Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Handbook

Chiang Kai Shek College
Scout Center
Scout Handbook
(for Boy Scouts)
Prepared and Edited By:

Kervin Clyde C. Go
George O. TanlimCo Jr.
First Edition, 2003

Second Edition, 2007
Third Edition, 2008
Fourth Edition, 2010
Fifth Edition, 2013
NAME: ____________________________
UNIT: _________
2 Scout Handbook for Boy Scouts
Foreword

This Scout Handbook is published to help and guide all Scouts in the
different scout skills required in the advancement system by covering the
topics included in the Junior and Senior Boy Scouting Advancement Rank
Testcards. However, it does not cover all of the information needed in the
advancement scheme. Only the theoretical part and the most important points
of the topics covered are discussed here.
It is recommended to all Scouts not to memorize the topics completely

or to rely solely on this handbook in taking their advancement. It is advisable
to read, understand, and analyze the subject. Further research on their own
is likewise encouraged to learn as much as they can on the subject matter.
Do note that the contents of this handbook may not remain valid over
time, depending on new rulings or resolutions passed by the appropriate
governing bodies as well as new discoveries and developments on certain
skills.
Table of Contents
Tenderfoot Rank / Membership Rank pages 3 - 8
Second Class Rank / Explorer Rank pages 9 - 19
First Class Rank / Pathfinder Rank pages 19 - 31

Outdoorsman Rank pages 31 - 53
Merit Badge Requirement Guidelines pages 54 - 55

Scout Handbook for Boy Scouts 3
Tenderfoot Rank / Membership Rank

Scout Ideals
SCOUT OATH
On my honor, I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country, the Republic of the
Philippines, and to obey the Scout Law; to help other people at all times; to keep myself
physically strong, mentally awake, and morally straight.
SCOUT LAW
A Scout is…
Trustworthy, Loyal, Helpful, Friendly, Courteous, Kind, Obedient, Cheerful, Thrifty,
Brave, Clean, and Reverent.
Note: There is only one (1) Scout Law with twelve (12) important points.
SCOUT MOTTO
“Laging Handa” or “Be Prepared”
SCOUT SLOGAN
Junior Boy Scouts: “Do a Good Turn Daily”
Senior Boy Scouts: “Do a Good Turn Daily” and “Once a Scout, Always a Scout”
SCOUT SPIRIT
The SCOUT SPIRIT is living everyday according to the Scout Oath and Law.
SCOUT SIGN
To properly execute the Scout Sign, the right forearm must form
a right angle (90 degrees) with the upper arm, which is horizontally in line
with the shoulder.
Uses of the Scout Sign:
1. Used while reciting the Scout Oath and Law and the Pledge of Allegiance
2. Used to greet a fellow Scout
3. Used as a sign to keep quiet or silent
Meaning of the Scout Sign:
1. The three fingers pointing upward represent the 3 Duties of a Scout: duty to God and
country (middle finger), duty to others (ring or rightmost finger), and duty to self (first or
leftmost finger).
2. The thumb and the little finger, separately, represent the 2 Objectives of Scouting:
Character Building and Citizenship Training.
3. The thumb and the little finger, joined together, represent World Brotherhood.
SCOUT SALUTE
The angle formed in executing the Scout Salute is 45 degrees.
The forefinger touches the edge of your right eyebrow. If you are wearing
eyeglasses or a hat, the forefinger touches the right edge of the frame or
the brim respectively.
Uses of the Scout Salute:
1. Used to show respect to the Philippine Flag and the National Anthem when in uniform
2. Used as a sign or act of respect and courtesy to fellow Scouts and Scouters
SCOUT HANDSHAKE
The Scout Handshake is used to recognize and greet fellow Scouts. It is done with
the Left Hand. When our founder, Baden Powell, entered the capital city of the Ashanti
people in 1890, he was met by one of the chiefs who came to him holding
out his left hand. BP held out his right hand in return but the Chief said,
“No. In my country, the bravest of the brave shake with the left hand.” The
Chief transferred his shield, which he carried with his left hand, to his right,
which held his spear, and offered his left hand as a sign of friendship. The
Chief told BP that by offering his left hand, which was traditionally used to hold a shield,
he was expressing his trust to his enemy or friend for without the shield for protection, he
was open to attack. So began the “left handshake” of the worldwide brotherhood of Scouts.
Another reason the handshake is done with the left hand is because the apex of the heart
points to the left.
SCOUT DAY
The Scout Day is on February 22, 1857, the day when our founder, Sir Lord Lt.-Gen.
Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden Powell, was born.
SCOUT BADGE
Symbolisms: White 3 Points
The 3 points of the Trefoil represent the 3 Duties of
Blue
a Scout: duty to God and country, duty to others, and
duty to self. Red
The 3 stars represent Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
They also represent the Foundations of Scout Citizenship:
Truth, Faith, and Knowledge.
The sun represents Liberty and Freedom.
The color Red stands for Courage, Bravery, Heroism, Scroll
and the blood of those who died for our country. Single Band
The color Blue represents high political purposes Overhand Knot
and noble ideas.
The color White represents Peace and Purity.
The 8 rays of the sun represent the first 8 provinces that fought against the
Spanish rule: Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Batangas, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Cavite,
and Laguna.
The Single Band in the trefoil represents World Brotherhood.
The Scroll below the trefoil is like the mouth of a smiling Scout, which shows that a
Scout is cheerful. The Scout Motto, LAGING HANDA, is written on the scroll.
The Overhand Knot tied at the bottom of the scroll represents our SCOUT SLOGAN:
Do a Good Turn Daily.
SCOUT UNIFORM
The Scout Uniform identifies a person as a member of the Scout Movement and
as a man of character, ready for service to others. It also symbolizes unity of purpose and
preparedness for outdoor life. The type-A uniform is considered as formal attire. The ONLY
WAY TO WEAR the Scout Uniform is the CORRECT WAY.
Carabao Slide
Neckerchief Type-A Polo
Council Strip Institutional Strip
Troop/Outfit Number
Temporary Patch
Senior Scout Medallion (6 months for National events,
(for Senior Scouts only) 1 year for International events)
Advancement
Position Badge
Rank Patch
Philippine Flag Name Cloth
BSP Strip World Scout
Membership Badge Badge
Khaki Belt
(w/ BSP Buckle)
TYPE-A – complete Scout
Uniform from head to foot, and worn
with black leather shoes together with
Short Pants (for Juniors)
black socks for long pants or Scout
Long Pants (for Seniors)
stockings for short pants
TYPE-B – Scout Uniform with-
out the Scout polo shirt, only the Scout stockings (for Juniors)
CKSC Scout T-shirt with neckerchief Black Socks (for Seniors)
for the upper body
TYPE-C – Civilian Uniform Black Shoes (low cut
TYPE-M – CKSC Scout T-shirt leather or rubber shoes)
with neckerchief, maong pants, and
rubber shoes
SCOUT NECKERCHIEF
The Neckerchief is one part of the Scout Uniform that is used all over the world.
Uses of the Neckerchief:
1. Bandage or tourniquet for emergency first aid purposes
2. Protection of the head from the heat of the sun
3. Muffler or protection of the neck from the coldness of the night
4. Improvised signaling flags
5. Temporary binder, bag, or wrapper
6. Temporary rope by using a series of neckerchiefs
7. Recognition that you are a Scout
Scout Citizenship
PANUNUMPA NG KATAPATAN SA WATAWAT NG PILIPINAS
Ako ay Pilipino, buong katapatang nanunumpa sa watawat ng Pilipinas, at sa bansang
kanyang sinasagisag, na may dangal, katarungan at kalayaan, na pinakikilos ng samba-
yanang Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa
Scout Center Traditions
SCOUT CENTER HISTORY
The first Boy Scout troop of Chiang Kai Shek College was organized in 1950, eleven
years after the founding of Chiang Kai Shek High School (1939). This was made possible
through the collaboration of three Scoutmasters, the late Scouters Go Chong Bok and Tam
Kim Po, and the former College Vice President, Professor Lim Giok Khun. The Scout
unit, Troop 3810, was chartered under the Philippines Council, Boy Scouts of China. After
the promulgation of Presidential Decree 176 by President Ferdinand E. Marcos in June
1973, the Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Center formalized its registration status with the
Boy Scouts of the Philippines.
Over the years, the movement has grown not only in membership, but also in the
variety of activities it offers its members. It has become one of the pioneering schools known
not only for academic and sports excellence, but also for being an outstanding institution
in the Scouting community. From a fledgling Scout unit with less than twenty members in
1950, today, the CKSC Scouting family is proud to have an elite membership of nearly 300
young boys and girls in its roster. It has members in different Scouting sections catering
to youth of all ages – KID, KAB, Boy, and Senior Scouting for boys; Twinkler, Star, Junior,
Senior, and Cadet Scouting for girls; and Rover Scouting for young men and women.
Students from other Filipino-Chinese schools have have also joined the CKSC scout
troops. Under the leadership of College President and concurrent Institutional Head, Dr. Dory
Poa, and with the collective effort and dedication brought forth by its youthful Scout lead-
ers, the Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Center has become one of the premiere Scouting
institutions not only in the Filipino-Chinese community, but also all over the country. Attesting
to this is the fact that many Scouting coordinators and Scout leaders handling troops in dif-
ferent Filipino-Chinese schools trace their roots in Scouting from Chiang Kai Shek College.
To date, the Scout Center has had a total of six Scouting Coordinators, each of
whom had made their own outstanding contribution to the development of the Scout Center.
The following Scouting Coordinators are written in chronological order: Go Chong Bok, Lim
Giok Khun, Antonio Burtizon, Marcos Tan, George Riosa, and currently Judelio L. Yap.
SCOUT CENTER VISION

The Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Center envisions itself as the best educational
organization in Scouting that produces Scouts with a strong sense of responsibility and
service guided by the virtues of the Scout Oath and Law.
SCOUT CENTER MISSION

The Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Center is committed to its mission
• To provide Scouts with a safe, nurturing, and fun environment that enables
learning by doing.
• To enable Scouts with basic life skills that build character and citizenship to his/
her surroundings.
• To nurture the value of self-advancement in order to exhibit the Scouting out-
come of “Be Prepared”.
SCOUT CENTER CORE VALUES
All Scouts of Chiang Kai Shek College are expected to exhibit and practice the fol-
lowing values:
Advancement
Service
Camaraderie
SCOUT CENTER IDENTITY

The Scouts of Chiang Kai Shek College live a life guided by the Scout Oath/Promise
and Law. In addition, their actions are geared towards reflecting the theme of the group,
which is “CKSC Scouting... the best there is, the best there was, and the best there
ever will be!”
SCOUT CENTER OBJECTIVES

Officers and members of the Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Center are expected
to
1. Participate in activities that promote responsible citizenship and leadership.
2. Organize activities that promote the moral and spiritual upliftment of the com-
munity.
3. Organize activities that promote desirable Filipino customs and traditions.
4. Practice desirable social, cultural, moral and spiritual values.
5. Render service during school and community activities as well as during emer-
gencies.
6. Make wise choices and good decisions, and accept responsibility for them.
7. Show love and respect for his family and persons of authority in the community.
8. Participate in various activities to promote internalization of values.
9. Engage in hobbies and practical skills that lead to profitable sources of livelihood.
10. Join outdoor activities that develop physical fitness, skills for self-reliance, and
resourcefulness.
11. Communicate with other Scouts to promote world brotherhood.
12. Undertake activities that foster brotherhood within the immediate group and
in  the community.
13. Join interesting and meaningful activities that satisfy his needs and nurture
his  capabilities for hiking, camping, and other Scouting activities.
14. Participate in nature conservation, environmental hygiene, preservation of the
natural resources of our country, and other community service projects. Show love for God
by loving and taking care of His creations.
15. Organize environmental development projects in cooperation with youth groups
and other agencies in the community.
The 8 Basic Knots

Overhand Knot
Also known as THUMB knot, it is a stopper knot for thick ropes tied at both
ends so as to prevent the ends from unraveling. When widened, it can be used
for lifting drums.
Clove Hitch
Also known as RATLINE Hitch, it is used to secure one end
of a rope to a post or a tree. This is also the first and last knot
in Square Lashing.
Square Knot
Also known as REEF Knot, UNIVERSAL Knot, and FIRST AID Knot,
it is used for joining two ropes of equal thickness. It is also the knot
used in tying a bandage or a tourniquet.
Sheet Bend
Also known as WEAVER’s Bend, this knot is used for joining two ropes
of unequal sizes.
Timber Hitch
Also known as LOG Hitch, this knot is used for lifting, dragging, or
moving logs or similar objects. It is also used with a heavy stone as
an improvised anchor. This knot is used to start a Diagonal Lashing.
Two Half Hitch
It is used to secure one end of a rope to a post or a tree and is
easily adjustable. It is also used to tie a clothesline.
Bowline Knot
Also known as RESCUE Knot, it is the basic rescuing knot. It can be tied
around your waist or be used to pull up a person from a cliff, well, etc.
Sheepshank
Used to shorten and strenghten a rope without cutting it. It
is easy to untie.
Advance Knots
Figure of 8 Knot
It is a stopper knot for thinner ropes or strings. It is also tied at both ends of
a rope to prevent the ends from unraveling.
Dogshank
It is also used to shorten a rope without cutting but it prevents
a Sheepshank from slipping.
Second Class Rank / Explorer Rank

History of Scouting
BADEN POWELL STORY
Sir Lord Lt.-Gen. Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden Powell is
the founder of the Scouting Movement, the largest youth organization
in the world. He was born on February 22, 1857 at 6 Stanhope Street
(now 11 Stanhope Terrace) Paddington, London, near London’s Hyde
Park. This day was also the 125th birth anniversary of George Wash-
ington. He belonged to a family of ten children of whom six were boys,
one was a girl, and the remaining three died during infancy (Warrington, George, Agustin,
Francis, Robert, Baden and Agnes). His father was Reverend Holy Grace Baden Powell,
a clergyman, an astronomer, and a Savillian Professor of Geometry at Oxford University
while his mother was Henrietta Grace Smyth. His father died in 1860 when BP was just 3
years old. He was usually called BP or Baden Powell. During his youth, he was often called
Stephe or Ste. His name Stephenson was derived from his godfather, the son of George
Stephenson, the railway pioneer. His great great grandfather was Captain John Smyth, one
of the colonizers of Virginia in the United States, and his grandfather was Admiral William
Smyth.
BP learned his first lessons from his mother and later studied at Rose Hill Prepara-
tory School, Turnbridge Wells, Kent where he gained a scholarship for him to be admitted
at the Charterhouse School in London, headed by Dr. William Haig Brown. He was 13 years
old at that time and was a chaplain scholar. This was where he began to exploit his interest
in boating, canoeing, hiking, trumping, woodcraft and other scoutcrafts. He graduated from
Charterhouse when he was 19 years old. After which, he took an examination at the military
in England. To the surprise of many, BP ranked second out of the 763 applicants and he was
immediately sent to Bombay, India in September 1876. At the age of 19, he was promoted
to Sub.-Lt. and to Captain at the age of 26. He became a Colonel in 1899.
Baden Powell first noticed the left handshake among the local inhabitants of Ashanti,
West Africa. One of the most remarkable wars led by BP was in South Africa where three
tribes namely Zulu, Ateista, and Makabili were at war. In just 217 days, he was able to defend
Mafeking with 2000 soldiers against 9000 enemies. The reason for his success was that
he used the sons of his soldiers as messengers and their wives and mothers as nurses.
He also earned the name IMPESA which means the “wolf that never sleeps” because BP
made the camp looked like they never slept at night. Another strategic plan he used was
the painting of a butterfly whose spots signify the enemy camps.
Baden Powell was knighted by Queen Victoria at Gilwell Park and later became
the national hero of London. BP wrote no less than 32 books. His famous books were Aids
to Scouting (1899) and Scouting for Boys (1906). The latter was requested by Queen
Elizabeth and was dedicated to Sir William Smith, the founder of the Boy’s Brigade (an or-
ganization that emphasized discipline, exercise, games, health, manliness, and reverence).
BP then started to organize the Scouting Movement. He conducted the first experi-
mental camp in Brownsea Island, Poole Harbour, Dorset, England, which was owned by
Charles Van Raalt, a friend of BP. The camp was held on July 31 to August 9, 1907 and was
participated by twenty scouts who were divided into four Patrols – Bulls, Curlews, Ravens,
and Wolves.
In 1912, at the age of 54, BP married Olave St. Claire Soames who was just 22
years old then. They had three children namely Peter, Heather, and Betty. Olave Soames,
together with BP’s sister, Agnes, founded the Girl Scouts and Girl Guides. She was declared
as the World Chief Guide.
The first International Scout Jamboree, which was participated by 8000 scouts com-
ing from 34 countries, was held in 1920 in Olympia, London. It was also in this Jamboree in
which BP was acclaimed as the Chief Scout of the World. The last camp he attended was
in Vogelenzang, Holland.
Baden Powell’s health started to deteriorate when he was 80 years old. He died on
January 8, 1941 at the age of 83, only a month before turning 84. He was buried in a simple
grave in Nyeri within sight of Mount Kenya. He was later proclaimed as the Chief Scout of
the World for both the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guide Movement.
Baden Powell came to the Philippines in 1912 on board SS Ortega. He also had a
horse named Patience.
THE CHIEF’S LAST MESSAGE

Dear Scouts:
If you have ever seen the play ‘Peter Pan’ you will remember how the pirate chief
was always making his dying speech because he was afraid that possible, when the time
came for him to die, he might not have time to get it off his chest. It is much the same with
me, and so, although I am not at this moment dying, I shall be doing so one of these days
and I want to send you a parting word of goodbye.
Remember, it is the last time you will ever hear from me, so think it over. I have
had a most happy life and I want each one of you to have a happy life too.
I believe that God put us in this jolly world to be happy and enjoy life. Happiness
does not come from being rich, nor merely being successful in your career, nor by
self-indulgence. One step towards happiness is to make yourself healthy and strong while
you are a boy, so that you can be useful and so you can enjoy life when you are a man.
Nature study will show you how full of beautiful and wonderful things God has
made the world for you to enjoy. Be contented with what you have got and make the best
of it. Look on the bright side of things instead of the gloomy one.
But the real way to get happiness is by giving out happiness to other people. Try
and leave this world a little better than you found it and when your turn comes to die, you
can die happy in feeling that at any rate you have not wasted your time but have done your
best. ‘Be Prepared’ in this way, to live happy and to die happy - stick to your Scout Promise
always - even after you have ceased to be a boy - and God help you to do it.
Your friend,
WORLD SCOUTING HISTORY
In 1909, William Dickinson Boyce, a Chicago Publisher, got lost in the cold, foggy
streets of London. He tried his best to find the address he wanted to reach until he stumbled
into a boy. The boy said, “May I be of service to you, Sir?” Mr. Boyce told the boy where he
wanted to go and the boy helped him reach the place. To thank the boy, he offered him some
coins but the boy shook his head and said, “I am sorry, Sir, I cannot accept your money, I
am a BOY SCOUT.” Mr. Boyce was very impressed, so he asked to see their leader. William
Boyce met Baden Powell and talked about Scouting for a long time. When he returned to
America, he helped organize Scouting in America. And the rest was history.
As the Scouting Movement expands, it crossed the sea with Chile as the first foreign
country to have Scouting. United States of America, Guyana and India followed later.
THE SEVEN FOUNDERS OF PHILIPPINE SCOUTING
PHILIPPINE SCOUTING HISTORY

When the Americans came to the shores of the Philippines, they introduced Scouting
to Filipinos thus forming the first troop in the Philippines, which was organized in Zamboanga
in 1914. The Troop, composed of Muslim Scouts, was called the Lorillard Spencer Troop.
The first troop in Manila, on the other hand, was founded by the Y.M.C.A.
On October 5, 1923, the Rotary Club of Manila initiated the Boy Scouts of America,
Manila Council. For many years, the Philippines was under the Boy Scouts of America until
Congressman Tomas Confessor of Ilo-Ilo sponsored a bill in Congress incorporating the
Boy Scouts of the Philippines. On October 31, 1936, President Manuel Quezon approved
Commonwealth Act #111 establishing the Boy Scouts of the Philippines with seven incor-
porators. The seven founders of Philippine Scouting, also known as the “Seven Wise Men”
or the “Magnificent Seven”, included Joseph Emil Hamilton Stevenot, Arsenio Luz, Carlos
P. Romulo, Manuel Camus, Vicente Lim, Jorge Vargas, and Gabriel Daza (the last one who
died). Josefina Llanes Escoda, on the other hand, founded the Girl Scouts of the Philippines.
On October 1, 1946, the BSP was accorded membership in the World Organization
of the Scout Movement. The first World Jamboree the Philippines joined was the 6th World
Jamboree held in Moisson, France in 1947. The first National Jamboree in the country was
held in Balara, Quezon City in April 1954 while the first World Jamboree held in Asia was the
10th World Jamboree in 1959 at Mt. Makiling, Laguna, Philippines. The 11th World Jamboree
held in Marathon, Greece on July 28, 1963 was perhaps the most tragic Jamboree ever in
which the Philippine Contingent perished in a plane crash in Bombay, India.
Panunumpa at Batas ng Iskawt
Sa ngalan ng aking dangal ay gagawin ko ang buong makakaya upang tumupad sa aking
tungkulin sa Diyos at sa aking bayan, ang Republika ng Pilipinas, at sumunod sa batas
ng iskawt; tumulong sa ibang tao sa lahat ng pagkakataon; pamalagiing malakas ang ak-
ing katawan, gising ang isipan at marangal ang asal.
Ang Iskawt ay...
Mapagkakatiwalaan, Matapat, Matulungin, Mapagkaibigan, Magalang, Mabait, Ma-
sunurin, Masaya, Matipid, Matapang, Malinis, at Maka-Diyos.
Scout Citizenship
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ANTHEM
Lupang Hinirang
(composer: Julian Felipe; Lyricist: Jose Palma)
Bayang magiliw, perlas ng silanganan, alab ng puso, sa dibdib mo’y buhay. Lupang hinirang,
duyan ka ng magiting, sa manlulupig, ‘di ka pasisiil. Sa dagat at bundok, sa simoy at sa langit
mong bughaw. May dilag ang tula at awit sa paglayang minamahal. Ang kislap ng watawat
mo’y tagumpay na nagniningning. Ang bituin at araw niya, kailan pa ma’y ‘di magdidilim.
Lupa ng araw, ng luwalhati’t pagsinta, buhay ay langit sa piling mo. Aming ligaya na ‘pag
may mang-aapi, ang mamatay nang dahil sa’yo.
PHILIPPINE FLAG
Ratio – 1:2
3 Stars – Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
Golden Sun – Liberty, Freedom, Hope, and Righteousness
Equilateral Triangle – Equality and Fraternity
White Field – Peace and Purity
Blue Field – Noble Ideas and High Political Purposes
Red Field – Courage, Bravery, Heroism, and the blood of those who died for our country.
8 Rays of the Sun – Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga,
Tarlac (Code: BBCLMNPT)
* The red field is above the blue field when the state is at war.
MAKERS OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
The makers of the Philippine Flag were Doña Marcela Mariño de Agoncillo, Lorenza
de Agoncillo, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad (niece of Dr. Jose Rizal). It was sewed
in Hong Kong and designed by the Junta Patriotica (Patriotic Council). The flag was first un-
furled on May 28, 1898 after the Battle of Alapan (a barrio between Imus and Kawit, Cavite).
CODE OF CITIZENSHIP AND ETHICS
By: President Manuel L. Quezon
On August 19, 1939, on his 61st birthday, President Manuel L. Quezon issued
Executive Order No. 217 prescribing sixteen (16) civic and ethical principles that should
be brought in all schools to enforce the Constitution’s mandate to develop moral character,
personal discipline and civic conscience. The code was actually an elaboration of the Span-
ish slogan “God, Country and Family.”
1. Have faith in the Divine Providence that guides the destinies of men and nations.
2. Love your country for it is the home of your people, the seat of your affections and the
source of your happiness and well-being. Its defense is your primary duty. Be ready at all
times to sacrifice and die for it, if necessary.
3. Respect the constitution, which is the expression of your sovereign will. It has been
established for your safety and welfare. Obey the laws and see that they are observed
by all and that public officials comply with those duties.
4. Pay your taxes willingly & promptly. Citizenship implies not only rights but also obligations.
5. Safeguard the purity of suffrage and abide by the decisions of the majority
6. Love and respect your parents. It is your duty to serve them gratefully and well.
7. Value your honor as you value your life. Poverty with honor is preferable to wealth with
dishonor.
8. Be truthful & be honest in thought and in action. Be just and charitable, courteous but
dignified in your dealings with your fellowmen.
9. Lead a clean & frugal life. Do not indulge in frivolity or pretense. Be simple in your dress
and modest in your behavior.
10. Live up to the noble traditions of our people. Venerate the memory of our heroes. Their
lives point the way to duty and honor.
11. Be industrious. Be not afraid or ashamed to do manual labor. Productive toll is conduc-
tive to economic security and adds to the wealth of the nation.
12. Rely on your own efforts for your progress and happiness. Preserve in the pursuit of
your legitimate ambitions.
13. Do your work cheerfully, thoroughly, and well. Work badly done is worse than work
undone. Do not leave for tomorrow what you can do today.
14. Contribute to the welfare of your community and promote social justice. You do not live
for yourselves and your families alone. You are a part of society to which you owe definite
responsibilities.
15. Cultivate the habit of using goods made in the Philippines. Patronize the products and
trades of our countrymen.
16. Use and develop our natural resources and conserve them for posterity. They are the
inalienable heritage of the people. Do not traffic with your citizenship.
Outfit/Troop and Crew/Patrol Organization

Sponsoring Institution Boy Scouts of the Philippines
Scouting Sections:
KID (Kabataan Imumulat Diwa)
Institutional Head Scouts: 3-4 years old
KAB (Kabataan Alay Sa Bayan)
Institutional Scouting Committee Scouts: 5-9 years old
Boy Scouts: 10-12 years old
Senior Scouts: 13-16 years old
Institutional Scouting Coordinator Rover Scouts: 17 years old and up
Rover Circles KID Scout Langkays
Senior Scout Outfits Boy Scout Troops KAB Scout Kawans
Rover Circle Manager (CM) / Outfit Advisor (OA) / Troop Leader (TL)
Assistant Outfit Advisor (AOA) / Assistant Troop Leader (ATL)
Junior Assistant Scoutmaster (JASM)
Senior Crew/Patrol Leader (SCL/SPL)
Assistant Senior Crew/Patrol Leader (ASCL/ASPL)

(Troop Scribe, Troop Quartermaster, Troop Treasurer)
Patrol 1 Patrol 2 Patrol 3 Patrol 4
Crew/Patrol Leader (CL/PL)

Assistant Crew/Patrol Leader (ACL/APL)
Crew/Patrol Scribe
Crew/Patrol Treasurer
Crew/Patrol Quartermaster
Crew/Patrol Grubmaster
Crew/Patrol Cheerleader (Moral Booster)
Crew/Patrol Hikemaster
Ropeworks
PARTS OF A ROPE
End Bight Eye
Standing Part Turn

Coil
Overhand Loop Underhand Loop
QUALITIES OF A GOOD KNOT
1. Easy to tie
2. Easy to untie
3. Firm, dependable, and is capable of doing what it is supposed to do
KINDS OF LASHING
Square Lashing
Used where two spars cross one another and have to be joined,
or where the load on one spar might tend to make it slip over the other.
Diagonal Lashing
Used where two spars are likely to be pulled apart.
Shear Lashing
Used for spars that will either lift or support weights, where
it is used to join two spars to increase overall length.
Figure of Eight Lashing

Used for joining three or more spars together. Most
useful for doing tripods.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD LASHING
1. Firmness – It is important that a lashing is strong and tight; if not, it is likely to fall apart
when put under strain.
2. Neatness – In a lashing, proper steps must be observed because incorrect lashing can
easily unravel or loosen.
PARTS OF A LASHING
1. Wrapping – for connecting
2. Frapping – for tightening True
Grid North
Direction Tracing Magnetic North
THREE (3) NORTHS North
1. Magnetic North – It is the one pointed by the compass.
2. Grid North – It is the one located on a map.
3. True North – It is the actual direction of the North Pole.
SIXTEEN (16) CARDINAL POINTS OF DIRECTION

North ( 0°/360°) Northeast
Northwest
North-Northwest North-Northeast (45°)
(315°) (22.5°)
(337.5°)
West-Northwest
(292.5°) East-Northeast
(67.5°)
West (270°)
East (90°)
West-Southwest East-Southeast
(247.5°) (112.5°)
Southwest
(225°) South-Southwest South-Southeast Southeast
(202.5°) (157.5°) (135°)
South (180°)
SUN-WATCH METHOD TO FIND NORTH A
Shadow
You can find North by using a watch and 1 2
the sun. Lay the watch flat on the ground. Place a 12
matchstick upright directly over the hour hand and 3
South 11
have it pointed against the sun. This will result in D 4 C
having the shadow of the match lying directly over 10 5 North
the hour hand. Divide the angle between the hour 6
hand and an imaginary line formed by 12 and 6 (A-B). 9 8 7
Take into consideration the time of the day (morning Matchstick
means the sun is in the eastern hemisphere while af-
ternoon means the sun is in the western hemisphere). B
The imaginary line (C-D) determines your North and Sun
South directions.
SUN-STAFF METHOD TO FIND NORTH
If you happen to be in the middle of nowhere without a compass and with a bro-
ken watch, you can still find the True North, but it will take a few hours. Push a stick in the
ground before mid-day. The shadow falls along the line O-A. Scratch out a semi-circle on
the ground. Sit back and wait until the shadow moves around and touches the arc of the
circle again (at point B). Divide the line A-B into two and the line O-N will give you the True
North. This method is most accurate around noon and decreases in accuracy the further
away from noontime. Incidentally, when your own shadow is so short that you can almost
step on the tip of it, you can be sure it is about noon.
Path of Shadow
A A
Sun
West
O North N
Sun
O
B
East
AM PM
MOSS METHOD TO FIND NORTH
Moss (Lumot) grows on the trunk of trees facing north. This is because moss grows
on cool places and as the North Wind is always cooler than wind coming from other direc-
tions, moss grows facing north.
BIRDS/ANIMALS METHOD TO FIND NORTH
Example: Swallow birds go south during the month of December. When it is wintertime
in the South, they go back to the North, and so on. By this, you can determine the direction.
Note: This method is not quite applicable in the Philippines because it is located near
the equator.
STARS METHOD TO FIND NORTH

Little
Dipper North
North Star – also called Pole Star or Polaris Star
Big Dipper – also called Ursa Major
Small Dipper – also called Ursa Minor or Little
Dipper pointers
Big
Dipper
Estimation and Measurement

MEASURING YOUR STRIDE STEPS
By the Length of your Step
To find the length of your step, first lay out a 100-meter course by using a tape
measure, a meter stick, or a measuring piece of string or rope on the leveled ground. You
can lay out your course in terms of feet, but it is more convenient to use the metric system.
Walk over the course four times from one end to the other end. By following your ordinary
way of walking, count your steps each time you cover the 10-meter course and take the
average number of steps by dividing the total sum of your steps by four, which is the number
of times you covered the course. Then to get the length of your average step, divide 10 by
the average number of steps.
Ave. length per step = 10 meters / (total number of steps / 4)
10-meter
HEIGHT MEASUREMENT - PENCIL METHOD
Let a friend whose height you know stand
against the object that you are measuring. Alternatively,
you can mark your own height on the same object,
or you may also use a scout staff or a pole of known
length. Step back away from the tree and hold a pencil
or a small stick before you, in your outstretched hand.
With one eye closed, measure on the pencil or stick the
height of your friend or the staff or whatever you have
chosen to stand against the tree. This you would have
accomplished if the upper tip of the stick covers the uppermost part of your friend and the
lower tip of the stick covers his feet or the base of the object you are measuring. Then find
out how many times it will take for that same measurement to cover the entire height of the
object you are measuring. Multiply the height of your friend or the length of the staff used
by the number of times it took your thumbnail measurement on the pencil or stick to cover
the entire height of the object you are measuring for you to get its height.
WIDTH MEASUREMENT - NAPOLEON METHOD
This method is usually used if the river is narrow.
Bend your head so that your chin rests on your chest.
Push your hat forward until the front edge of the brim
seems to touch the opposite shore. If you have no hat,
place your hand on your forehead with your palm facing
down so that the front edge of your palm seems to touch
the opposite shore. Standing on the same spot, turn 90°
to your right (make a right face). Transfer the point on which the brim of your hat or the edge
of your hand seemed to touch the opposite bank. Stride it off and find the distance.
Hiking Skills
TYPES OF HIKING
1. Troop Hikes
a) Rovering Knight Hike – Patrols are sent out like knights to perform good deeds, and
then submit a report regarding their good deeds after.
b) Lost Child Hike – Patrols are mobilized, given instructions, and sent out to find the lost
“child” or a pillow.
c) Commando Hike – The troop is divided into two groups and pitted against one another.
d) Historical Hike – The entire troop goes out to visit historic places and recall historic events.
e) Nature Hike – Scouts of a troop act as ecologists and list down the names of birds,
trees, animals, insects, and heavenly bodies observed during the hike.
2. Patrol Hike
a) Beeline Hike – Patrols try to go in a straight line while overcoming all obstacles in their
way.
RULES AND REGULATIONS IN HIKING
1. The buddy system must be used.
2. An advanced party must be sent to check the route and destination for possible dangers
prior to the hike.
3. There must be a leader in front and at the back of the patrol to lead and safeguard the
members.
4. Hikers must be in appropriate attire.
5. Hikers should always remember that the lighter the load, the better.
6. Hikers must take a pinch of salt to avoid excessive dehydration. Do not wipe perspiration.
7. There must be a first aider to take charge during emergencies.
8. Hikers must always obey signs and make sure to follow trail marks.
PRECAUTIONS TO TAKE DURING A HIKE
1. Always walk in single file and walk on the left side of the road.
2. Always tie a piece of bright colored cloth on your right forearm or wear a bright shirt dur-
ing night hikes.
3. Always slow down when near curves and crossroads.
4. Always look both left and right before crossing a road.
5. Do not hitchhike, except during emergency cases.
6. Be extra careful when jumping from rock to rock and going down slopes because a fall
can be fatal.
7. Keep calm and patient at all times.
8. Avoid softdrinks and candies while hiking.
Cooking Skills
BASIC FOOD GROUPS
1. Go Foods – the energy-giving foods; contain carbohydrates and fats
2. Grow Foods – the body-building foods; contain proteins
3. Glow Foods – the body-regulating foods; contain vitamins and minerals
4. Water
KINDS OF FIREWOOD
1. Tinder – Starting your fire on a small pile of tinder can make it ignite easier. Tinder can
be any dry, easily lit, shredded material. Examples include cedar bark, grass, pine needles,
wood shavings, pitch, milkweed fluff, char cloth, clothes dryer lint, and wax.
2. Kindling – Kindling helps to maintain and build up your fire once your tinder has ignited.
These are dry sticks and twigs that are a bit larger than tinder. Kindling typically has the
diameter of a match up to the size of a pencil. You should be able to snap them with your
hands.
3. Fuelwood – Fuelwood serves as the hot coals that will make your fire continue burning.
Fuelwood in a campfire are pieces of wood that have somewhat the same diameter as your
wrist. For big, entertaining campfires, your forearm is a good size estimate.
First Class Rank / Pathfinder Rank
Ropeworks - Advance Knots
STEVEDORE’S KNOT
It has the same use as the Overhand Knot and the Figure-of-8 Knot,
but the difference is that it is used as a stopper knot for thinner ropes.
TAUTLINE HITCH
Use the Tautline Hitch when you need the tension or length of a
tied rope to be adjustable. It is very useful for tying straps to trees
and is usually used in tent pitching.
FRENCH BOWLINE
It is sometimes used to lift or hoist injured personnel. When the French
Bowline is used for this purpose, it has two loops that are adjustable,
so even an unconscious person can be lifted safely. One loop serves
as the seat for the person, while the other loop goes around the body
under the person’s arms. The weight of the person keeps both loops
tight and prevents the person from falling.
MANHARNESS KNOT
Also called Artillery Knot and Diagonal Figure of Eight, the Manharness
Knot is a loop knot tied in the bight that can be worn through an arm up
to the shoulder to assist in hauling, while leaving the hands free. It was
formerly used on gun carriages, one end of the rope being fastened to a
ring on the end of the axle. It is good for tying a second boat/raft into the
painter of a boat that is already tied to the only decent point on shore.
FISHERMAN’S KNOT
Also called True Lovers Knot, the Fisherman’s Knot is used for stiff ropes
and cords. It is easy to make and difficult to untie, so don’t use it on a
good rope, especially if there is a lot of strain on it. It is usually used to
join together two ropes of equal size.
Direction Tracing
MAP SYMBOLS AND TRAIL MARKS
Trail Marks are the marks or signs bound on a trail and are seen actually.
Map symbols are the signs found on maps, usually drawn from the top view of the
original object.
METHODS OF LAYING TRAILS
1. Blazing – the use of a knife or an axe to make a mark for every 100 yards or so. (Note:
This method is not advisable since it damages and injures trees.)
2. Brush Blaze – entails breaking off branches of trees, pointing in the direction of your
travel. (Note: This method is advisable in thinly forested areas.)
3. Grass Method – used in areas that have abundant supply of fairly long grass. This method
requires you to tie clumps of grass together with a wisp of grass. The head always points
towards the direction of travel.
4. Rock Method – the use of rocks that are either placed one on top of another, shown or
placed in the form of a “V” indicating the direction of travel.
5. Scratching – used by scratching arrows or marks in the dirt or soil area, or by using a
crayon on rocks.
TRAIL MARKS
Here are some examples of trail marks that can be seen and placed on the actual
terrain.
Good Drinking Bad Drinking Underground Water
Fresh Water Dangerous Drinking
Water Water a spring
Water
Shallow Sea or
Large Lake Mist or cloud
Water Ocean Smoke
This way
A bad dog in Rain

Danger Fire Snow
a yard
This is the way
Four Winds Lightning

Wind Rainbow
Thunder
Three gun-
shots Help Danger / Turn to right Turn to left Grass mark-
help Help
ing trail
(right track)
Danger /
Danger / This is the trail help This way This way /
Turn around long distance
Help
Go back
This way / This way Three kilometers

Turn to the left This way
short distance This is the way this way
This way
Sickness Turn to the This way Turn around
to camp
in camp right go back Split into three
groups
Stop take Eight steps End of trail

Turn to the other way
right this way Wait
Turn to the left
MAP SYMBOLS
Here are some examples of map symbols that can be seen and placed on a map.
City road
Poor motor Trail Dirt road Rural roads Pack trail
highway Ford
road uncemented
Railroad Fences Electric Factory

Good road track (wire stone) Poles Bridge School
Telephone Town Post office Bus stop

line Telegram Police station Wind mill
Fireman’s Hospital Temple Cave Buildings

Well Church
station
City / Munici- Dam River or

Cemetery Quarry or Factories
Antenna pal hall creek
mine
Airport Brook Spring Pond or lake Highland Sandy

mountain Sand area
Cornfield Cultivated Grass land Swamp Volcano

Camp
field Garden
Trees
/ woop Forest Area
Orchard
broad Forest area Grass land Forest area Pine area
leaves
Compass Reading
TYPES OF COMPASS
There are two main types of compass: the
Needle compass which has a fixed dial and a mov-
able needle, and the Revolving dial compass where
the needle is fixed and the dial revolves under it.
Needle compass like the Silva type is preferred
in organized camping and activities because it is
Magnetic Needle
smaller and weighs less, although both types can Compass
be used by Scouts.
Dial Compass
PARTS OF A COMPASS
Direction of travel arrow

Base Plate
Orienting arrow
Compass Magnetic
Needle
Compass housing
Safety Cord
ORIENTING A COMPASS
Suppose you want to travel in a certain direction (e.g., 60° from North). Orient your
compass to bring the figure 60 right below the direction of the travel arrow by turning the
housing. Now turn yourself around until the compass needle is lined up with the orienting
arrow. You are now facing the direction you want to go.
Hiking Skills
THINGS TO DO WHEN LOST IN A HIKE
1. Stay where you are. Do not go too far.
2. Find a policeman for directions.
3. Stay where you are and prepare a place to sleep when you are lost at night. Make a fire
if you’re in a forest.
4. Lay a fire if you’re lost in the forest and get a piece of cloth or your shirt. Cover and un-
cover the smoke for three (3) consecutive times. This is a signal for help. You may also use
three (3) flashes of light or anything that goes by three.
5. Do not panic.
Cooking Skills
METHODS OF COOKING
1. Boiling – Cooking in water. It’s boiling when it’s bubbling.
2. Baking – Cooking in oven without covering.
3. Roasting – Cooking in oven with fats.
4. Frying – Cooking over heat with film of fat covering the bottom of the pan.
5. Deep Frying – Cooking the food by complete immersion in hot fat.
6. Grilling – Cooking over or under direct fierce heat.
7. Simmering – Cooking in water below boiling point.
8. Poaching – Cooking food in water without complete immersion.
9. Steaming - Cooking in steam.
10. Braising – Cooking in oven in a tightly closed container.
Camping Skills
CAMPING
Camping is one of the biggest thrills in Scouting. Not only is it fun, it also trains you to learn
how to get along with other people. It means spending days and nights outdoors away from
the comforts and conveniences of home. It is actually training on how to live in the open.
TYPES OF SCOUT PACKS
1. Rucksack – like a school bag
2. Frame Rucksack – a rucksack with a frame
3. Exarmy Pack – used by the army
4. Frameless Climbing Rucksack – used by mountain climbers
5. Pack Frame – best for carrying uncomfortably shaped loads because these can touch
your back
QUALITIES OF A GOOD CAMPSITE
(5 S’s of a Good Campsite)
1. Supply – There must be a source or supply of drinkable water and wood for cooking,
campfire, and gadgetry needs.
2. Slope – Terrain must not be too flat or too sloped.
3. Safety – The site must not be a war zone or a rebel infested area.
4. Space – Enough space is needed for tentage, cooking, washing, and activity purposes.
5. Sights – Beautiful sceneries must be near enough to see.
PERSONAL CAMPING EQUIPMENT
The following are some of the personal things one should bring to a camp: Pack, Duffle
bag, or knapsack; complete Type-A; working clothes; pairs of underwear; handkerchiefs;
metal polish; eating utensils; scout knife; slippers; toilet paper; watch; sewing kit; personal
medicine; rubber shoes; compass; comb and mirror; sleeping bag; sleeping uniform; socks;
shoe polish; towels; pen; jacket/raincoat; flashlight; camera; insect repellant; swimming
trunks; knot-tying ropes; and First Aid kit.
PATROL CAMPING EQUIPMENT
The following are some of the things a patrol should bring to a camp: Patrol Tents;
poles for Flags and Gadgetries; storage tent; ground sheets; patrol flags; pulleys for flag-
poles; mallet; ax; trash bags; ring buoy and safety equipment; bugles and whistles; fly tent
set; screening for latrines; lanterns; First Aid kit; casseroles, pots, pans and kettles; plates,
bowls, forks, and spoons; pot holders; scouring materials (steel wool, soap, etc.); meat bags/
canned goods; water container/pails; cooking utensils; hand saw; ropes of assorted sizes;
spade; shovel; maps; bolo/knife; washing basins; chopping boards; food box; can opener;
activity materials; cooking stove; and matches.canned goods; water container/pails; cooking
utensils; hand saw; ropes of assorted sizes;
DOs AND DON’Ts OF CAMPING
1. Avoid littering.
2. Observe silence if you wake up early.
3. Don’t disturb anyone until the rising whistle has been sounded.
4. Observe cleanliness at all times.
5. Avoid eating sweets and junk food.
6. Avoid being fussy about your likes and dislikes on food.
7. Observe the patrol system.
8. Be courteous to other Scouts and Scouters.
9. Dispose of garbage properly.
10. Provide dishwashing facilities.
RULES IN BREAKING CAMP
1. Check your own personal belongings.
2. Make sure that new acquisitions to be brought home (e.g., souvenirs, gifts, etc.) fit in the
bag as well.
3. Settle all your accounts and dues.
4. Return all borrowed equipment and materials.
5. Do not stay up too late on the last evening in camp.
6. Leave your site in a manner that no one will know you’ve camped there.
7. Burn all garbage.
8. Flatten tins and put them in trash bags.
9. Fill in all pits and latrines.
10. Put out the fire and bury the ashes.
11. Put a “foul ground” sign on former latrine areas.
12. Do a “police search” of the camp for litter.
13. Pick up every scrap of litter even if not yours.
14. Make sure you leave nothing except your THANKS to the owner of the camp.
Scout Citizenship
THE PROVISIONS OF THE FLAG CODE
1. The national flag alone shall be displayed in all public buildings, official residences, public
squares, and institutions of learning everyday throughout the year.
2. The flag shall be permanently hoisted, day and night throughout the year, in front of the
following: a) Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the President of the Philippines;
b) Congress of the Philippines building; c) Supreme Court building; d) Rizal Monument
in Luneta, Manila; e) Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite; f) Barasoain Shrine in Malolos,
Bulacan; g) the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier; h) Libingan ng mga Bayani; i) Mausuleo de
los Beteranos dela Revolucion; j) all International Ports of Entry. The flag shall be properly
illuminated at night.
3. If flown from a flagpole, it shall have its blue field on top in times of peace and the red
field on top in times of war; if in a hanging position, the blue field shall be to the right (left of
the observer) in times of peace and vice versa in times of war.
4. The flag shall be hoisted to the top briskly and lowered ceremoniously. If the flag is at-
tached to a building, it shall be on top of its roof, and if placed at the window, it must project
to an angle pointing upward.
5. If the national flag is used together with other flags, it must always be above (tallest pole),
at the center (if the number of poles is odd) or on the right (if the number of poles is even)
of the other flags. When displayed in a parade with other flags, it shall always be in front of
the center of the line of the other flags.
6. When the flag is passing in a parade or in review, the people shall halt, uncover, stand
at attention and salute.
7. The flag shall be displayed on national holidays or special holidays as the president may
proclaim in all private buildings and homes, whenever practicable, from sunrise to sunset.
8. Public displays of foreign flags is prohibited except: a) on foreign diplomatic establishments
such as embassies; b) on other places authorized by bilateral or international conferences
of which the Philippines is a member; c) during national holidays.
9. Buildings owned by aliens shall not display the Philippine Flag except on holidays.
10. No part of the Philippine flag shall touch the ground.
11. The flag must be treated with respect.
12. The flag must be hoisted at half-mast in sign of mourning.
13. The flag shall never be used as covering for tables or curtains. It can only be used to
cover the casket of honored dead. Only a cross may be placed above the flag.
14. The flag shall never be festooned and shall always hang with nothing to cover its sur-
face. It shall occupy the highest place of honor and shall not be placed under any picture,
or below a person.
15. The flag shall not be marred by advertisement, or worn as a whole or part of a costume.
It shall not be used as a pennant in the hood or in any part of a vehicle, except in celebration
of any national or special holiday as the President may designate. It shall never be used as
a covering for a statue or monument nor should it be used to unveil the same.
16. A national flag, worn out through wear and tear, shall not be thrown on a garbage heap
or used as a rag. It shall be reverently burned to avoid misuse or desecration thereof.
International Phonetic Alphabet
A - Alpha K - Kilo U - Uniform
B - Bravo L - Lima V - Victory
C - Charlie M - Mike W - Whisky
D - Delta N - November X - X-ray
E - Echo O - Oscar Y - Yankee
F - Foxtrot P - Papa Z - Zulu
G - Golf Q - Quebec
H - Hotel R - Romeo
I - India S - Sierra
J - Juliet T - Tango
Boy Scouts of the Philippines Organization

The National Scout Organization is divided into eight scout regions:
a) Northeastern Luzon Region (NELR)
b) Northwestern Luzon Region (NWLR)
c) National Capital Region (NCR)
d) Southern Luzon Region (SLR)
e) Western Visayas Region (WVR)
f) Eastern Visayas Region (EVR)
g) Western Mindanao Region (WMR)
h) Eastern Mindanao Region (EMR)
The Key Positions in the National, Regional and Council Levels are as fol-
lows:
National Level
Chief Scout
(Current President of the Philippines
National President
Secretary-General
Regional Level
Regional Director
Council Level
Council Chairman
Council Scout Executive
Field Scout Executive
District Level
District Commissioner
Institutional Level
Institutional Head
Institutional Scouting coordinator

First Aid
FIRST AID
First Aid is the immediate systematic care given to a person who has been injured or
has been accidentally taken ill until the presence of a physician or EMT (Emergency Medi-
cal Technician) is available.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added injury
3. To prolong life
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
1. Do first things first, quietly, quickly, and without fuss or panic.
2. Do not attempt too much. Do the minimum that is essential to save life and prevent the
condition from worsening.
3. Give ABC if breathing has stopped. Every second counts.
4. Stop any bleeding.
5. Guard against shock by protecting the patient from cold, by mooring as little as possible
and with great care, and by relieving pain.
6. Don’t remove clothes unnecessarily.
7. Reassure the patient and those around to avoid nervousness and panic.
8. Don’t allow people to crowd around the patient, as fresh air is essential.
9. Arrange for the removal of the patient to the care of a doctor or a hospital as soon as
possible and notify the police.
L.T.C. IN FIRST AID 4-H IN FIRST AID 5-C IN FIRST AID
L → Love 1. Head 1. Calmness
T → Tender 2. Heart 2. Cheerfulness
C → Care 3. Hand 3. Cleanliness
4. Humanitarian Aspect 4. Carefulness
5. Common Sense
HURRY CASES OF FIRST AID METHODS OF STOPPING SEVERE BLEEDING
1. Stoppage of Breathing 1. Direct Pressure
2. Severe Bleeding 2. Pressure Points
3. Poisoning 3. Elevation
4. Shock 4. Tourniquet
KINDS OF WOUNDS (Open Wounds)

(Code: ALIPA)
1. Avulsion – Tissue is forcibly separated or torn from the victim’s body. There is heavy and
rapid bleeding. (Laplap)
2. Laceration – Torn irregular edges. There is serious bleeding. (Laslas)
3. Incision - Clean cut, deep, and severe bleeding. The wound is clean. (Hiwa)
4. Puncture - Small opening, deep serious slight bleeding, dirty, usually caused by a needle.
(Tusok)
5. Abrasion - Shallow, wide, no bleeding, and dirty. (Gasgas)
FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR SNAKE BITES
General (if you can’t differentiate a venomous snake from a non-venomous snake):
1. Tie a constriction band 2 to 4 inches just above the mark of the snake’s fangs.
2. Keep the patient calm while in lying position.
3. If you can see a spot above the constriction band, it means that the poison went through.
Tie another constriction band above the spot.
4. Bring the victim immediately to a doctor.
Non-venomous Bites:
1. Only the first aid recommended for minor scratches/wounds.
2. The victim does not need to be subjected to more serious measures necessary for the
caring of venomous bites.
3. The experience of having a snake constricted around a limb may develop shock for the
victim.
4. Treat for shock.
5. See a doctor or physician for prompt evaluation.
Venomous Bites:
1. Immobilize the victim’s arm, leg or the body part bitten in a lowered position.
2. Tie a constriction band firmly around the limb 2 to 4 inches above the bite to decrease
the flow of from the affected area.
3. Make sure that the constriction band is snug, but loose enough to allow the blood to flow
into the limb.
4. A cold wet cloth or ice wrapped in cloth, if available, may be placed over the wound to
allow constriction. Don’t pack the wound with ice.
5. Treat the victim for shock.
6. Send the victim to the nearest hospital or doctor.
FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR DOG BITES
1. Wash wound thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Apply 2% tincture of iodine solution.
3. Cover with sterile gauze.
4. Apply bandage to the wound.
5. Leave care in doctor’s hand.
FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR GUNSHOT WOUNDS
1. Don’t pull out the bullet.
2. Stop the bleeding.
3. Cover the wound with sterile gauze.
5. Send the victim immediately to the doctor.
FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR STAB WOUNDS
1. Don’t pull the dagger or knife. It might be two-edged and you might add another injury to
the victim. Also, the knife may help in controlling the bleeding.
2. Stop the bleeding.
4. Bring the victim to a doctor.
TYPES OF BANDAGE USES OF BANDAGES

1. Triangular Bandage 1. Controls bleeding
2. Roller Bandage 2. Ties splint in place
3. Four- Tail Bandage 3. Immobilizes body parts
4. Muslim-Binder 4. Supports body parts
5. Holds dressing in place
PARTS OF A TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Standard Size
Base (42 inches)
End End
Face
Sides Sides
(21 inches) (21 inches)
Apex
PHASES OF A TRIANGULAR BANDAGE
Open Phase Broad Cravat Semi-Broad Cravat Narrow Cravat

USE OF DRESSING
1. Completely covers the wound.
2. Avoids contamination when handling and applying.
USE OF AN ANTISEPTIC
1. Prevents wound infection.
2. Cleans and disinfects the wound.
Pioneering Skills
CONTINUOUS LASHING
Continuous lashing holds small poles at a right angle to long poles and is useful in making
tabletops, seats, etc. It can be used to make the platform of a table or a tower. It is made
by first tying the middle part of the rope to the spar by using a clove hitch, and ending with
a square knot.
KINDS OF TRESTLES
All pioneering projects using lashings must be safe and steady. To ensure this, they
must have triangles called trestles built into their design. Trestles are formed by a series of
lashing on several spars.
Square Lashing
Square Lashing
X - Trestle
A - Trestle
Square Lashing
Diagonal Lashing
Square Lashing
H - Trestle
PARTS OF A TRESTLE
1
1. Transom
2. Leg
3. Brace 2 3 3 2
4. Ledger
4
Outdoorsman Rank
Ropeworks - Advance Knots
WATER BOWLINE
The Water Bowline is a very secure loop that won’t jam. It was probably de-
veloped for use underwater, an environment that makes security properties for
most knots change dramatically.
DOUBLE CARRICK BEND
Also known as Full Carrick Bend and Sailor’s Knot, it is mainly
used to tie two identical ropes together. The ends have to be
on opposite sides and the crossings are always alternating
(up/down/up/down…). The Carrick Bend is one of the best
knots. It does not easily slip, not even if the rope is wet. It is
always easy to untie, even after a heavy load.
ROVER NOOSE
It is a loop in the middle of a rope of which both ends are fastened to
separate poles or spars. The loop will serve as a pulley or rope attach-
ment. This type of noose can also be used at the end of a rope, where
it will have the same application as a figure of eight on a bight.
HIGHWAYMAN’S HITCH
Mainly used for tethering horses or lowering loads, its advantage is the quick
release. Robbers use this knot to plan for a fast getaway. If you tether crit-
ters, learn this knot.
SPANISH BOWLINE
It is useful in rescue work, especially as a substitute for the Boatswain’s
Chair. It may also be used to give a twofold grip for lifting a pipe or other
round objects in a sling. Many people prefer the Spanish Bowline to the
French Bowline because the bights are set and will not slip.
SCAFFOLD HITCH
Washers of building windows usually use the Scaffold Hitch. It is the
hitch tied on the plank of wood the washers step on.
FIREMAN’S CHAIR KNOT

This knot can also be used as a rescue knot, similar to a bowline. Its
advantage is that it has two loops to support the victim’s body.
BOTTLENECK KNOT
Also called the Jar Sling Knot, it is usually used to hold a bottle’s neck.
Once the knot is placed firmly around the bottle’s neck, it will never slip out.
Direction Tracing
ORIENTING A COMPASS WITH A MAP
The only thing you need to remember when orienting a compass with a map is that
you have to always make sure that the magnetic needle of the compass, which is always
pointing north, is in line with the North direction of the map. To identify the North direction of
the map, look for the compass-like symbol or arrow with the letter “N”. This is usually found
on one of the corners of the map.
The Senior Scout Code
As a Senior Scout:
I will live by the Scout Oath and Law and the Senior Scout Motto and Slogan;
I will be familiar with the constitution of the Philippines, especially my rights and obliga-
tions as a Filipino citizen.
I will share in the responsibilities of my home, school, church, neighborhood, community,
and country.
I will deal fairly and kindly with my fellowmen in the spirit of the Scout Law.
I will work to preserve our Filipino heritage, aware that the privileges I enjoy were won by
hard work, sacrifice, clear thinking, and the faith of our forefathers.
I will do everything in my power to pass on a better Philippines to the next generation.
Citizenship Training
EVOLUTION OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
1. The Flag of the Revolution (The Katipunan War Standard)
• The three Ks stood for Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Kati-
punan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or “Most High and Most Sacred Society of the
People”.
• It was the first revolutionary flag of the Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio.
• The background color is red which signifies the Kundiman.
2. An early version of the Katipunan Flag
• It had 3 Ks arranged in an equilateral triangle.
3. Flag with only one “K” at the center

• All versions had a red background to denote the revolutionary
character of the Katipunan.
4. Bonifacio’s Flag (The Bonifacio War Standard)
• It was made by the female members of the Katipunan just before
the revolution. This flag was first used at the Cry of Pugad Lawin, which
took place on August 23, 1896. (1892-1896)
• Bonifacio used for his council “Magdiwang” a war standard in a piece of “Kundi-
man”.
5. Official Flag of the De Facto Government (The Revolutionary Flag)
• It was conceived after the Magdiwang and the Magdalo councils
merged. The 8 rays of the sun represented the first 8 provinces to fight
against the Spanish Rule. At the center of the sun was the ancient Filipino
alphabet K for “Kalayaan”.
6. First Official Revision (The Sun of Liberty)
• The flag was revised and also declared as the official flag of the
Philippine Government and its forces in the Naic, Cavite Assembly on
March 17, 1897.
7. Llanera’s Flag (The Llanera’s Skull Flag)
• This flag used by Gen. Mariano Llanera in San Isidro, Nueva
Ecija was often called “Bungo ni Llanera” (Llanera’s Skull). According to
stories, Llanera derived his design from the Katipunan initiation rites, which
used a black hat, white triangle, and the letters, Z, L, I, B.
8. Pio del Pilar’s Flag (The Magtagumpay War Standard)
• Called Bandila ng Magtagumpay (Victorious Flag), Pio del Pilar’s
flag carried 8 rays in the rising sun to symbolize the first 8 provinces that
were put under martial law by the Spanish authorities.
9. Gregorio del Pilar’s Flag (Gen. Gregorio del Pilar’s Tricolor)
• This was the first among the Katipunan flags to use 3 colors:
red (upper field), blue (equilateral triangle), and black. The tricolor flag of
del Pilar was used in the Battle of Pasong Balite, Bulacan and his last
stand, Battle of Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur on December 2, 1899. According to del Pilar, the
design was patterned after the flag of Cuba, which was then in revolt against Spain.
10. The Present Flag (The Philippine National Flag)

• The present national flag has adopted the features of
all the previous Katipunan Flags. It was waved in the balcony of
Gen. Aguinaldo six weeks after the Battle of Manila Bay. To set
the standard size and colors, then Pres. Manuel L. Quezon issued
Executive Order No. 23 on March 25, 1936.
PROVISIONS OF THE TRUE DECALOGUE OF MABINI
By: Apolinario Mabini
First -- Thou shalt love God and thy honor above all things: God as the fountain of all truth,
of all justice, and of all activity; and thy honor, the only power which oblige thee to be truth-
ful, just, and industrious.
Second -- Thou shalt worship in the form which thy conscience may deem most righteous
and worthy: for in thy conscience, which condemns thy evil deeds and praises thy good
ones, speaks thy God.
Third -- Thou shalt cultivate the special gifts which God has granted thee, working and study-
ing according to thy ability, never leaving the path of righteousness and justice, in order to
attain thy own perfection, by means whereof thou shalt be
honored, and being honored, thou shalt glorify thy God.
Fourth -- Thou shalt love thy country after God and thy honor and more than thyself: for she
is the only Paradise which God has given thee in life, the patrimony of thy race, the only
inheritance of thy ancestors, and the only hope of thy posterity; because of her, thou hast
life, love and interest, happiness, honor and God.
Fifth -- Thou shalt strive for the happiness of thy country before thy own, making of her the
kingdom of reason, of justice, and of labor: for if she be happy, thou, together with thy fam-
ily, shalt likewise be happy.
Sixth -- Thou shalt strive for the independence of thy country: for only thou canst have any real
interest in her advancement and exaltation, because her independence constitutes thy own
liberty; her advancement, thy perfection; and her exaltation, thy own glory and immortality.
Seventh -- Thou shalt not recognize in thy country the
authority of any person who has not been elected by thee and thy countrymen: for authority
emanates from God, and as God speaks in the conscience of every man, the person
designated and proclaimed by the conscience of a whole people is the only one who can
use true authority.
Eighth -- Thou shalt strive for a republic and never for a monarchy in thy country: for the
latter exalts one or several families and founds a dynasty; the former makes a people noble
and worthy through reason, great through liberty and prosperous and brilliant through labor.
Ninth -- Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself: for God has imposed upon him, as well
as upon thee, the obligation to help thee and not to do unto thee what he would not have
thee do unto him; but if thy neighbor, failing in this sacred duty, attempts against life, thy
liberty, and thy interests, then thou shalt destroy and annihilate him, for the supreme law of
self-preservation prevails.
Tenth -- Thou shalt consider thy countrymen more than thy neighbor, thou shalt see in him
thy friend, thy brother, or at least thy comrade, with whom thou art bound by one fate, by
the same joys and sorrows, and by common aspirations and interests.
Therefore, as long as national frontiers subsist, raised and maintained by the selfish-
ness of race and of family, with thy countrymen alone shalt thou unite in a perfect solidarity
of purpose and interest, in order to have force, not only to resist the common enemy, but
also to attain all the aims of human life.
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE OF KALANTIAW
It has been alleged that about 1433, the 3rd chief of Panay, Datu Kalantiaw, who
was probably a descendant of Datu Sumakwel, issued orders for the guidance of his people.
1. Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye do hurt to the aged; lest ye incur
the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being
drowned with stones in the river, or in boiling water.
2. Ye shall obey. Let all your debts with the headmen (principales) be met punctually. He
who does not obey shall receive for the first time one hundred lashes. It the debt is large,
he shall be condemned to be beaten to death.
3. Obey ye: let no one have women that are very young; nor more than he can support; nor
be given to excessive lust. He who does not comply with, obey, and observe this order shall
be condemned to swim for three hours for the first time and for the second time, he shall be
beaten to death with sharp thorns; or for the third time, he shall be lacerated with thorns.
4. Observe and obey ye: let no one disturb the quiet of graves. When passing by the caves
and trees where they are, give respect to them. He who does not observe this order shall
be killed by ants, or beaten with thorns until he dies.
5. Ye shall obey: he who makes exchanges for food, let it be always done in accordance
with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats the
offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.
6. Ye shall be obliged to revere sites that are held in respect such as those of trees of rec-
ognized worth; and other sites. He who fails to comply shall pay with one month’s work in
gold or in honey.
7. They shall be put to death: he who kills trees of venerable appearance; he who shoots
arrows at night at old men and women; he who enters the house of the headmen without
permission; he who kills the fish called shark, or the streaked cayman (crocodile).
8. Slavery for a daom (certain period of time) shall be suffered: by those who steal away
the women of the headmen; by him who keeps ill-tempered dogs that bite the headmen; by
him who burns the fields of another.
9. It shall be an obligation: let every mother teach matters pertaining to lust secretly to her
daughters, and prepare them for motherhood; let not men be cruel nor punish their women
when they catch them in the act of adultery. Whoever shall disobey shall be killed by being
cut to pieces and thrown to the caymans.
10. All those shall be beaten for two days, who: sing while traveling by night; kill the bird
Manaul (bird resembling an eagle): tear the documents belonging to the headmen...; or
mock the dead.
11. They shall be burned: those who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and
escaped punishment; or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of
agorangs (old men).
12. They shall be drowned: all those slaves who interfere with their superiors, or their own-
ers or masters; all those who abuse themselves through their lust; those who destroy their
anitos (idols) by breaking them or throwing them down.
13. All those shall be exposed to the ants for half a day: who kill black cats during a new
moon; or steal anything from the chiefs and agorangs, however small it be.
14. .Those shall be made slaves for life: who have beautiful daughters and deny them to
the sons of chiefs, and with bad faith hide them away.
15. Those shall be beaten: who eat the diseased flesh of the beasts which they hold in
respect, or the herbs which they consider good; who would try to kill the young of Manaul,
or the white monkey.
16. The fingers shall be cut off: of all those who break idols of wood and clay in their olongans
(probably shrines) and temples; of those who destroy the daggers of the katalonas (priest
or priestess) for killing pigs, or break the drinking jars of the latter.
17. Those shall be killed who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites where are buried
the sacred things of their diwatas and headmen. He who performs his necessities in those
place shall be burned.
18. Those who do not cause these rules to be obeyed: if they are headmen they shall be
put to death by being stoned and crushed; and if they are agorangs, they shall be placed
in rivers, to be eaten by sharks and caymans.
PROVISIONS OF THE CODE OF MARAGTAS
Datu Sumakwel of Panay promulgated the Code of Maragtas sometime in the middle
of the 13th century. It is also considered as the oldest set of laws in the Philippines.
1. Deliberate refusal to work in the fields or to plant anything for daily needs is one of the
gravest or mortal sins which deserves a severe punishment. The lazy one shall be detained
and sold to the rich to serve as a slave and to learn the lesson of service and the worth in
the house and in the fields. Later, when he has been trained for the work and he loves it, he
shall be returned and shall no longer be a slave, but a freeman who has been regenerated
to live by the fruit of his labor. If much later it is found out that he has not reformed in every
way and waste his time in idleness, he shall be arrested again by the community and sent
to the woods. He shall not be allowed to associate with the rest of the community because
he is a bad example.
2. Robbery of any sort shall be punished severely: The finger of the thief shall be cut.
3. Only those who can support a family or several families can get married more than once
and have as many children as they can. The poor family cannot have more than 2 children
because it cannot support more children properly. The children who cannot be supported
by their parents shall be killed and thrown into the river.
4. If a man has had a child by a woman and he runs away from her because he does not
want to marry her, his child by this woman shall be killed because it is difficult for a woman
without a husband to support a child. The parents of the woman shall disinherit her. The vil-
lage authorities shall look for the man and when they catch him and he still refuse to marry
her, he shall be executed in front of the child he abandoned. The father and child shall be
buried in the same tomb.
Cooking Skills
DIFFERENT FIRELAYS
There are many different types of fire lays that can be used. The most common
ones are the Tepee and the Criss-Cross.
Rock Reflector
Rock Reflector is made up of a rock at one end and two big pieces of
wood on both sides. There is a Tepee in the middle.
Wood Reflector
Wood Reflector is the same as the Rock Reflector except that the rock is
replaced by a few pieces of wood stacked up to form a wall.
Tepee
A Tepee is made by putting some tinder as the base and then encircling
the base with kindling, forming the shape of a Tepee or a pyramid.
Star Fire
This fire lay is made just like the Tepee except that this has an addi-
tional five pieces of wood that are a little bit inside the Tepee, forming
the shape of a star.
Camper’s Fire
Variation 1
Make a tripod and place a Tepee in the middle of the opening of the
tripod.
Camper’s Fire
Variation 2
Place a stick with a fork in the ground and build a Tepee directly under it.
Camper’s Fire
Variation 3
Place three sticks with forks in the ground, then put a stick between
two forks forming a “V”.
Lean-To-Fire (Rock)
Place two rocks of equal size under both ends of a thick piece of
wood and lay out twigs one opposite another leaning on the wood.
Lean-To-Fire (Wood)
Place a thick piece of wood on the ground and lay the twigs one op-
posite another leaning against the wood.
Council Fire
Place large pieces of wood side by side. Add another layer at a right
angle. Continue until you reach the desired number of layers. Usually
five layers is enough. Place a Tepee at the top.
Criss-Cross
Criss-Cross is done by placing two large pieces of wood at the bottom. Then
place another layer at a right angle with the sticks at intervals of one inch.
METHODS OF COOKING WITHOUT UTENSILS

The following are some of the many examples of cooking without utensils.
1. Aluminum Foil Cooking – Cut a piece of foil large enough to fold over the food and allow
enough space along each “open” edge for turning. Wrap it again with foil in the same way
for the 2nd time to serve as its 2nd layer. Place it above coals of fire and turn it over once
during cooking time. Tear off the folded edges and eat from the foil. Be careful not to burn
your finger.
2. Light a fire on a flat stone for 30 minutes. Clear off the stone and fry eggs and bacon on it.
3. Fuji oven – Light a fire in a hole and put stones on it. When the stones become hot, lay
large leaves and place the food. Lay more leaves. Finally, cover it with soil. The food will
cook in six hours.
4. Cooking Rice in Bamboo – Cut a piece of green mature bamboo, keeping intact the nodes
on both ends. Make a split on top for opening. Clean the inside part of the bamboo very well
and half fill it with washed rice. Add water until the tube is almost filled. The ratio is one part
water to every part of rice. Cook over trench or hunter’s fire. Keep it covered until it is cooked.
5. Baked Egg – Pierce the smaller end of the egg with a pin. Place the egg in hot ashes
with the small end facing up and bake it for 10 to 20 minutes. Serve on buttered toast after
seasoning with small amount of pepper or salt. Another method is by wrapping each egg
in a few layers of wet paper or wet leaves and leave them to cook in hot coals for at least
20 minutes.
6. Baked Potatoes or Camotes – Without removing the skin, bury them in hot ashes. Test
in about 20 minutes and judge how much greener they have to be. When done, serve hot
with butter.
7. Potato Bowl – Scoop out a potato, crack in an egg or put cheese in it. Close the top and
cook in embers.
Camping Skills
PROPER LAYOUT OF A CAMPSITE
An important factor for a camp to be successful is the proper layout of the campsite.
Proper layouting helps the camp to be organized and systematic. Illustrations below are
typical layouts of a campsite:
LATRINES KITCHEN
STORAGE LATRINES KITCHEN

WASH AREA
TENT STORAGE
ACTIVITY WASH PLACE
AREA TENT
Prevailing wind usually N E
from South west
CAMPFIRE
TENT
FLAG TENTS W S
POLE
ENTRANCE
Signaling
INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE
by: Samuel Finley Breeze Morse (1832)
Dit (•) Dash (—)
A • — O ——— Numerals:
B — • • • P •——• 1 • — — — — 6 — • • • •
C — • — • Q — — • — 2 • • — — — 7 — — • • •
D — • • R •—• 3 • • • — — 8 ———••
E • S ••• 4 • • • • — 9 ————•
F • • — • T — 5 • • • • • 0 —————
Attention (AAAA) • — • — • — • —
G — — • U ••—
Error (EEEEEEEE) • • • • • • •
H • • • • V •••— End of all (AR) • — • — •
I • • W •—— End of sentence (AAA) • — • — • —
J • — — — X —••— Answering signal (TTTTT) — — — — —
K — • — Y —•—— Message received (R) • — •
L • — • • Z ——•• Repeat signal (IMI) • • — — • •
M — — Go ahead (K) — • —
N —• Confirm (C) — • — •
SOS • • • — — — • • •
Roger • — •
MORSE CODE USING WIGWAG
SEMAPHORE
by: Clude Chappe (1794)
World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)

World Scout World Scout World Scout
Conference Bureau Committee
Africa Eurasia Asia-Pacific Interamerician Arab European
Boy Scouts of the Philippines

(181 Natividad-Lopez St. Ermita Manila)
Visayas Region Luzon Region Mindanao Region
Council, BSP
District
Sponsoring Institution
The World Scout Conference (“The General Assembly of World Scouting”)
• This is composed of all members of Scout Organizations. It is the governing
body of WOSM. The members meet every three years.
The World Scout Committee (“The Board of Directors of World Scouting”)
• Consists of fourteen elected volunteer members from different countries. It is
the executive of WOSM.
The World Scout Bureau (“The Secretariat of World Scouting”)
• Its head office is located at Geneva, Switzerland. It has several regions namely
the Africa, European, Asia-Pacific, Interamerician, Eurasia, and Arab Scout Region.
Africa Scout Region – Its head office is located in Nairobi, Dakar and in Capetown.
European Scout Region – Its head office is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
Asia-Pacific Scout Region – Its head office is located in Makati, Philippines.
Interamerician Scout Region – Its head office is located in Santiago de Chile.
Arab Scout Region – Its head office is located in Cairo, Egypt.
Eurasia Scout Region – Its head office is located in Yalta-Gurzuf and in Moscow.
Swimming Skills
EIGHT POINT SWIM DEFENSE PLAN DIFFERENT SWIMMING STROKES
1. Medical Examination 1. Front Crawl
2. Trained Supervisor 2. Backstroke or Back crawl
3. Safe Swimming Area 3. Breaststroke
4. Life Guard 4. Butterfly stroke
5. Lookout 5. Sidestroke
6. Ability Groups 6. Dog Paddle
a: Non-swimmers and just learning
7. Elementary Backstroke
b: Beginners
c: Swimmers who can float
7. Buddy Plan
8. Discipline
SAVING DROWNING VICTIMS
You need not be a swimmer in order to save a drowning victim. Going into the water
and swimming towards the victim is always the last option, especially if you cannot handle
yourself well in water. The Reach, Throw, Row, Tow, and Go methods are always effective
in saving drowning victims.
REACH – If the victim is near you, grab a pole or stick and extend it to the victim.
THROW – Throw a lifebuoy or any floating device to the victim.
ROW – Rid e on a canoe, kayak, or any boat and row towards the victim.
TOW – Pull the victim out of the water.
GO – Go and swim towards the victim to rescue him. Do this only if you are trained. If not,
the victim can drag you underwater.
First Aid
TREATMENT FOR FRICTION BLISTERS
1. Clean or wash the wound with soap and water.
2. Cover with dressing and bandage.
TREATMENT FOR NOSE BLEEDING
1. Place the victim in sitting position with the head tilted back.
2. If not possible, elevate the head and shoulders from the position of lying on the back.
3. Apply cold applications, ice pack or bag to the forehead, face, nose, and neck. 4. Some
suggest inserting sterile cotton into each nostril and applying gentle pressure with fingers.
5. The patient should be quiet and be prohibited to blow his nose, walk, smoke, or drink coffee.
6. It the bleeding persists and is intense, he should be examined by a physician.
TREATMENT FOR CHOKING
1. Abdominal Thrust – Heimlich Maneuver (conscious)
2. Chest Thrust (unconscious)
3. Combination of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts for infants
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK

1. Early Stage 2. Late Stage
a. Cold and clammy skin a. Restlessness
b. Rapid and faint pulse b. Very weak
c. Rapid and shallow breathing c. Hypotension
d. Vacant, jack luster, dull eyes d. Unconsciousness
e. Dizziness
f. Nausea and vomiting
g. Dilated / constricted pupils
h. Face is pale
i. Body temperature is very low
TREATMENT FOR SHOCK
1. Proper position
a. If the victim’s color is normal and is conscious, let the victim lie flat on the ground
with his face facing up.
b. If the victim’s color is normal but unconscious, let the victim lie flat on the ground
with his face facing the ground.
c. If the victim is pale, let the victim lie on the ground with the lower part of his body
elevated to about 12-18 inches.
d. If the victim’s color is red and is vomiting and conscious, elevate the upper body
of the victim to about an angle of 45°.
e. If the victim’s color is red and is vomiting but unconscious, put the victim in a
side-lying position.
f. If the victim’s color is bluish or black, establish CPR.
2. Proper temperature and ventilation
a. Maintain body warmth.
b. In extremely cold weather, apply additional heat.
3. Administration of fluids
a. Fluids have value. Water is useful only if the victim will not undergo surgery within
two hours or less.
KINDS OF BURNS
1. Thermal Burns or Heat Burns
2. Chemical Burns
3. Electrical Burns
4. Radiation
DEGREES OF BURNS
1. First Degree Burn - affects only the superficial layer of the skin. Redness, discoloration,
mild swelling, mild to moderate pain.
2. Second Degree Burn - affects both first and second layers of the skin. Redness, blister
formation, swelling.
3. Third Degree Burn - involves the three layers of the skin. Looks white or charred. There
is no pain because the nerve tissues that transmit impulses have already been destroyed.
TREATMENT FOR BURNS
1. First and Second degree burns - Apply cold compress to the affected area. Submerge
the burned area in cold water. Burn ointments may also be applied. Cover the burned area.
2. Third degree burns - Cut the clothing on the burned area. Cover the burned area with
aluminum foil or simply protect the burned area and quickly transport the victim to the near-
est hospital.
3. Thermal or Heat burns - For first and second degree burns without open blisters, flush with
lots of cool running water. Apply moist dressing and bandage loosely. Don’t open the blisters.
For second degree burns with open blisters and third degree burns, apply dry dressing and
bandage loosely. Don’t use water because it increases the risk of shock.
4. Chemical burns - Immediately dry off the affected area with cloth. Flush with lots of run-
ning water for about 15 minutes. Remove clothing and jewelry on which chemicals have
spilled. Cover the burns with dry, loose dressing. Care for possible shock and do primary
survey frequently.
5. Electrical burns - Shut off the source of power. Do a primary survey. Call Emergency
Medical Assistance. Do secondary survey, check for more than one burn site. Cover all
burns with dry, loose dressing and bandage. Care for shock.
KINDS OF POISONING
1. Ingestion – poisoning through the mouth
2. Inhalation – poisoning through the nose
3. Injection – poisoning through a needle
4. Absorption – poisoning through the skin
KINDS OF INGESTION OR ORAL POISONING
1. Corrosive – acid, base, alkaline, petroleum
2. Non-corrosive – wood and drugs
TREATMENT FOR INGESTION OR ORAL POISONING
1. Corrosive – dilute with enough water, antidote
2. Non-corrosive – dilute with large amount of water, induce vomiting, antidotes
ANTIDOTE: refers to substances that counteract poison.
1. Charcoal – pulverize and mix with water
2. Egg White – drink 10 to 12 pieces of egg white only
TREATMENT FOR INHALATION OR GAS POISONING
1. Remove the victim from source of gas.
2. Ventilate
3. Search for ABC.
TREATMENT FOR INJECTION POISONING
The treatment for this injury is similar with the treatment for snakebites.
1. Tie a constriction band 2 to 4 inches just above the mark of the needle.
2. Keep the patient calm while in lying position.
3. If you can see a spot above the constriction band, it means that the poison has penetrated
the band. Tie another constriction band above the spot.
4. Bring the victim immediately to a doctor.
TREATMENT FOR ABSORPTION POISONING
1. Remove contaminated clothing; wash all exposed areas thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Apply Calamine (Caladryl) or other soothing skin lotion if the rash is mild.
3. Seek medical advice if severe reaction occurs or if there is known history of previous
sensitivity.
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)
Basic Life Support (BLS) is the recognition and immediate treatment of airway
obstruction, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.
Respiratory Arrest is when breathing stops but circulation and pulse continue for
some time. Artificial Respiration (AR) or Rescue Breathing is the procedure for causing
air to flow in and out of the victim’s lungs when his or her natural breathing ceases or is
inadequate.
Cardiac Arrest is the condition in which the heart has stopped. Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure applied to a victim who is not breathing
and whose heart has stopped beating. The procedure involves the combination of rescue
breathing and artificial circulation or external chest compression. Cardio refers to the heart,
Pulmonary refers to the lungs, and Resuscitation refers to ventilation or artificial respiration
used to restore breathing.
External Chest Compression (ECC) is the application of rhythmic pressure over
the lower half of the sternum. The pressure compresses the heart and produces an artifi-
cial circulatory pulse.
Heart Attack or Myocardial Infarction is the sudden interference with the normal
function of the heart due to interruption of coronary circulation. Heart attacks may lead to
cardiac arrest. Therefore, you should be prepared to perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscita-
tion.
ABC OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
A – Airway opened through:
1. Head Tilt Chin Lift Maneuver
2. Jaw Thrust Maneuver (for victims with suspected neck or back injuries)
B – Breathing restored: Artificial Respiration (Rescue Breathing)
C – Circulation restored: External Chest Compressions (ECC)
WHAT TO DO WITH PEOPLE IN FIRE

1. Let the victim roll on the ground, with soil preferably.
2. Get any blanket and wrap it around the victim and continue rolling.
3. You may also use water.
4. Fire extinguishers can also be used but be careful not to spray at the face of the victim.
CLASSES OF FIRE
Class A -- fires involving
A ordinary combustible material
such as wood, cloth, paper,
C
Class C -- fires involving
electrical equipment.
etc.
Class D -- fires involving com-
Class B -- fires involving
B flammable liquid, greases and
gases.
D
bustible metal such as Magne-
sium, Titanium, and Potassium.
KINDS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER

The Fire Extinguisher is a device used for immediate, temporary action on devel-
oping fires for the purpose of extinguishing, controlling, or delaying the development of fire
before the arrival of fire fighters. Some common kinds of fire extinguishers are:
1. Water Bucket – manual dousing of water to fire, which is the most common, practical,
and convenient except that it is applicable only to Class A fires.
2. Foam Type
• Operating Principle – it contains solution of Aluminum Sulfate dissolved in water
with Bicarbonate Soda solution. When mixed, it creates pressure and Carbon Dioxide.
• Suitability – effective for Class A and B fires where blanketing, shouldering, or
suffocation is required.
• Servicing – contents have to be replaced annually.
• Method of Operation – point nozzle, press handle, put pressure on fire area. Stop
if fire is extinguished.
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Operating Principle – Carbon Dioxide agent is kept under pressure in a liquid
state in which CO2 is in gas form under ordinary temperature and atmospheric pressure. It
is an inert gas that will not support combustion.
• Suitability – best for Class B and C fires.
• Servicing – keep full at all times with periodical checkup for leaks or partial dis-
charge.
4. Dry Chemical
• Operating Principle – it contains Bicarbonate Soda that has been chemically
processed to make it waterproof and free flowing, and a cartridge of Carbon Dioxide gas
either inside or along side the main container. The dry chemical expels when the pressure
produced by the Carbon Dioxide gas or Nitrogen gas is allowed to enter the main cylinder
by opening the shut-off nozzle.
• Suitability – effective for Class A, B and, C fires.
• Servicing – recharge after use or when Carbon Dioxide gas decreases.
5. Class “D” Type – it contains special extinguishing agent, using specialized techniques,
wherein all fires of this kind are being treated case to case.
Caution: Never point the nozzle at the face, since it might cause blindness.
Survival Skills
Herbal Plants
The loose definition of herb is any plant that is used for its culinary, medicinal, or fragrant
properties. Herbs are such a diverse group of plants that it is very difficult to separate them
into logical groups. Some disguise themselves as wildflowers; some are fragrant ground
covers; and some are weeds that we try to eradicate from between the pavements in our
driveways. Medicinal herbs have been used for centuries. Here are the 10 Medicinal Plants
in the Philippines endorsed by the Department of Health:
1. Akapulko (Cassia alata) – Also known as “bayabas-bayabasan” and “ringworm bush” in

English. This herbal medicine is used to treat ringworms and skin fungal infections.
2. Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) – Known as “bitter gourd” or “bitter melon” in English.
The Ampalaya is most known as a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus) for the non-
insulin dependent patients.
3. Bawang (Allium sativum) – Popularly known as “garlic”, it mainly reduces cholesterol in
the blood and hence, helps control blood pressure.
4. Bayabas (Psidium guajava) – Known as “guava” in English. It is primarily used as an
antiseptic, to disinfect wounds. Also, it can be used as a mouthwash to treat tooth decay
and gum infection.
5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) – Known in English as the “5-leaved chaste tree”. Its main use
is for the relief of coughs and asthma.
6. Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) – It is a vine known as “Chinese honey suckle”.
It is effective in the elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina.
7. Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) – Known in English as Blumea camphora. It is a diuretic
that helps in the excretion of urinary stones. It can also be used as an edema.
8. Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) – This herbal medicine is effective in treating
intestinal motility and also used as a mouthwash since the leaves of this shrub has high
fluoride content.
9. Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida) – Also known as “pansit-pansitan”. It is effective in

fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves can be eaten fresh (about a cupful) as salad or like tea.
10. Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii) – Commonly known as “Peppermint”. This vine is
used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain. It can be taken internally as a decoction
or externally by pounding the leaves and applied directly on the afflicted area.
Wild Edible Plants
It is important to be able to recognize both cultivated and wild edible plants in a sur-
vival situation. Remember the following when collecting wild plants for food:
1. Plants growing near homes and occupied buildings or along roadsides may have been
sprayed with pesticides. Wash them thoroughly. In more highly developed countries with
many automobiles, avoid roadside plants, if possible, due to contamination from exhaust
emissions.
2. Plants growing in contaminated water or in water containing Giardia lamblia and other
parasites are contaminated as well. Boil or disinfect them.
3. Some plants develop extremely dangerous fungal toxins. To lessen the chance of ac-
cidental poisoning, do not eat any fruit that is starting to spoil or showing signs of mildew
or fungus.
4. Plants of the same species may differ in their toxic or sub-toxic compounds content
because of genetic or environmental factors. One example of this is the foliage of the com-
mon chokecherry. Some chokecherry plants have high concentrations of deadly cyanide
compounds while others have low concentrations or none. Horses have died from eating
wilted wild cherry leaves. Avoid any weed, leaves, or seeds with an almond like scent, a
characteristic of the cyanide compounds.
5. Some people are more susceptible to gastric distress (from plants) than others. If you are
sensitive in this way, avoid unknown wild plants. If you are extremely sensitive to poison ivy,
avoid products from this family, including any parts from sumacs, mangoes, and cashews.
6. Some edible wild plants such as acorns and water lily rhizomes are bitter. These bitter
substances, usually tannin compounds, make them unpalatable. Boiling them in several
changes of water will usually remove these bitter properties.
7. Many valuable wild plants have high concentrations of oxalate compounds, also known
as oxalic acid. Oxalates produce a sharp burning sensation in your mouth and throat and
can damage the kidneys. Baking, roasting, or drying usually destroys these oxalate crystals.
The corn (bulb) of the jack-in-the-pulpit is known as the “Indian turnip,” but you can eat it
only after removing these crystals by slow baking or by drying.
8. WARNING: Do not eat mushrooms in a survival situation! The only way to tell if a mush-
room is edible is by positive identification. There is no room for experimentation. Symptoms
of the most dangerous mushrooms affecting the central nervous system may show up after
several days have passed when it is too late to reverse their effects.
9. To avoid potentially poisonous plants, stay away from any wild or unknown plants that have:
• Milky or discolored sap
• Beans, bulbs, or seeds inside pods
• Bitter or soapy taste
• Spines, fine hairs, or thorns
• Dill, carrot, parsnip, or parsley like foliage
• “Almond” scent in woody parts and leaves
• Grain heads with pink, purplish, or black spurs
• Three-leaved growth pattern
Some Examples of Wild Edible Plants:

1. Temperate Zone Food Plants:
Asparagus, Blackberries, Blueberries, Chestnut, Chicory, Daylily, Oaks,
Prickly pear cactus, Purslane, Strawberries, Water lily and lotus, Wild onion and garlic,
Wild rose, Wood sorrel
2. Tropical Zone Food Plants:
Bamboo, Bananas, Breadfruit, Cashew nut, Coconut, Mango, Palms,
Papaya, Sugarcane, Taro
3. Dessert Zone Food Plants:
Acacia, Agave, Cactus, Date palm, Desert amaranth
4. Seaweeds:
Dulse, Green seaweed, Irish moss, Kelp, Laver, Mojaban, Sugar wrack
Kinds of Natural Shelter

Do not overlook natural formations that provide shelter. Examples are caves,
rocky crevices, clumps of bushes, small depressions, large rocks on leeward sides of
hills, large trees with low-hanging limbs, and fallen trees with thick branches. However,
when selecting a natural formation,
• Stay away from low ground such as ravines, narrow valleys, or creek beds. Low
areas collect the heavy cold air at night and are therefore colder than the surrounding
high ground. Thick, brushy, low ground also harbors more insects.
• Check for poisonous snakes, ticks, mites, scorpions, and stinging ants.
• Look for loose rocks, dead limbs, coconuts, or other natural growth than could
fall on your shelter.
1. Debris Hut
2. Beach Shade Shelter 3. Caves
4. Bough Shelter 5. Natural Hallow

6. Fallen Trunk 7. Stone Barriers
Building Fire without Equipments

1. Flint and Steel
The direct spark method is the easiest of the primitive methods to use. The flint and
steel method is the most reliable of the direct spark methods. Strike a flint or other hard,
sharp-edged rock with a piece of carbon steel (stainless steel will not produce a good spark).
This method requires a loose-jointed wrist and practice. When a
spark has caught in the tinder, blow on it. The spark will spread and
burst into flames.
2. Fire-Plow
The fire-plow is a friction method of ignition. You rub a
hardwood shaft against a softer wood base. To use this method, cut
a straight groove in the base and plow the blunt tip of the shaft up
and down the groove. The plowing action of the shaft pushes out
small particles of wood fibers. Then, as you apply more pressure
on each stroke, the friction ignites the wood particles.
3. Bow and Drill
The technique of starting a fire with a bow and drill is
simple,  but you must exert much effort and be persistent to produce a fire. You need the
following items to use this method:
• Socket: The socket is an easily grasped stone or piece of hardwood or bone with a
slight depression on one side. Use it to hold the drill in place and
to apply downward pressure.
• Drill: The drill should be a straight, seasoned hardwood
stick about 2 centimeters in diameter and 25 centimeters long.
The top end is round and the low end blunt (to produce more
friction).
• Fireboard: Its size is up to you. A seasoned softwood
board about 2.5 centimeters thick and 10 centimeters wide is
preferable. Cut a depression about 2 centimeters from the edge
on one side of the board. On the underside, make a V-shaped
cut from the edge of the board to the depression.
• Bow: The bow is a resilient
green stick, about 2.5 centimeters in diameter, and a string. The
type of wood is not important. The bowstring can be any type of
cordage. You tie the bowstring from one end of the bow to the
other, without any slack. To use the bow and drill, first prepare
the fire lay. Then place a bundle of tinder under the V-shaped
cut in the fireboard. Place one foot on the fireboard. Loop the
bowstring over the drill and place the drill in the precut depression
on the fireboard. Place the socket, held in one hand, on the top
of the drill to hold it in position. Press down on the drill and saw the bow back and forth to
twirl the drill. Once you have established a smooth motion, apply more downward pressure
and work the bow faster. This action will grind hot black powder into the tinder, causing a
spark to catch. Blow on the tinder until it ignites.
Note: Primitive fire-building methods are exhaustive. Practice is required to ensure

success.
TREE BRANCHES USEFUL AS FIREWOOD
Here are some common kinds of tree branches useful as firewood:
1. ASPEN – This wood is moderately difficult to ignite, has fair cooking characteristics,
throws off a moderate number of sparks, produces very little smoke, and adds nice flavor
to fish and meat.
2. BIRCH – This wood is very easy to ignite, has fair cooking characteristics, throws off a
moderate number of sparks, produces moderate smoke, and adds nice flavor to fish and meat.
3. FIR – This wood is very easy to ignite, has poor cooking characteristics, throws off large
quantities of sparks, produces heavy smoke, and is not advised for cooking
4. MAPLE – This wood is very difficult to ignite, has excellent cooking characteristics, throws
off very few sparks, produces very little smoke, and adds a very nice flavor to fish and meat.
5. OAK – This wood is difficult to start, has excellent cooking characteristics, throws off
very few sparks, produces very little smoke, and adds a nice subtle flavor to fish and meat.
6. PINE – This wood is very easy to ignite, has poor cooking characteristics, throws off large
quantities of sparks, produces heavy smoke, and is not advised for cooking.
7. SPRUCE - This wood is very easy to start has poor cooking characteristics, throws off
large quantities of sparks, produces heavy smoke, and is not advised for cooking.
Catching a Fish in a Pond
There are several methods and techniques in which you can catch a fish in a pond.
1. Improvised Fishhooks
You can make field-
expedient fishhooks from pins,
needles, wire, small nails, or
any piece of metal. You can
also use wood, bone, coconut
shell, thorns, flint, seashell, or
tortoise shell. You can also make
fishhooks from any combination
of these items.
2. Stakeout
A stakeout is a fishing device you can use in a hostile environment. To construct
a stakeout, drive two supple saplings
into the bottom of the lake, pond, or
stream with their tops just below the
water surface. Tie a cord between them
slightly below the surface. Tie two short
cords with hooks or gorges to this cord,
ensuring that they do not wrap around the
poles or each other. They must also not
slip along the long cord. Bait the hooks
or gorges.
3. Gill Net
If a gill net is not available, you can make one using parachute suspension line or a
similar material. Remove the core lines from the suspension line and tie the easing between
two trees. Attach several core lines to the easing by doubling them over and tying them
with prusik knots or girth hitches. The length of the desired net and the size of the mesh
determine the number of core lines used and the space between them. Starting at one end of
the easing, tie the second and the
third core lines together using an
overhand knot. Then tie the fourth
and fifth, sixth and seventh, and
so on, until you reach the last
core line. You should now have
all core lines tied in pairs with a
single core line hanging at each
end. Start the second row with
the first core line, tie it to the
second, the third to the fourth,
and so on.
4. Fish Traps
You may trap fish using several methods. A fish basket is one of them. You can craft
one by lashing several sticks together with vines into a funnel shape. Close the top, leaving
a hole large enough for the fish to swim through.
You can also use traps to catch saltwater fish, as schools regularly approach the
shore with the incoming tide and often move parallel to the shore. Pick a location at high
tide and build the trap at low tide. On rocky shores, use natural rock pools. On coral islands,
use natural pools on the surface of reefs by blocking the openings as the tide recedes. On
sandy shores, use sandbars and the ditches they enclose. Build the trap as a low stonewall
extending outward into the water and forming an angle with the shore.
5. Spear Fishing
If you are near shallow water (about waist deep)
where the fish are large and plentiful, you can spear them.
To make a spear, cut a long straight sapling. Sharpen
the end to a point or attach a knife, jagged piece of
bone, or sharpened metal. You can also make a spear
by splitting the shaft a few inches down from the end and
inserting a piece of wood to act as a spreader. You then
sharpen the two separated halves to points. To spear fish,
find an area where fish either gather or where there is a
fish run. Place the spear point into the water and slowly
move it toward the fish. Then, with a sudden push, impale
the fish on the stream bottom. Do not try to lift the fish with the spear, as it would probably
slip off and escape; hold the spear with one hand and grab the fish with the other. Do not
throw the spear, especially if the point is a knife. You cannot afford to lose a knife in a survival
situation. Be alert to the problems caused by light refraction when looking at objects in the
water.
6. Chop Fishing
At night, in an area with a good fish density, you can use a light to attract fish. Then,
armed with a machete or similar weapon, you can gather fish using the backside of the
blade to strike them. Do not use the sharp side as you will cut them in two pieces and end
up losing some of the fish.
Cleaning a Fish
Do not eat fish that appears spoiled. Cooking does not ensure that spoiled fish will
be edible. Signs of spoilage are:
• Sunken eyes
• Peculiar odor
• Suspicious color (Gills should be red to pink. Scales should be a pronounced
shade of gray, not faded.)
• Dents stay in the fish’s flesh after pressing it with your thumb.
• Slimy, rather than moist or wet body
• Sharp or peppery taste
Eating spoiled or rotten fish may cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, vomiting, itching,
paralysis, or a metallic taste in the mouth. These symptoms appear suddenly, one to six
hours after eating. Induce vomiting if symptoms appear.
Fish spoils quickly after death, especially on a hot day. Prepare fish for eating as
soon as possible after catching it. Cut the gills and remove large blood vessels that lie near
the spine. Gut fish that is more than 10 centimeters long. Scale or skin the fish.
You can eat the heart and liver. Save the other organs for bait. Cut open the stomach
to see what the fish has been eating, so you can get an idea of what bait to use. If the
stomach is empty, it means that the fish are very hungry, and will bite almost anything. You
can put the head on a large hook and drop it in the water to catch a snapping turtle. Scatter
whatever is left in the water to attract other fish.
You can impale a whole fish on a stick and cook it over an open fire. However, boiling
the fish with the skin on is the best way to get the most food value. The fats and oil are under
the skin. By boiling, you can save the juice for broth. You can use any of the methods used
to cook plant food to cook fish. Pack fish into a ball of clay and bury it in the coals of a fire
until the clay hardens. Break the clay ball open to get the cooked fish. Fish is done when
the meat flakes off. If you plan to keep the fish for later, smoke or fry it. To prepare fish for
smoking, cut off the head and remove the backbone.
Estimating Time Using the Sun
Let’s say sunrise in your area is around 6 a.m. and sunset is around 6 p.m. That
means that midway between where the sun rises and sets, it is noon. Just imagine the
whole arch of the sky from horizon to horizon as 12 hours. That’s because it takes around
12 hours for the sun to go from one point to the other. (From your perspective, it will, but
we know the sun isn’t moving; the earth is rotating and so the sun looks like it is moving.)
When the sun is almost directly over your head, the time will be noon.
Because the sun always rises in the east and sets in the west, you will know that
if the sun is between where it rose and your noon point (overhead), it is still morning. If it
has passed your noon point, it is afternoon. Halfway between the eastern horizon and noon
point is 9 a.m.; halfway between noon and the western

horizon is 3 p.m.
It is easy to divide the sky into 12 imaginary
sections of one hour each. Just use the most eastern
point as 6 o’clock in the morning, noon as directly
overhead, and the most western point as 6 o’clock in the
evening. 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. are halfway between noon
and the eastern and western horizon respectively. You
can easily work out the other hours by dividing into thirds
the points you know. (Never look straight at the sun, of
course, because it can damage your eyes.)
With little practice, you can get good at this, but even on your first try you would
probably be more accurate than you thought. You may want to consider the location of the
country where you are and its season, but the times given above are a good average and will
get you close to the right time almost anywhere that is not close to the north or south poles.
Telling Time Using a Sundial
A sundial is a simple, yet accurate, instrument that tells time by
the movement of the shadow a pointer casts upon a dial, which marks
the hours of the day. The shadow moves as the sun changes position
in the sky throughout the day, and the dial tracks this movement.
For a sundial to be accurate, the pointer must be slanted at an
angle equal to the latitude of its location. Vertical pointers are useful at
showing the correct time only at one latitude and during one season. Flat
dials must have unequally spaced hour marks on them for accuracy.
Merit Badge Requirements
Note: The following Merit Badge Requirements are only suggestions to Merit Badge Counselors.
Final requirements shall be set by your Merit Badge Counselors.
Second Class / Explorer Rank
I. Citizenship in the Home:
1. Write an essay with at least 500 words discussing the meaning of citizenship and the importance of the home in
the training of a Scout for Citizenship. Discuss also the role of a scout in his home and family.
2. Submit a certification properly signed over printed name by your parents stating the various household chores,
duties and responsibilities that you practice at home. The certification must also contain that you practice good
citizenship at home by being courteous, fair and helpful to members of your family and that you put into practice
the Scout Oath and Law, Scout Motto and Slogan.
II. Safety:
1. Enumerate at least 20 safety ways in your house.
2. Enumerate at least 20 safety ways in your school/classroom/immediate community.
3. Enumerate at least 20 safety traffic rules and regulations as a pedestrian.
4. Discuss how to safely deal with the following:
a. Wire dangling from an electric line.
b. Safe storage and use of gasoline.
c. Running engine in a closed garage
d. Three ways of turning on a fire alarm.
5. Give the contact number of firefighters, police and give location of the nearest hospital nearest to your home.
First Class / Pathfinder Rank
I. Citizenship in the Community:
1. Enumerate the names of your city mayor, city vice-mayor, congressman, and barangay captain of the community
you live in. Don’t forget to write your complete address including barangay and city name.
2. Discuss how to do the following:
a. Report a fire
b. Report a vehicular accident
c. Call a physician or ambulance
d. Report damage to electric power, gas or water supply system
e. Report to authorities the commission of a crime such as a robbery, theft, rape, burglary, illegal gambling,
illegal electric wire tapping, illegal cable wire tapping, etc.
3. List and briefly describe the work of a civic organization other than the Boy Scouts of the Philippines, through
which people of his community work together for the general welfare by way of serving youth, safeguarding public
health or safety, disaster relief, care of orphans, aid to the poor, providing recreational facilities, improving labor
conditions, or general civic improvement.
4. List and explain at least 5 privileges and forms of protection you enjoy as a citizen in your community, and describe
your obligations to the community.
II. Filipino Heritage:
1. Write a brief bibliography of at least 5 Filipino Heroes stating their greatest achievements and other important
details.
2. Enumerate at least 10 Filipino traditions that are worth emulating.
3. Give at least 10 Filipino proverbs and explain their meaning.
III. Ecology:
1. Write an essay with at least 1000 words containing the following:
a. Explain the meaning of the following: ecology, biosphere, ecosystem, plant succession.
b. Explain how climate, topography, and geology have influenced the number and kinds of plants and
animals.
c. How the living and non-living elements are interrelated.
d. Why is it important for people to understand this.
e. Explain also the effects of La Niña and El Niño to our nature.
f. Causes of water pollution and what are its effects to rivers, lakes and other bodies of water.
g. Causes of land pollution and what are its effects to the environment.
h. Causes of air pollution and what are its effects to the environment.
IV. First Aid
1. Attend and pass the Basic or Standard First Aid Training Course conducted by the Philippine National Red Cross.
2. Or be able to master the different first aid questions in the Pathfinder Testcard.
Outdoorsman
I. Citizenship in the Nation:
1. Write an essay with at least 500 words containing the following:
a. Explain the purpose of the constitution of the Philippines.
b. Discuss the roles of the three branches of the Philippine Government.
c. Describe and explain the purpose of the system of checks and balances.
d. Tell how the Constitution may be amended.
e. What is a scout’s role in the Nation.
2. Write down the preamble as stated in the Philippine Constitution.
3. Enumerate the names of the current Philippine President, Vice-President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker
of the House of Representatives, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 5 Senators.
4. Describe 5 ways by which the National Government serves you, your family and your community.
II. Physical Fitness:
1. Write an essay explaining the following:
a. How to ventilate a sleeping room properly. Give the number of hours of sleep needed by a person of
your age. Explain why a person should sleep by himself and what distance should separate his bed from
others. Explain and show proper breathing and how it affects health.
b. How disease is spread by drinking water, common drinking cups, dirty dishes, dirty dish towels, soiled
bath towels, unpasteurized milk and personal contacts.
c. The essential foods for the daily diet of a person of your age and why you should observe good eating
habits.
d. Disease against which you may be immunized or protected.
e. How the use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs can be harmful to you.
f. The value of clean moral habits to general health.
2. Show to an officer that you are physically fit.
III. Soil and Water Conservation:
1. Define what is Soil and explain how soil is formed.
2. Explain the following:
a. Why organic matter called “humus” is important to soil.
b. How living organisms like earthworms, play an important role in conserving soil.
c. Beneficial effects of compost heap when added to soil.
d. How indiscriminate burning of grass and leaves of trees or plants and kaingin cause soil erosion.
3. Explain the following:
a. Importance of water to man.
b. The disastrous effects of water pollution to man.
c. How water is polluted in rivers or streams. What pollution does to fish and wildlife, swimming, water
for homes, farms and factories.
d. What is a watershed? How removal of vegetation will affect the way water runs off a watershed.
4. Enumerate at least 10 ways on how to conserve soil.
5. Enumerate at least 10 ways on how to conserve water.
IV. Weather:
1. Explain the composition of the earth’s atmosphere.
2. Explain how moisture, fog, hail, rain and snow forms.
3. Explain how the electrical and optical phenomena in the air forms such as rainbows, mirages, looming, halos,
lightning and thunder.
4. Discuss the different types of Clouds
5. Discuss the different types of whether phenomenon (e.g. storm, cyclone, tornado, etc.)
6. Discuss the 4 major climates and which applies to the Philippines.
7. Make a 5 day daily weather forecast newspaper clipping. Analyze and explain the results obtained.
V. Swimming:
1. Identify, explain and be able to know how to perform the different types of swimming strokes. Or must achieve
the Intermediate Swimming Proficiency of the Philippine National Red Cross.
2. Identify and explain the eight (8) point swim defense plan.
3. Explain the different ways on how to rescue a drowning victim.
4. Explain how to properly throw a life buoy to a drowning victim.
5. Be able to properly explain the Reach, Throw, Row, Tow and Go concept of rescue.
VI. Camping:
1. Have at least 20 days worth of Camping experience.
2. Be able to master the different Camping related questions in the Pathfinder and Outdoorsman Rank Testcard.

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Chiang Kai Shek College Scout Handbook

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Chiang Kai Shek College

Prepared and Edited By:

First Edition, 2003

It is recommended to all Scouts not to memorize the topics completely

Second Class Rank / Explorer Rank pages 9 - 19

First Class Rank / Pathfinder Rank pages 19 - 31

Merit Badge Requirement Guidelines pages 54 - 55

Tenderfoot Rank / Membership Rank

SCOUT CENTER VISION

SCOUT CENTER MISSION

SCOUT CENTER IDENTITY

SCOUT CENTER OBJECTIVES

The 8 Basic Knots

Second Class Rank / Explorer Rank

THE CHIEF’S LAST MESSAGE

THE SEVEN FOUNDERS OF PHILIPPINE SCOUTING

PHILIPPINE SCOUTING HISTORY

Outfit/Troop and Crew/Patrol Organization

Rover Circles KID Scout Langkays

Senior Scout Outfits Boy Scout Troops KAB Scout Kawans

Assistant Outfit Advisor (AOA) / Assistant Troop Leader (ATL)

Junior Assistant Scoutmaster (JASM)

Senior Crew/Patrol Leader (SCL/SPL)

Assistant Senior Crew/Patrol Leader (ASCL/ASPL)

Patrol 1 Patrol 2 Patrol 3 Patrol 4

Crew/Patrol Leader (CL/PL)

End Bight Eye

Standing Part Turn

Figure of Eight Lashing

SIXTEEN (16) CARDINAL POINTS OF DIRECTION

STARS METHOD TO FIND NORTH

Estimation and Measurement

A bad dog in Rain

Four Winds Lightning

This way / This way Three kilometers

Stop take Eight steps End of trail

Railroad Fences Electric Factory

Telephone Town Post office Bus stop

Fireman’s Hospital Temple Cave Buildings

City / Munici- Dam River or

Airport Brook Spring Pond or lake Highland Sandy

Cornfield Cultivated Grass land Swamp Volcano

Direction of travel arrow

Boy Scouts of the Philippines Organization

Council Scout Executive

Field Scout Executive

Institutional Scouting coordinator

KINDS OF WOUNDS (Open Wounds)

TYPES OF BANDAGE USES OF BANDAGES

Open Phase Broad Cravat Semi-Broad Cravat Narrow Cravat

FIREMAN’S CHAIR KNOT

3. Flag with only one “K” at the center

10. The Present Flag (The Philippine National Flag)

PROVISIONS OF THE CODE OF MARAGTAS

METHODS OF COOKING WITHOUT UTENSILS

STORAGE LATRINES KITCHEN

World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM)

Africa Eurasia Asia-Pacific Interamerician Arab European

Boy Scouts of the Philippines

Visayas Region Luzon Region Mindanao Region

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK

WHAT TO DO WITH PEOPLE IN FIRE

KINDS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER