Chapter 8 – Speaking

1. What does it mean to say that one can “speak another language”?
2. Explain the following quotation: While linguistic competence is necessary, it is not sufficient for someone who wants to communicate
competently in another language.
3. Why are conversational routines helpful for communication?
4. What is negotiation of meaning? Identify the sentence in the text that mentions its benefits and explain it in your own words.
5. Define the concept of genre. What are its implications for the teaching of spoken language?
6. What factors can cause reluctance in a second language speaker? What strategies can we use to encourage the reluctant student to
speak?
7. List the factors that determine the difficulty of a speaking task.
8. Explain the difference between pedagogical tasks and real world tasks.

Chapter 10 – Writing

1. What are the arguments for and against product and process approaches to the teaching of writing? Why are both approaches
regarded as complementary models by Nunan?
2. What are the most relevant differences between spoken and written language?
3. How has genre theory been applied to writing?