Chapter 8

Energy Balance and Body Composition

 How Do We Know How Much Energy
Comes From A Food?

Bomb
Calorimeter

Calorimetric Values

versus

Physiological Fuel
Values
 Physiological Influences
Hunger - empty stomach & gastric contractions
- absent of nutrients & GI hormones
- endorphins (brain’s pleasure compounds)
Seek
Food
Cognition Influences
- presence of others (social occasions)
- perception of hunger or time of day
Continue
- abundance of food or free food
Meal

Satiation Postingestive Influences

- presence of food triggers stretch receptors
- nutrient in intestine elicit hormones such as CCK
Meal
Ends
Postabsorptive Influences
- nutrients in blood signal brain
- as nutrients diminish, satiety diminishes and
Satiety hunger develops
 Message Central

Hypothalamus
- involved in controlling water
balance, regulation of body
temperature and appetite control

e.g. Leptin
- protein hormone produced by adipose cells
- acts on the hypothalamus
- promotes negative energy balance by
suppressing appetite & increasing energy
metabolism
So we know where Energy Imput comes from
but….. Where Does the Energy Go?
Basal Metabolism:
- energy to run
activities such as:
-- maintaining body
temperature
-- keeping autonomic
systems (lungs, heart,
kidneys, blood cells
production, etc)
 Factors That Affect BMR

- Height
- Age and Body Composition
- Growth Rates
- Fever
- Stresses
- Environmental temperature
- Fasting / Starvation
- Malnutrition
- Nicotine and Caffeine
- Sleep
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

BMR
(Basal Metabolic Rate)

BMR varies with body

size and shape due to
surface area
 Factors That Affect BMR

- Height
- Age and Body Composition
- Growth Rates
- Fever
- Stresses
- Environmental temperature
- Fasting / Starvation
- Malnutrition
- Nicotine and Caffeine
- Sleep
So we know where Energy Imput comes from
but….. Where Does the Energy Go?

Physical Activity

Thermic Effect of Food

 BMI (The Body Mass Index)

Weight (kg)
BMI =
[Height (m)]^2
 18.5 25 30
BMI values
Height (without shoes)

Under Over Obese

Healthy
weight weight

Pounds (without clothes)

 Body Compositions Compared
% Body Mass

Fat Muscle Bone Organs

 Women Men
Healthy Healthy
Obese Obese
% Body Mass

% Body Mass
Fat Muscle Bone Organs Fat Muscle Bone Organs

Healthy and Obese Body Compositions Compared

Body Mass Index versus Mortality

Mortality

% Body Mass
 Health Risks Associated with Body
Weight and Body Fat

Underweight
- depends on the reason why an individual is
underweight
- individuals can be underweight and healthy
- however, often underweight is due to
malnutrition, smoking habits, or illness.
 Health Risks Associated with Body
Weight and Body Fat

Overweight
- diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular
disease and stroke, apnea, osteoarthritis,
cancer, and complications during surgery or
pregnancy.