y
BISEXUAL
TRANSGENDER
C E N T E R

an anti-abuse and crisis prevention facility

michael delarosa | north dakota state university | fall 2014
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS
thesis ABSTRACT {2}
NARRATIVE {3}
project TYPOLOGY {5}
typological RESEARCH {8}
major project ELEMENTS {21}
description of CLIENT {24}
SITE {26}
project EMPHASIS {32}
GOALS {34}
plan for PROCEEDING{38}
TABLES AND
FIGURES
7.1 Center for Civil and Human Rights
7.2 Ubuntu Centre
7.3 New Mexico Highland University Student Center
9.1. Center for Civil and Human Rights
11.1 Center for Civil and Human Rights
11.2 Center for Civil and Human Rights
12.1 Floor 1 of Center for Civil and Human Rights
12.2 Floor 2 of Center for Civil and Human Rights
12.3 Floor 3 of Center for Civil and Human Rights
12.4 Section of Center for Civil and Human Rights
13.1 Ubuntu Centre Front Facade
15.1 Ubuntu Centre Exterior
15.2 Ubuntu Centre Interior
16.1 Section of Ubuntu Centre
16.2 Floor 1 of Ubuntu Centre
17.1New Mexico Highland University Student Center Front Facade
19.1New Mexico Highland University Student Center Courtyard
19.2 New Mexico Highland University Student Center Exterior
20.1 New Mexico Highland University Student Center Floor plans
25.1 United States Map
28.1Texas Map
29.1 Dallas Map
51.1 Pyramids of Giza
53.1 Roman Colosseum
56.1 Napoleon Bonaparte Portrait
57.1 United States Capitol Building
59.1 Berlin Volkshalle Drawing
62.1 Cathedral of Light, Zeppelin Field, Nuremberg
63.1 United States Federal Reserve Building, Washington, DC
74.1 Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center
76.1 Center on Halstad, Chicago
80.1 Figure Ground Map detailing site analysis
THESIS ABSTRACT
The United States is currently at a crossroads with
providing equal rights to its lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender citizens. Despite the growing acceptance
for these estimated 9 million people, many continue
to face the challenges of familial desertion, workplace
discrimination, physical/emotional abuse, as
well as sexually transmitted disease epidemics.

The thesis demonstrates how the built enviroment can affect an

occupants perception of social beliefs through the use of didactic
architecture- a form of architecture that is built with the intent to
teach an audince a lesson through carefully selected symbols
and materials, ultimately swaying the beliefs of the occupant
in an intended way. The design proposal includes short-term
shelter for homeless youth, museum and educational facilities
for the surrounding community, as well as an HIV testing clinic.

2
 NARRATIVE
Societal views have shifted dramatically over
recent years towards the acceptance of LGBT
citizens. Though it may seem counter-intuitive,
along with this rapid growth towards equality, the
severity of hate-crime related incidents has also
increased. For many of those that have fallen victim to
discrimination or physical harassment, there are far too
few safety enclaves available that can provide adequate
security conditions that afford the victim a sense of safety.

Luckily for those who face such adversity in the

region surrounding Dallas, there is a shelter for
the homeless, an HIV treatment facility for those
infected, a counselling office for those emotionally and
phyiscally abused, and an advacacy center that
promotes comprehensive acceptance and
understanding of gay, lesbian, bisexual and
transgender citizens. It may seem that these are
four separate organizations providing their various
expertise to those in need, but this would be false. One such
organization does exist, and it is called Resource Center,
located in the Oak Lawn neighborhood of Dallas, Texas.

Resource Center serves an astonishing 60,000

persons annually, both through services
provided at their headquarters, as well as through their
community outreach programs. One would assume that
such an organization would have a well-equipped, state-
of-the-art facility that allows such functions to take place
simultaneously. This, unfortunately, is not the case.
The current facilities that house the headquarters for
Resource Center were purchased as a make-shift
alternative after a devistating fire destroyed their
original offices in 1989. The building, a former religious
complex, is hardly indicitive of the goings-on within its
walls. Spatial issues have risen over recent years to the
point that the archival library which focuses on gay related
issues and culture, had to be relocated to the Unversity
of North Texas campus located nearly 50 miles away.

Also housed in the current headquarters of

Resource Center are the medical facilites that allow the
organization to do treatments for HIV/AIDS
victims. Though considered a leader in disease related
prevention and awareness, the current structure does
not rightfully showcase such commendable work, but
rather camouflages the initiatives taking place witihin.

To acknowledge these accomplishments of such a

wonderful organzation, Resource Center is in the
midst of an $8.7 million capital campaign to raise
funds for the construction of a new, fully-equipped
facility. For these initiatives to reach fruition, 75% of
needed funds must be raised to begin construction.

It is my intent to satifsfy all

typological needs for this new facility, enabling the
organzation to continue their outreach to Dallas’
surrounding communities by providing a safe,
nurturing and constructive environment for those in need.
4
PROJECT TYPOLOGY
{Museum} {Healthcare} {Education}

The Dallas Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Center employs

several architectural typology precedents. Though the thesis
focuses primarly on three principle building types, components of
varying classification are identified in the design intervention as well.

The appointed building typologies that are realized in the

design composition were selected because of their pliable
nature, which enables the interior spaces to be easily adopted
for alternative purposes. This fastidious consideration was the
centrum during the initial conceptualization process. With the
overlying expectation that societal beliefs will align themselves
with, at best, an impartial position, the intent of the implimented
typologies is to actively embrace the plausibility that an LGBT
Center will cease to serve a necessary function for the public.
 The museum typology has been selected for this design intervention
{ M u s e u m } because of the cultural implications that it possesses. The
advancement of equality for the United States’ LGBT
Research Study:
community has a long and tumultuous past. Though
National Center for
comprehensive equality appears to be on the political horizon, a
Civil and Human Rights
museum facility to showcase the historical tribulations of these
citizens ensures that the histories of those discriminated, those
lives wrongfully taken, those persecuted, will not be forgotten.

Electing to establish a healthcare facility provides a subsequent

{Healthcare} scenario for the design intervention should the demand for an
LGBT Center expire. The intent is to afford the community an
Research Study: opportunity to access safe venipuncture processes without
Ubuntu Centre enduring callous presumptions. The facilities intial blood testing will
focus on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) awareness, but will be
equipped with accoutrements to aid in other various medical treatments.
The desideratum of this method is to secure the buildings longevity.

{Education} In order to ascertain the improvement of quality of life for LGBT citizens, a
specialized education center comprises a portion of the building program.
Research Study:
The facility has the ability to inform the community at large of distinct issues
New Mexico Highland
relevent to the LGBT community. The center will educate those interested
University Student Center
in topics regarding the adversities that must be faced as an LGBT citizen.

6
 Fg. 7.1

entre ]
untu C
[ Ub

]
Ri ghts
man
d Hu
il an
or Civ
nter f
[ Ce

Fg. 7.2

]
Center
ent
Stud
sity
iver
nd Un
H i ghla
o
M exic
[ New Fg. 7.3
TYPOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
National Center for Civil and Human Rights
Atlanta, Georgia
{Museum}
Ubuntu Centre
Port Elizabeth, South Africa
{Healthcare}
New Mexico Highland University Student Center
Las Vegas, New Mexico
{Education}
Fg. 9.1
 National Center for
Civil and Human Rights

Atlanta, GA, USA

HOK | Philip Freelon
42,500 ft²
{Museum}

The National Center for Civil and Human Rights is

located in Atlanta, Georgia. Completed in June
2014, the museum is a national archive for various
national and international civil and human rights documents.
The site of the museum was decided upon because of its
relative adjacency to Ebenezer Baptist Church. It was
this very church where Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. humbly
began the most significant civil rights movement in
United States history. This typological research study
was chosen because of the attention paid to the
historical significance of the surrounding area, as well as its
general functioning as a museum to showcase the various
aspects of an important political movement. This
typological research study emphasizes the
impact a design invervention can have on social
beliefs by acknowledging the importance of said belief. 10
Fg. 11.1

Fg. 11.2
 Common characteristics shared between
the National Center for Civil and Human
Fg. 12.1 Rights and the other typological research
studies is their common goal of bringing users
together. The overarching goal for the
National Center for Civil and Human Rights
is for museum occupants to gain a better
understanding of various rights movements
and acknowledge the fight that had to take
place in order to be in the social climate of today.

What is comparitvely different from the other

typological research studies is the figurative
Fg. 12.2 direction for which the facility looks towards.
Though the other typological research
studies emphasize creation for a better
tomorrow, this study suggests that in order to
progressivly move forward as a society, a firm
understanding of the past must be achieved.

Fg. 12.3

12

Fg. 12.4
Fg. 13.1
 Ubuntu Centre

Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Field Architecture
21,000 ft²
{Healthcare}

The Ubuntu Centre is located in the Zwide neighborhood of Port

Elizabeth, South Africa. Completed in 2011, the clinic serves
as the central pediatric HIV testing and treatment facility for the
region. A substantial percentage of area residents are in fact
HIV positive, and a staggering number of that ratio is young
children. The clinic is funded by various efforts
internationally, but employs local residents entirely- just one of several
sustainable strategies implimented in the buildings design and
operation. This typological research study was examined
because of the numerous efforts made to ensure that the project be
successful. Not only to serve its utilitarian purpose, but also serve
as a source of community pride, in the wake of a terrible disease.

14
The Ubuntu Centre employs several
sustainable practices which involve
both the function of the facility and the
manner in which the occupants use it. These
strategies include a rooftop garden,
whose vegetation serves as a meal Fg. 15.1
source for the areas local school children.
The functionality of the building though,
is what makes the center noteworthy.

Various types of aid are offered to the

community free of charge. Of which,
include social services, career guidance,
state-of-the-art HIV testing/counceling, as
well as wired internet computer cloisters.

A common characteristic shared between

the Ubuntu Centre and the other typological
research studies is the importance placed on
site integration. The Ubuntu Centre utilizes
both natural and man-made landscapes to
take advantage of the site to its greatest extent.

Comparitvely different from the other

typological research studies is also the
characteristic that which makes it Fg. 15.2
functionally similar. Though each study greatly
emphasizes site importance, the
Ubuntu Centre is located in a severely
different climate, enabling the
implimentation of sustainable strategies that
are impractical in other varying climates.
Fg. 16.1

16
Fg. 16.2
Fg. 17.1
 New Mexico Highlands
University Student Center

Las Vegas, New Mexico

Diamond Schmitt Architects
65,000 ft²
{Education}

The student union on New Mexico Highland University’s

campus was completed in July 2013, and is currently seeking
LEED Gold certification. It was solely the unversity’s decision
to obtain a LEED ranking for their newest campus facility. The
student center provides educational spaces, various student
lounges, a ballroom, bookstore, cafeteria, and a stunning student
government hall that floats above the building’s three story atrium.

There are hints around the building that suggest the structure is
under consideration for LEED Gold certification. Perhaps the most
noticeable feature of the structure is the sun-tracking louver system
located on three major facades of the building. Another indication is
the subtle setback of the third floor, giving passersby the impression
that the student center is not as large and overscaled as it truly is.

It is evident that great strides were made in the decision-making

process to ensure that the student center serve the university for many 18
years to come- a notion that is key in the thesis design intervention.
Fg. 19.1

Fg. 19.2
 Common characteristics shared between
the New Mexico Highland University
Student Center and the other
typological research studies is the
abundance of services provided for
the building’s occupants. Though each
structure serves a different purpose, the
amount of space needed to satifsy occupancy
requirements involves a great deal of
homogenous spaces, enabling
the footprint of the building to be
significantly smaller than needed.

What is comparitvely different from the

other typological research studies is that
though a number of services are being
offered at each site, the student center
singularly does so for profit. The university
nurtures the growth of the human mind, but
for a price. The thesis design intervention will
offer several cost varying services, but free
of charge to those who wish to use them.

20

Fg. 20.1
 MAJOR
ELEMENTS
Building Components:

{Museum}
Exhibition Space

{Healthcare}
Laboratory

{Education}
Lecture Hall
{Museum}
Exhibition Space

A sizeable exhibition space pliable for many different uses will be

required. Within the space, occupants of the building will have the
capability to manipulate the room to fit their needs. During regular
business hours, the exhibition space will serve its intended purpose- to
showcase various LGBT-related memorabilia and documents. By evening,
the exhibition space can become a ballroom or conference room, if need be.

{Healthcare}
Laboratory

A sanitary lab servicing the healthcare facilities will be required in the

design. The laboratory will provide the clean space needed for testing and
treating HIV patients. This space will not be versatile like the other major
building components, but will be amendable to future healthcare related services.

{Education}
Lecture Hall

A lecture hall is required for the building program. Perhaps the most versatile
of spaces, the lecture hall will provide the facility with ample space for various
activities when not being used as a space to educate the public on gay-related issues.
The opportunities include ballroom, movie theatre, reception space, and lounge.

22
{ }
Vision Statement

The Vision of Resource Center is to be a

nationally recognized leader whose services ensure
physical, emotional, and social health, and equality,
understanding, and acceptance for the lesbian, gay,
bisexual, transgender (LGBT) and HIV communities.

{ }
Mission Statement

Resource Center is a trusted leader that empowers the

lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)
communities and all people affected by HIV
through improving health and wellness,
strengthening families and communities and
providing transformative education and advocacy.
 CLIENT
Resource Center
Dallas, Texas
{Education & Advocacy}

The thesis design intervention accomodates

the necessities of Resource Center; a leader in
educating and advocating for the rights of all
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons.

Resource Center, formerly known as the Foundation for

Human Understanding, is currently underway with their
2014 Capital Campaign- an effort to raise $8.75 million for
the construction of a new center and headquarters facility.

Though the thesis design intervention houses the

headquarters of Resource Center, a
majority of the buildings occupants are those individuals that
utilize the services offered by the center. These services
include a food pantry, archive and research library, HIV
testing, STD prevention, and insurance assistance.

Resource Center is one of the largest facilities of its kind in the

United States. Annually, the facility appreciates the help of
the 1,100 citizens that volunteer their time for the center, the
50 staff on pay roll, and welcomes more than 60,000 visitors 24
to the center to take full advantage of the services offered.
Fg. 25.1
SITE Region:
Texas, USA
Southern United States
Population: 26,450,000
 City:
Dallas, TX
Dallas County
Population: 1,258,000

28
Fg. 28.1
 Project Site:
3835 Cedar Springs Rd
Oak Lawn, Dallas, TX
75219

Fg. 29.1
3835 Cedar Springs Road, located in the Oak Lawn
neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, is an ideal location for
a Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Center.
Positioned in the heart of Dallas’ thriving gay community,
the site is situated on one of the neighborhoods major
thoroughfares. Though Oak Lawn alone is generally
considered a hub of gay activity, Cedar Springs Road
between Oak Lawn and Wycliff avenues is a densely
populated area of gay-owned establishments
including bars, restaurants, retail, and general
business. The culture of the neighborhood is
intensified every summer with the Gay Pride Festival
and parade en route immediately adjacent to the site.
Utilizing the vacant lot for an LGBT center will not only
provide an idyllic location for the facilities occupants, but
also add to the flourishing community of which it is apart.

30
PROJECT
EMPHASIS
{Architecture as Didacticism}
The primary emphasis of the design
intervention is to consider the role that
architecture plays on our perception of
societal beliefs as a whole. The built environment
becomes a propagandist landscape that
dictates our fundamental way of life, influencing our
stances on social issues particular to
our society. To emphasize the need for
social acceptance of the nations lesbian, gay,
bisexual, and transgender community, the
thesis communicates through a design
intervention persuasive building vernacular,
ideals of respect, regard, and acceptance.

32
GOALS
{Academic}

{Professional}

{Personal}
 {Academic}
Academic goals that I have set for myself
with the thesis project include becoming
more well-equipped with various com-
puter programs that include, but are not
limited to Revit, AutoCAD, and Rhino. My
abilities in each are a bit rusty, but as I
have become more familiar with Rhino
3D Software, I have learned that the
computer programs are relatively similar.
As well, becoming more articulate in my
opinions is a skill that I have have always
had difficulty with, but I wish to become
more thorough and strong with that skill.
Lastly, I hope to fine-tune my graphic com-
munication skills. I find it intriguing how
much I have learned about graphics in my
five short years here at NDSU, but I ac-
knowledge that I have some work to do yet.
Personal goals that I have set for
myself regarding my thesis year are to
be more open to others opinions and
understand that their crtiticism is not
to be ill-mannered or mean, but not be
constructive. This is a skill I feel that even
the best of the class has difficulty grasping.
Another personal goal is to be
able to speak about a design
outside of the design critique. Far too
often I catch myself thinking back to a
presentation where I left with more
questions than answers.
I believe that better end
products will be created if we were more
open to each other about varying opinions.
{Personal}
 {Professional}

In a professional manner, I hope to

become more proficient in various
technical skills that were lightly
touched upon in school , but were not
perfected. This list is far from
comprehensive, but I hope to become
more knowledgeable in heating and
cooling systems, structural systems, and
electric systems. Though these were
covered in a third year course, the vague
information was not retained well enough
to impliment the information in a project.

Also in a professional manner, I hope

to become more able to speak to
area professionals about my work,
without being intimated by their
presence. I have never favored too well
with talking to authority figures. This is a
skill that definitely needs to be perfected.
 PLAN FOR
PROCEEDING
{UNIFYING IDEA}
My intent with the design invervention
is to uncover the relationship between
contrasting components that make
up a composition. As well, to
realize the interaction that occurs
between sustainable building
materials and strategies and the
psychological thrill that
occurs when placed together.

38
 PLAN FOR
PROCEEDING
{Historical Context}
The Oak Lawn neighborhood of Dallas,
Texas has a rich and vibrant history not
only pertaining to the LGBT population
currently present there, but also to the
Mexican culture that was prevelant in
the are in the not so distant past. The
layering of these minority groups is what
makes up the rich character of the sur-
rounding area. I hope to impliment histori-
cal precedents in my design intervention.
 PLAN FOR
PROCEEDING
{Project Typology}
Because the building typology of the
thesis project is decidedly not one
typology but multiple grouped
together, my plan is to research all of the
components and find if particular elements
in various typologies will allow themselves
to work in other building types. This is in
agreement to my hope that I creat a project
that has the ability to adapt for futre uses.

40
 PLAN FOR
PROCEEDING
{Site Analysis}
My intent is to gather as much information
on the logistics of the chosen site before
I visit in late November. This was, I feel
that I will be better equipped to look for
certain aspects that may not be completely
obvious to the naked eye. I will investigate
previous structures that were once on the
site, as well as the possibility that the
location may in fact be a brownfield site.
 PLAN FOR
PROCEEDING
{Programmatic Requirements}
Program requirements for the
thesis design intervention include site
integration, best allowing the
building to react to the location through
building materials and passive systems.
The temperare weather will be a new
consideration I take into account, having
never designed a project for such a climate.

42
 DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
{Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis}

I will gather data through the NDSU ALA

library, online archives, and local library
trips. Taking into account opinions of
local residents, I plan to survey those
passersby of the site in order to gain a
b e t t e r
understanding of the cultural of the site.
 DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
{Graphic Analysis}

To better portray my design interven-

tion, I will do extensive research on
what looks visually pleasing to the
masses. Far too often designers over-
look board layout, and it turns out that
their rotten project was a gem, but hid-
den behind clutter and unsuredness.

44
 DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
{Digital Analysis}

Through the use of a design software that

enables the user to examine the design
intervention through a more realistic
medium will allow for a more
comprehensive design, having given
the designer somewhat of a look at
what the occupants and those around
the intervention will experience.
 DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
{Interviews}

Having not personally been exposed

to the site at this moment, I plan on
gathering as many opinions about
the sited area as possible through
talking to local residents. I will ask their
opinions of the typology of the design
intervention and perhaps make changes in
order to better serve those that I interviewed.

46
DOCUMENTATION
{Design Process}
Since I will most likely be utilizing digital
tools for my analysis and design, I will
organize a specific folder on my
computer to easily store and access various
files that I find crucial to the design process.

A hard copy of said files will also

be created to ensure that the
success of the project comes
without delay due to technical difficulties.
 plan for PROCEEDING

september

december
november

february
october

january
august

march

may
april
proposal DRAFT

thesis PROPOSAL

thesis PROGRAM

DESIGN

thesis EXHIBIT

thesis REVIEWS

thesis BOOK

48
RESEARCH OF
THEORETICAL
PREMISE

50
From the earliest of times in architecture, the
pursuit to instill a perceived message in an
audience has dictated the shape and
evolution of the built environment for millennia.
Great civilizations of our distant past perfected
the use of architecture as propaganda, as a
way to convince their adherents of a particular
message. Ancient governing bodies understood
the mighty effect that our built accomplishments
can have on our perception of life. Phillip Tay-
lor describes in his book British Propaganda in
the 20th Century: Selling Democracy (2010) that

“the Pharaohs were among the first

to recognize the power of public
architecture on a grand scale
to demonstrate prestige and
dynastic legitimacy” (p. 23).

Civilizations both ancient and modern

aspire to legitimize their existence and
prominence in history through architectural
interventions on the natural environment. These
great achievements are indicative of the ambi-
tions and beliefs of a given society’s inhabitants.

Fg. 51.1
Ancient theories that explain our cause for
existence continue to this day in the form of
organized religion. Though the titles we have
given to these entities have largely changed over
the course of recorded history, the presence of
deities and their importance to justify our actions
have been an unwavering drive in our effort
to improve our lives through the built environ-
ment. Intended to give the inhabitant a celestial
experience in the presence of their deity,
ancient and modern architects alike have used
the concept of light to persuade a believer
of a given message. As Kirill Postoutenko
explains in his book Totalitarian
Communication: Hierarchies,
Codes and Messages (2010),

“The idea of linking the Divine

(heavenly) with the earthly by means
of light is many thousand years old.
It can be traced back to the ancient
Egypt where the apex of the obelisk
was coated with gold, so that sunlight
would reflect and make a connection to
the sun god through light… Surely, the
illumination of St. Peter’s basilica with
floodlights and hundreds of torches…
must have been a good example for
both drama and mysticism” (p. 128).
Fg. 53.1
Just as organized religion and the
mysticism that it employs used architectural works
as a method to further the importance of their
message, imperial governments, to
exhibit their prominence on the landscape,
funded immense public endeavors intended
to legitimize their great empires. Remarkable
examples of such undertakings have become
lasting monuments of the Roman Empire and their
ambition to govern themselves and the peoples
of distant lands. Mark Cartwright (2013) writes

“This was also the time when

increased imperial patronage allowed
for ever bigger and more impressive
building projects to be undertaken,
not only in Rome itself but across the
empire, where buildings became
propaganda for the might and perceived
cultural superiority of the Roman world.”

Similar to the techniques engaged by ancient

governmental entities, modern history bears
witness to notable individuals that have been
tasked with persuading the masses of their
intent to revolutionize governmental operations
for the betterment of society, ill intended or not.
Architectural achievements are not the lone
vehicles of dictating our perception of a
space and environment. Symbols carved in
stone and painted in frescos further the larger
notion for which they exist. Following the
abdication of the French monarch Louis XVI and the
dissolution of the ancien regime, one
revolutionary signified the birth of
a new era for the French citizenry.
Through the heavy use of symbolized
propaganda, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced his
fellow Frenchman that he alone could lead the
people of France out of the economic decline that
his predecessors had blindly carried them into.

“Napoleon’s portrait appeared

everywhere, accompanied by his
ubiquitous eagles, and he took the
lead in designing specific forms
of imperial architecture that was a
mixture of Roman, Etruscan, and
Egyptian styles, all great empires
of the past. Triumphal arches and
massive victory columns were
erected, again evoking images of the
Roman Caesars” (Jowett, 1986, p. 86).
Fg. 56.1
Fg. 57.1
During this same time period, likeminded
individuals were formulating their own
interpretations of ancient thought to suit their
grand visions for developing countries through the
use of didactic architecture. One such visionary
was the American diplomat, Thomas Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson, a Founding Father of the

United States, took inspiration from
ancient cultures to affirm the beliefs of his
newly formed nation. Drawing from the great
cities of the Greek and Roman meccas of
democracy, Jefferson employed the use of
similar architectural styles to prove to the
American people that the revolution was for the
benefit of society. Robert McDonald (2012)
explains in his book, Light and Liberty: Thomas
Jefferson and the Power of Knowledge, that

“Jefferson’s understanding of
the power of imitation could be
considered his most successful
architectural accomplishment. He may
not have been the first to notice that
architecture had
didactic uses, but he perfected
the use of didactic architecture.”
Fg. 59.1

Didactic architecture, a concept of using

the built environment as a means to instill
knowledge in an inhabitant through the use of
physical symbolism, is a major emphasis that is
constant throughout the history of architecture.

Perhaps the most successful, yet

unfortunate applications of didactic
architecture is the implementation of the concept
into the German National Socialist architecture
of the 20th century. Under the leadership of Adolf
Hitler, the National Socialist, or Nazi, party
set out to cleanse their territories of ‘inferior’
races and culture. As a method to convince the
German people of the goals set by the Nazi
Party, Hitler and his party officials took
inspiration from the great
architectural achievements of the Greek
and Roman Empires to transform public
opinion of the government through the use of
architecture. Jeffrey Narver (1992) explains in his
book The Cultural Production of Domination in
Nazi Germany: Architecture as Propaganda that
 “As a prime aesthetic cultural
creation, architecture justified Nazi
power and reinforced the legitimacy
of its governing body” (p. 105-106).

Drawing comparisons between his own

vision for the future of Germany and the might
of the Greek and Roman Empires, Hitler
successfully convinced the German people that
the agenda set forth was the path to a 1,000 year
reich, aided by the use of didactic architecture.

Of the most successful architectural

interventions realized by the Nazi Party,
the Zeppelin Field located in Nuremburg,
Germany was intended to be the meeting place
of National Socialists. From the size of the
stadium and the placement of the orator’s
stage, to the lighting used to illuminate and
the formation of attendants on the field, every
aspect of the Zeppelin Field was staged to
evoke a sense of community among rally-goers.
What the Nazi Party had recognized was that
architecture could heavily and easily influence
the thoughts of those experiencing it. Robert
Taylor (1974) documented the sentiments of
the official Nazi Party architect Albert Speer
in his book The Word in Stone; The Role of
Architecture in the National Socialist Ideology,

“…created by directing 150

searchlights fifteen kilometers in
the night sky. This was an attempt to
create an ‘architecture of light.’ More-
over, he maintains, the effect was for
illumination, not necessarily to stun
the participant. Nevertheless, Speer
admits that when the beams of light
came together through the clouds,
it was a ‘fantastic thing, like being
in a Gothic Cathedral.’ Speer also
effectively used the lighting of the
building itself for evening rallies,
directing spotlights at the various
symbols of the party erected on the
tribunes. Given the music of singing
and bands, as well as the speeches
and marching, Speer’s architecture
must have contributed immensely to
the ‘community experience’” (p. 171).
Fg. 62.1
 Fg. 63.1
Due to the onset of World War II, many of the
Nazi Party’s architectural visions were never
realized, and only remain on paper as a faded
reminder of a dark stain on Germany’s past.

Conversely, several architectural visions

that have been realized are those buildings
reserved for governmental use in the United
States. Similar to the Nazi architecture of
the 20th century, architectural interventions
constructed by the American government
carry heavy messages of symbolism in their
contents and usage. The building vernacular
of American governmental buildings consists
of imposing structures that give the impres-
sion of lasting impenetrability. Drawing, too,
inspiration from ancient civilizations, the
American government employs classical
building archetypes to remind the
American people of the democratic government
system for which it represents. A particular
governmental entity that employs
classic building orders to signify the
relation to democratic societies of the
past is the Federal Reserve System of the
United States. In his 2013 article titled Banking
On It: Tracing The Grad Architecture Of The
Federal Reserve, James Bartolacci states that
 “In the Federal Reserve system,
12 regional banks located through-
out the US safeguard the nation’s
assets and implement monetary
policy. With nearly $3 trillion in assets
distributed throughout the system, the
exteriors of Federal Reserve banks
are designed to look like secure
fortresses, conveying sentiments of
impenetrability while still maintaining a
governmental stateliness that is crucial
to public perception of the institution.”

Design interventions on the built environment

that hold significant societal importance have
throughout history employed the concepts of
didactic architecture to further their perceived
monumentality as a social symbol of our ideals.
The use of our built environment to
instill specific ideals is perhaps one
of the most fundamental concepts in
architecture. With such strong beliefs about how
mankind should function, the high importance
that we place on our design interventions
and the ideas they are to portray creates a
difficult task for architects to partake in,
but is greatly needed. The ultimate goal of
didactic architecture is that the message
being given will become an established norm,
to not need be an ethical issue anymore but an
ideal that is paramount in our way of thinking.

“The practice of architectural propa-

ganda would replace itself with the more
stable and natural ideological sphere,
in which the essence of a society would
be mutually shared and promoted
horizontally, rather than by the vertical
propagandistic model.” (Narver, p. 104)

Can the use of didactic architecture really

introduce a message that may one day be-
come a societal norm rather than an ideal that
must be taught? Perhaps we have examples
of this notion that have succeeded in such a
mission, though we may not recognize the
implied meaning anymore because of our
because of our adaption of the notion in our
societal beliefs. What becomes symbolic of
our culture are the ideas that we decide to
promote through our built environment as
vehicles of propaganda. As Jowett explains,

“The use of propaganda as a means

of controlling information flow,
managing public opinion, or
manipulating behavior is as old as
recorded history. The concept of
persuasion is an integral part of
human nature, and the use of specific
techniques to bring about large-scale
shifts in ideas can be traced back to
the ancient world. Many artifacts from
prehistory and from earliest
civilizations provide us with evidence
that attempts were being made to
use the equivalent of modern-day
propaganda techniques to
communicate the purported majesty
and supernatural powers of rulers
and priests. In a largely preliterate
age, dazzling costumes, insignia, and
monuments were deliberately created
symbols designed to evoke a specific
image of superiority and power that
these early propagandists wished
to convey to their audience” (p. 50).
 PROJECT
JUSTIFICATION
Giving voice to a marginalized group of
citizens that continues to be alienated by gov-
ernmental and societal entities based on sexual
orientation presents several challenges specific
to this subculture. The creation of a center to
suit the particular needs associated with the
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
population of Dallas offers a
designer the opportunity to apply clear
knowledge that exhibits his abilities to
produce an all-inclusive, challenging design.

68
HISTORICAL
SOCIAL
CULTURAL
CONTEXT
Evidence of homosexuality in the civilized
world can be traced back to the first
great civilizations of antiquity. Preserved
mosaics from this time depict sexualized
relationships between members of the
same sex, indicating that homosexuality
was not only an acknowledged but accepted
societal phenomenon. Observance of
homosexuality as an established convention
in ancient life is evinced with the same-sex
relationships of various Roman emperors
including Nero, Trajan, and Hadrian. The
heterosexual marriages of these ancient
emperors ensured a male heir to their
dynastic lineage, whereas their homosexual
relationships were characterized as
loving, lustful bonds between two men.
A steep decline in public acceptance of
homosexual relationships occurred after the
fall of the Roman Empire and the onset of the
Middle Ages, oft recognized as the era that
legitimized Christianity as a western religion.
During this period, homosexuality became
synonymous with sodomy and bestiality,
acts punishable by castration and execution.
Acknowledgement of homosexuality became
a cultural taboo and effects of this continue
to hold great significance to this day.
The current dialogue regarding homosexuality
and the legality of social issues related to
such has only become less pervasive within
the last 225 years, most notably in western
countries where secularity has become the
ubiquitous form of government. The present
public discourse pertaining to homosexuality
finds its origins in revolutionary France with
the 1791 adoption of a new penal code. The
reformed code decriminalized acts of sodomy
between consenting adults, becoming
the first of it’s kind to do so in the western
world in over a millennium. Notwithstanding,
an organization dedicated to further the
public acceptance of homosexuality was
not formally established until 1897, Berlin.
Magnus Herschfeld, as a vehicle to
promote sexual minorities, founded the
Wissenschaftlich-humanitares Komitee, or
The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee.
The organizations objective was to
scientifically substantiate the intrinsic nature
of homosexuality, thus to postulate grounds
for the expulsion of Paragraph 175 from the
German Criminal Code. This legislative
provision prohibited sexual acts between
consenting males adults. Herschfeld
and his Wissenschaftlich-humanitares
Komitee (WhK) would later inspire the
work of Henry Gerber, founder of the
Chicago-based Society for Human Rights.
In 1924, German-born Henry Gerber
established the Society for Human Rights,
the first American group tasked to foster the
emancipation of homosexuals in government
and society. Though the group dissolved
shortly after its inception, the transcribed
objectives would later assimilate into various
organization platforms associated with
the United States Homophile Movement.
As a result of member diaspora, a lineal
connection exists between the Society for
Human Rights and the Mattachine Society,
formed 26 years after the former in 1950.
Motivated by Gerber’s Society for Human
Rights, the Mattachine Society grew to be
one of the largest homophile organizations in
the United States, though it too, existed for
little more than a decade. From inception to
dissolution, this Los Angeles-based society
grew exponentially from 7 founding members
to over 2,000 men and women, each concerned
with the societal treatment of homosexuals.
Representative of the Homophile
Movement, assimilation of homosexuals
into the hetero-normative society of post-
war America through non-confrontational
measures was customary policy employed
by the group. Historian Michael Sibalis
described that the hemophilic attitude as
“…public hostility to homosexuals
resulted largely from their outrageous
and promiscuous behaviour;
homophiles would win the good
opinion of the public and the
authorities by showing themselves
to be discreet, dignified, virtuous
and respectable” (Sibalis, 2005).
These passive guidelines would soon become
wildly unpopular among members, as police
brutality and governmental treatment of
homosexuals worsened in 1950s America.
The apex of disapproval for these docile
dogmas amongst the homosexual community
transpired in the 1969 New York Stonewall
Riots. These protests deemed the attitudes of
the homophile movement as ineffective and
gave birth to the Gay Liberation Movement.
More unmistakably clear than ever before,
the voice of the homosexual community
echoed across the nation as public
demonstrations advocating for the social and
political acceptance of the community played
played out in the streets of major American
cities. The Gay Liberation Movement
pressed members of the homosexual
community to publicly disclose their sexual
orientation and live an openly homosexual
lifestyle. During this time as well, the
understanding of homosexuality and the
false dichotomy perpetuated by the use
such a term aided in the development of
exercising new lexicon to associate with
the homosexual community in an expanded
manner. The expression ‘gay’ was viewed
to be more inclusive in meaning than that of
the ‘homosexual-heterosexual’ dichotomy,
offering the opportunity to express one’s
sexual orientation in a more specific fashion.
The terminologies gay, lesbian, bisexual, and
transgender became widely used amongst
the ‘gay’ and heterosexual communities alike.
The formation of a solidified cultural identity for
the gay community continued to flourish with
planned demonstrations that promoted the
expression of ones sexual orientation in the
public realm. These demonstrations continue
annually to this day, habitually known as Pride
Parades. The Gay Liberation Movement was
a tumultuous time for the gay community
and a true sense of solidarity would come
in succeeding years as more individuals
out-ed themselves to the general public.
Married fathers and mothers, politicians, and
celebrities discovered a new support system
for which they could live their lives openly
without the fear of requiring to do so solitarily.
As gay culture solidified, the archaic methods
of the Gay Liberation Movement yielded to
new structured methods associated with
the systematized Gay Rights Movement.
It has happened during this Gay Rights
Movement that the first openly gay
public officials have been elected into
representative office, that same-sex marriage
has gained momentum the world round, that
discrimination based on sexual orientation
has been outlawed in several jurisdictions,
and that same-sex couples have partially
gained access to spousal privileges. These
advancements in the social acceptance of
the gay community would not have been
possible without the acknowledgement
of homosexual status in recorded history.
 LAGLC
The first documented center specifically
established to suit the needs of the
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender
(LGBT) communities was founded as the
Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center
(LAGLC) in 1969. Now known as the Los
Angeles LGBT Center, this organization
is largest in the world of its kind, offering
services ranging from social services and
healthcare to leadership and education to
Los Angeles and surrounding communities.

FUN FACT

Founder Morris Kight was a gay

rights and peace activist considered
one of the original founders of the
LGBT Movement in the United States.

74
Fg. 74.1

The Resource Center, established in 1983 as
the Foundation for Human Understanding,
is the Dallas metropolitan area’s largest
service center dedicated to promoting gay
rights and education to the surrounding
community. Incorporated in 1994, the Phil
Johnson Historic Archives was added
to the Resource Center as an archival
entity tasked with preserving documents
and artifacts important the history of the
Dallas gay and national communities.
FUN FACT
Over 1,100 citizens volunteer each year
for the Resource Center, making it one of
the largest resource centers of its kind in
the United States. 60,000+ LGBT people
and their allies use services provided
by the Resource Center every year.
THE CENTER
The San Diego LGBT Community Center is
the second oldest LGBT resource center in
the United States having been established
as The Center for Social Services in 1973.
The Center for Social Services changed its
legal title to The San Diego LGBT Community
Center in 1980 to reflect the true nature of the
organizations mission in aiding the well being
and promotion of lesbians, gays, bisexuals
and transgender in American society.
FUN FACT
In 1971, Jess Jessop, a registered nurse
and LGBT rights activist set up an
answering machine in a service closet
used as a literal lifeline for the LGBT
community in need of support, marking
the beginning of what would later become
The San Diego LGBT Community Center.
Fg. 76.1

CENTER ON
HALSTAD
In 1973 Chicago, a group of volunteers
interested in providing support services for
area LGBT citizens decided to establish
Gay Horizons, later changed to Horizons
Community Services. Horizons Community
Services became the regions foremost
service center for the LGBT community after a
group of gay medical students decided to offer
their medical expertise to combat sexually
transmitted diseases in the community.

FUN FACT

Horizons Community Services became

the Center on Halsted after a capital
campaign raised $10 million allowing the
organization to purchase land from the city
of Chicago and construct a new facility.
Much of the capital campaign funds
were privately and corporately donated.
76
 SITE
ANALYSIS
Soil Type: Vertisol, an expansive organic
clay that forms deep ravines in drier
seasons. Colloquially known as “black
gumbo” in Texas.
Natural vegitational type of areas made
of vertisol soil include grasslands,
savanna, and woodland.
Structures built on vertisol soil are
subject to foundational issues as the clay
expands and shrinks.
The chosen site does not include a water
table.
Heavy traffic affects the site on a
northwest- southeast access running
thoroughfare known as Cedar Springs
Road.
Originally developed as a suburb
to downtown Dallas, the Oak Lawn
neighborhood offers pedestrian access
running parallel to the site on Cedar
Springs Road to the north, as well as
Dickason Avenue to the south.
The slope of the turrain is less than 1%
throughout the entire site as well as the
surrounding area. Variances in slope are
man-made interventions intended to aid
with watershed.
The site was formerly occupied by a
structure. The site is not indicitive of any
former vegetation, though inspection of
the surrounding area reveals dry trees
and soil.
South-easterly winds affect the site,
finding their origins in the Golf of Mexico.
The site recieves 100% sun exposure
throughout the day. The absence of
trees and surrounding buildings offers
the site the opportunity to use this
feature to it’s fullest advantage.
The character of the site is desolate,
offering little to no refuge from the Texas
sun present throughout the day.
 80
Fg. 80.1
 BUILDING
PROGRAM
Lobby
A space that will be utilized by all occupants of the building, offering a circulation space in
which inhabitants of various activities may encounter one another in a safe, constrcuctive space.

Exhibition Space
The exhibition space is vital to the overall success fo the building. This space will offer large
gallery partitions that allow various works of the archival library to be displayed for the center visitors.
This space may also be utilized as a meeting space/conference room during low-occupancy hours of
the day.

Classrooms
The educational wing of the building is important to ensure the advancement of the peoples
for which the center is in honor of. The classrooms will be available for various meetings of groups
that are in relation to the LGBT community of Dallas and surrounding area.

Waiting Room
A separate waiting space is desired for the healthcare facilities housed within the building.
The waiting room will be a quite space to offer comfort before, during and after healthcare visits
pertaining to sexually transmitted diseases and viruses particular to the LGBT community.

Examination Rooms
These rooms will offer sterile, safe places for the patient and doctor to interact without fear of
cross contamination. These spaces will be designed to offer the best healthcare available, yet also
create a safe atmosphere for doctor/patient conversation to take place.

Storage
Storage for all occuants of the building is needed. Each activity will be reserved their own
storage spaces throughout the building, whether it be for the medical facilities, the museum/gallery
space or for the short-term occupants such as homeless LGBT youth.
Medical Laboratory
The medical laboratory will offer a clean and safe work environment for the testing of blood-
work and various other practices that take place within the clinic. This space is highly important to
ensure that correctly tested blookwork is examined and the results be carefully relayed to the medi-
cal patients.

Restrooms
These utilitarian spaces are a necessity for all occupants of the building. The restrooms
willbe separate for each function of the building, to ensure cleanly, safe environments are provided
for when nature calls.

Lounge
A loung space will be utilized more often by short-term housing occupants than any other oc-
cupant of the building. This space will offer a constructve envirnment to sneure to safety of the youth
that will be staying there.

Meeting Rooms
Meeting rooms, along with classrooms, will provide a work environment that allows for the
development of new ideas, especially ones that wil further the social acceptance of the LGBT com-
munity.

Kitchen
An eating facility will be provided for the various functions of the building, though more often
than not, the kitchen will be used by the short-term housing occupants.

Dormitory
The dormitory portion of the building will offer safe, warm beds to those of the LGBT youth
community that do not have another place to go, wether it be because thye do not feel safe in their
familial homes, or that they have been outcast by their community.
 Process
Documentation
 The design process began with examining the
theoretical premise studies conducted in the
fall semester. Included in these studies were
monumental works of architecture including the
Great Pyramids of Giza (pg. 51, 52), the U.S.
Capitol Building (p. 58), as well as the Cathedral of
Lights in Nuremburg (p. 61). What struck me in the
latter was the use of light as a form of propogranda,
which ultimately became my design inspiration.

Using the Cathedral of Lights as a starting point,

I began scribbling out sectional drawings that
explored the use and manipulation of light (Fig.
85.1, 85.2). After a desk critique with my thesis
advisor, it was realized that my drawings were
similar to those done by modernist architects,
Jorn Utzon and Louis Kahn. From there, I began
investigating past projects by these famed architects,
utilizing them as another form of design inspiration.

Three works of architecture that stuck out in my

mind after these investigations were the Kimbell
Art Museum (Kahn), The Bagsvaerd Church
(Utzon), and the Melli Bank, University of Tehran
Branch building (Utzon). In the final design,
inspiration is strongly exhibited throughout the
project, particularly in the center’s exhibition hall.

85
Using my initial drawings as a reference, a series of 9
bay models (Fig. 86.1, 86.2) were constructed to further
along the thesis’ design development. Several light
studies were conducted on these models to determine
which section best suited my design intention, but I
later found that none of my initial drawings were
quite portraying the message I wished to evoke.

I turned to my design inspiration studies and reviewed

their utilization of light, hoping to find applicable
words of wisdom so to say, to aid in my design. What
differed from my sectional drawings to theirs was this
outspoken sense of hierarchy exhibited in my work.
Each drawing began at a high point and gradually
dipped lower to the opposing end. I felt that this
gesture linked itself far too greatly to a hierarchical
program, so I began developing other drawings that
would allow for a fluctuation of height, but not to be
organized in a fashion that seemed spatially biased.

My original intent was to apply this light program to

the entirety of the building. After some reflection,
I decided that though I wanted to treat each space
of the building with the same consideration,
the light program was best suited to be applied
exclusively to the exhibition hall. I felt that this would
ultimately serve as my main didactic metaphor.

86
 Digital
Presentation
Fg. 89.1 Ground Level Plan

Fg. 89.2 Second Level Plan

Fg. 89.3 Basement Plan

89
Fg. 90.1 North Facade

Fg. 90.2 East Facade

Fg. 90.3 South Facade

Fg. 90.4 West Facade

90
 Fg. 91.1 Longitudinal Section Perspective

Fg. 91.2 Transverse Section Perspective

91
Fg. 92.1 Exhibition Hall Section

92
 Fg. 93.1

Fg. 93.2

93
Fg. 94.1

Fg. 94.2

94
Response to
Site
 As an attemp to incorporate the significance of the site,
I began building a rip-and-tear model whose angles
paid homage to various points of interest located on
and nearby the site. Some walls pointed in the direction
of local landmarks, whereas others took advantage of
natural ventilation patterns. At this point in the design
process, I was attempting to address all internal and
external influences that impact the site. Ways of
vehicle traffic, ways of pedestrian traffic, surrounding
structures and all of their respective vantage points,
wind, solar, and noise patterns, as well as topographical
Fg. 97.1 attributes of the site. What came of this was the
realization that I was overcomplicating what to focus
on. Though all of these influences are important and
need to be addressed, I decided to take step back and
pinpoint what was essential to my idea and inspiration.

Initially, I was apprehensive to focus my energy on

solar impact because of the orientation of the site.
To fully take advantage of the sun in relation to the
exhibition space, I knew that the direction of the hall
would need to run on a North-South axis in order to
provide the hall with optimal sun exposure throughout
Fg. 97.2 the day. The issue with this is that the site runs on a
Northwest-Southeast axis, meaning the exhibition hall
would need to cut diagonally accross the site entire site.

97
Ultimately, this design dilemma strengthened my
idea of creating an exhibition hall that is integrated
with the rest of the building, yet unique because of
design/orientation. The entirety of the exhibition
hall and parts of the archival library and communal
lobby run along the North-South axis, leaving
the rest of the utilitarian structure to be in unison
with the Northwest-Southeast axis of the site.

With the exception of the exhibition hall, all major

facades run adjacent to the sites boundaries.
The facade that will be best known to the public
is the northeast facade facing Cedar Springs
Road. This facade is unique in that it shows the
relationship between the North-South exhibition hall
and the Northwest-Southeast utilitarian structure.

Careful consideration was given to the overall

height of the building. Not to become oversized for
the site, the majority of the structure reaches no
more than 2-stories, similar to that of surrounding
buildings. One area that breaks this convention
is the exhibition hall, which reaches to a height
of 33 feet- not overpowering the presence of the
site, but still giving honor to the exhibition hall.

98
Response to
Theoretical
Premise
Throughout the entire design process, I consistently
thought back to the use of didacticism in monumental
architecture. My goal was to use architectural
didacticism in a nuanced way that would carry the
same principles as the monumental achievements, but
employ them in a way that was less intimidating. I found
that this goal was a tough issue to tackle, given the shear
monumentality of projects that engage didacticism.
I decided to focus primarily on the progression of
spaces as an inhabitant would experience them.
What could happen as an occupant moved through
the various spaces that would subtly portray the
message I wished to convey? What materials could
I use? How could I use them? These questions
were answered as the semester progressed.
The ceremonial procession of spaces begins
immediately once the occupant enters the site. The
natural path leading into the structure is seemingly
hindered by a transparent wall. The occupant must
then shift paths and enter the building through a set of
unassuming side doors. Upon entering the building, the
occupant is greeted with a vista of the archival library that
sits immediately beyond a central courtyard. The path
by which the occupant is to take is hindered yet again.
These hinderances throughout the building are meant
to parallel the struggle that LGBT citizens experience
daily in regards to rights and privilege inequality. Just
as LGBT citizens can view the rights that are offered
to others but are denied based on orientation, views of
various spaces are offered, but direct access is denied.
Realized in the center’s lobby is a component which
seems to be eskew and cut-off completely from all
surrounding spaces. This space, the exhibition hall,
has been intentionally left apart from all other spaces.
Access into the exhibition hall is limited to a bridge that
spans over a downward staircase leading to the base
level of the central courtyard. All other walls adjoining
the exhibition space are left to deny direct accessibility.
What becomes realized is that these hinderances are
completely an illusion. Each hinderance except for the
courtyard curtain walls, are pivoting doors.The wall
which hinders direct access into the building is a wall
of doors that, when opened, offer direct access into the
building. These doors are again utilized in the walls
separating the exhibition hall from the rest of the strucure.
Once opened, the ground level spaces are completely
accessible to one another. This was meant to parallel the
day when all rights and privileges are offered to LGBT
citizens- hinderances that are shifted to allow access.
The second most important space in the center is
the central courtyard which hinders all movement
throughout the structure. Whether the occupant wishes
to access the archival library, exhibition space or
educational facilites located on the lower level, indirect
paths must be taken in order to achieve such goals. The
central courtyard is found as a void in building circulation
but also in the ground itself. The base level of the
courtyard is located beneath ground-level, symbolizing
this great void in society for which LGBT citizens must
endure. It is a space that is unadorned, devoid of
decoration and utilitarian purpose. This space is deep
and lonely- separating an occupant from their goal.
102
 Digital
Presentation
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