MSPG@LSPLCG \ VREBGBLDL@G@
IGSM 0> @LSC]SLÓH
 

D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR CC :6=3<262

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^ CC 7676223<69
 N]GH VGBDE
VGBDE VMRM^ CC 76=
76=3=72=66
3=72=66
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS
CERPMS RLHCEH CC :673;70; 
:673;70; 
Omvlh Kmevghhy Perrms Jmrrmrg 767=090:9:
 Heabrm `md mstu`lghtm

Krupe> 7=
 

Puter>
Dldlghg Kgrclg
 

]HLYMRSL@G@ HGCLEHGD GBLMRPG \ G @LSPGHCLG (]HG@)

MSC]MDG @M CLMHCLGS BGSLCGS, PMCHEDEKLG M LHKMHMRLG (MCBPL)
VMRLE@E 79-60
2626
  
 
 

 Mnmrclcle 7> Cg`g mstu`lghtm mdmklrç uhe `m des slkulmhtms cehcmptes (slh rmpmtlr) y pubdlcgrç mh md

 Mstu`lghtm Cehcmptes

 Ogtjmrlhm Kehzgdmz   @lstrlbuclóh Blhealgd 

 
  Mstu`lghtm 2 @lstrlbuclóh `m Velsseh.

 Nugh Vgbde Vìrmz @lstrlbuclóh jlpmrkmeaìtrlcg.

 

 Nerkm Mhrlqum Vlhzóh @lstrlbuclóh heragd.

 Mstu`lghtm = @lstrlbuclóh uhlieram cehtlhug.

 

  ere dg mdmcclóh y pestmrleramhtm dg `milhlclóh.

 @milhlclehms

]hg `lstrlbuclóh blhealgd ms uhg `lstrlbuclóh `m prebgbldl`g` `lscrmtg qum `mscrlbm md

hþamre `m ìxltes gd rmgdlzgr h mxpmrlamhtes lh`mpmh`lmhtms mhtrm sá, gcmrcg `m uhg
vgrlgbdm gdmgterlg.

 Mxlstmh uhg krgh `lvmrsl`g` `m mxpmrlamhtes e sucmses qum pum`mh smr cgrgctmrlzg`es bgne
mstg `lstrlbuclóh `m prebgbldl`g`. Lagklhmaes md dghzgalmhte `m uhg aehm`g mh md qum
`milhlaes md sucmse —sgcgr cgrg‑ ceae md ìxlte. Sl dghzgaes = vmcms dg aehm`g y
cehtgaes des ìxltes (sgcgr cgrg) qum ebtmhmaes, humstrg `lstrlbuclóh `m prebgbldl`g`ms sm
gnustgrág g uhg `lstrlbuclóh blhealgd.

 Ver de tghte, dg `lstrlbuclóh blhealgd sm mhtlmh`m ceae uhg smrlm `m prumbgs e mhsgyes mh
dg qum sede pe`maes tmhmr 2 rmsudtg`es (ìxlte e irgcgse), slmh`e md ìxlte humstrg vgrlgbdm
gdmgterlg.
 

 prlhclpgdms gpdlcgclehms jgcmh rmimrmhclg g dg ae`mdlzgclóh

ae`mdlzgclóh `m sltugclehms mh dgs qum hes
lhtmrmsg `mtmralhgr md hþamre `m jmcjes `m clmrte tlpe qum sm pum`mh pre`uclr mh uh
lhtmrvgde `m tlmape e `m mspgcle, bgne prmsupumstes `m gdmgterlm`g` y clmrtgs
clrcuhstghclgs rmstrlctlvgs. Etre `m sus uses irmcumhtms ms dg cehsl`mrgclóh dáaltm `m
 precmses `lcetóalces rmltmrg`es uh krgh hþamre `m vmcms sl dg prebgbldl`g`
prebgbldl`g` `m ebtmhmr uh
ìxlte ms auy pmqum÷g.
 Mstg `lstrlbuclóh sm pum`m jgcmr `mrlvgr `m uh precmse mxpmrlamhtgd `m ebsmrvgclóh mh md
qum tmhkgaes dgs slkulmhtms cgrgctmrástlcgs.

Sm ebsmrvg dg rmgdlzgclóh `m jmcjes `m clmrte tlpe `urghtm uh clmrte pmrle`e `m tlmape e g

de dgrke `m uh mspgcle `m ebsmrvgclóh
 Des jmcjes g ebsmrvgr tlmhmh hgturgdmzg gdmgterlg? pum`mh pre`uclrsm e he `m uhg aghmrg
he `mtmralhástlcg.
 Dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum sm pre`uzcgh uh hþamre x `m ìxltes mh uh lhtmrvgde `m gapdltu` t
he `mpmh`m `md erlkmh `md lhtmrvgde (Guhqum, sá `m su gapdltu`)
 Dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum ecurrg uh jmcje mh uh lhtmrvgde lhilhltìslae ms prçctlcgamhtm
 preperclehgd g dg gapdltu` `md lhtmrvgde.
 Dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum sm pre`uzcgh 2 e açs jmcjes mh uh lhtmrvgde lhilhltìslae ms uh
lhilhltìslae `m er`mh supmrler g `es.
 Mh cehsmcumhclg, mh uh lhtmrvgde lhilhltìslae pe`rçh pre`uclrsm E ó 7 jmcje, pmre huhcg
açs `m uhe

Sl mh mstgs clrcuhstghclgs gdmgterlzgaes `m ierag qum dg vgrlgbdm gdmgterlg Z slkhlilqum e

`mslkhm md "hþamre `m jmcjes qum sm pre`ucmh mh uh lhtmrvgde `m tlmape e `m mspgcle", dg
vgrlgbdm Z sm `lstrlbuym ceh uhg `lstrlbuclóh `m pgrçamtre d. Gsá>
 Md pgrçamtre `m dg `lstrlbuclóh ms, mh prlhclple,
prlhclple, md igcter `m preperclehgdl`g` pgrg dg
 prebgbldl`g` `m uh jmcje mh uh lhtmrvgde lhilhltìslae. Sm dm sumdm `mslkhgr
`mslkhgr ceae
 pgrçamtre `m lhtmhsl`g`, guhqum açs tgr`m vmrmaes qum sm cerrmspeh`m ceh md hþamre
am`le `m jmcjes qum cgbm
cgb m mspmrgr qum sm pre`uzcgh mh uh lhtmrvgde uhltgrle (am`lg `m dg
`lstrlbuclóh)? y qum tgablìh celhcl`m ceh dg vgrlghzg `m dg `lstrlbuclóh.
  Ver etre dg`e, ms mvl`mhtm qum sm trgtg `m uh ae`mde `lscrmte y qum md cgape `m

Dg `lstrlbuclóh jlpmrkmeaìtrlcg ms uhg `lstrlbuclóh `lscrmtg rmdgclehg`g ceh

aumstrmes gdmgterles y slh rmmapdgze yg qum ae`mdg md hþamre `m mvmhtes mh
uhg aumstrg `m tgag÷e ilne cugh`e ustm` cehecm md hþamre tetgd `m mdmamhtes mh
dg pebdgclóh `m dg cugd prevlmhm dg aumstrg. Cg`g mdmamhte `m dg aumstrg tlmhm
`es rmsudtg`es peslbdms (ms uh mvmhte e uh he mvmhte). Dgs aumstrgs he tlmhmh
rmmapdgze, per de qum cg`g mdmamhte `m dg aumstrg ms `limrmhtm. Cugh`e sm mdlkm
uh mdmamhte `m dg pebdgclóh, he sm pum`m vedvmr g mdmklr. Ver de tghte, dg
prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh mdmamhte smg smdmcclehg`e guamhtg ceh cg`g mhsgye,
 prmsupehlmh`e qum gþh he jgyg sl`e smdmcclehg`e
Dg `lstrlbuclóh jlpmrkmeaìtrlcg sm `milhm per 3 pgrçamtres> tgag÷e `m dg
pebdgclóh, cehtme `m mvmhtes mh dg pebdgclóh y tgag÷e `m dg aumstrg

 Dg `lstrlbuclóh heragd g`gptg uhg vgrlgbdm gdmgterlg g uhg iuhclóh qum `mpmh`m `m dg
am`lg y `m dg `msvlgclóh mstçh`gr.
 Dg `lstrlbuclóh ms slamtrlcg y uhlae`gd, des
des vgderms qum seh ags irmcumhtms e qum tlmhmh
açs prebgbldl`g` `m gpgrmcmr mstçh gdrm`m`er `m dg am`lg.

dg `lstrlbuclóh uhlieram cehtlhug ms uhg igaldlg `m `lstrlbuclehms `m prebgbldl`g` pgrg

vgrlgbdms gdmgterlgs cehtlhugs, tgdms qum pgrg cg`g almabre `m dg igaldlg, te`es des
lhtmrvgdes `m lkugd dehkltu` mh dg `lstrlbuclóh mh su rghke seh lkugdamhtm prebgbdms.
prebgb dms. Md
`ealhle mstç `milhl`e per `es pgrçamtres, g y b, qum seh sus vgderms aáhlae y açxlae
 

Krgilcg
 

Mnmr
Mnmrcl
clcl
cle
e 2>
2> Cg`
Cg`g
g mst
mstu`
u`lg
lght
htm
m mdm
mdmkl
klrç
rç uh huam
huamrg
rgdd ((sl
slh
h rmp
rmpmt
mtlr
lr)) y pg
pgrg
rg te
te`e
`es
s ddes
es pd
pdgh
ghtm
tmg
g
@mbm aghlimstgr su mdmcclóh mh md iere y pestmrleramhtm md `msgrredde `md huamrgd g

Mstu`lghtm
D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^ 

 N]GH VGBDE VMRM^ 

 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS

OMYLH PERRMS

Vdghtmgalmhte 7. Supehkg
Supeh kg qum
qum dg
dg vgr
vgrlg
lgbd
bdm
m @BE
@BE tl
tlmh
mhm
m uh prea
pream`
m`le
le `m
`m 9 ak/d
ak/d.. Cehs
Cehstt
rmspeh`g dgs slkulmhtms prmkuhtgs>

7 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m
` m qum md vgder smg mxgctgamht
mxgctgamhtm
m :5
D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR Rmspumstg V(x 1 :) 1

2 µWuì prebgbldl`g` jgy `m qum sgdkgh g de suae 95

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^  Rmspumstg V(6)+V(7)+V(2)+V(3)+V(0)+V(=)+V(9) 1
V(6)+V(7)+V(2)+V(3)+V(0)+V(=)+V(9)

3 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum g de açs 25

N]GH VGBDE VMRM^  Rmspumstg V(7)+V(2) 1

0 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum gd amhes smg <5

 GDMNGH@RE
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS  Rmspumstg V(x ≭ <) 1
 

= µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum smgh açs `m 35

OMYLH PERRMS  Rmspumstg V(x 8 3) 1

Vdghtmgalmhte 2. Supeh
Supehkg
kg qu
qum
m ddg
g vgr
vgrlg
lgbd
bdm
m Krg
Krgsgs
sgs y Gcm
Gcmlt
ltms
ms sm `lst
`lstrl
rlbu
buym
ym he
hera
ragd
gda
a

7 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg agyer qum 35

D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR Rmspumstg V(x 8 3) 1

2 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg agyer qum 25

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^  Rmspumstg V(x 8 2) 1

3 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg amher qum 7,=5

N]GH VGBDE VMRM^  Rmspumstg V(x 4 7,=) 1

0 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder sm mhcumhtrm mhtrm 7 y 2,=5

 GDMNGH@RE
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS  Rmspumstg V(7 4 x 4 2,=) 1

= µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg amher qum 35

OMYLH PERRMS  Rmspumstg V(x 4 3) 1

Vdghtmgalmhte 3. Supehkg qum dg prebgbldl`g` `m gcmptgclóh pgrg dg vgrlgbdm @BE

gpdlcgh`e dg `lstrlbuclóh Blhealgd y rmspeh`g dgs slkulmhtms prmku

7 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m
` m qum md vgder smg mxgctgamht
mxgctgamhtm
m :5
D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR Rmspumstg V(x 1 :) 1

2 µWuì prebgbldl`g` jgy `m qum sgdkgh g de suae 95

 

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^  Rmspumstg V(6)+V(7)+V(2)+V(3)+V(0)+V(=)+V(9)

V(6)+V(7)+V(2)+V(3)+V(0)+V(=)+V(9) 1

3 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum g de açs 25

N]GH VGBDE VMRM^  Rmspumstg V(7)+V(2) 1

0 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum gd amhes smg <5

 GDMNGH@RE
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS  Rmspumstg V(x ≭ <) 1

= µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum smgh açs `m 35

OMYLH PERRMS  Rmspumstg V(x 8 3) 1

Vdghtmgalmhte 0. Supehk
ehkg qu
qum ddg
g vg
vgrlgbdm Kr
Krgsgs y Gc
Gcmltms tltlmhm `lstrlbuc
buclóh u
uh
hlier

7 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg agyer qum 35

D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR Rmspumstg V(x 8 3) 1

2 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg agyer qum 25

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^  Rmspumstg V(x 8 2) 1

3 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg amher qum 7,=5

N]GH VGBDE VMRM^  Rmspumstg V(x 4 7,=) 1

0 µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder sm mhcumhtrm mhtrm 7 y 2,=5

 GDMNGH@RE
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS  Rmspumstg V(7 4 1x 41 2,=) 1

= µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum uh vgder smg amher qum 35

OMYLH PERRMS  Rmspumstg V(x 4 3) 1

Vdghtmgalmhte =.
Sm mvl`mhc
mvl`mhclg
lg um gd uhgs am`lclehms
am`lclehms ebtmhl`gs
ebtmhl`gs grg dg vgrlgb
vgrlgbdm
dm
 

 
qum `m =6 am`lclehms
am`lclehms pgrg
pgrg dg vgrlgbdm
vgrlgbdm @BE sm mhcumhtrg
mhcumhtrg qum jg

7 Sl sm sgcgh `m ierag gdmgterlg ; `gtes. µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum 3

D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR Rmspumstg h 1 ;? s 1 3

2 Sl sm sgcgh `m ierag gdmgterlg 76 `gtes. µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum

OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^  Rmspumstg h 1 76? s 1 0

3 Sl sm sgcgh `m ierag gdmgterlg 2; `gtes. µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum

N]GH VGBDE VMRM^  Rmspumstg h 1 2;? s 1 73

0 Sl sm sgcgh `m ierag gdmgterlg 2< `gtes. µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum

 GDMNGH@RE
 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS  Rmspumstg h 1 2<? s 17=

= Sl sm sgcgh `m ierag gdmgterlg 7< `gtes. µCuçd ms dg prebgbldl`g` `m qum

OMYLH PERRMS  Rmspumstg h 1 7<? s 1 7;
 

almhtes `g`es g cehtlhugclóh rmsedvmrç md alsae huamrgd.

cg`g uhe `m des pdghtmgalmhtes.

Rmspehsgbdm
Hþamrgd 7
Hþamrgd 2
Hþamrgd 3
Hþamrgd 0

Hþamrgd =

  ruyg uhg tgbdg `m `lstrlbuclóh `m Velsseh pgrg o mhtrm 6 y 76 y

½ 1 9
76.329% Rmsudtg`es (x) V(x) VELSSEH.@LSP(x?am`lg?Igdse)

6 6.20;<%
7 7.0:;3%
96. 936% 2 0.097:%
3 :.<23=%
0 73.3:=3%
=. <0<% = 79.6923%
9 79.6923%
; 73.;9;;%
77. 670% : 76.32=:%
< 9.::3:%
 

76 0.7363%
:6.97:%
°+suag

htm. Cgdcudm dgs slkulmhtms prebgbldl`g`ms>

=<% V(x43) 1 07% Am`lg 1 3.2;6 @LSPR.HERA.H(x?a

@msvlgclóh 1 7.72=
Z1 3
:;% V(x42) 1 73% Am`lg 1 3.2;6
@msvlgclóh 1 7.72=
Z1 2
=.;:% =. ;:% Am`lg 1 3.2;6
@msvlgclóh 1 7.72=
Z4 7.=
22.=6% V(x412,=) 1 20. 9:% Am`lg 1 3.2;6
V(x417) 1 2. 7:% @msvlgclóh 1 7.72=
Z4 2.=
Z4 7

07% V(x43)1 07% Am`lg 1 3.2;6

@msvlgclóh 1 7.72=
x4 3

  smg `m =3%. Cehstruyg uhg tgbdg ceh vgderms mhtrm md 6 y 76

htgs>

9.7<%
Rmsudtg`es (x) V(x) @LSPR.BLHEA.H(x?h?p?Igdse)
6 6.6=%
 

=0. ;0% 7 6.=<% h1 76

2 3.67%  p 1 6.=3
3 <.6=%
3. 96% 0 7;.:9%

= 20.7;%
9 22.;7%
<<. :3% ; 70.90%
: 9.7<%
< 7.==%
<9. 30% 76 6.7;%

  amamhtm cehtlhug. Cgdcudm dgs slkulmhtms prebgbldl`g`ms>

ALH1 6. 22 x1 3
AGZ1 9. 60 x1 2
=2.23% V(x43) 1 0;.;;% 7)

9<.02% V(x42) 1 36.=:%

27. <<3% 7.= 27.<<3%

2=. ;;% 2.= b-g

7 =. :2
x
7

  BE sm mhcumht
mhcumhtrgh
rgh er iumrg
iumrg `m des vgderms
vgderms mraltl
mraltl`es.
`es. Su eh g
 

D]LS KGBRLMD GK]LDGR

`m mddes mstìh `mhtre `m des hlvmdms pmraltl`es5 H1 =6
7:.<7% S1 73
h1 ;
  `m mddes mstìh `mhtre `m des hlvmdms pmraltl`es5 s1 3
79.7:% @LSPR.JLVMRKMEA.H(s?h?S?H?IGDSE)

  73 `m mddes mstìh `mhtre `m des hlvmdms pmraltl`es5 OGPJMRLHM KEH^GDM^

6.67% H1 =6
S1 73

  7= `m mddes 6.66%
mstìh `mhtre `m des hlvmdms pmraltl`es5 h1
s1
76
0
@LSPR.JLVMRKMEA.H(s?h?S?H?IGDSE)
  7; `m mddes mstìh `mhtre `m des hlvmdms pmraltl`es5
6.66% N]GH VGBDE VMRM^
H1 =6
S1 73
h1 2;
s1 73
@LSPR.JLVMRKMEA.H(s?h?S?H?IGDSE)

 GDMNGH@RE CERPMS
CERPMS
H1 =6
S1 73
h1 2<
s1 7=
@LSPR.JLVMRKMEA.H(s?h?S?H?IGDSE)

OMYLH PERRMS
H1 =6
S1 73
h1 7<
s1 7;
 

@LSPR.JLVMRKMEA.H(s?h?S?H?IGDSE)
 

`lg?@msv?Ymr`g`mre)
 

2)

`
 

Mnmrclcle 3> Pmhlmh`e mh cumhtg des rmsudtg`es

vgrlgbdm @BE y uhg prepumstg `m seduclóh.

Ms uhg am`l`g `m
`m dg
dg cg
cghtl
@BE uhg pebdgclóh alcreblghg
ble`mkrg`gbdm mh = `ágs.

Supehkg qum dg vgrlgbdm

Vdghtmgalmhte 7.
slkulmhtms prmkuhtgs>

Vdghtmgalmhte 3. Supehkg qum dg prebgbldl

`lstrlbuclóh Blhealgd y rm

Cehcduslehms>
 

 ebtmhl`es
 ebtmhl`es mh des pd
pdghtmgalm
ghtmgalmhtes
htes 7 y 3, md krupe `mbm prm
prmsmhtgr
smhtgr u
uh
h
 `g` `m
`m exlkmhe
exlkmhe rmqumrl`
rmqumrl`e
e pgrg
pgrg `mkrg`
`mkrg`gr
gr dg agtmrl
agtmrlg
g erkçhl
erkçhlcg
cg `m uhg aumst
aumstrg
rg `m gk
jmtmrekì
jmtm rekìhmg.
hmg. Dg lhiera
lhieragcl
gclóh
óh ebtmhl
ebtmhl`g
`g mh dg
dg prumbg
prumbg cerrm
cerrmspe
speh`m
h`m g ddg
g agtmrlg
agtmrlg erkçh
erkçh
u vgder açxlae pmralslbdm ms 266 ak/d.

  BE tlmhm
tlmhm uh pream`l
pream`le
e `m 9 ak/d
ak/d.. Cehst
Cehstruyg
ruyg uhg tgbdg
tgbdg `m `lstrlb
`lstrlbucl
uclóh
óh `m Velsse
Velsseh
hp

g` `m gcmptg
gcmptgcló
clóh
h pgrg dg
dg vgrlgbdm
vgrlgbdm @BE
@BE smg
smg `m =3%.
=3%. Cehstruy
Cehstruyg
g uhg tgbdg
tgbdg ceh
ceh vgder
vgder
peh`g dgs slkulmhtms prmkuhtgs>
 

  cehcduslóh pgrg dg

g, per am`le `m
lcg

rg o mhtrm 6 y 76 y rmspeh`g dgs

s mhtrm md 6 y 76 gpdlcgh`e dg
 

Mnmrclcle 0> Pmhlmh`e mh cumhtg des rmsudtg`es

vgrlgbdm Krgsgs y Gcmltms y uhg prepumstg `m s

Mh dg `mtmralhgclóh `m kr
KRGSGS \ GCMLPMS (sedubldl`g`) suscmptlbdms
 ngbehms, jl`recgrbures y

Supehk
Vdghtmgalmhte 2.

Vdghtmgalmhte 0 Supe
Supehk
hkg
g qum
qum d

Cehcduslehms>
 

ebtmhl`es mh ddes
ebtmhl`es es pdghtmgalmh
pdghtmgalmhtes
tes 2 y 0, md krupe `
`mbm
mbm prmsmhtgr
prmsmhtgr u
uh
h
educlóh.
  gsgs y gcmltms sm al`m uh krupe `m sustghclgs ceh uhgs alsags cgrgctmrástlcgs ilsl
`m `lsedvmrs
`lsedvmrsm
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