ASSIGNMENT – II

TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

SUBMITTED BY:
JASKIRAT ARORA
Roll No. 1731681
IXth Semester

I.K. GUJRAL P.TU. KHUNNIMAJRA CAMPUS, MOHALI

KHARAR-BANUR HIGHWAY, KHUNNIMAJRA, SECTOR-115, MOHALI

CONSTITUENT CAMPUS OF

I.K. GUJRAL PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

Kapurthala-Jalandhar Highway, Kapurthala

1. What is the use of Traffic control devices?
Ans. Traffic control devices are used to guide the traffic and render the road safe for public
use. They are required for the following purpose:

• To have a smooth movement of the traffic.

• To direct the traffic on the desired routes.
• To control the speed of the vehicles.
• To reduce traffic congestion and avoid the traffic accidents.

2. What are the different methods which can be used for traffic control measures?
Ans. Traffic control is achieved by two means:
Constructive measures:

• In this method junctions are designed, more number of traffic lanes are provided, layout
of easy curves is done, etc.
• Segregation of traffic both horizontal as well as vertical.
• Improving visibility, providing easy curves, providing sufficient road width and also
adequate parking places.
• Proper designing of road junction.
• Providing subways or bridges at critical points.
Restrictive measure:

• These includes traffic rules and regulations, traffic signs and signals, etc. and are to be
enforced by the traffic police.
• Imposing speed restrictions on a particular reach of road.
• Installing devices like signals, signs, etc.
• Imposing heavy penalties on the defaulters of traffic rules and regulations.
• By manning road junctions by policemen
• By adopting to proper road markings and street lighting.
• By developing civic sense through advertisements, radio and T.V.

3. What are the traffic signs? Write a detailed note on –

a. Traffic Signals
b. Traffic Marking
Ans. Traffic signs or road signs are used at the side of roads to impart information to road
users. The further classification of road signs is necessary to assist in the development of
specific primary properties, for example a sign shape and color code. These include:
Regulatory or Mandatory Signs – These signs are provided to inform the road users about
certain rules and regulation to maintain safe and smooth flow of traffic.
Some of the common regulatory signs are:
• Stop’ and ‘Give Way’ signs;
• ‘No Parking’ and ‘No Stopping’ sings;
• ‘Speed Limit; and Vehicle Control’ signs;
• ‘No Overtaking’ signs
• ‘Compulsory Direction Control; and other signs.

Warning and Cautionary Signs – These signs are used to warn the road users of certain
hazardous situation.
TYPES:
• Yellow or orange background
• Black writing
• Railroads
• No passing
• School zone
• Construction
• Advance warning

Informatory and Guide Signs – These signs are used to guide road users and to give
required information regarding the name of the street, direction, distances etc. The
informatory signs commonly used are 'Parking Limit', 'Road Junction Approach', and route
marker sign showing `S.H.W.', meaning State High Way and 'N.H.W.' meaning National High
Way.
Second Part Question –
(A)Traffic signals –

• Traffic signals are given out by devices that are mostly placed at important locations
such as busy intersections to regulate the flow of traffic, which includes everything from
heavy commercial vehicles and cars to bicycles and pedestrians. However, these signals
come with some rules associated with them. Basically, the traffic signal rules form the
very backbone of these signs and following them is vital for ensuring smooth and risk-
free road travel.
• These are necessary to control the traffic at junctions. Usually three colors namely red,
yellow, and green are used.
• Red indicates 'stop', yellow indicates 'impending changes' and green indicates
'movement'.
• There are various patterns and designs used in traffic signals. The most common type of
traffic signal is the AUTOMATIC TIME SIGNAL.
(B)Traffic marking –
These are the special signs used to control or regulate the traffic. These signs are made of
lines, words, symbols, or reflectors on the roads, kerbs, or nearby roads. The different types
of markings are classified as:
Pavement markings – The usual forms of pavement markings are:

• Arrow markings
• Centre line markings
• Turn markings
• Stop lines
• Cross-walk lines
• No passing zone markings
• Pedestrian Crossing markings
• Parking space limits markings Pavement Markings.
Kerb Markings – These indicate the parking regulations and painted with alternate black
and white lines for clear visibility from long distance.
Object Marking – The physical obstructions which may prove hazardous to traffic are
marked here. These are level crossings, narrow bridges, etc.
Reflector Unit Markings – These help for the safe driving at night. These markers reflect
yellow light giving warning to the drivers from a long distance.

4. Write a note on principles of traffic signs.

Ans. Following are the principle of traffic signs:

• To make a message known quickly, accurately, with minimum reading skills require
• Allows traffic to meet the goal of the safe, rapid, and efficient transportation.
• Poor signs, signals, and traffic markings can lead to a break down in the system.
• Recognizable by shape and color, message, and diagram.

5. What is the purpose of traffic signs?

Ans. Following are the purpose of traffic signs:

• To achieve orderly movement of the traffic;

• To control speeds of the vehicles;
• To control the traffic behavior such as parking, over-taking, etc.;
• To direct the traffic on different routes;
• To guide the road users of hazardous conditions ahead
• To intercept heavy traffic in order to allow other vehicles and pedestrians;
• To reduce the chances of accidents; etc.

6. What are the regulatory signs?

Ans. These signs are provided to inform the road users about certain rules and regulation to
maintain safe and smooth flow of traffic. Some of the common regulatory signs are:

• Stop’ and ‘Give Way’ signs;

• ‘No Parking’ and ‘No Stopping’ sings;
• ‘Speed Limit; and Vehicle Control’ signs;
• ‘No Overtaking’ signs
• ‘Compulsory Direction Control; and other signs.

7. Write a note on advantages and disadvantages of traffic signals.

Ans. Traffic signals are necessary to control the traffic at junctions. Usually three colors namely red,
yellow, and green are used.
Red indicates 'stop', yellow indicates 'impending changes and green indicates 'movement.

The advantages of traffic signals are:

• There is increase in the traffic handling capacity at the, road junction. There is overall
improvement in the quality of traffic flow at the road junction.
• They allow safe crossing of the heavy traffic.
• They help in reducing certain types of accidents especially those at right angled collisions.
• They permit the pedestrians to cross the roads safely and with confidence.
• They prove to be economical as compared to the manual control.
• They provide for the orderly movement of traffic.

The disadvantages of traffic signals are:

• If the design and location of signals are improper, it may lead to the violations of the control
system.
• If the signals stop working due to electric power failure or any other reason, there is confusion
among the road users.
• There are chances of rear-end collisions.